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1. The Byzantine Empire was centered in the area that is present-day Turkey, while the Sasanid Empire was centered in
the area that is present-day
a. Lebanon.
b. Egypt.
c. Afghanistan.
d. India.
e. Iran.
ANSWER: e
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: p. 244
3. The Sasanid Empire benefited from its location along the Silk Road. Some of the agricultural goods that it gained from
China and East Asia were
a. wheat, jute, and coffee beans.
b. mangoes, bananas, and spelt.
c. oats, quinoa, and manioc.
d. sugar, wheat, and figs.
e. eggplants, sugar, and rice.
ANSWER: e
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: p. 244
4. The establishment of Zoroastrianism and Christianity as official faiths in the Sasanid and Byzantine empires
(respectively) set the precedent for what future event?
a. The rise of Islam as the focus of a political empire.
b. The dominance of monotheism in all subsequent empires.
c. The rejection of religion as an official political focus.
d. The rise of corrupt leadership in those empires.
e. The worldwide spread of Christianity.
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: p. 245
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6. Manichaeism is a faith derived from Zoroastrianism and is founded on the idea that
a. Jesus is the Savior.
b. Muhammad is the Prophet.
c. there is a cosmic struggle between good and evil.
d. the universe is in cosmic balance.
e. people must attune themselves to nature.
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: p. 246
7. The Arabs' involvement in Byzantine and Sasanid conflicts led to the penetration of these religions into the Arabian
peninsula.
a. Judaism and Christianity
b. Judaism and Buddhism
c. Christianity and Buddhism
d. Zoroastrianism and Buddhism
e. Zoroastrianism and Christianity
ANSWER: e
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: p. 246
8. Most subjects of both Byzantine and Sasanid rulers found common identity in
a. language.
b. religion.
c. commerce.
d. occupations.
e. family kin groups.
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: p. 246
9. The traditional occupation in the Arabian peninsula was more farming than
15. Why did Muhammad leave Mecca for Medina (known as the hijra, which marks the beginning of the Muslim
calendar)?
a. He sought more followers in the north.
b. One of his visions commanded him to.
c. Meccan leaders were threatened by his popularity.
d. Muhammad's wife had family in Medina.
e. Theology argued that Abraham had lived in the north.
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: p. 248
16. The unified community that accepted Islam and believed that Muhammad was the "Messenger of God" was called the
a. jihad.
b. hijra.
c. shaitan.
d. ka'ba.
e. umma.
ANSWER: e
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: p. 248
17. After the city of Mecca surrendered to Muhammad, he established a new state based on a
a. democratic government system.
b. dynastic system with his sons as the monarchs.
c. government system similar to the Persian administration.
d. common religious faith.
e. loose coalition of Arab city-states.
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18. Which group resisted the message of Islam in Medina and was eventually expelled or eliminated by Muhammad?
a. Jews
b. Christians
c. Buddhists
d. Zoroastrians
e. Nestorians
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: p. 249
21. Muhammad's revelations from the angel are compiled in a book called
a. the Hadith.
b. the Third Testament.
c. the Quran.
d. the Ka'ba.
e. the Revelations.
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: p. 249
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22. The group of Muslims who believe the leader of Islam should be a descendent of Muhammad's son-in-law is called the
a. Shi'ites.
b. Sunnis.
c. Sufis.
d. Mobad.
e. Hadj.
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: p. 249
23. The Muslims fought the Battle of the Camel (656) in a dispute over the
a. Nestorian control of Yemenite lands.
b. appointment of Abu Bakr.
c. control of the royal treasury.
d. legitimacy of Ali as caliph.
e. compilation of the Quran.
