Simulation and Evaluation For Acid Fracturing of Carbonate Reservoirs Based On Embedded Discrete Fracture Model

Other users also viewed these articles
Natural Gas Industry B

open access
Volume 8, Issue 6, December 2021, Pages 637-649
The unconformity caused by the Huaiyuan movement and the deep natural gas
exploration field in the Ordos Basin, China
Research Article Natural Gas Industry B, Volume 8, Issue 6, 2021, pp. 539-551
Simulation and
Huaqing evaluation
Liu, Xiangbo for
Li, Yuhu Ma, Yunlai Bai,acid fracturing of carbonate
Junping Huang
View PDF
reservoirs based on embedded discrete fracture model
open access
Tao Wang a, Yan YangResearch
b, Yu Peng c , Jinzhou Zhao
and application c, Tao Qi b, Ji Zeng a, Peipei Hou a
of stimulation fluid technology for deep marine carbonate
rocks
Show more
Natural Gas Industry B, Volume 8, Issue 6, 2021, pp. 659-665
Outline Share
Honggang Cite
Chang, Chuan Sun, Ying Xiong
View PDF
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ngib.2021.08.011
Get rights and content
open access
Under a Creative Commons license open access
Dissociation experiment and dissociation rate model of CO2 hydrate
Abstract Xuewen Cao, Kairan Yang, Wenzhu Xia, Guoxiang Tang, Jiang Bian
View PDFmeans of reservoir stimulation, whose purpose is to form an incompletely closed acid-etched fracture
Acid fracturing is an important
as the flow channel for oil and gas during production. The length and conductivity of acid-etched fractures can be used to evaluate acid
Show 3 more articles
fracturing and directly impact production. To study their influence on the stimulation effect and final production, an acid fracturing
coupling model including a fracture propagation model coupled with reservoir flow and temperature field models is established for the
Don’t
first time in this study show
based again
on an embedded discrete fracture model (EDFM), which can realize the coupling of fracture propagation
and reservoir flow and simplify the solution of fracture and reservoir temperatures. The simulation results of the acid fracturing
coupling model are introduced into the productivity model, which is also based on the EDFM to analyze and evaluate well productivity.
The results show that: (1) the EDFM can easily couple fracture propagation and reservoir flow and can be used to rapidly solve the
temperature fields in the fracture and reservoir successfully for the first time. (2) Reservoir flow impacts the propagation of fractures
by increasing or decreasing the leak-off velocity of the working fluid. (3) Temperature diffusion is much weaker than pressure diffusion
during acid fracturing and is limited near the acid fracture. The reaction between the acid and rock increases the local temperature
Other
around the acid fracture, users
and also
may even viewed
exceed these
the initial articles
formation temperature. (4) Raising the injection rate reasonably enhances H+
diffusion, increases the effective
open access length of acid-etched fractures, enlarges the drainage area of oil and gas, and benefits long-term well
production. The unconformity caused by the Huaiyuan movement and the deep natural gas
Previous Next
Huaqing Liu, Xiangbo Li, Yuhu Ma, Yunlai Bai, Junping Huang
View PDF
Keywords
openconductivity;
Acid fracturing; Fracture access Carbonate reservoir; Temperature field; Embedded discrete fracture model
Research and application of stimulation fluid technology for deep marine carbonate
rocks
0. Introduction
Honggang Chang, Chuan Sun, Ying Xiong
Carbonate reservoirs, which are rich in oil and gas, are widely distributed in China and have substantial exploration and development
View PDF
potential. Acid fracturing is often used for carbonate formation stimulation because of inherent carbonate properties, deep burial
open access
depth, and high formation pressure and temperature [1,2]. The effective length and conductivity of acid-etched fractures are important
for evaluating well Dissociation experiment
stimulation and productivityand dissociation
effects, rate
and they are modelbyofthe
affected COacid
2 hydrate
reaction temperature, injection parameters,
Natural
and acid fluid leak-off [3,4].Gas Industry it
Therefore, B, is
Volume 8, Issue
necessary 6, 2021, pp. 607-614
to investigate the influence of these factors on the acid fracturing effect according
to the well productivity.
Xuewen Furthermore, it is necessary
Cao, Kairan Yang, to Guoxiang
Wenzhu Xia, optimize Tang,
the acid fracturing.
Jiang Bian
View PDF
Most acid-fracturing models currently simulate the heat and mass transfer based on the fixed fracture formed in the pad fluid stage of
acid fracturing [[5], [6], [7], [8], [9]]. Complex correction factors have been introduced into Carter's classical leak-off theory to calculate
acid fluid leak-off [10,11]. Dang [12] developed an acid-fracturing model considering multiple acid fluid leak-off effects by introducing a
two-scale model based on pad fluid fracture during acid fracturing. Although this model can simulate fracture-pore reservoir
stimulation, it is not perfect because the pad fluid stage is still based on Carter's classical leak-off theory. Ugursal [13] used an analytical
solution to describe the acid flow reaction in a static hydraulic fracture, which was simplified as a parallel plate, but the fracture
propagation process was not considered in his study.
The acid reaction rate is easily affected by temperature, which in turn affects the effective fracture length and conductivity of acid-
etched fractures. Analytical solutions of formation temperature and hydraulic fractures were first proposed by Whitsitt and Dysart [14]
in 1965 and are known as the W-D model. Then, Kamphuis [15] established the classical semi-analytical temperature model by
improving the W-D model by assuming that there is a leak-off zone, called the KDR model. Lee [16] introduced acid reaction heat into
Other
the KDR model; thus, users also
the temperature viewed
during these articles
the acid-fracturing process could be calculated. The acid–rock reaction heat is coupled as
a dynamic function inopen
theaccess
acid flow reaction model in Guo's paper by considering the effect of CO2 volume, and the effective distance of
the acid reaction can be unconformity
The predicted [17]. The formation
caused by theseepage and temperature
Huaiyuan movement fields were
and the coupled
deep successfully
natural gas by Li [18], and then
the heat transfer and mass transfer
exploration in the
field formation
in the Ordos could
Basin,beChina
calculated; however, this model is only used to solve the problem of
uneven acid distribution.
Well productivityisHuaqing
a direct Liu,
indexXiangbo Li, Yuhu
to evaluate Ma,
the Yunlai Bai, Junping
stimulation effect ofHuang
acid fracturing, and the effective length and conductivity of acid-
etched fractures are theView
basic parameters for productivity simulation. Warren and Root [19] proposed a dual medium model that was
PDF
used to research fractured reservoirs for the first time, and an analytical solution was given. However, the model assumed that the
open access
fractures are evenly distributed in the reservoir. To solve this problem, the fracture equivalent permeability model was proposed, which
regards a fracture as a “high permeability area” in reservoirs [20,21]. However, there were some difficulties in the solution. Baca [22]
rocks
assumed that the fracture width was negligible compared with the matrix to reduce the fracture dimension, and then the discrete
Natural
fracture network (DFN) Gas Industry
model B, VolumeHowever,
was established. 8, Issue 6,it2021, pp. 659-665
is difficult to deal with fracture grids in this model. Lee [23] proposed an
embedded discreteHonggang Chang,(EDFM),
fracture model Chuan Sun, Ying Xiong
in which the matrix was meshed with orthogonal structured grids, and the fracture was
meshed by matrix grid View
boundaries.
PDF The EDFM easily deals with problems related to fractures.
In this study, the EDFM was

