Lec 26

Materials
Module
23/3/2020
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Outline:
1. General
2. Aircraft Bolts
3. Aircraft Nuts
4. Special Shear & Bearing Load Fasteners
5. Screws- Machine Screws
6. Stud Types & Uses
2
General
Aircarft hardware is identified for use by its specification number or
trade name. ISO and ASTM standards are used.
Importance of aircraft hardware is often overlooked because of its
small size, however the efficient operation of any aircraft is greatly
dependent upon the correct selection and use of aircraft hardware
But common other standards exist for threaded fasteners and rivets:
Ø Air Force-Navy (AN)

Ø National Aircarft Standard (NAS)
Ø Military Standard (MS) numbers
3
General
Quick release fasteners are identified by factory trade names and size
designations
Several methods are used to hold metal parts together
ü Riveting
ü Bolting
ü Brazing
ü Welding
Method used should form a union as strong as the parts that are joined
4
Aircraft Bolts
Aircarft bolts are fabricated from:
ü Cadmium
ü Zinc-plated corrosion resistant steel
ü Un-plated corrosion resistant steel
ü Anodized aluminium alloys
5
Aircraft Bolts
Most bolts used in aircraft structures are:
ü General purpose
ü AN bolts
ü NAS internal wrenching or close tolerance bolts
ü MS bolts
6
Aircraft Bolts
Special bolts are usually identified by the letter "S" stamped on the head are
made for a particular application and should be used like bolts in
replacement.
7
Aircraft Bolts
AN bolts head styles:
ü Hex
ü Clevis
ü Eyebolt
NAS bolts head styles:
ü Hex
ü Internal Wrenching
ü Countersunk
8
Aircraft Bolts
Head Styles
9
Aircraft Bolts
ØAircraft Bolt Identification, Specification and Markings
10
Aircraft Bolts
ØAircraft Bolt Identification, Specification and Markings
11
Aircraft Bolts
ØGeneral Purpose Bolts
Hex head aircraft bolt AN-3 through AN-20:
ü Used for general applications involving tension or shear load
where a light drive fit is permissible (0.006 inc clearance for a
5/8 inch hole)
ü Alloy Steel Bolts smaller than 10-32 & Aluminum alloy smaller
tha 1/4inc in diameter are not used in primary structures
ü Aluminum alloy bolts & nuts are not used where they will be
repeatedly removed for purposes of maintenance &
inspection
12
Aircraft Bolts
Hex head aircraft bolt AN-3 through AN-20:
ü Aluminum alloy nuts may be used with cadmium-plated steel
bolts loaded in shear on land airplanes.
ü However, not used on seaplanes due to the increased
possibility of dissimilar corrosion
13
Aircraft Bolts
AN-73 drilled head bolt:
ü Similar to the standard hex bolt, but has deeper head which is
drilled to receive wire for safetying
ü AN-3 & AN-73 series bolts are interchangeable for all

practical purposes
14
Aircraft Bolts
ØClassification of Threads
ü NC à American National Coarse Thread Series
ü NF à American National Fine Thread Series
ü UNC à American Standard Unified Coarse Thread Series
ü UNF à American Standard Unified Fine Thread Series
In the 1 inch series, the NF specifies 14 threads per inch ,

while UNF specifies 12 threads per inch
15
Aircraft Bolts
ØClassification of Threads
Both types of threads are designated by the number of
times the incline(threads) rotates around 1 inch length of a
given diameter bolt or screw
Example:
4-28 thread
à¼ inch diameter bolt has 28 threads in 1 inch of its threaded
length
16
Aircraft Bolts
ØClasses of Fits
The class of a thread indicates the tolerance allowed in
manufacturing
üClass1 à loose fit
üClass2 à free fit
üClass3 à medium fit
üClass4 à close fit
Aircraft bolts are almost always manufactured in the class3
medium fit
17
Aircraft Bolts
ØClasses of Fits
üClass4 fit à requires a wrench to turn the nut onto a bolt
üClass1 fità can easily be turned with the fingers
Generally Aircraft screws are manufactured with Class2 fit for

ease of assembly
•A right hand thread tightens when turned clockwise
•A left hand thread tightens when turned counter clockwise
18
Aircraft Bolts
ØInternal Wrenching Nut
•Known as Allenut or Allen Nut
•Cylindrical nut, internally threaded on one side and has an Allen

socket on the other side
•The Allen socket may be 6 point of 12 point (double hex socket)

à used where hex or square nuts won’t fit
19
Aircraft Bolts
20
Aircraft Bolts
üFabricated from high-strength steel

