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CLASS XII

Unit IV Physical Education & Sports for CWSN (Children with Special
Needs - Divyang)
4.1 Organizations promoting Disability Sports (Special Olympics;
Paralympics; Deaflympics)
4.2 Advantages of Physical Activities for children with special needs.
4.3 Strategies to make Physical Activities assessable for children with
special needs.
INTRODUCTION
4.1 CONCEPT OF DISABILITY AND DISORDER
Meaning of Disability: Disability is a disadvantage that restricts the functions or
movements of a person.
According to Cambridge dictionary, Disability is defined as, “An illness, injury,
or condition that makes it difficult for someone to do the things that other people do.”
Meaning of Disorder
Disorder can be defined as a disruption caused to the normal functions of a person.
Disorders include mental disorders, eating disorder, substance abuse, addiction disorder,
attention disorder, etc.
Disorders of the human brain have their sub-types too, such as a neurological disorder,
hyper activity disorder, psychological disorder, etc.
According to a medical dictionary, “ Disorder is a disturbance of function, structure, or
both, resulting from a genetic failure in development or from external factors such as
poison, trauma, or disease.”
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN DISABILITY AND DISORDER
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Special Olympics is the world's largest sports organization for children and adults with
intellectual and physical disabilities, providing year-round training and competitions to 5
million athletes and Unified Sports partners in 172 countries The concept was the brainchild
of Eunice Kennedy Shriver, who in 1962 initiated a day camp called Camp Shriver for
children with intellectual disabilities at her home
The camp sought to address the concern that children with special needs had very little
opportunity to participate in organised athletic events. With Camp Shriver as an example,
Kennedy Shriver, head of the Joseph P. Kennedy Jr. Foundation and a member of President
John F. Kennedy's Panel on Mental Retardation, promoted the concept of involvement in
physical activity and other opportunities for people with intellectual disabilities.
The mission of Special Olympics is to provide year-round sports training and athletic
competition in a variety of Olympic-type sports for children and adults with intellectual
disabilities, giving them continuing opportunities to develop physical fitness, demonstrate
courage, experience joy and participate in events like Athletics (Track and Field), Badminton,
Basketball, Bocce, Cricket, Cycling, Floorball, Gymnastics: Handball, Judo ,Kayaking,
Netball, Roller Skating, Sailing, Snowboarding, Snowshoe running, Skiing: Alpine and
Cross-Country, Softball, Table Tennis, Tennis, and Volleyball. The transformative power of
sports in instilling confidence, improving health and inspiring a sense of competition lies at
the core of Special Olympics. One of the major events of Special Olympics is World Games,
which was first held in July 1968 at Chicago. Special Olympic Winter Games were initiated
in 1977 at Colorado, US. Special Olympics . In 2003, the first Special Olympics Summer
Games held outside the United States were in Dublin, Ireland with 7000 athletes from 150
countries. The first World Winter Games were held in 1977 in Steamboat Springs, Colorado.
Austria hosted the first Winter Games outside the United States in 1993.
The Special Olympics was officially recognized by the International Olympic Committee
(IOC) in 1988.
Special Olympics World Games are not held in the same year or in conjunction with the
Olympic Games.
Logo and Oath
The Logo of Special Olympics is based on the sculpture "Joy and
Happiness to All the Children of the World” was adopted in 1979.
The logo is a symbol of growth, confidence and joy among children
and adults with disabilities ..
The Special Olympics athlete's oath, which was first introduced
by Eunice Kennedy Shriver at the inaugural Special Olympics
international games in Chicago in 1968, is
“Let me win. But if I cannot win, let me be brave in the attempt.”
Programmes run by Special Olympics around the world
1.Young Athlete Programme
For young people with and without intellectual disabilities between the ages of 2–7, A
Programme with a focus on activities that are important to mental and physical growth.
