1st phase:

Protonema phase which

It consists of upright, slender axis
bearing spirally arranged leaves.
Attached to the soil by multicellular,
branched, and oblique rhizoids
directly develops from spore.
Gametophyte contains
2 stages.
2nd phase:
Leafy stage which develops from the
secondary protonema as a lateral bud.

Presence of leaf-like structure in gametophyte is a unique character of Moss.

Fragmentation and budding in the secondary protonema Vegetative

Reproduction

Sex organs are produced at the apex of the leafy shoots Sexual

Zygote develops into sporophyte. Shape like Liver (Marchantia) or flat (Riccia)

Sporophyte in mosses is more developed than that in liverworts. Moist, shady habitat.

Foot, seta, capsule Sporophyte Bryopsida

Plant body is dorsiventral thalloid and closely appressed to
(Mosses)
the substrate. Rhizoids and scales are present on thallus.
Rhizoids --> Unicellular and unbranched
Partiallly dependent. (photosynthetic)
Scales --> Multicellular

Peristomial teeth Elaborate mechanism of spore dispersal

Leafy members (e.g. Porella) have tiny leaf-like In 2 rows on the stem-like
appendages in 2 rows the the stem-like structure structures**
Rope moss Funaria
Fossil fuel obtained from bog. Formation by fossilization of
Sphagnum, which grows in acidic bog. The no. of bacteria are Fragmentation
less in bog due to which the degradetion of dead cell could
Hair cap moss Polytrichum
not take place. Hence, it is present in the form of fossils. Asexual reproduction
Green, multicellular, asexual
Examples
buds which develop in small
Peat moss
Formation of receptacles called gemma
specialised structures cups located on the thalli. The
Peat have long been used as a fuel, and because
Sphagnum can absorb water in very high amount. called gemmae. gemmae become detached
of their capacity to hold water as packing Absorbent cotton
Used in the form of absorbent cotton in Europe and germinate to form new
material for trans-shipping of living materials Sphagnum
Hepaticopsida individuals (E.g. Marchantia)
Bryophytes (Liverworts)

Foot, Seta, Capsule

Mosses along with lichens are the first organisms to colonise rocks.

Except in Riccia: In bryophyte, sporophyte

They decompose rocks making the substrate suitable for the growth of higher plants. Ecological Imp.
only capsule of Riccia is the simplest

Mosses form dense mats on the soil, so they reduce the impact of falling rain and prevent soil erosion.
Soporophyte: Completely dependent on gametophyte

After meiosis, spores are produced within the capsule

True elaters are present is sporophyte of Elaters- Hygroscopic, help

some members of liverworts like Marchantia. in dispersal of spores

Rhizoids are unicellular Scales are absent but rhizoids

E.g. Riccia, Marchantia, Porella
RPM
and unbranched are present on thallus.

During sexual reproduction, male and female sec organs are produced
wither on the same (e.g. Riccia), or different (e.g. Marchantia) thallus.
Foot and capsule

Partially dependent because sporophyte Sporophyte

becomes photosynthetic due to
development of chlorenchyma in its capsule.
Not completely dependent
on gametophyte
Anthocerotopsida
Only dependent on gametophyte
(Horn worts)
for water and habitat
E.g. Notothylas, Anthoceros

At the basal part of capsule, a special type of meristem is present. Due to the activeness
of this meristem, the capsule grows rapidly. It grows like the horn of animals