open used for the first time to couple the fracture propagation and reservoir flow processes, and to rapidly solve
access
Dissociation
the fracture and reservoir experiment
temperature and dissociation
fields. Based rate model coupling
on this, an acid-fracturing of CO2 hydrate
model considering fracture propagation, fluid
leak-off, formation Natural
and fracture temperatures,
Gas Industry and
B, Volume acid reaction
8, Issue was
6, 2021, pp. established. The model realizes the coupling of fracture
607-614
propagation and reservoir
Xuewen flow. Moreover,
Cao, Kairan Yang,the solution
Wenzhu Xia, of fractureTang,
Guoxiang and Jiang
formation
Bian temperatures do not require long iterations, which are
needed in the KDR model. The results from the acid fracturing coupling model can be used directly in the productivity model so that
View PDF
acid fracturing can be optimized from the perspective of production.
1. Acid fracturing coupling model
1.1. Physical model of acid fracturing

A simplified fracture formation system during acid fracturing is shown in Fig. 1. Fluid flow, heat transfer, and acid reaction processes
occur when the fluid is pumped into the well. To establish the acid fracturing coupling model, some assumptions are needed: (1) the
fracture propagation model conforms to PKN (Perkins, Khristianovic, and Nordgren) [24], which means that the fracture height is
constant and equal to the reservoir thickness, and the cross-sectional vertical fracture shape is an ellipse; (2) carbonate rock is an
isotropic and linearOther users also
elastic medium, viewed
and the these
fluid flow articles
conforms to Darcy's law; (3) leak-off occurs between the matrix and fracture,
and neglects the effect of access
open natural fractures during acid fracturing; and (4) reservoir temperature distribution obeys local thermal
equilibrium. The unconformity caused by the Huaiyuan movement and the deep natural gas
View PDF
open access
rocks
View PDF
Download : Download high-res

open image
access (93KB)
Download : Download full-size image
Natural
Fig. 1. Physical model Gas
of acid Industry B,
fracturing in Volume 8, Issue
a carbonate 6, 2021, pp. 607-614
reservoir.
Xuewen Cao, Kairan Yang, Wenzhu Xia, Guoxiang Tang, Jiang Bian
View PDF
1.2. Fracture propagation model coupling the reservoir flow
(1) leak-off calculation based on EDFM
EDFM was used to handle fluid leak-off between the fracture and formation in this study for the first time, which makes the coupling of
fracture propagation and reservoir flow possible. A detailed presentation of the theory and application method of EDFM can be found
in studies by Lee [23] and Zhang [25]. The leak-off volume obtained from EDFM can be expressed as follows [25]:
(1)
where Qmf is the fluid exchange volume between the fracture and reservoir, m3/s; and the positive and negative signs represent the
flow directions of acid fracturing and production, respectively; T mf is the flow coefficient between the fracture and
reservoir,m3/(s·MPa);open
Pm isaccess
the formation pressure, MPa; and Pf is the fracture fluid pressure, MPa.
The expression for the flow coefficient Tmf is [25]:
Natural Gas Industry B, Volume 8, Issue 6, 2021, pp. 539-551 (2)
where View PDF
open access
rocks
Natural average
where kmf is the harmonic Gas Industry B, Volume between
permeability 8, Issue 6,the
2021, pp. 659-665
fracture andreservoir, mD; km is reservoir permeability, mD; kf is fracture
permeability, mD; AHonggang Chang, Chuan
mf is the drainage Sun, Ying the
area between fracture and reservoir, m2; H is the fracture height, m; Lmf is the length of the
Xiong
fracture segment in theView
reservoir
PDF grid, m; and is the characteristic distance between the fracture and reservoir, m.
It is assumed that theopen

formation
access pressure changes linearly along the normal direction of the fracture wall and remains continuous.
Dissociation
Thus, the characteristic experiment
distance between and dissociation
the fracture rate
and reservoir model
along of CO2 hydrate
any direction is [25]:
(3)
reservoir grid block volume, m3; xn is the normal distance from the block center to the fracture segment,
View PDF
where dv is the infinitesimal
m; andV is the reservoir grid block volume, m3.
According to the leak-off volume equation, the leak-off velocity can be solved by [26].
(4)
(2) Fracture propagation model

According to the PKN model assumption, the cross-sectional vertical fracture shape is an ellipse, and the fracture width equation
proposed by England [27] can be used to calculate the fracture width:
(5)
where W(x) is the fracture width, m; v is Poisson's ratio, dimensionless; E is Young's modulus, MPa; σn is the minimum horizontal
principal stress, MPa;open
andaccess
Pf(x) is the fluid pressure in the fracture, MPa.
The pressure drop equation in thefield
exploration fracture according
in the to Lamb
Ordos Basin, can be written as [28].
China
where q(x) is the flow rate any position in the fracture, m3/s; and μ is the fluid viscosity in the fracture, mPa·s.
ViewatPDF
The fluid flow during open

acidaccess
fracturing should follow the law of mass conservation, and the nonlinear mass conservation equation is [29]:
(7)
rocks
Before solving the mass conservation equation, it can be considered that the fracture width at its tip is zero, and the conservation
relation is satisfied at the fracture [29]:
View PDF
(8)
open access
(3) Reservoir flow model
When fluid leak-off occurs,
View the
PDFreservoir pressure changes as well. This change can be calculated using the reservoir flow equation [25]:
(9)
where ϕ is reservoir porosity; kx is the permeability along the x direction, mD; ky is the permeability along the y direction, mD; Vb is the
reservoir grid block volume, m3; B is the fluid volume coefficient, dimensionless; δ is the fracture judgment factor, δ = 1 indicates that
the matrix grid contains a fracture, and δ = 0 indicates no fracture.
The reservoir boundary is set as a closed impermeable boundary, and its boundary conditions and initial conditions can be expressed
as
(10)
open access
The unconformity caused by the Huaiyuan movement and the deep natural gas (11)
1.3. Fracture and reservoir
Natural temperatures
Gas Industry B, Volume 8, model based
Issue 6, 2021, on EDFM
pp. 539-551
Huaqingbetween
Considering the similarity Liu, Xiangbo
flowLi,and
Yuhu Ma, Yunlai Bai,
temperature Junping Huang
behaviors, EDFM can simulate the changes in temperature in this study for
the first time, which can eliminates
View PDF iterative temperature calculations.
(1) Calculation of Heat Transfer between Fracture and Reservoir
open access
Research
During acid fracturing, and heat
convective application of stimulation
transfer occurs fluid
between the technology
fluid forwall
and fracture deep marinethe
following carbonate
Newtonian cooling formula
[30]: rocks
(12)
Viewheat
where q1 is the convective PDF flux density, J/(s·m3); h is the convective heat transfer coefficient between the reservoir and fracture,
W/(K·m2); T and Tf areopen