üSuitable for use in both tension & shear applications
•Internal wrenching bolts & six hole

•Drilled socket head bolts
21
Aircraft Bolts
üThese are high strength bolts used primarly in tension

applications
üNAS144 through NAS158 and NAS172 through NAS176 are

interchangeable with MS20004 through MS20024 in the same
thread configuration and grip lengths
22
Aircraft Bolts
ØIdentification & Markings
•AN type bolts à identified by the code markings on the bolt

heads
•Shape of the head, method of securing, material used in
fabrication and expected usage
•Bolt manufacturer, material of which the bolt is made, whether
the bolt is standard AN-type or a special purpose bolt
23
Aircraft Bolts
ØIdentification & Markings
Example: AN3DD5A
•AN à Air Force Navy Std
•3 à diameter in sixteenths of an inch 3/16
•DD à material 2024 aluminum alloy
•C (instead of DD) à corrosion resistant steel
•No letter (instead of DD) à cadmium plated steel
•5 à length in eights of an inch 5/8
•Aà shank undrilled
24
Aircraft Bolts
ØSpecial Purpose Bolts
Bolts designed for a particular application or use are
classified as special purpose bolts such as:
1. Clevis bolts
2. Eyebolts
3. Jo-Bolts
4. Lock-bolts
25
Aircraft Bolts
1. Clevis Bolts
26
Aircraft Bolts
1. Clevis Bolts
ü Slotted head à common screw driver

ü Recessed head à cross point screw driver
ü Used where shear loads occur and never in tension
ü Inserted as a mechanical pin in a control system
27
Aircraft Bolts
2. Eye Bolts
ü Used where external tension loads are to be applied

ü Designed for the attachment of devices such as cable
shackle…
28
Aircraft Bolts
2. Eye Bolts
29
Aircraft Bolts
3. Lock Bolts
ü Used to attach two materials permanently
ü Lightweight and equal in strength to standard bolts
ü Conform to military standards
ü Combines the features of a high strength bolt and rivet but it
has advantages over both
Drawback à Not easily removable compared to nuts and bolts
30
Aircraft Bolts
3. Lock Bolts
ü Used in wing splice fittings, landing gear fittings, fuel cell
fittings, longeron, beams, skin splice plates ….
ü More easily and quickly installed than the conventional rivet
or bolt
ü Eliminates the use of lockwashers, cotter pins, and special
nuts
ü Requires a pneumatic hammer or « pull gun » for installation
ü When installed à rigidly & permanently locked in place
31
Aircraft Bolts
3. Lock Bolts
Most commonly used:
32
Aircraft Nuts
ü Are made of variety of shapes & sizes

ü Made of Cadmium plated carbon steel, stainless steel,
anodized 2024T aluminum alloy..
ü Non-self locking à must be safetied by external locking
devices
ü Self Locking à cotter pins, safety wire,lock nut…
33
Aircraft Nuts
1. Standard Nuts
ü Hexagonal in shape
ü Made of similar material to that used for bolts

ü Exception of high tensile steel bolts are fitted with mild
steel nuts unless otherwise stated
34
Aircraft Nuts
1. Standard Nuts
v Castle Nut, AN310:
• Used with drilled shank AN hex head bolts, clevis bolts, eye bolts,
drilled head bolts or studs
• Can withstand large tensional loads
• Slots in the nut are designed to accomodate a cotter pin or lock-

wire for safety
35
Aircraft Nuts
1. Standard Nuts
v Castellated Shear Nut AN320:
• Designed for use with devices such as drilled cleavis bolts & threaded
taper pins which are normally subjected to shearing stress only
• Castellated for safetying
• Not as deep and as strong as the castle nut
36
Aircraft Nuts
1. Standard Nuts
v Plain Hex Nut, AN315 & AN335:
• Suitable for carrying large tensional loads
• Requires an auxiliary locking device (checknut or lockwasher)
• Its use on aircraft structures is limited
37
Aircraft Nuts
1. Standard Nuts
v Plain Hex Nut, AN315 & AN335:
38
Aircraft Nuts
1. Standard Nuts
v Light Hex Nut, AN340 & AN345:
• Much lighter nut than the plain hex nut
• Must be locked by auxiliary device
• Used for miscallaneous light tension requirements
39
Aircraft Nuts
1. Standard Nuts
v Plain Check Nut, AN316 :
• Employed as a locking device for plain nuts, set screws, threaded rod
ends …
40
Aircraft Nuts
1. Standard Nuts
v Wing Nut, AN350 :
• Intended for use where the desired tightness can be obtained with the
fingers & where the assembly is frequently removed
41
Aircraft Nuts
2. Self Locking Nuts
Need no auxiliary means of safetying ,but have a safetying
feature included as an integral part of their construction
Most common applications:
1. Attachment of anti friction bearings & control pulleys

