Symbols

A area, m2 Fo Fourier number

Ab area of prime (unfinned) surface, m2 Fr Froude number
Ac cross-sectional area, m2 f friction factor; similarity variable
Ap fin profile area, m2 G irradiation, W/m2; mass velocity, kg/s ⋅ m2
Ar nozzle area ratio Gr Grashof number
a acceleration, m/s2; speed of sound, m/s Gz Graetz number
Bi Biot number g gravitational acceleration, m/s2
Bo Bond number H nozzle height, m; Henry’s constant, bar
C molar concentration, kmol/m3; heat capacity h convection heat transfer coefficient, W/m2 ⋅ K;
rate, W/K Planck’s constant, J ⋅ s
CD drag coefficient hfg latent heat of vaporization, J/kg
Cf friction coefficient hfg′ modified heat of vaporization, J/kg
Ct thermal capacitance, J/K hsf latent heat of fusion, J/kg
Co Confinement number hm convection mass transfer coefficient, m/s
c specific heat, J/kg ⋅ K; speed of light, m/s hrad radiation heat transfer coefficient, W/m2 ⋅ K
cp specific heat at constant pressure, J/kg ⋅ K I electric current, A; radiation intensity, W/m2 ⋅ sr
cv specific heat at constant volume, J/kg ⋅ K i electric current density, A/m2; enthalpy per unit
D diameter, m mass, J/kg
DAB binary mass diffusivity, m2/s J radiosity, W/m2
Db bubble diameter, m Ja Jakob number
Dh hydraulic diameter, m J*i diffusive molar flux of species i relative to the
d diameter of gas molecule, nm mixture molar average velocity, kmol/s ⋅ m2
E thermal plus mechanical energy, J; electric ji diffusive mass flux of species i relative to the
potential, V; emissive power, W/m2 mixture mass average velocity, kg/s ⋅ m2
E tot total energy, J jH Colburn j factor for heat transfer
Ec Eckert number jm Colburn j factor for mass transfer
E g rate of energy generation, W k thermal conductivity, W/m ⋅ K
E in rate of energy transfer into a control volume, W kB Boltzmann’s constant, J/K
E out rate of energy transfer out of control volume, W k0 zero-order, homogeneous reaction rate
E st rate of increase of energy stored within a control constant, kmol/s ⋅ m3
volume, W k1 first-order, homogeneous reaction rate
e thermal internal energy per unit mass, J/kg; constant, s−1
surface roughness, m k1″ first-order, surface reaction rate constant, m/s
F force, N; fraction of blackbody radiation in a L length, m
wavelength band; view factor Le Lewis number
xx Symbols