theaccess
reservoir temperature and fracture temperature, respectively, K; and Vm is the reservoir grid block volume,
m 3. Dissociation experiment and dissociation rate model of CO2 hydrate
In addition, thermalNatural Gas Industry
convection causedB,byVolume 8, is
leak-off Issue 6, 2021,
related pp. 607-614
to the leak-off velocity and temperature difference between the fracture
Xuewen Cao,
and reservoir. Its calculation Kairan Yang,
equation basedWenzhu
on EDFM Xia,is:Guoxiang Tang, Jiang Bian
View PDF
(13)
where q2 is the heat convection flux density, J/(s·m3) and is the characteristic distance, m.
(2) Fracture Temperature Model
According to the thermal equilibrium and mass conservation, the fracture heat transfer equation can beexpressed as [31].
(14)
where ρf is the acidOther users

fluid density, also
kg/m viewed
f these articles
3; and C is the specific heat capacity of the acid fluid, J/(K·kg).
(3) Acid–Rock Reaction

open access
The unconformity
During the acid fracturing caused
process, the heat by the
released Huaiyuan
by the movement
acid–rock and
reaction will the deep
impact natural
the local gas
temperature. Within time dt, the
heat released by theexploration field ininthe
acid–rock reaction theOrdos Basin,
reservoir grid China
block containing fracture is [32]:
(15)
The heat can be calculated
Viewfrom
PDF the consumption of the acid solution and the heat generated by the unit acid consumption [32]:
open access (16)

where Ri is the generation rate of reaction heat, J/(m3·s); ΔHr is the molar reaction heat of the acid–rock reaction, and its solution
rocks
method can be found in Gu. [32], J/mol; S is the contact area between acid and rock, m2; V is the volume of acid, m3; and α is the
conversion factor of molar concentration and mass concentration, mol.
(4) Reservoir Temperature Model
View PDF
There are two heat transfer patterns: heat conduction and heat convection in both directions of the two dimensional reservoir. Heat
open access
conduction is related to the physical properties of the heat transfer medium, and heat convection is related to the fluid flow. In
addition, heat transfer between the fracture and reservoir and acid–rock reaction heat should be considered when there is a fracture in
the reservoir. Based on thermal equilibrium, the heat transfer equation of the reservoir is obtained as follows:
View PDF (17)
where ρr is the rock density, kg/m3; ρl is the pore fluid density, kg/m3; Cr is the specific heat capacity of the rock, J/(K·kg); Cl is the
specific heat capacity of the pore fluid, J/(K·kg); vx is the flow velocity along the x direction, m/s; vy is the flow velocity along they
direction, m/s; Kl is the thermal conductivity of pore fluid, W/(K·m); and Kr is the thermal conductivity of pore fluid, W/(K·m).
The complex thermal coefficients of the matrix and pore fluid are as follows [29]:
(18)
(19)
For boundary conditions, it can be considered that the temperature at the outer boundary is equal to the initial formation temperature.
open access
The temperatures at the fracture entrance and tip are equal to the bottom hole temperature and initial reservoir temperature,
respectively.
View PDF
The temperature of the entire

open accesssystem at the initial moment is maintained at the initial reservoir temperature.
(21)
rocks
1.4. Acid fluid mass transfer
Honggang Chang,reaction
Chuan Sun,equation
Ying Xiong in fractures
View PDF
When an acid–rock reaction occurs, the fluid flow, mass transfer, heat transfer, and chemical reaction processes occur between the acid
and fracture wall. Changes in these processes will affect the acid–rock reaction rate. The fracture model can be expressed as [33].
open access
(22)
where vx is the acidXuewen Cao, Kairan
flow velocity alongYang, Wenzhu Xia,
the direction of Guoxiang Tang, Jiang
fracture length, m/s;Bian
¯w is the average fracture width, m; ¯C is the acid
concentration; Cw is theView
acidPDF
concentration at the fracture wall, dimensionless; and kg is the mass transfer coefficient, m/s.
The equation for the reaction on the fracture wall is [12]:
(23)
where R (Cw) is the dissolution rate of rock, m/s.

The acid will etch the wall of the fracture nonuniformly. As a result, the fracture cannot be completely closed under in situ stress.
Therefore, the equation of fracture width variation caused by the acid–rock reaction can be expressed as [12].
(24)
where β is the dissolving capacity of acid for reservoir rock, dimensionless; η is the mass fraction of the acid leaking off into the
reservoir and reactingopen
withaccess
the fracture wall simultaneously; and ¯we is the width of the acid-etched fracture, m.
The boundary conditions and initial
exploration fieldconditions of theBasin,
in the Ordos acid–rock reaction model are:
China
View PDF
2. Productivity evaluation
open access model
2.1. Reservoir flow model during well production
rocks
To assess the production effect
Natural and accurately
Gas Industry evaluate
B, Volume 8, Issuethe acidpp.
6, 2021, fracturing
659-665 stimulation further, a productivity model based on the EDFM
was also established. The fluidChang,
Honggang flow direction during
Chuan Sun, production is different from that during acid fracturing. Therefore, the reservoir
Ying Xiong
flow model during production
View PDFcan be obtainedaccording to the mass conservation equation and Darcy's law. This can be written as
[25].
open access
Dissociation experiment and dissociation rate model of CO2 hydrate (26)

