Diversity in Organizations 3rd Edition

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Chapter 09: Sex and Gender

1. Which of the following is true regarding sex-based pay inequity?
a. Because pay inequity is experienced by females, males do not experience negative consequences as a
result of such inequity.
b. The male/female wage gap exists in countries all over the world.
c. In the U.S., it takes over 5 more months of working for women to earn what men earned the previous
year.
d. The male/female wage gap is due solely to women’s choices of occupations.
ANSWER: b

2. Gender role socialization

a. is the process by which social institutions shape expectations of acceptable behaviors for men and
women.
b. makes anti-discrimination and equal pay legislation more effective.
c. results in men preparing for non-traditional jobs for men.
d. is a process by which both genders can socialize with each other regardless of their roles.
ANSWER: a

3. In Ann Hopkins v. Price-Waterhouse,

a. Hopkins was disciplined for wearing clothes that were too feminine and too much make-up in an
accounting firm.
b. Hopkins was promoted, but sued when she was given a lower salary increase than her male
counterparts.
c. the U.S. Supreme Court clarified the illegality of using compliance with gender roles in job
decisions.
d. Hopkins was not promoted because she billed fewer hours (e.g., earned less revenue) than her male
counterparts.
ANSWER: c

4. In a sex discrimination lawsuit settled in 2010, Walmart agreed to pay nearly $12 million. The EEOC alleged
that Walmart did all of the following except:
a. Used gender stereotype in hiring.
b. Hired males for warehouse positions, but denied jobs to equally or more qualified female applicants.
c. Told applicants that order-filling positions were more suitable for women.
d. Engaged in systematic discrimination against women for certain positions.
ANSWER: c

5. Which of the following is not true of sexual harassment?

a. Harassment targets experience various negative physical and psychological outcomes.
b. Sexual harassment is related to greater conflict and lower productivity in work teams.
c. Women who are harassed tend to be younger, married, and in higher-status jobs than women who are
not harassed.
d. Sexual harassment is a common phenomenon for working women around the world.

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Chapter 09: Sex and Gender

ANSWER: c

6. Men working in female-dominated positions

a. are more highly qualified than women working in such positions.
b. are more likely to be promoted into management than women working in such positions.
c. are likely to experience discrimination because they are not in an appropriate type of job.
d. are often constrained by glass walls.
ANSWER: b

7. In terms of sexual harassment,

a. most of the men who are harassed are harassed by other men, rather than by women.
b. having women managers reduces hostile environment harassment but not quid pro quo harassment.
c. women are 85% of harassment targets and perpetrators in about 25% of cases.
d. people who claim to have been harassed are actually bragging.
ANSWER: a

8. Regarding sexual harassment,

a. formal charges, but not informal complaints, should be promptly investigated.
b. men and women view sexual behaviors at work similarly.
c. regular training is expensive and not very effective in increasing understanding of what constitutes
harassment.
d. the best prescription for sexual harassment may be one of prevention, rather than remediation after
harassment has occurred.
ANSWER: d

9. Which of the following is not true regarding White women and women of color in the workforce?
a. At a societal level, women of color occupy the lowest-paid, lowest-status jobs of any group.
b. White women have higher workforce participation rates than some women of color, but not others.
c. The combination of race and sex creates advantages for women of color, thus they have benefited
more from affirmative action programs than White women.
d. The earnings of White women with a bachelor’s degree are higher than similarly educated Black and
Hispanic women.
ANSWER: c

10. Which of the following is not true of women of color?

a. They occupy the lowest status, lowest paid jobs.
b. They are subject to multiple disadvantages from race and gender stereotypes, discrimination, and
segregation.
c. They are likely to work in female-dominated jobs.
d. They experience sexual harassment based on both race and sex from managers, but not from peers.
ANSWER: d

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Chapter 09: Sex and Gender

11. Regarding gender and poverty,
a. women’s greater amount of part-time work positively affects them during their work lives and during
their older years.
b. women’s lower participation in the workforce can negatively affect them during their younger and
older years.
c. around the world, most women are now earning more than men and have become less likely to live in
poverty than men.
d. Any relationship between the two is either coincidental or fictional.
ANSWER: b

12. Which of the following is true of the Equal Pay Act of 1963?
a. The Equal Pay Act has been successful in reducing wage differences between Whites and minorities.
b. The Equal Pay Act has been replaced by the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act.
c. The success of the Equal Pay Act has been limited by sex segregation.
d. The Equal Pay Act has reduced the male/female wage gap to about 10%.
ANSWER: c