M i rate of transfer of mass for species i, kg/s ro cylinder or sphere radius, m

M i,g rate of increase of mass of species i due to r, φ , z cylindrical coordinates
chemical reactions, kg/s r, θ , φ spherical coordinates
M in rate at which mass enters a control volume, kg/s S solubility, kmol/m3 ⋅ atm; shape factor for
M out rate at which mass leaves a control two-dimensional conduction, m; nozzle
volume, kg/s pitch, m; plate spacing, m; Seebeck
M st rate of increase of mass stored within a coefficient, V/K
control volume, kg/s Sc solar constant, W/m2
ℳi molecular weight of species i, kg/kmol SD, SL, ST diagonal, longitudinal, and transverse pitch
Ma Mach number of a tube bank, m
m mass, kg Sc Schmidt number
m mass flow rate, kg/s Sh Sherwood number
mi mass fraction of species i, ρ i /ρ St Stanton number
N integer number T temperature, K
NL, NT number of tubes in longitudinal and t time, s
transverse directions U overall heat transfer coefficient, W/m2 ⋅ K;
Nu Nusselt number internal energy, J
NTU number of transfer units u, v, w mass average fluid velocity components, m/s
Ni molar transfer rate of species i relative to u*, v*, w* molar average velocity components, m/s
fixed coordinates, kmol/s V volume, m3; fluid velocity, m/s
Ni″ molar flux of species i relative to fixed v specific volume, m3/kg
coordinates, kmol/s ⋅ m2 W width of a slot nozzle, m
N i molar rate of increase of species i per unit W rate at which work is performed, W
volume due to chemical reactions, We Weber number
kmol/s ⋅ m3 X vapor quality
N i″ surface reaction rate of species i, Xtt Martinelli parameter
kmol/s ⋅ m2 X, Y, Z components of the body force per unit
Avogadro’s number volume, N/m3
ni″ mass flux of species i relative to fixed x, y, z rectangular coordinates, m
coordinates, kg/s ⋅ m2 xc critical location for transition to turbulence, m
ni mass rate of increase of species i per unit xfd,c concentration entry length, m
volume due to chemical reactions, xfd,h hydrodynamic entry length, m
kg/s ⋅ m3 xfd,t thermal entry length, m
P power, W; perimeter, m xi mole fraction of species i, Ci /C
PL , PT dimensionless longitudinal and transverse Z thermoelectric material property, K−1
pitch of a tube bank
Pe Peclet number Greek Letters
Pr Prandtl number α thermal diffusivity, m2/s; accommodation
p pressure, N/m2 coefficient; absorptivity
Q energy transfer, J β volumetric thermal expansion coefficient, K−1
q heat transfer rate, W Γ mass flow rate per unit width in film
q rate of energy generation per unit condensation, kg/s ⋅ m
volume, W/m3 γ ratio of specific heats
q′ heat transfer rate per unit length, W/m δ hydrodynamic boundary layer thickness, m
q″ heat flux, W/m2 δc concentration boundary layer thickness, m
q* dimensionless conduction heat rate δp thermal penetration depth, m
R cylinder radius, m; gas constant, J/kg ⋅ K δt thermal boundary layer thickness, m
ℛ universal gas constant, J/kmol ⋅ K ε emissivity; porosity; heat exchanger
Ra Rayleigh number effectiveness
Re Reynolds number εf fin effectiveness
Re electric resistance, Ω η thermodynamic efficiency; similarity variable
Rf fouling factor, m2 ⋅ K/W ηf fin efficiency
Rm mass transfer resistance, s/m3 ηo overall efficiency of fin array
Rm,n residual for the m, n nodal point θ zenith angle, rad; temperature difference, K
Rt thermal resistance, K/W κ absorption coefficient, m−1
Rt,c thermal contact resistance, K/W λ wavelength, µm
Rt,f fin thermal resistance, K/W λ mfp mean free path length, nm
Rt,o thermal resistance of fin array, K/W µ viscosity, kg/s ⋅ m
Symbols xxi

ν kinematic viscosity, m2/s; frequency of L based on characteristic length

radiation, s−1 l saturated liquid conditions
ρ mass density, kg/m3; reflectivity lat latent energy
ρe electric resistivity, Ω/m lm log mean condition
σ Stefan–Boltzmann constant, W/m2 ⋅ K4; electrical m mean value over a tube cross section
conductivity, 1/Ω ⋅ m; normal viscous stress, max maximum
N/m2; surface tension, N/m N natural (free) convection
Φ viscous dissipation function, s−2 o center or midplane condition; tube outlet
volume fraction condition; outer
φ azimuthal angle, rad p momentum
ψ stream function, m2/s ph phonon
τ shear stress, N/m2; transmissivity R reradiating surface
ω solid angle, sr; perfusion rate, s−1 r, ref reflected radiation
rad radiation
Subscripts S solar conditions
A, B species in a binary mixture s surface conditions; solid properties;
abs absorbed saturated solid conditions
am arithmetic mean sat saturated conditions
atm atmospheric sens sensible energy
b base of an extended surface; blackbody sky sky conditions
C Carnot ss steady state
c cross-sectional; concentration; cold; critical sur surroundings
cr critical insulation thickness t thermal
cond conduction tr transmitted
conv convection v saturated vapor conditions
CF counterflow x local conditions on a surface
D diameter; drag λ spectral
dif diffusion ∞ free stream conditions
e excess; emission; electron
evap evaporation
Superscripts
f fluid properties; fin conditions; saturated liquid
* molar average; dimensionless quantity
conditions; film
tot total energy (all forms)
F forced convection
fd fully developed conditions
g saturated vapor conditions Overbar
h hydrodynamic; hot; helical average conditions; time mean
i general species designation; inner surface; initial
condition; tube inlet condition; incident
radiation