2.2. Fracture flow model
Xuewen Cao,during well
Kairan Yang, production
Wenzhu Xia, Guoxiang Tang, Jiang Bian
View PDF
The fluid flow in the fracture during production needs to meet the conservation of mass and Darcy's law, and there is fluid exchange
between the fracture and reservoir. Therefore, the fracture flow model at this time can be expressed as [25].
(27)
where xf is the fracture location; kf is fracture permeability, mD; Qwb is the source and sink term in the fracture, m3/s; ϕf is the fracture
porosity, dimensionless; and Vf is the block volume of the fracture grid, m3.
2.3. Simulation method for near borehole flow
When there is no fracture in the reservoir, the fluid near the well mainly flows into the bottom of the well as radial flow. In this case,
the well treatment model proposed by Peaceman can be employed. However, when there is a fracture and the well is connected to it,
Other
the fracture is the main users
channel for also viewed
fluid flow. these
The flow articles
near the well is no longer radial flow, but mainly linear flow in the fracture.
Therefore, Peaceman's model is not fully applicable. Therefore, a three-linear-flow model is employed to simulate near wellbore flow.
open
Assuming the reservoir access
fluid can only flow into the bottom of the well through the fracture, the well model can be expressed as
exploration field in the Ordos Basin, China (28)

Huaqing
where wf is the fracture Liu, m;
width, Xiangbo
Pwf isLi,
theYuhu Ma, Yunlai
flowing bottomBai,hole
Junping HuangMPa; Pfi-1, Pfi, and Pfi+1 are the pressures of the grid with
pressure,
fracture, MPa; and Lfi-1,View
Lfi, and
PDFLfi+1 are the lengths of the fracture line segments, m.
The outer boundariesopen access

of the reservoir are closed, which indicates that the conductivity at the boundaries can be set to 0. Therefore, the
Research
boundary conditions and
and initial application
conditions ofwritten
can be stimulation
as fluid technology for deep marine carbonate
rocks
(29)
Honggang Chang, Chuan Sun, Ying Xiong (30)
View PDF
(31)
open access
(32)
The finite differenceNatural
method Gas
isIndustry
used to B, Volume
solve the 8, Issue
acid 6, 2021, pp.
fracturing 607-614and productivity evaluation models. The entire process is
coupling
solved by programming in MATLAB.
Xuewen When
Cao, Kairan Yang,solving
Wenzhuthe
Xia,model, theTang,
Guoxiang fracture
Jiangpropagation
Bian model can be solved by numerical iteration
initially, and then the temperature
View PDF and acid reaction models are solved. The productivity model can be solved based on the acid-
fracturing coupling model results through the process shown in Fig. 2.
open access
View PDF
open access
rocks
View PDF
open access
View PDF
open access
View PDF
open access
rocks
View PDF
open access
View PDF
Download : Download high-res image (432KB)
Fig. 2. Solution process of models.

open access
3. Results and analysis
3.1. Results validation
To verify the accuracy of the acid fracturing coupling model, the simulation results were compared with those of the PKN and KDR
temperature models. The PKN and KDR models can be used to judge the accuracy of the fracture shape and temperature model in the
View PDF
acid fracturing coupling model, respectively. The input parameters are presented in Table 1. It should be noted that some parameters
come from Ref. [29], and
openothers
access have been simplified, such as the reservoirlength and height, which are not actually irregular.
Table 1. Input parameters.
rocks
Parameters Natural Gas Industry B, Volume 8, Issue 6,Parameters
Value 2021, pp. 659-665 Value
Reservoir depth/m 6000 porosity 0.1
View PDF
Reservoir length/m 300 Permeability/10−3μm2 1
open access
Reservoir height/m 60 Working fluid viscosity/mPa·s 100
Reservoir width/m 20 8, Issue 6,Working fluid density/kg/m 3 1100
Natural Gas Industry B, Volume 2021, pp. 607-614
Xuewen Cao, Kairan Yang, Wenzhu
Initial formation pressure/MPa 60 Xia, Guoxiang Tang,
Specific heat Jiang Bian
capacity of rock/J/(K·kg) 1040
Closing stress/MPa View PDF 90 Specific heat capacity of working fluid/J/(K·kg) 4200
Rock density/kg/m3 2600 Thermal conductivity of rock/W/(K·m) 5.2
Poisson's ratio 0.295 Thermal conductivity of working fluid/W/(K·m) 0.65
Young's modulus/MPa 40000 Reservoir temperature/K 417.85
Rock embedding strength/MPa 800 Injection rate/m3/min 3,4,5,6

Fig. 3 shows the propagation of the fracture length and width during acid fracturing. These results showed good agreement with those
obtained from the PKN model. The relative error only appeared at the early stage of acid fracturing and was less than 5%, indicating
that the results were reasonable.

open access
View PDF
open access
rocksimage
Download : Download full-size
Fig. 3. Changes in fracture width and length with injection time.
View PDF
Fig. 4a shows the three dimensional shape of the acid fracture, and the two curves in Fig. 4b overlap each other, indicating that the
fractures simulated byopen
theaccess
acid fracturing coupling model and PKN model have a good consistency each other. There is a minor relative
error of <1% only atDissociation experiment and dissociation rate model of CO2 hydrate
the fracture tips.
View PDF
open access
View
Download : Download high-res PDF(240KB)
image
open access
Fig. 4. Fracture geometry.
rocks
The fracture temperature is compared with the temperature simulated by the KDR model, as shown in Fig. 5. The two curves almost
overlapped each other, and they only had a small difference near the fracture entrance. The fracture temperature calculated by the acid
fracturing model was slightly higher than that simulated by the KDR model because the decrease in leak-off rate at a certain position
View PDF
and the heat transfer along the direction of fracture length were taken into account. In addition, temperature in fracture may exceed
the initial reservoir temperature
open access due to the reaction heat, and it was less than 2 K under the given conditions in this study.
View PDF
open access
View PDF
open access
Fig. 5. Comparison of fracture temperature distribution.
A comparison of therocks
reservoir temperatures in this study and the KDR model is shown in Fig. 6. There is no significant difference
between the two temperatures becauseB,the
Natural Gas Industry heat 8,
Volume transfer
Issue 6,in the pp.
2021, formation
659-665 is much weaker than that in the fracture. It is worth noting
that there is an abnormally
Hongganghigh temperature
Chang, area
Chuan Sun, YinginXiong
the reservoir due to the extra heat introduced by the acid–rock reaction.
View PDF
open access
View PDF

Fig. 6. Comparison of reservoir temperature distributions.