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2.Unified Sports Programme

Special Olympics has pioneered the concept of Unified Sports, bringing together athletes
with and without intellectual disabilities as teammates. The basic concept is that training
together and playing together can create a path to friendship and understanding. The goal is
to break down stereotypes about people with intellectual disabilities and promote unity.
3.Healthy Athletes Programme– This Programme offers health screenings to athletes
Currently offers health screenings in seven areas:
Special Olympic Sports Rules/Guidelines
1. Athletes shall be divided into competition division based upon their ability, age and sex.
Competition divisions are structured so that an athlete competes against another athlete of
similar ability
2. Special Olympics has more than 30 Olympic-type individual and team sports that provide
meaningful training and competition opportunities for people with intellectual disabilities.
3. At competitions, medals are awarded to the first, second and third-place winners in each
event, and ribbons are awarded to athletes who finish in fourth through eighth place.
4.To participate in Special Olympics, a person must be at least 8 years old and identified by
an agency or professional as having one of the following conditions: intellectual disabilities,
cognitive delays as measured by formal assessment, or significant learning or vocational
problems due to cognitive delay that requires or has required specially designed instruction.
FOUNDING PRINCIPLES OF SPECIAL OLYMPICS
(a) People with intellectual disabilities can, with proper instruction and encouragement,
enjoy, learn and benefit from participation in individual and team sports.
(b) Consistent training by qualified coaches, for essential development of sports skills, and
competition among those of equal abilities is the appropriate means of testing these skills,
measuring progress.
(c) Through sports training and competition: people with intellectual disabilities benefit
physically, mentally socially and spiritually. Through participation and observation,
community is united with people with intellectual disabilities in an environment of equality.
and acceptance.
(d) Every person with an intellectual disability who meets the eligibility requirements set out
in these General Rules should have the opportunity to participate in and benefit from the
sports programs offered by Special Olympics.
(e) Special Olympics must avoid discrimination and offer sports training and competition
opportunities to all eligible persons with intellectual disabilities in accordance with uniform
worldwide standards.
(f) Special Olympics celebrate and strive to promote the spirit of sportsmanship and a love of
participation a sports for its own sake regardless of the athlete's level of ability.
(g) Special Olympics encourage sports training and competition opportunities at the local,
area and community level (including schools) as a means of reaching the greatest number of
eligible athletes.
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SPECIAL OLYMPIC BHARAT (SOB)

Special Olympics Bharat is an officially recognized programme of Special Olympics
International which operates in India. It was founded in 1987 as Special Olympics India, and
changed its name to Special Olympics Bharat in 2001. It is recognized by the government of
India as a National Sports Federation for the development of sports opportunity for the people
with intellectual disabilities. The mission of Special Olympics is to provide year-round sports
training and athletic competition in a variety of Olympic-type sports for children and adults
with intellectual disabilities, giving them continuing opportunities to develop physical fitness,
demonstrate courage, experience joy and participate in sports events. Special Olympic Bharat
organizes training and competition events at local, district, state, national and international
levels. . It organizes competitive events in 24 Olympic style individual and team sports
events. The best performer is referred to attend National Coaching Camp supported by Sports
Authority of India (SAI) to prepare for International Competitive events. Special Olympics
Bharat also gives training for coaches to deal with intellectual disabled persons.
Special Olympics Bharat Objectives:
(1) Focus on holistic development and training that goes beyond the classrooms into the
playing fields, cultural and community centres, to motivate children with disabilities to join
and remain in school.
(2) Create role models who will inspire the children and also motivate parents into sending their children to
school and to participate in sports and other extra-curricular activities.
(3) Train teachers to sensitize them to needs of special children, and create a cadre of physical
education teachers from among the disabled who can work with schools and community
centres.
(4) Ensure maximum involvement of community for greater public understanding and
acceptance of people with intellectual disabilities; most of our activities are run by local
volunteers.