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: p. 249
25. Mu'awiya chose his own son, Yazid, to succeed him thereby establishing this caliphate.
a. Umayyad
b. Abbasid
c. Mamluk
d. Fatimid
e. none of the above
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: p. 249
26. Which of the following areas was not brought under Muslim control under the leadership of the caliphs?
a. Egypt and North Africa
27. Under this leader, the second caliph, began the expansion of the caliphate outside of Arabia.
a. Abu-Bakr
b. Ali
c. Umar
d. Uthman
e. Yazid
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: p. 250
31. Despite the fact that conversions to Islam were at their peak, Abbasid power declined because
a. there were constant revolts of non-Muslims against forced conversion.
b. the empire had to resist nomadic pressures on the frontier.
c. the empire had become too big to rule effectively.
d. new religious practices developed that challenged the appeal of Islam.
e. there were frequent religious wars between the Sunnis and Shi'ites.
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: p. 251
32. The Abbasids purchased Turkic slaves, called mamluks, into military service. The mamluks eventually founded their
own state in
a. Turkey.
b. Spain.
c. Egypt.
d. Iran.
e. Arabia.
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: p. 252
34. Why did the rulers of al-Andalus Spain finally take the title of caliph in 929?
a. The growing number of converts to Islam demanded it.
b. They had finally solidified control of the region.
c. They did so in response to the Fatimids assming this title in Tunisia.
d. Christians in northern Spain threatened invasion.
e. They never did.
ANSWER: c
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35. Despite political decay in al-Andalus, under Islamic leadership, the Jewish people of Spain
a. experienced widespread discrimination.
b. were frequently arrested and persecuted.
c. contributed to the cultural growth of Spain as great thinkers and writers, such as Maimonides.
d. experienced a diaspora to eastern Europe.
e. passed laws ensuring the ascension of Jews to the Spanish throne.
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: p. 253
37. Which of the following statements is not true about the rule of the Seljuk Empire?
a. They ruled the Middle East during the First Crusade.
b. Mesopotamia grew in population and influence.
c. Irrigation and canal systems fell into disrepair during their rule.
d. Seljuk leaders didn't get involved in internal religious fighting.
e. Cities shrank and lost population during their rule.
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: p. 254
40. Traditions relating the deeds and words of Muhammad which, next to the Qur'an, are the most importance source for
Islamic law, are called
a. ulama
b. umma
c. shari'a
d. hadith
e. none of the above
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: p. 257
41. Political divisions continued after the fall of the Abbasid caliphate, and other groups took hold of the Middle East over
several centuries, including Seljuk Turks, Crusaders, Mamluks, and eventually
a. Byzantines
b. Kurds
c. Mongols
d. Armenians
e. Indians
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: p. 256
42. Which of the following statements about Muslim women is not true?
a. They were permitted to divorce.
b. They often played a role in public life.
c. They were permitted to practice birth control.
d. They were permitted to own property.
e. They adopted the Byzantine and Sasanid custom of veiling.
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: p. 257
45. Mecca
ANSWER: Answer not provided.
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: p. 247
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PCTA.BCHHJ.11 Identifications - Identifications
46. Muhammad
ANSWER: Answer not provided.
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: p. 247
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PCTA.BCHHJ.11 Identifications - Identifications
47. Muslim
ANSWER: Answer not provided.
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: p. 248
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PCTA.BCHHJ.11 Identifications - Identifications
48. Islam
ANSWER: Answer not provided.
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: p. 248
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PCTA.BCHHJ.11 Identifications - Identifications
49. Medina
ANSWER: Answer not provided.
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50. umma
ANSWER: Answer not provided.
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: p. 248
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PCTA.BCHHJ.11 Identifications - Identifications
51. caliphate
ANSWER: Answer not provided.
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: p. 249
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PCTA.BCHHJ.11 Identifications - Identifications
52. Quran
ANSWER: Answer not provided.
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: p. 249
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PCTA.BCHHJ.11 Identifications - Identifications
53. Shi'ites
ANSWER: Answer not provided.
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: p. 249
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PCTA.BCHHJ.11 Identifications - Identifications
55. Sunnis
ANSWER: Answer not provided.