3.2. Results analysis
The acid fracturing coupling model improvement lies in its consideration of fracture propagation, fluid leak-off, acid reaction, and
formation and fracture temperatures based on EDFM. Therefore, the results can reflect the changes in fracture shape, leak-off, reservoir
Other
and fracture pressures users also acid
and temperatures, viewed these articles
concentration, and fracture conductivity.
The results of the acidopen

fracturing
access coupling model are based on the data in Table 1, and the acid volume injected into the well was
approximately 150 m 3. The changes in the fracture shape and net pressure at the fracture entrance are shown in Fig. 7 for an injection
rate of 4 m3/min. The fracture length
exploration fieldand
in width both Basin,
the Ordos increased with injection time. The net pressure increased rapidly in the early stage
China
but increased slowly with increased time.
View PDF
open access
rocks
View PDF
open access
Xuewenshape
Fig. 7. Changes in fracture Cao, Kairan Yang, Wenzhu
and fracture Xia,net
entrance Guoxiang Tang, Jiang Bian
pressure.
View PDF
By using EDFM in the acid fracturing coupling model, the acid fluid leak-off results considering the reservoir flow were obtained, as
shown in Fig. 8. Taking the distance d from different positions in the fracture to the entrance as examples, it can be found that the leak-
off rate in any position decreases with time, as shown in Fig. 8a. However, the leak-off rate along the fracture length increases
concurrently, as shown in Fig. 8b. This is because the reservoir pressure increases, as shown in Fig. 8c, when fluid is injected into the
fracture continuously, causing a decrease in the difference between the fracture and reservoir pressures.
open access
Fig. 8. Results of acid fluid leak-off
View PDF during acid fracturing.
The fracture temperature and acid concentration distribution are shown in Fig. 9. The temperature in the fracture gradually decreased
open access
Research
from the initial formation and application
temperature when theofacid
stimulation fluid technology
was continuously for
injected into deep
the marine
fracture. Duecarbonate
to the reaction heat, the
temperature sometimes
rocksexceeded the initial formation temperature. The acid concentration in the fracture gradually decreased from
the initial concentration,
Naturaland
GasitIndustry
was observed that
B, Volume 8, the consumption
Issue rate decreased with time.
6, 2021, pp. 659-665
View PDF
open access
View PDF

Fig. 9. Fracture temperature and acid concentration distributions in the fracture.

To display the results intuitively, the acid-etched fracture width and acid-etched fracture conductivity distributions calculated by the
N–K model [34] within 150 m from the entrance to the fracturetip are shown in Fig. 10. As demonstrated, the length of the fracture was
approximately 250 m when the acid volume was 150 m3 and the injection rate was 4 m3/min. Taking the lower limit at 0.01 D·cm, the
effective length of the acid-etched fracture was approximately 100 m, which accounted for 40% of the entire fracture.
open access
View PDF
open access
rocks
Naturalimage
Download : Download high-res Gas Industry
(114KB) B, Volume 8, Issue 6, 2021, pp. 659-665
Honggang imageChang, Chuan Sun, Ying Xiong
View PDF
Fig. 10. Acid-etched fracture width and conductivity distributions in fracture.
open access
The injection rate isDissociation experiment

very important and dissociation
for the stimulation rate model
of acid fracturing. of COwere
Four rates 2 hydrate
simulated; namely, 3 m3/min, 4 m3/min,
5 m3/min, and 6 m3/min,
Natural Gas Industry
while keepingB, Volume
the 8, Issue
total acid 6, 2021,
volume pp. 607-614The fracture shapes and leak-off volumes at different
unchanged.
injection rates are shown
XueweninCao,
Fig.Kairan
11. TheYang,
fracture length
Wenzhu Xia,and widthTang,
Guoxiang bothJiang
increased,
Bian but the leak-off volume decreased with the increase
in injection rate, indicating
View that
PDF improving the injection rate can improve the liquid efficiency.
open access
Huaqing
Download : Download high-res Liu,(234KB)
image Xiangbo Li, Yuhu Ma, Yunlai Bai, Junping Huang
View
Download : Download full-size PDF
image
Fig. 11. Fracture shapeopen

andaccess
leak-off volume at different injection rates.
The reservoir pressure distributions for different injection rates Q are shown in Fig. 12. It was found that the pressures decreased
rocks
gradually along the fracture length and width until they returned to the initial formation pressure. In addition, there was an area with
larger pressure increase for fracture width direction when the injection rate was small because the leak-off volume was higher in this
situation.
View PDF
open access
View PDF
open access
View PDF
open access
rocks
View PDF
open access
Dissociation
Download : Download high-res experiment
image (397KB) and dissociation rate model of CO2 hydrate
Natural image
Gas Industry B, Volume 8, Issue 6, 2021, pp. 607-614
Fig. 12. Formation pressure distribution under different injection rates.
View PDF
The acid concentration distributions in the fracture when the injection rates ranged from 3 m3/min to 6 m3/min are shown in Fig. 13.
The greater the injection rate, the slower the acid concentration decrease along the fracture length direction. Therefore, the effective
penetration distance of the acid increased with an increase in the injection rate. An increase in the injection rate will lead to a wider
fracture width, resulting in a smaller mass transfer coefficient kg [29]. Thus, the rate of acid concentration consumption slows, so the
acid–rock reaction can occur at a longer distance.
open access
View PDF
open access
Fig. 13. Acid concentration distribution in fracture.
The distributions ofrocks
the acid-etched fracture width and its conductivity calculated by the N–K model for different injection rates are
shown in Fig. 14. Fig.Natural Gas Industry
14a shows B, Volume
that a larger 8, Issue 6,
acid-etched 2021, pp.
fracture 659-665
width at the fracture entrance will be created at a smaller injection
Honggang
rate. The reaction time Chang,
between acidChuan Sun,will
and rock Yingincrease,
Xiong which will lead to the full reaction and rapid consumption of acid. As a
result, it can be seen from
ViewFig.
PDF14b that there is a higher conductivity near the entrance but a shorter effective penetration distance.
open access
View PDF

Fig. 14. Acid-etched fracture width and conductivity distributions.
The acid-etched fractures obtained at different injection rates were used in the productivity model to evaluate the stimulation effect of
acid fracturing. TheOther users also
input parameters viewed
for the these
productivity articles
model are listed in Table 2. It should be noted that some parameters come
from references, and others have been simplified, such as the reservoir length and height, which are not actually irregular.
open access
The unconformity
Table 2. Input parameters of productivitycaused by model.
prediction the Huaiyuan movement and the deep natural gas
Parameter Value Parameter Value
Reservoir length/m Huaqing Liu, Xiangbo Li, Yuhu Ma, Yunlai Bai,
400Junping Huang
Stress sensitivity coefficient/1/MPa 0.001
Reservoir width/m View PDF 400 Bottom hole flowing pressure/MPa 55
Reservoir height/m open access 20 Well diameter/m 0.1