(5) Ensure all Special Olympics Bharat activates local, state, national and international reflect
the Olympic 5movement values, standards, ceremonies and events
PARALYMPICS: The word “Paralympic” derives from the Greek preposition para
meaning beside or alongside and the word Olympic. Thus, the word Paralympics refers to an
International Games Competition that is parallel to the Olympics and illustrates how the two
movements exist side-by-side.
Dr Ludwig Guttmann opened a spinal injuries centre at the Stoke Mandeville Hospital
in Great Britain in 1944, and in time, rehabilitation sport developed to recreational
sport and then to competitive sport.
On 29 July 1948, during the Opening Ceremony of the London 1948 Olympic Games,
Dr Guttmann organised the first competition for wheelchair athletes which he named
the Stoke Mandeville Games where 16 injured servicemen and women who took part
in archery. This was a milestone in Paralympics history. These Games later became the
Paralympic Games which first took place in Rome, Italy in 1960 featuring 400 athletes from
23 countries.
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Paralympics is a major international multi sports event involving athletes with a range of
disabilities. The Games were initially open only to athletes in wheelchairs; at the 1976
Summer Games, athletes with different disabilities were included for the first time at the
Summer Paralympics. Till 1988, Winter and Summer Paralympic games were held as per a
separate schedule. However, since the Summer Games of Seoul, Korea in 1988 and the
Winter Games in Albertville, France in 1992 the Games have also taken part in the same
cities and venues as the Olympics due to an agreement between the International Paralympic
Committee (IPC) and the International Olympic Committee (IOC). All Paralympic
games are governed by the IPC. There are twenty-two sports on the Summer Paralympic
programme and five sports on the Winter Paralympics programme.
MOTTO OF PARALYMPICS:
“Spirit in motion" is the motto of Paralympics representing the strong will
of every Paralympian.
PARALYMPIC SYMBOL:
The current Paralympic symbol consists of three elements in red, blue and
green; the three colours that are most widely represented in national flag
around the world. The three 'Agitos' the Latin meaning 'I move encircling a
central point symbolize motion, emphasize the role of Paralympic
movement in bringing players together from all concerns of the world to compete.
MISSION:
To lead the Paralympic Movement, oversee the delivery of the Paralympic Games and
support members to enable Para athletes to achieve sporting excellence.
PARALYMPIC VISION:
To Enable Paralympic Athletes to Achieve Sporting Excellence and Inspire and Excite the
World
a. To enable: This is the primary role of the IPC as an organisation: To create the conditions
for athletes empowerment through self-determination.
b. Paralympic athletes: The primary focus of the IPC's activities, in the context of Paralympic
athletes, is the development of all athletes from initiation to elite level.
c. To achieve sporting excellence: The goal of a sports-centred organisation.
d. To inspire and excite the world: The external result is our contribution to a better world for
all people with a disability. To achieve this, relations with external organisations and the
promotion of the Paralympic Movement as a whole are of prime importance
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF PARALYMPIC COMMITTEE
1. To ensure the spirit of fair play prevails, the health risk of the player is managed and
fundamental moral principles are upheld.
2. To develop the opportunities for players with a severe disability in sports and games at all
levels and in all structures.
3. To promote and contribute to the development of sports and games opportunities and
competitions for start to higher level.
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4. To promote the self-governance of each Paralympic Sports Federation as an integral part of

the national sports movement, whilst at all times safeguarding and preserving its own
identity.
VALUES OF PARALYMPICS
1. Equality: Paralympic Sports acts as medium of change to break the social barrier of
discrimination of people without harm.
2. Courage: It encircles the unique spirit of the Paralympic athlete who seeks to fulfill what
the general public deems unexpected, but what the athlete knows as a truth.
3. Determination: The expression of the idea that the Paralympic athlete push their physical
ability to the entire limit.
4. Inspiration: When intense and personal feeling is created from the stories and
achievements of Paralympic athletes and the effect is applying this spirit in one's personal
life.