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: p. 250
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PCTA.BCHHJ.11 Identifications - Identifications
57. mamluks
ANSWER: Answer not provided.
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: p. 252
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PCTA.BCHHJ.11 Identifications - Identifications
58. Ghana
ANSWER: Answer not provided.
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: p. 252
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PCTA.BCHHJ.11 Identifications - Identifications
59. ulama
ANSWER: Answer not provided.
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: p. 254
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PCTA.BCHHJ.11 Identifications - Identifications
60. hadith
ANSWER: Answer not provided.
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: p. 257
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PCTA.BCHHJ.11 Identifications - Identifications
61. Ka'ba
ANSWER: Answer not provided.
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: p. 247
62. shah
ANSWER: Answer not provided.
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: p. 244
63. Nestorians
ANSWER: Answer not provided.
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: p. 245
64. Fatimid
ANSWER: Answer not provided.
POINTS: 1
65. Seljuk
ANSWER: Answer not provided.
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: p. 254
66. madrasa
ANSWER: Answer not provided.
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: p. 262
69. Describe the birth of Islam and specifically the role Muhammad had in spreading the faith.
ANSWER: Born in Mecca in 570, Muhammad grew up an orphan in the house of his uncle. He engaged
in trade and married a Quraysh widow named Khadija, whose caravan interests he
superintended. Their son died in childhood, but several daughters survived. Around 610
Muhammad began meditating at night in the mountainous terrain around Mecca. During one
night vigil, known to later tradition as the “Night of Power and Excellence,” a being whom
Muhammad later understood to be the angel Gabriel spoke to him. For three years
Muhammad shared this and subsequent revelations only with close friends and family
members. This period culminated in his conviction that he was hearing the words of God.
Khadija, his uncle’s son Ali, his friend Abu Bakr, and others close to him shared this
conviction. The revelations continued until Muhammad’s death in 632. Like most people of
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70. Explain how Islam was able to spread from Spain to India in a relatively short amount of time, dominating a wide
range of territories and societies.
ANSWER: Students should begin by discussing the roles of both religion and nationalism in
precipitating Muslim expansion, paying particular attention to the significance of Muslim
flexibility in the military. The social structure and hardy nature of Arab society produced
military operations of the sort that conquered vast empires. Emphasis should also be placed
on the strength of the Muslim economic and political systems, while recognizing that the
conquered territories were weak in those same areas.
POINTS: 1
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PCTA.BCHHJ.11 Short Answer - Short Answer
71. What were the major reasons for the decline of both the Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphates? What role did the umma
play in this?
ANSWER: The Umayyads were predominantly a political rather than a religious entity, focusing on an
ethnically Arab realm rather than a Muslim one. They initially ruled from Damascus and had
the backing of an Arab army, used Arabic as the primary language, and were slow to initiate
placement of Muslim officials upon taking power. In fact, converts to Islam were a majority,
compared to a small minority of Arabs holding power, and thus were disgruntled about a lack
of equal status. Rebellions began among the Shi'ites and Kharijites, who saw the Umayyads
as too secular and corrupt. The Abbasid Caliphate, by comparison, grew into a large,
cosmopolitan community focused on Islam. It was a multicultural court that emphasized
literature and culture and benefited from trade with China and other regions, but Baghdad
culture moved only slowly into the more far-flung regions. In comparison to the Umayyad,
the Abbasid Caliphate was focused on religion and commonality among a very
heterogeneous population (umma) and was less concerned about ethnicity; but it was this
heterogeneity that led to fragmentation and decentralization in favor of localism, albeit
Muslim. Thus the Fatimid, Samanid, and al-Andalus Umayyads gained significant strength
and power as the Abbasids declined.
POINTS: 1
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PCTA.BCHHJ.11 Short Answer - Short Answer
72. Describe the evolution of Islamic civilization. What was its effect on Europe?
ANSWER: The foundation of Islamic civilization is the Shari'a, the law of Islam. The Shari'a envisions a
community of believers who are brothers and sisters and who share the same moral values.