13. Regarding education levels,

a. in all age ranges, and across racial and ethnic groups, men have higher education levels than women.
b. higher education results in similarly higher earnings for men and women.
c. for younger adults, women are more likely to have a bachelor’s degree than men.
d. younger women are not as likely to have a bachelor's degree as men but they do tend to earn more.
ANSWER: c

14. The glass ceiling

a. is a problem in the U.S., but not in many other nations.
b. can be largely explained by women’s lack of desire to advance.
c. begins close to the top of organizations, since women are well-represented in mid-and upper-level
management.
d. is an invisible barrier that prevents certain groups from progressing beyond certain levels in
organizations.
ANSWER: d

15. Glass walls

a. can be easily broken and with the elimination of those barriers, people can get ahead.
b. enable peoples talents and success to be seen by those on the other side.
c. are similar to the glass ceiling in that they restrict movement of certain groups.
d. provide transparency and enable people to see how they can get ahead.
ANSWER: c

16. When comparing male-dominated and female-dominated positions in the same fields,
a. those positions often require similar skills, interests, abilities, and work time commitments.
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Chapter 09: Sex and Gender

b. laws often prevent men from entering the female-dominated fields so as to protect jobs held by
women.
c. because they are off in the summer, elementary school teachers spend considerably less time teaching
than university professors.
d. There is no longer any such thing as a male-dominated position.
ANSWER: a

17. The population distribution by sex

a. indicates that slightly more of the population is female than male.
b. indicates that between prime working years (ages 25 to 64) there are 500,000 more men than women.
c. indicates that the ratio of women to men declines with age.
d. should encourage employers to exclude women because there are more of them (e.g., supply and
demand).
ANSWER: a

18. Which of the following is true of the relationship between sex segregation and wages?
a. Because they are few in number, women in male-dominated jobs earn more than men in male-
dominated jobs (e.g., supply and demand premium).
b. Men working in female-dominated jobs earn less than women working in female-dominated jobs
because they are viewed as being untrustworthy.
c. Women working in male-dominated jobs earn less than women who work in female-dominated jobs.
d. On average, male nurses earn more than female nurses.
ANSWER: d

19. Height and weight requirements for employment

a. can discriminate against most women and some men of Asian, American Indian, or Latino descent.
b. are illegal, even if they are related to successful job performance and no other nondiscriminatory
measure is feasible.
c. can result in unintended negative outcomes, such as removing discriminatory barriers to employment.
d. are generally legitimate for male-dominated jobs.
ANSWER: a

20. During a conversation about a promotion, Tom’s supervisor, Mary, tells him that if he will meet her at a
motel nearby for a sexual liaison, he will get the bonus he has been waiting for. Which of the following best
describes this situation?
a. A hostile work environment.
b. Employee favoritism.
c. Probably a harmless joke, since women rarely perpetrate harassment.
d. Quid pro quo sexual harassment.
ANSWER: d

21. In many countries, women comprise less than half of the population and about half of the workforce.

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Chapter 09: Sex and Gender

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False

22. Men are about 15% of sexual harassment targets.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True

23. Most women are physically unable to perform jobs such as police officer and firefighter.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False

24. Women working full-time, earn less than 70 cents to the dollar earned by men working full-time year-round.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False

25. The gap in earnings between women and men is even larger for younger women and men than older men
and women.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False

26. Women and men can deviate from gender norms, but are penalized by society and organizations when they
do so.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True

27. In the U.S., women comprise about half of the workforce, but occupy only 4% of the highest earning
positions.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True

28. In occupational choices, women who deviate from occupations viewed as gender appropriate have the
opportunity to earn higher wages.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True

29. Quid pro quo harassment includes such things as jokes and photographs.
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Chapter 09: Sex and Gender

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False

30. In the past few years, the number of women working as CEOs in Fortune 500 positions has reached almost
50.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False

31. Worldwide, women are more likely to live in poverty than men.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True

32. Referrals from coworkers are often pre-screened based on gender.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True

33. Disparate impact on the basis of sex occurs when an applicant or employee is intentionally treated
differently because of sex.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False

34. Employers may find unintended positive outcomes result from efforts to remove discriminatory barriers to
employment.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True

35. The great majority of women in the U.S. are employed in a small number of occupational groups, referred to
as “crowding”.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True

36. The role of “choice” in jobs occupied by men and women constrains the Equal Pay Act and other laws
against pay discrimination.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True

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Chapter 09: Sex and Gender

37. With the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act, women who are unaware of pay discrimination are less likely to run
out of time to file a claim once they find out about it.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True

38. After 12 years of working in a female-dominated position, 44% of White men will have been promoted into
management.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True

39. As a double minority, women of color are likely to have more employment advantages than non-Hispanic
White women.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False

40. The glass elevator is the rapid advancement of men working in female-dominated occupations into
management, particularly men of color.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False

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