PARALYMPIC ELIGIBILITY
The Paralympic Movement offers sport opportunities to para/disabled/impaired athletes with
physical, visual and intellectual impairments and these are divided into 10 eligible
impairment types which must be permanent in nature. The presence of a permanent eligible
impairment must be proven by means of medical diagnostic information that must be
presented prior to athlete evaluation. The following are the Eligible Impairments recognized
by the International Paralympic committee (IPC)
(1) Impaired Muscle Power: Reduced force generated by muscles or muscle groups,may
occur in one limb or the lower half of the body. Examples include: spinal cord injury
(complete or incomplete, tetra or paraplegia), muscular dystrophy, post-polio syndrome and
spina bifida
(2) Impaired Passive Range of Movement: Athletes with impaired range of movement
have a restriction or a lack of passive movement in one or more joints. Examples include
arthrogryposis and contracture resulting from chronic joint immobilization or trauma
affecting a joint
(3)Loss of Limb or Limb Deficiency: Athletes with limb deficiency have total or partial
absence of bones or joints as a consequence of trauma (for example traumatic amputation),
illness (for example amputation due to bone cancer) or congenital limb deficiency (for
example dysmelic).
(4) Leg-length Difference: Athletes that have a difference in the length of their legs as a
result of a disturbance of limb growth, or as a result of trauma.
(5) Short Stature: Athletes with short stature have a reduced length in the bones of the lower
limbs and or trunk. Examples include: achondroplasia, growth hormone dysfunction, and
osteogenesis imperfecta
(6) Hypertonia: Athletes with hypertonia have an increase in muscle tension and a reduced
ability of a muscle to stretch caused by damage to the central nervous system. Examples
include: cerebral palsy, traumatic brain injury and stroke.
(7) Ataxia: Athletes with ataxia have uncoordinated movements caused by damage to the
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Central nervous system. Examples include: cerebral palsy, traumatic brain injury, stroke and
multiple sclerosis.
(8) Athetosis: Athletes with athetosis have continual slow involuntary movements. Examples
include cerebral palsy, traumatic brain injury and stroke.
(9) Visual Impairment: Athletes with impaired vision have reduced or no vision caused by
damage to the eye structure, optical nerves or optical pathways, or visual cortex of the brain.
Examples include: retinitis pigmentosa and diabetic retinopathy.
(10) Intellectual Impairment: Athletes with an intellectual Impairment have a restriction in
intellectual functioning and adaptive behaviour in which affects conceptual, social and
practical adaptive skills required for everyday life. This Impairment must be present before
the age of 18.
PARALYMPIC EVENTS
At Tokyo 2020 Paralympic the following events were conducted for disabled: Archery, Para
Athletics Boccia, Canoe, Cycling. Equestrian, Football 5-a-side, Football 7-a-side, Goal ball,
Judo, Para Power Lifting Rowing Sailing. Shooting, Para Sitting Volleyball, Para Swimming,
Table Tennis, Triathlon, Wheelchair Basketball Wheelchair Fencing. Wheelchair Rugby and
Wheelchair Tennis.
PARALYMPIC COMMITTEE INDIA:
Paralympic Committee of India is a non-partisan, non-profit organization, dedicated for the
development and upliftment of Physically Challenged Sportspersons, Athletes with mobility
disabilities, Amputation Blindness and Cerebral Palsy.
Paralympic Committee of India (PCI) is the governing body of Paralympic Sports in India
formed in 1992.PCI develops and promotes Paralympic Sports with the help of National
Sports Federations and State Paralympic Associations affiliated to it. The Head Office of PCI
is at Delhi. The objectives of this organization is to promote sports for the disabled of our
country, identifying
the disabled sportspersons at all India level, imparting necessary training to them, and
preparing them to take part in State, National & International Sports meets as the major
activity of this organization.
The Paralympic Committee of India (PCI) is the body responsible for selecting athletes to
represent India at the Paralympic Games and other international athletic meets and for
managing the Indian teams at the events.