2. Attachment of accessories, anchor nuts around inspection holes
& small tank installation openings
42
Aircraft Nuts
43
Aircraft Nuts
1. Provide tight connections that will not shake loose under
severe vibration.
2. Should not be used on joints that subject the nut or bolt to
rotation
3. May be used with antifriction bearings and control pulleys
provided that the inner face of the bearing is clamped to the
supporting structure by the nut and bolt
4. No rotation or misalignment is allowed when tightening
44
Aircraft Nuts
v Boots Self Locking nuts
• One piece, all metal construction, designed to hold tight in spite of severe
vibrations
• Two sections, locking nut and load carrying nut
• The two sections are connected with a spring which is an integral part of
the nut
45
Aircraft Nuts
v Stainless Steel Locking
nuts
• Its locking action takes place
Only when the nut is seated
against a solid surface &
tightened
• The nut consists of two parts,
the case and the threaded
insert
46
Aircraft Nuts
v Stainless Steel Locking
nuts
1. Until the nut is tightened, it
spins on the bolt easily
because the threaded insert
is the proper size for the bolt
2. When the nut is seated
against a solid surface and
tightened, the locking
shoulder of the insert is
pulled downward and
wedged against the locking
shoulder of the case
3. This action compresses the
thread insert and causes it to
clench the bolt tightly 47
Aircraft Nuts
v Elastic Stop nuts
ü Standard nut with the height increased to accomodate a fiber

locking collar
ü Fiber collar is very tough & durable & unaffected by
immersion in hot or cold water or ordinary solvents
ü The fiber locking collar is not threaded and its inside
diameter is smaller than the largest diameter of the
threaded portion or the outside diameter of a
corresponding bolt
48
Aircraft Nuts
v Elastic Stop nuts
49
Aircraft Nuts
2.Self Locking Nuts
v Anchor nuts
ü Stiffnuts secured to anchor plates
ü Anchor plates are fixed at the back of a component so that
the bolt or screw can be inserted or removed from the front
ü Two rivets are used to secure the anchor plate to the
component
50
Aircraft Nuts
ü If the friction value is so low that the stiffnut on the bolt or
screw can be turned with the fingers, the nut is unserviceable
and must be renewed
ü Before renewing a stiffnut, ensure that it is not the bolt or
screw thread that is unserviceable
ü Under no circumstances should a stiffnut be tapped out as
this destroys its self-locking properties
ü When assembled, the end of the bolt should protrude from
the nut by a minimum of on thread
51
Aircraft Nuts
v Anchor nuts
52
Aircraft Nuts
3. Identification & Markings
Letters and digits following the part number indicate such items
as material size, threads per inch and whether the thread is right
or left hand. The letter « B » following the part number indicates
the nut material to be brass, a « d » indicates 2017-T aluminum
alloy, a « dd » indicated 2024-T aluminum alloy, a « c » indicates
stainless steel and a dash in place of a letter indicates cadmium
plated carbon steel
The digits following the dash or the material code letter is the
dash number of the nut and it indicates the size of the shank
and threads per inch of the bolt on which the nut will fit
53
Aircraft Nuts
The dash number corresponds to the first figure appearing in the
part number coding of the general bolts. A dash and the number
3, for example, indicates that the nut will fit an AN3 bolt(10-32);
a dash and the number 4 means it will fit an AN4 bolt(1/4-28)
and a dash and the number 5, an AN5 bolts(5/16-24) and so on
The code numbers for self-locking nuts end in three or four digit
numbers. The last two digits refer to threads per inch and the
one or two preceding digits stand for the nut size in the 6th of an
inch
54
Aircraft Nuts
AN310D5R:
• AN310: Aircraft castle nut
• D=2024-T aluminum alloy
• 5=5/16 inch diameter
• R=right hand thread
55
Special Shear & Bearing Load Fasteners
ü Many special fasteners produce high strength with lightweight