The adherence to the Shari'a provided a common cultural and secular set of laws throughout
the Islamic world despite ethnic or political divisions. The growth of urbanization contributed
to the rise of Islamic civilization, and the cities became centers for conversion to Islam and
the sharing of cultural traditions. They were also hubs of commercial activities and spread the
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73. What does the chapter reveal about the status of Muslim women? Compare their status with the status of women in
other parts of the world at that time.
ANSWER: In discussing the status of women in Muslim communities, students should understand that
nowhere in the world at that time was there equality in the modern sense. However, Muslim
women did have certain rights guaranteed them by Quranic law. While European women did
not have the right to own property, divorce, or testify in court, Muslim women were
guaranteed these things by Quranic law. The topic of veiling is of particular interest.
Although not an indigenous Arab custom, it was adopted from the Byzantine and Sasanid
Empires and became a widespread custom in the Muslim world, but it was performed in a
variety of ways. Elite women were restrained from public view more strictly than lower-
status women. They were often secluded in the home or went out covered completely to
avoid the lustful gaze of men outside the family. Some elite women also were permitted to
study and become literate. They were also permitted to practice birth control. Muslim women
had the same religious obligations as Muslim men, including the pilgrimage to Mecca.
Women in the Muslim world and in most of the world did not play a direct role in public
affairs; however, they did play an indirect role through their husbands and sons. The chapter
describes A'isha as a powerful and threatening presence to the men of the Muslim
community. She represented the potential for political interference and adultery.
POINTS: 1
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PCTA.BCHHJ.11 Short Answer - Short Answer
74. The Fihrist is one measure of the Islamic caliphate's dependence on paper and literature. It is _______________.
ANSWER: a catalog of books sold in a bookstore in Baghdad during the Abbasid caliphate.
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: p. 243
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PCTA.BCHHJ.11 Short Answer - Short Answer
75. The founder of the Sasanid empire in approximately 224 was _______________.
ANSWER: Ardashir.
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: p. 244
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PCTA.BCHHJ.11 Short Answer - Short Answer
76. The core belief among all the sects of Shi'ites is that the rightful successor to Mohammad was _______________.
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Instructions: Answer the following question(s) using Map 10.1 from your textbook (page 247).
77. Using Map 10.1, identify the regions controlled by the Sasanids and the Byzantines before 622 C.E. What role did the
Arab peoples play in their empires?
ANSWER: Answer not provided.
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: p. 247
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PCTA.BCHHJ.11 Map Exercises - Map Exercises
78. Using Map 10.1, examine the extent of the Islamic empire after Muhammad's death. What prevented it from gaining a
hold in western Europe, except for Spain? Why did the Islamic empire not extend beyond Central Asia?
ANSWER: Answer not provided.
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: p. 247
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PCTA.BCHHJ.11 Map Exercises - Map Exercises
Instructions: Answer the following question(s) using Map 10.2 from your textbook (page 253).
79. Using Map 10.2, describe the "golden age" of Islamic civilization, during which a multiethnic Islamic world
flourished. What groups were included in this "multiethnic" empire? Did geography play a role in this development?
How?
ANSWER: Answer not provided.
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: p. 253
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PCTA.BCHHJ.11 Map Exercises - Map Exercises
80. Using Map 10.2 and the chapter, describe the Islamic conquest of Spain. Did a unique civilization develop there? How
did the Islamic civilization of Spain influence the rest of western Europe? What caused the constriction of the Islamic
foothold in Spain between 929 and 1200?
ANSWER: Answer not provided.
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: p. 253
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PCTA.BCHHJ.11 Map Exercises - Map Exercises
81. Using Map 10.2, locate Bukhara and the region of the Samanid dynasty. Why was their challenge to the Arab cultural
world so dramatic? What did "Persia" mean in this time period?
ANSWER: Answer not provided.
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: p. 253
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PCTA.BCHHJ.11 Map Exercises - Map Exercises