PORTLAND-BLAST FURNACE CEMENT (“RELAU BAGAS”)

i. Is made by grinding a mixture of OPC clinker with selected granulated blast

furnace slag.
ii. The proportion of slag is limited by the BS to not more than 65% of finished
cement.
iii. The properties of blast furnace cement are similar to OPC but it hydrates
slower than those Portland Cement, so this evolves less heat & hardens more
slowly than OPC.

SULPHATE-RESISTING PORTLAND CEMENT

i. Used for resistance extensive exposure sulphates. Typical applications include
hydraulics structures exposed to water with high alkali content & structures
subjected to seawater exposure.
ii. Has a higher content of Tetra-Calcium Aluminoferrite (C4AF).
iii. The colour is more darker compare to OPC.
http://modul2poli.blogspot.com/
HIGH STRENGTH PORTLAND CEMENT
i. Produced by the same materials as in the case of OPC.
ii. The higher strengths are achieved by increasing the Tricalcium Silicate (C3S) content and
also by finer grinding of the clinker.
iii. The initial & final setting times are same as OPC.
iv. At higher water cement ratios, the high strength concrete has about 80% higher strength &
at lower water cement ratios 40 % higher strength than OPC.

MASONRY CEMENT
i. For hand works uses such as rendering and bricklaying, mortars composed only of Portland
Cement & sand are not ideal.
ii. Such mortars harden too quickly, are too strong and lack plasticity and water retention
desirable in masonry mortar.
iii. It has been customary to overcome this difficulty by mixing lime with the cement, but
alternative procedure is to use masonry cement in place of the lime-cement mixtures.
iv. Masonry cement, under various brand names consists of Portland Cement with a fine inert
admixture & a plasticising agent.
http://modul2poli.blogspot.com/
1.2.2 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF PORTLAND CEMENT:
1) Portland Cement is made up of four main compounds: tricalcium silicate
(3CaO.SiO2), dicalcium silicate (2CaO.SiO2), tricalcium aluminate (3CaO.Al2O3),
and a tetra-calcium aluminoferrite (4CaO.Al2O3Fe2O3).
2) In an abbreviated notation differing from the normal atomic symbols, these
compounds are designated as C3S, C2S, C3A, and C4AF, where C stands for calcium
oxide (lime), S for silica, A for alumina, and F for iron oxide.
3) Small amounts of uncombined lime and magnesia also are present, along with
alkalies and minor amounts of other elements.
4) The composition ranges of various kinds of Portland cement are shown in the table:
Chemical Usual
Name of Compound
Composition Abbreviation
Tricalcium Silicate 3CaO.SiO2 C3S Quick Reaction
Dicalcium Silicate 2CaO.SiO2 C2S Slow Reaction
Very Quick
Tricalcium Aluminate 3CaO.Al2O3 C3A
Reaction
Tetra-Calcium Not Very
4CaO.Al2O3Fe2O3 C4AF
Aluminoferrite Important

http://modul2poli.blogspot.com/
1.2.3 HYDRATION OF WATER IN CEMENT:
1) When cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate and water are mixed and
blended, water and cement come together through a chemical process called
hydration and produced cement paste.
2) This cement paste was acted as a binder/adhesive to the concrete components
such as fine (sand) or coarse aggregates.
3) The active materials in concrete are cement and water, meanwhile aggregates
are inert (lengai) material.
4) Aggregates doesn’t provided any action during the hydration process but acts as
a space filler and give strength, restless and resistance force from being
contraction (pengecutan).
5) After hydration process, the water content in the concrete becomes less and
gradually dried.
6) The hardened & good design concrete must have the voids about 1% and cement
paste (water / cement / aggregate mix coarse and fine) about 75%.
http://modul2poli.blogspot.com/
1.3 STORAGE METHODS OF CEMENT:
1.3.1 STORE STORAGE
1) The arrangement should be such that it is convenient both for stacking and removal of
cement bags and it also leaves adequate space for movement and inspection of bags for
counting purposes etc.,
2) No cement bags should be stacked in contact with an external wall. A clear space of at
least 60 cm should be left between the exterior wall and the stacks.
3) Cement bags should be placed closely together in the stack to reduce circulation of air as
much as possible.
4) Cement bags should not be stacked more than ten bags high to avoid lumping or
‘warehouse pack’ under pressure.
5) If the stack is more than seven bags high, arrange the bags in header and stretcher
fashion (i.e.) alternately length-wise and cross-wise, to achieve interlocking between
them and lessening the danger of toppling over, the arrangement of two stacks with a
height of seven bags and ten bags respectively.
6) For extra safety during rainy season, the stacks of cement bags should be enclosed
completely in polythene sheets or similar material if it is anticipated that cement would
not be required for a prolonged period.
7) This can be achieved by making a large loose sack of the polythene sheet and arranging
cement bags within it with flaps of the sheet closing on the top of the pile.
8) Care should be taken to ensure that the polythene sheet is not damaged any time while
in use.
http://modul2poli.blogspot.com/
1.3.2 SILOS STORAGE
1) Stored in dry conditions to prevent freezing of the air (air setting) to establish the details of the
half-frozen cement.
2) Silo must be in waterproof.
3) Inspection should be done regularly to detect that it is always air-tight and waterproof.
4) Keeping with this method is better for use with a minimum of labor. No need to transport to
storage.
5) Avoid waste if the bag of cement leakage or rupture.
6) Controlled in a working and efficient storage.
7) Silo is a place to store the cement at the concrete mixing plant (batching plant).