and can be used in place of conventional AN bolts and nuts
ü When AN bolts are tightened with the nut, the bolt stretches,
narrowing the diameter and then the bolt is no longer tight
in the hole
ü Special fasteners eliminate this loose fit because they are
held in place by a collar that is squeezed into position
ü These fasteners are not under the same tensile loads as a
bolt during installation
56
a. Pin Rivets
57
a. Pin Rivets
• Pin (Hi-Shear) rivets are classified as special rivets but are
not of the blind type
• Access to both sides of the material is required to install this
type of rivet
• Pin rivets:
ü Have the same shear strength as bolts of equal diameters
ü Are about 40 percent of the weight of a bolt
ü Require only about one-fifth as much time for installation as a bolt,
nut, and washer combination
58
a. Pin Rivets
• They are approximately three times as strong as solid shank
rivets
• Pin rivets are essentially thread less bolts
• The pin is headed at one end and is grooved about the
circumference at the other. A metal collar is swagged onto the
grooved end effecting a firm, tight fit
• Pin rivets are fabricated in a variety of materials but should be
used only in shear applications
• They should never be used where the grip length is less than
the shank diameter
59
b. Taper-Loks
60
b. Taper-Loks
• Taper-loks are the strongest special fasteners used in aircraft

construction
• It exerts a force on the walls of the hole because of its

tapered shape
• The taper-lok is designed to completely fill the hole, but unlike

the rivet, it fills the hole without deforming the shank
61
b. Taper-Loks
• Instead, the washer head nut squeezes the metal with

tremendous force against the tapered walls of the hole.
• This creates radial compression around the shank and
vertical compression lines as the metals are squeezed
together
• The combination of these forces generates strength
unequaled by any other fastener
62
c. Hi-tigue
63
c. Hi-tigue
ü The Hi-tigue special fastener has a bead that encircles the
bottom of its shank
ü The bead preloads the hole it fills, resulting in increased joint
strength
ü At installation, the bead presses against the sidewall of the
hole, exerting radial force that strengthens the surrounding
area
ü Since it is preloaded, the joint is not subjected to the constant
cyclic action that normally causes a joint to become cold
worked and eventually fail
64
c. Hi-tigue
ü Hi-tigue fasteners are made of aluminum, titanium, and
stainless steel alloys
ü The collars are composed of compatible metal alloys and
come in two types: sealing and non-sealing
ü Just like the Hi-loks, they can be installed using an Allen
wrench and a box-end wrench
65
d. Turnlock Fasteners
66
ü Turnlock fasteners are used to secure inspection plates,
doors, and other removable panels on aircraft
àQuick opening, quick action, and stressed panel fasteners
ü The most desirable feature of these fasteners is that they
permit quick and easy removal of access panels for
inspection and servicing purposes
ü Turnlock fasteners are manufactured and supplied by a
number of manufacturers under various trade names
67
Ø Dzus Fasteners:
68
Ø Dzus Fasteners:
ü The grommet is made of aluminum or aluminum alloy material
ü It acts as a holding device for the stud
ü Grommets can be fabricated from 1100 aluminum tubing, if
none are available from normal sources
ü The spring is made of steel, cadmium plated to prevent
corrosion
ü The spring supplies the force that locks or secures the stud in
place when two assemblies are joined
69
Ø Dzus Fasteners:
70
Ø Dzus Fasteners:
ü The studs are fabricated from steel and are cadmium plated
ü They are available in three head styles: wing, flush, and oval
ü Body diameter, length, and head type may be identified or
determined by the markings found on the head of the stud
ü The diameter is always measured in sixteenths of an inch
71
Ø Dzus Fasteners:
72
Ø Dzus Fasteners:
ü Stud length is measured in hundredths of an inch and is the
distance from the head of the stud to the bottom of the spring
hole
ü A quarter of a turn of the stud (clockwise) locks the fastener
ü The fastener may be unlocked only by turning the stud
counter clockwise.
ü A Dzus key or a specially ground screwdriver locks or unlocks
the fastener
73
Ø Camloc Fasteners:
74
ü Camloc fasteners are made in a variety of styles and designs
ü Included among the most commonly used are the 2600, 2700,
40S51, and 4002 series in the regular line, and the stressed
panel fastener in the heavy duty line
ü The latter is used in stressed panels which carry structural
loads
75
ü The Camloc fastener is used to secure aircraft cowlings and
fairings
ü It consists of three parts:
ü a stud assembly,
ü a grommet,
ü and a receptacle
ü Two types of receptacles are available: rigid and floating
76
ü The stud and grommet are installed in the removable portion;
the receptacle is riveted to the structure of the aircraft
ü The stud and grommet are installed in either a plain, dimpled,
countersunk, or counterbored hole, depending upon the
location and thickness of the material involved
ü A quarter turn (clockwise) of the stud locks the fastener
ü The fastener can be unlocked only by turning the stud
counter clockwise
77
Ø Airloc Fasteners:
78
79
ü It consists of three parts: a stud, a cross pin, and a stud
receptacle
ü The studs are manufactured from steel and casehardened to
prevent excessive wear
ü The stud hole is reamed for a press fit of the cross pin
80
ü The total amount of material thickness to be secured with the
Airloc fastener must be known before the correct length of
stud can be selected for installation
ü The total thickness of material that each stud will satisfactorily
lock together is stamped on the head of the stud in
thousandths of an inch
ü Studs are manufactured in three head styles: flush, oval, and
wing
81
ü The cross pin is manufactured from chrome-vanadium steel
and heat treated to provide maximum strength, wear, and
holding power
ü It should never be used the second time; once removed from
the stud, replace it with a new pin
ü Receptacles for Airloc fasteners are manufactured in two
types: rigid and floating
82
ü Receptacles are fabricated from high-carbon, heat-treated
steel
ü An upper wing assures ejection of the stud when unlocked
and enables the cross pin to be held in a locked position
between the upper wing, cam, stop, and wing detent,
regardless of the tension to which the receptacle is subjected
83
Screws- Machine Screws
ü Screws are the most commonly used threaded fastening