There are many activities in which disabled people participate, some have standard rules and
regulation whereas many of them are participated for recreation; to stay healthy or for body
fitness.
The organization affiliated itself to the International Paralympic Committee, as well as the
International Wheelchair and Amputee Sports Federation; the FESPIC Federation, covering
countries in the Far East and South Pacific regions; and the Asian Paralympic Committee.
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DEAFLYMPICS
Deaflympics is an International Olympic Committee (IOC) sanctioned event at which deaf
athletes compete at a higher level. The games have been organized by the Comite
International des Sports des Sourds (CISS, "The International Committee Sports for the
Deaf") since the first event. It was formed in 1924 and is known as CISS. Deaflympics winter
games were initiated in 1949 at Seefeld, Austria. In 1955, CISS was included in National
Olympic Committee. The All India Sports Council of Deaf is the National Apex Body for
deaf sports and is one of the 55 Sports Associations that are recognized by the Department of
Youth Affair and Sports. Earlier. Deaflympics Games were known as international Silent
Games after that it changes into the world games for the deaf. The recent name, Deaflympics
was formally adopted in 2001 the Deaflympics is given the same status as the Paralympics
Games and Olympic Games.
MOTTO OF DEAFLYMPICS
The motto of the Deaflympics is "Per ludos aequalitas" which means equality through sports.
MISSION
To cherish the value the spirit of Deaflympics where Deaf athletes strive to reach the pinnacle
of competitions by embracing the motto of PER LUDOS AEQUALITAS (Equality through
sports) and adhering to the ideals of Olympics
VISION
To promote sports for Deaf athletes without discrimination for political, religious, economic,
disability, gender or race reasons.
COMMITTEE OF DEAFLYMPICS
1. The Organising Committee shall be comprised of persons with management experience
(deaf and bearing) The OC shall enter into direct dialogue with the Secretariat by electronic
communication facilities.
2.The Organising Committee may form a centralised Secretariat with telephone/fax and
electronic communication facilities. The number of these communications should be
advertised on the Organising Committee's letterheads and web site, if any.
3. The bidding city awarded the Deaflympics shall start within a period of six (6) months
after winning the bid appoint by an Organising Committee and delegate to it the
responsibility of organising the Deaflympics.
4 The Organising Committee is responsible for the organisation of the Deaflympics and must
enter into dialogue with the National Olympic Committee in regard to obtaining support for
the work of the Committee.
5. Team manager, Director, Leader (Chef de Mission) may visit the Deaflympics site one
year before opening of the Games. The Organising Committee shall determine one hour
schedule for site visits. Visits at any other times will not be assisted by the Organising
Committee.
6. The Organising Committee shall get in touch with appropriate National Sports Federations
and work with their officials when determining the sports program for the Deaflympics
7. The Organising Committee may appoint an official Deaflympics travel agent for the travel
and accommodation needs of all sporting teams. The travel agency should have electronic
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communication facilities. The appointment of the travel agent should be made two years prior
to the Deaflympics.
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF DEAFLYMPICS
1. To support and encourage educational, cultural, research and scientific activity that
contribute to the development and promotion of the Deaflympics
2. To fully enforce a drug-free sport environment for all deaf players in conjunction with the
World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA).
3. To supervise the organization of successful summer and winter Deaflympics.
4. To promote sports for deaf players without the discrimination for political, religious,
economical disability gender or race reasons.
5. To promote and contribute to the development of sports opportunities and competition
from gross root to higher level for deaf players
4.2 ADVANTAGE OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITIES FOR CHILDREN WITH SPECIAL
NEEDS
People with disabilities should first consult a physician before beginning a program of
physical activity. Children with special needs have less opportunities to be physically
active and, therefore, are at higher risk for complications associated with inactivity.
The benefits of regular physical activity for children with special needs can range from
physical, emotional and social.