porosity 0.1 Time step/d 1
rocks
Permeability/10−3um2 1 Cave diameter/m 25
Honggang
Compression coefficient Chang, Chuan Sun, Ying Xiong
of rock/1/MPa 0.0001 Cave porosity 0.7
View PDF
Initial formation pressure/MPa 60 Cave permeability/10−3um2 200
open access
Dissociation
The formation pressure experiment
distributions and pumping
with different dissociation
ratesrate
aftermodel
500 d ofofproduction
CO2 hydrate
are shown in Fig. 15. When the effective
Natural
penetration distance GasasIndustry
is short, shownB,inVolume
Fig. 15a8,and
Issue
b, 6,
the2021, pp. 607-614
difference between the long and short half axes of the pressure drop
region is smaller. Conversely,
Xuewen Cao,if the effective
Kairan etched Xia,
Yang, Wenzhu fracture is longer,
Guoxiang Tang,the pressure
Jiang Bian drop area becomes elliptical, as shown in Fig. 15c
and d. In addition, the pressure
View PDFdrop area increases with an increase in the effective penetration distance.
open access
View PDF
open access
rocks
View PDF
open access
Fig. 15. Distribution of formation
View PDF pressure around acid fractures with different injection rates.
The cumulative gas production curves after 500 d of production are shown in Fig. 16. The gas production increased with an increase in
the pumping rate. This reveals that acid-etched fractures with longer effective lengths and more uniform conductivity distributions
lead to a larger pressure drop area and increase in gas well productivity. However, it must be noted that the increase in production is
smaller with an increase in the pumping rate.
open access
View PDF
openimage
Download : Download full-size access
Fig. 16. Cumulative gas production curves with different injection rates.
rocks
Naturalstorage
Caves form an important Gas Industry B, Volume 8,
and permeable Issue 6, for
medium 2021, pp. 659-665
carbonate reservoirs. To study the influence of caves on the pressure
distribution aroundHonggang
an acid fracture, a cave Sun,
Chang, Chuan 25 mYing
in diameter
Xiong was set 100 m from the wellbore along the fracture length direction. Two
types of relationships between
View PDFthe fracture and cave were simulated, which depended on the injection rate and volume. In the first
scenario, the fracture reaches the cave, and in the second scenario it has not. Fig. 17a shows that the pressure in the caveis higher than it
open access
is the near matrix when it is not connected by a fracture, which implies that gas in the cave could not be recovered by acid fracture
Dissociation
effectively if the cave experiment
was not activated andfracture.
by the acid dissociation rate model
Conversely, Fig. 17bof CO2 that
shows hydrate
if the cave is connected by an acid fracture,
the pressure in the Natural Gas
cave will beIndustry B, Volume
lower than that in8,the
Issue 6, 2021,
near pp. 607-614
matrix. This is because the cave has good porosity and permeability. The
Xuewen Cao,
cave contributes significantly toKairan Yang, Wenzhu
well production if itXia, Guoxiang Tang,
is activated Jiang
thereby Bian a significant pressure drop.
inducing
View PDF
open access
Huaqing
Download : Download high-res Liu,(253KB)
image Xiangbo Li, Yuhu Ma, Yunlai Bai, Junping Huang
View PDF
Fig. 17. Distribution ofopen

reservoir
access pressure around acid fracture and cave with different fracture length and conductivity.
The cumulative gas production curves of fractured connected caves after 500 d of production are shown in Fig. 18, which also indicates
rocks
that the production rises when the acid-etched fracture connects the cave.
View PDF
open access
View PDF

Fig. 18. Cumulative gas production curves.

4. Conclusion
(1) An acid fracture propagation model coupled with reservoir flow and temperatures was developed by combining the EDFM and the
finite difference methodfor the first time. The simulation results were compared with those of the classical model, and they were in
good agreement.Other users also viewed these articles
(2) During the processopen
of acid
accessfracturing, the pressure distribution of the reservoir affects the acid fracture propagation by increasing or
decreasing the fluidleak-off velocity. caused by the Huaiyuan movement and the deep natural gas
The unconformity
(3) Temperature diffusion is much weaker than pressure diffusion during acid fracturing, and the temperature drop area is smaller than
Natural
the pressure drop area. Gas
The Industry
reactionB,between
Volume 8, Issue
acid and6, rock
2021, increases
pp. 539-551the local temperature around the acid fracture, which may
even exceed theHuaqing Liu, Xiangbo

initial reservoir Li, Yuhu Ma, Yunlai Bai, Junping Huang
temperature.
View PDF
(4) Raising the injection rate reasonably enhances H+ diffusion, increases the effective length of acid-etched fractures, enlarges the oil
open access
and gas drainage area, and benefits long-term well production.
rocks
Conflicts of interest
The authors declare that there is no conflicts of interest.
View PDF
Acknowledgements
open access
This study were supported by the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2020M683360) and National Natural Science Foundation of
China (U19A2043).
Recommended articlesXuewen Cao, Kairan Yang, Wenzhu Xia, Guoxiang Tang, Jiang Bian
View PDF
References
[1] Hong Yue, Fei Liu, Heng Xue, et al.
Numerical simulation and field application of diverting acid acidizing in the Lower Cambrian Longwangmiao Fm
gas reservoirs in the Sichuan Basin
Nat Gas Ind B, 5 (3) (2018), pp. 204-211
View PDF View article View in Scopus Google Scholar
[2] Jianchun Guo, Bo Gou, Nan Qin, et al.
An innovative concept on deep carbonate reservoir stimulation: three-dimensional acid fracturing technology
Nat Gas Ind B, 7 (5) (2020), pp. 484-497
open access
[3] Lufeng Zhang, Jianye Mou, Xiangzheng Cheng, et al.
Evaluation of ceramsite loss control agent in acid fracturing of naturally fractured carbonate reservoir
Nat Gas Ind B, 8 (3) (2021), pp. 302-308
[4] ViewZhou,
Lurui Dang, Changlin PDF Mei Huang, et al.
Simulation of effective fracture length of prepad acid fracturing considering multiple leak-off effect
open access
Nat Gas Ind B, 6 (1) (2019), pp. 64-70
rocks
[5] Natural
Bo Gou, Huiyun Gas Industry
Ma, Zhuang B, Volume 8, Issue 6, 2021, pp. 659-665
Liu, et al.
Honggang
Research progress Chang,
and Chuan Sun,
prospects Ying fracturing
of acid Xiong numerical simulation of heterogeneous carbonate reservoirs
Nat Gas Ind, 39 (6)View
(2019),
PDF pp. 87-98
View in Scopus Google Scholar
open access
[6] Dissociation
Yongming Li, Jianchun experiment
Guo, Jinzhou Zhao and dissociation rate model of CO2 hydrate
Natural
Improved three Gas Industry
dimension B, Volume
acid 8, Issue 6, model
flow reaction 2021, pp.and
607-614
optimization design of acid fracturing
Xuewen
J Oil Gas Technol Cao, Kairan
(4) (2004), Yang, Wenzhu Xia, Guoxiang Tang, Jiang Bian
pp. 144-146
222-223 View PDF
[7] Hongjie Xiong, Shuquan Ren