devices on aircraft
ü They differ from bolts in as much as they are generally made
of lower strength materials
ü They can be installed with a loose fitting thread, and the head
shapes are made to engage a screwdriver or wrench
84
1. Structural Screws à have the same strength as equal size
bolts
85
bolts
ü Are made of alloy steel, properly heat treated, and can be
used as structural bolts
ü Are found in the NAS204 through NAS235 and AN509 and
AN525 series
ü They have a definite grip and the same shear strength as a
bolt of the same size
86
bolts
ü Shank tolerances are similar to AN hex head bolts, and the
threads are National Fine
ü Structural screws are available with round, brazier, or

countersunk heads
ü The recessed head screws are driven by either a Phillips or a

Reed & Prince screwdriver
87
2. Machine Screws à include the majority of types used for
general repair
88
general repair
ü Machine screws are usually of the flathead (countersunk),
roundhead, or washer head types
ü These are general purpose screws and are available in low
carbon steel, brass, corrosion-resistant steel, and aluminum
alloy
ü Roundhead screws, AN515 and AN520, have either slotted or
recessed heads
89
general repair
ü The AN515 screw has coarse threads, and the AN520 has
fine threads Countersunk machine screws are listed as
AN505 and AN510for82° and AN507 for 100°
ü The AN505 and AN510 correspond to the AN515 and AN520
roundhead in material and usage
ü The fillister head screw, AN500 through AN503, is a general
purpose screw and is used as a capscrew in light
mechanisms
ü This could include attachments of cast aluminum parts such
as gearbox cover plates
90
general repair
ü The AN500 and AN501 screws are available in low carbon

steel, corrosion-resistant steel, and brass
ü The AN500 has coarse threads, while the AN501 has fine
threads
ü They have no clearly defined grip length. Screws larger than
No. 6 have a hole drilled through the head for safetying
purposes
91
general repair
ü The AN502 and AN503 fillister head screws are made of heat-
treated alloy steel, have a small grip, and are available in fine
and coarse threads
ü These screws are used as capscrews where great strength is
required
ü The coarse threaded screws are commonly used as
capscrews in tapped aluminum alloy and magnesium castings
because of the softness of the metal
92
3. Self Tapping Screws à which are used for attaching lighter
parts
ü Machine self-tapping screws are listed as AN504 and AN506

ü The AN504 screw has a roundhead, and the AN506 is 82°
countersunk
ü These screws are used for attaching removable parts, such
as nameplates, to castings and parts in which the screw cuts
its own threads
93
3. Self Tapping Screws à which are used for attaching lighter
parts
ü AN530 and AN531 self-tapping sheet metal screws, such as

the Parker-Kalon Z-type sheet metal screw, are blunt on the
end
ü They are used in the temporary attachment of metal for
riveting, and in the permanent assembly of non-structural
assemblies
ü Self-tapping screws should not be used to replace standard
screws, nuts, bolts, or rivets
94
4. Dowels
95
4. Dowels
ü It is a headless fastener with a lag thread at both ends
ü They are designed to be inserted into a predrilled pilot hole
ü The end of the wood thread is designed as taper that is
threaded all the way to its blunt tip
Used for fastening two pieces of wood so as to keep them