http://modul2poli.blogspot.com/
1.3.3 Storage Method In Construction Site:
1) FOR TEMPORARAY GODOWN STORAGE: In most construction projects godowns are constructed
at site for storage of a few days requirement of cement. It must confirm to the following
requirements:
a) The walls must be plastered and made damp proof.
b) The roof must be given an appropriate water proofing treatment.
c) The floor must be raised by at least 80 cm above the ground level to prevent any inflow of
water. The flooring may consist of a 15 cm thick layer of dry bricks laid in two courses over
a layer of earth consolidated to a thickness of 15cm above the ground level.
d) For further protection, cement bags should be stacked at least 10-20 cm clear above the
floor by providing wooden battens and planking arrangement. For saving timber concrete
may be used.
e) If any windows are provided , these should be few and small and normally kept tightly
closed to prevent entry of atmospheric moisture from outside.
f) A newly constructed godown should not be used for storage of cement unless its interior is
thoroughly dry.
2) FOR TEMPORARY STORE STORAGE:
a) In such cases cement bags should be laid on a dry platform made of wooden planks resting
over brick-masonry concrete, dry sand aggregates raised about 15 cm above the ground
level.
b) The stack must be kept fully covered with tarpaulin or polythene sheet and protected against
atmospheric moisture.
c) The covering sheets must overlap each other properly.
d) Temporary storage on open storage should not be adopted in wet weather.

http://modul2poli.blogspot.com/
1.3.4 EFFECT OF STORAGE ON STRENGTH OF CEMENT
i. The cement when stored for longer period of time loses its strength characteristics.
ii. The strength of cement when used after one year of its production loses its strength
by about 40-50% on application as compared to that of freshly produced cement.
iii. The loss of strength characteristic of cement at different interval of times is as given
below in the table.

AGE OF CEMENT % REDUCTION IN ITS STRENGTH

3 Months 20-30

6 Months 30-40

12 Months 40-50

iv. A cement can absorb up to 1.2% moisture but if absorption exceeds 5%, the cement
is destroyed for all practical purposes.
v. Different types of cements should not be mixed while using them for constructional
purposes.

http://modul2poli.blogspot.com/
1.4 AGGREGATE
1.4.1 CRITERIA S OF AGGREGATE
1. Aggregate is used to describe the gravels, crushed stones & other materials which are mixed
with cement & water to make concrete.
2. Aggregate is form 75% of the volume of concrete, so chosen the suitable materials is
important & also aggregate should contain no constituent material which might have
adverse affect of the hardening of cement or the durability of hardened cement.
3. The functions of aggregate in concrete is as a mass particle which are suitable for resisting
action of applied load, abrasion & percolation of moisture and the action of weather.
4. It is also as to reduce the volume changes resulting from setting and hardening of concrete.
5. Aggregate can be classified according to their unit weight and are grouped into 3
categories, there are:
a) Normal Aggregate – Rushed Rock, Sand & Gravel, Broken Bricks.
b) Light Weight Aggregate – Pumice, Expanded Shale, Expanded Clay.
c) Heavy Weight Aggregate – Magnetite, Hematite, Limonite.

http://modul2poli.blogspot.com/
1.4.1.1 Normal Density Aggregate:
1. Aggregate having a specific gravity between about 2.5 and 3.0 & a bulk density in ranges
1450 to 1750 kg/m3.
2. It can be classified as normal aggregate and it may be of crushed aggregate or naturally
reduced in size.
3. There are 3 groups of normal density aggregate:
 Coarse Aggregate.
 Fine Aggregate.
 All-In Aggregate.

1.4.1.2 Light Weight Aggregate:

1. Any aggregate with a particle density of less than 200 kg/m3 or dry loose bulk density of
less than 1200 kg/m3 is defined as Light Weight Aggregate.
2. Subdivided into following groups:
 Naturally Occurring Materials – Important examples of these are pumice, volcanic
tuff, porous limestone.
 Naturally Occurring Materials Which Required Further Processing – Expanded
Clay, Shale & Slate and other Expanded Minerals such as Perlite & Vermiculite.
 Materials Which Occur as Industrial By Products – Sintered Pulverished Fuel Ash
(Fly Ash), Sintered Slate & Colliery Waste, Foamed or Expanded Blast Furnace Slag.
 Has Low Density & High Water Absorption.
 Other characteristic of concrete using Light Weight Concrete are coarse surface
texture due to reduced workability, lower tensile strength, lower modulus of elasticity
(50% - 70% of the normal concrete), tendency to segregate, higher creep and
shrinkage.
http://modul2poli.blogspot.com/