Analysis of factors affecting the effective reaction distance and stimulation effect in pad fluid acid fracturing
Oil Drilling & Production Technology (4) (1987), pp. 87-94
Google Scholar
[8] Shuquan Ren, Liankui Li
Calculation of effective distance of acid flowing in fractures
Petrol Explor Dev (6) (1981), pp. 65-75
Google Scholar
[9] Heng Xue, Zuxi Huang, Liqiang Zhao, et al.
open access
A simulation study
The on the preflush
unconformity causedacid
by fracturing considering
the Huaiyuan movement rock heterogeneity
and the deep natural gas
Nat Gas Ind, 38 (2) (2018), pp. 59-66
[10] Huaqing
Xu Yang, Qiong Pan Liu, Xiangbo Li, Yuhu Ma, Yunlai Bai, Junping Huang
Study on acid leak-off
View PDFmechanism of dolomite reservoir
Drilling Production Technol (2) (2000), pp. 19-22
open access
Google Scholar
[11] rocks
Chaogang Chen, Jianchun Guo, Jinzhou Zhao
Model and Natural Gas Industry
application of acidB,leak-off
Volume 8,considering
Issue 6, 2021, pp.
the659-665
effect of etched earthworm holes
Honggang
Oil Drilling Production Chang,(6)Chuan
Technol (2005),Sun,
pp. Ying Xiong
79-84+105
CrossRef ViewScholar
Google PDF
[12] open access

Lurui Dang, Changlin Zhou, Mei Huang, et al.
Simulation Dissociation experiment
of the effective and dissociation
fracture length of the pad rate
fluidmodel of CO2 hydrate
acid fracturing considering the multiple leak-off
Natural
Nat Gas Ind, 38 Gaspp.
(7) (2018), Industry
65-72 B, Volume 8, Issue 6, 2021, pp. 607-614
View in ScopusXuewenGoogle
Cao, Kairan Yang, Wenzhu Xia, Guoxiang Tang, Jiang Bian
Scholar
View PDF
[13] A. Ugursal, Ding Zhu, A.D. Hill
Development of acid fracturing model for naturally fractured reservoir
SPE Prod Oper, 34 (4) (2019), pp. 735-748
CrossRef View in Scopus Google Scholar
[14] R. DysartG, F. WhitsittN

Fluid temperature in fractures
Fall Meeting of the Society of Petroleum Engineers of AIME, Society of Petroleum Engineers (1967)
Google Scholar
[15] H. Kamphuis, D.R. Davies, L.P. Roodhart
A new simulator for the calculation of the in situ temperature profile during well stimulation fracturing
treatments
open access
J Can Petrol Technol, 32 (5) (1993), pp. 38-47
Google Scholar
[16] M.H. Lee, L.D. Roberts
Effect of heat of reaction on temperature distribution and acid penetration in a fracture
Soc Petrol Eng J, 20 (6) (1980), pp. 501-507
View PDF
open access
[17] Jianchun Guo,Research
Huifeng Liu,
andYuanqiang Zhu, etof
application al.stimulation fluid technology for deep marine carbonate
Effects of acid-rock
rocks reaction heat on fluid temperature profile in fracture during acid fracturing in carbonate
reservoir
J Petrol Sci Eng, 122 (2014), pp. 31-37
View PDF
[18] Yongming Li, Yi Liao, Jinzhou Zhao, et al.
open access
Study on wormhole propagation morphology of complex carbonate rock based on two-scale equivalent seepage
model
Natural Gas Geoscience, 27 (1) (2016), pp. 121-127+133
CrossRef Google Scholar
View PDF
[19] J.E. Warren, P.J. Root
The behavior of naturally fractured reservoirs
SPE J, 3 (3) (1963), pp. 245-255
Google Scholar
[20] D. Snow
Anisotropic permeability of fractured media
Water Resour Res, 5 (6) (1969), pp. 1273-1289
[21] J.C.S. Long, J.S. Remer, C.R. Wilson, et al.
Porous media equivalents for networks of discontinuous fractures
open
Water Resour Res, 18access
(3) (1982), pp. 645-658
View in ScopusThe unconformity
Google Scholar caused by the Huaiyuan movement and the deep natural gas
[22] R.G. Baca, R.C. Arnett, D.W. Langford
Modelling fluid flow in fractured-porous rock masses by finite-element techniques
Int J Numer Methods Fluid, 4 (4) (1984), pp. 337-348
View PDF
CrossRef View in Scopus Google Scholar
open access
[23] S.H. Lee, C.L. Jensen, M.F. Lough
Efficient finite-difference
rocks model for flow in a reservoir with multiple length-scale fractures
SPE J, 5 (3) (2000), pp. 268-275
[24] R.P. Nordgren View PDF

Propagation of a vertical hydraulic fracture
open access
Soc Petrol Eng J, 12 (4) (1970), pp. 306-314
Google Scholar
[25] Liehui Zhang, Xuewen
Sha Liu, Cao, Kairan
Rui Yong, et Yang,
al. Wenzhu Xia, Guoxiang Tang, Jiang Bian
Numerical simulation
View PDFof staged fractured horizontal wells in tight oil reservoirs based on EDFM
J Southwest Petroleum University, 41 (5) (2019), pp. 1-11
Google Scholar
[26] Yongming Li, Jianchun Guo, Jinzhou Zhao, et al.

Study on acid fluid leak-off model of fractured reservoir
J Southwest Petroleum University (2) (2004), pp. 50-53
+ 88
Google Scholar
[27] A.H. England, A.E. Green
Some two-dimensional punch and crack problems in classical elasticity
Math Proc Camb Phil Soc, 59 (2) (1963), pp. 489-500
View in Scopus open access
Google Scholar
[28] H. Lamb exploration field in the Ordos Basin, China
Hydrodynamics
Dover Publications, New York (1932)
Google Scholar
View PDF
[29] Hongxun Wang, Shicheng Zhang
open access
Numerical calculation
Research andmethod of hydraulic
application fracturing
of stimulation design
fluid technology for deep marine carbonate
Petroleum industry press, Beijing (1998)
rocks
Google Scholar
[30] Honggang
Richard S. Lindzen, Chang,
Donald Chuan Sun, Ying Xiong
J. McKenzie
Tidal theory with
ViewNewtonian
PDF cooling
Pure Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH, 66 (1) (1967)
open access
Google Scholar
[31] X. Li, D. Zhu Natural Gas Industry B, Volume 8, Issue 6, 2021, pp. 607-614
Xuewen
Temperature Cao, Kairan
behavior Yang, Wenzhu
of multi-stage Xia, Guoxiang
fracture Tang, Jiang
treatments Bian
in horizontal wells
SPE asia pacific hydraulic
View PDFfracturing conference (2016, August 24)
24–26 August, Beijing, China
Google Scholar
[32] F. Gu, S. Ren, Z. Zhao