permanently in their proper relative position, usually set apart
from each other
96
Ø Identifications & Markings for Screws
ü The coding system used to identify screws is similar to that
used for bolts
ü There are AN and NAS screws
ü NAS screws are structural screws
ü Part numbers 510, 515, 550, and so on, catalog screws into
classes, such as roundhead, flathead, washer head, and so
forth
ü Letters and digits indicate their material composition, length,
and thickness
97
Ø Identifications & Markings for Screws
Example:
• AN501B-416-7
• AN = Air Force-Navy standard
• 501 = fillister head, fine thread
• B = brass
• 416 = 4/16-inch diameter
• 7 = 7/16-inch length
98
Stud Types & Uses
1. Installation Practices
ü Examine the markings on the bolt head to determine that
each bolt is of the correct material
ü It is of extreme importance to use like bolts in replacement
ü In every case, refer to the applicable Maintenance
Instructions Manual and Illustrated Parts Breakdown
ü Be sure that washers are used under both the heads of bolts
and nuts unless their omission is specified
99
Stud Types & Uses
ü A washer guards against mechanical damage to the material
being bolted and prevents corrosion of the structural
members
ü An aluminum alloy washer should be used under the head
and nut of a steel bolt securing aluminum alloy or magnesium
alloy members
ü Any corrosion that occurs then attacks the washer rather than
the members
10
Stud Types & Uses
10
Stud Types & Uses
ü Be certain that the bolt grip length is correct
ü Grip length is the length of the unthreaded portion equal the
thickness of the material being bolted together
ü However, bolts of slightly greater grip the bolt head
ü In the case of plate nuts, add shims under the plate
10
Stud Types & Uses
2. Removal of Damaged Bolts
ü Installation or replacement of bolts is simple when compared
to the installation or replacement of studs
ü Bolt heads and nuts are cut in the open, whereas studs are
installed into internal threads in a casting or built-up assembly
ü Damaged threads on bolts or nuts can be seen and only
require replacement of the defective part
10
Stud Types & Uses
ü If internal threads are damaged, two alternatives are
apparent: the part may be replaced or the threads repaired or
replaced
ü Correction of the thread problem is usually cheaper and more
convenient
ü Two methods of repairing are by replacement bushings or
helicoils
10
Stud Types & Uses
10
Stud Types & Uses
10

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Materials

Ø Air Force-Navy (AN)

Several methods are used to hold metal parts together

Aircarft bolts are fabricated from:

Most bolts used in aircraft structures are:

NAS bolts head styles:

ü AN-3 & AN-73 series bolts are interchangeable for all

In the 1 inch series, the NF specifies 14 threads per inch ,

Generally Aircraft screws are manufactured with Class2 fit for

•Known as Allenut or Allen Nut

•Cylindrical nut, internally threaded on one side and has an Allen

•The Allen socket may be 6 point of 12 point (double hex socket)

üFabricated from high-strength steel

•Internal wrenching bolts & six hole

üThese are high strength bolts used primarly in tension

üNAS144 through NAS158 and NAS172 through NAS176 are

•AN type bolts à identified by the code markings on the bolt

ü Slotted head à common screw driver

ü Used where external tension loads are to be applied

Most commonly used:

ü Are made of variety of shapes & sizes

ü Made of similar material to that used for bolts

• Can withstand large tensional loads

• Slots in the nut are designed to accomodate a cotter pin or lock-

• Castellated for safetying

• Not as deep and as strong as the castle nut

• Suitable for carrying large tensional loads

• Requires an auxiliary locking device (checknut or lockwasher)

• Its use on aircraft structures is limited

• Much lighter nut than the plain hex nut

• Must be locked by auxiliary device

• Used for miscallaneous light tension requirements

1. Attachment of anti friction bearings & control pulleys

ü Standard nut with the height increased to accomodate a fiber

ü Many special fasteners produce high strength with lightweight

• Taper-loks are the strongest special fasteners used in aircraft

• It exerts a force on the walls of the hole because of its

• The taper-lok is designed to completely fill the hole, but unlike

• Instead, the washer head nut squeezes the metal with

ü Screws are the most commonly used threaded fastening

ü Structural screws are available with round, brazier, or

ü The recessed head screws are driven by either a Phillips or a

ü The AN500 and AN501 screws are available in low carbon

ü Machine self-tapping screws are listed as AN504 and AN506

ü AN530 and AN531 self-tapping sheet metal screws, such as

Used for fastening two pieces of wood so as to keep them

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