A new analysis of pressure decline for acid fracture
SPE Prod Facil, 12 (4) (1997), pp. 237-243
Google Scholar
[33] Shuquan Ren, canbang Fu
Study on mathematical and physical simulation of acid rock reaction during acid fracturing in carbonate formation
Petrol Explor Dev (3) (1978), pp. 61-72
Google Scholar
open access
[34] Yu Peng, Yongming Li, Jinzhou Zhao
Simulation and analysis of the conductivity of acid-etched fractures in a fracture-vuggy carbonate reservoir
Acta Pet Sin, 36 (5) (2015), pp. 606-611
+460
View PDF
open access
Cited by (10)
rocks
Physicochemical evaluation of the use of alcoholic micellar solutions containing nonylphenol and ethanol for the
acidizing of carbonate matrices
View PDF
2022, Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects
open access
Citation Excerpt :
…During the different stages of well development and reservoir exploration, there is the possibility of occurring unwanted phenomena that alter the
permeability of theNatural Gas Industry B,
region, compromising theVolume 8, Issue
production 6, 2021, pp. 607-614
of hydrocarbons [1–3].…
Show abstract
View PDF
Evaluation of deep penetration of high-temperature sustained-release acid based on the reaction kinetics and
conductivity of acid-etched fractures
2022, Case Studies in Thermal Engineering
Citation Excerpt :
…Reviewing the literature indicates that various technologies have been proposed to reduce acid-rock reaction speed. For example, the emulsified acid
method [7], the gelled acid method [8], the authigenic acid method [9], and a series of special acid fracturing methods [10] have been proposed in this
area. To determine the effective length of acid-etched fractures, it is necessary to analyze the acid-rock reaction.…
Show abstract
Key technologies and openprogress
access of enhanced gas recovery in water-bearing carbonate gas reservoirs
The unconformity
2022, Natural Gas Industry B caused by the Huaiyuan movement and the deep natural gas
Citation Excerpt :
…Once water appears in the development cycle, the difficulty of gas reservoir development increases exponentially, which can seriously affect the
development of natural gas [15]. Carbonate reservoirs are prone to exhibit strong heterogeneity and a complicated microscopic seepage mechanism
View natural
owing to hydraulic fractures, PDF fractures [16,17], sedimentation, and diagenesis. Water invasion control has therefore consistently been the
research focus and difficulty of water-bearing carbonate gas reservoirs [18].…
open access
Show abstract Research and application of stimulation fluid technology for deep marine carbonate
rocks
An Improved AcidNatural Gas Industry
Fracturing Design B, Volume
through8, Issue 6, 2021,Technology:
RoqSCAN pp. 659-665 A Case Study from Daniudi Gas Field in Ordos Basin,
China Honggang Chang, Chuan Sun, Ying Xiong
2023, Processes View PDF
open access
Numerical simulation of optimization of volume fracturing parameters for horizontal wells in tight oil
2023, Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization and Environmental Effects
Unconventional Reservoir Modeling with Complex Hydraulic-Natural Fracture Networks Using a Parallel Reservoir
View PDF
Simulator Coupled with Embedded Discrete Fracture Model
2023, SPE Middle East Oil and Gas Show and Conference, MEOS, Proceedings
View all citing articles on Scopus

Peer review under responsibility of Sichuan Petroleum Administration.
© 2021 Sichuan Petroleum Administration. Publishing services by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of KeAi Communication Co. Ltd.

open access
Natural
All content on this site: Copyright © Gas
2023 Elsevier B.V.,Industry
its licensors, B,
andVolume 8,AllIssue
contributors. 6, reserved,
rights are 2021, pp. 539-551
including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies. For all open access content, the Creative
Commons licensing terms apply.
View PDF
open access
rocks
View PDF
open access
View PDF

Simulation and Evaluation For Acid Fracturing of Carbonate Reservoirs Based On Embedded Discrete Fracture Model

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Simulation and Evaluation For Acid Fracturing of Carbonate Reservoirs Based On Embedded Discrete Fracture Model

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Other users also viewed these articles

Natural Gas Industry B

In this study, the EDFM was

1. Acid fracturing coupling model

1.1. Physical model of acid fracturing

Download : Download high-res

It is assumed that theopen

(2) Fracture propagation model

The fluid flow during open

W/(K·m2); T and Tf areopen

where ρf is the acidOther users

(3) Acid–Rock Reaction

open access (16)

The temperature of the entire

The equation for the reaction on the fracture wall is [12]:

where R (Cw) is the dissolution rate of rock, m/s.

Natural Gas Industry B, Volume 8, Issue 6, 2021, pp. 607-614

Natural Gas Industry B, Volume 8, Issue 6, 2021, pp. 539-551

The outer boundariesopen access

Fig. 2. Solution process of models.

Rock density/kg/m3 2600 Thermal conductivity of rock/W/(K·m) 5.2

Poisson's ratio 0.295 Thermal conductivity of working fluid/W/(K·m) 0.65

Young's modulus/MPa 40000 Reservoir temperature/K 417.85

Rock embedding strength/MPa 800 Injection rate/m3/min 3,4,5,6

Other users also viewed these articles

Download : Download high-res image (137KB)

Fig. 6. Comparison of reservoir temperature distributions.

The results of the acidopen

Download : Download high-res image (193KB)

Fig. 9. Fracture temperature and acid concentration distributions in the fracture.

The injection rate isDissociation experiment

Fig. 11. Fracture shapeopen

Download : Download high-res image (262KB)

Reservoir width/m View PDF 400 Bottom hole flowing pressure/MPa 55

Reservoir height/m open access 20 Well diameter/m 0.1

Fig. 17. Distribution ofopen

Download : Download high-res image (107KB)

Fig. 18. Cumulative gas production curves.

even exceed theHuaqing Liu, Xiangbo

[7] Hongjie Xiong, Shuquan Ren

[12] open access

[14] R. DysartG, F. WhitsittN

[24] R.P. Nordgren View PDF

[26] Yongming Li, Jianchun Guo, Jinzhou Zhao, et al.

[32] F. Gu, S. Ren, Z. Zhao

View all citing articles on Scopus

Other users also viewed these articles

You might also like