1. Physical benefits :Participation in physical activity and sport leads to improved levels of
well-being and physical health. Regular involvement in physical education and sport can help
them to develop their gross motor and fine motor skills which may improve their overall
performance. When encouraged to participate in a regular fitness routine, many CWSN show
improvement in everything from their hand-eye coordination and flexibility, to their muscle
strength, endurance, and even cardiovascular efficiency.
2. Mode of Recreation and Fun -- CWSN frequently miss out on social activities, recreation
and fun. Participation in extracurricular and sports activities can help them overcome this
obstacle, providing them with the ability to engage in social interactions, make friends and
initiate social skills.
3. Improved Emotional Health. CWSN often tend to have more emotional problems like
depression. Participating in regular exercise can be a life-changing benefit by improving
mental health and wellbeing. Physical activity can also improve general mood and wellness,
4. Channelizing the Surplus Energy – Children with disabilities like ADHD display hyperactivity
that, if appropriately directed, can bear positive results regarding cognitive benefits and
constructive behaviour.
5. Psychological benefits –Regular participation in sports and physical activities is not just
beneficial for the body, it is beneficial for the mind, too. Physical activity improves general
mood and wellness in CWSN by improving their self-esteem, social awareness, and self-
confidence,
6. Healthy lifestyle – CWSN are about twice as likely to be overweight or obese often due to
being sedentary. As a result of their disability, their levels of participation in sports and
physical activity is much lower than their peers. It is imperative that these children, as much
or more, than other students must learn what about the steps to leading a healthy lifestyle,
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7. Behavioural Benefits – The energetic nature of physical education leads to cognitive

improvements in CWSN, allowing them to develop skills .Sports and Games are a structured
activity with a set of rules and organisation. They help the child learn to practice self-
regulation and enhance their decision- making skills.
8. Increased Independence – Participation in Physical Education and Sports is a mode to
transit towards greater independence due to improved daily life skills. For a person with a
disability, an increase in physical activity can lead to more independence and freedom.
Increased physical strength and energy that come from regular exercise allows persons with
disability to do more daily tasks without assistance.
4.3 STRATEGIES TO MAKE PHYSICAL ACTIVITIES ACCESSIBLE FOR
CHILDREN WITH
SPECIAL NEED
The following strategies can be implemented to make Physical Activities accessible for
children with special need :
1. Medical Check-up: First of all, it is essential to have a medical check-up of all the
children with special needs or with various disabilities. Because without medical check-up,
the teachers of physical education cannot come to know about the type of disability the child
is facing. Indeed, to make physical activities accessible for the children with special needs,
we need to understand the type of disabilities of the children.
2. Physical Activities Must Be Based on Interests of Children: Physical activities must be
based on the interests, aptitudes, abilities and limitations of children with special needs. So,
the teachers of physical education can made physical activities accessible for children with
special needs more easily.
3. Equipment Related to Physical Activities Should Be According to the Needs of
children: The equipment’s/ objects related to physical activities should be according
to the needs of children. These equipments should vary in size, shape, colour and weight.
These equipment should be according to the capability and level of children. A child with
visual impairment should use bright coloured ball. A yarn should be tied to the ball to bring
the ball back to children. So, various types of equipment must be provided for children with
special needs.
4. Specific Environment Should Be Provided: The area of physical activities should be
limited as movement capabilities of children with special needs are limited. Specially, in case
of children who have autism, they must be provided specific playing area because they may
need some time to relax. Light and sound are also vital for making good environment for such
children.
5. A Variety of Different Instructional Strategies Should Be Used: For performing various
types of physical activities, a variety of different instructional strategies such as verbal, visual
and peer teaching should be used. Pictorial books are also vital in terms of instructions
regarding physical activities.
6. Rules Should Be Modified According to the Needs of Children with Disabilities: In the
beginning, rules of the physical activities should be simple but later on these rules
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can be modified according to the needs of the children. They can be provided extra attempt or
time to perform a physical activity. They can also be given additional resting time before
doing the next physical activity.
7. Children’s Previous Experience Must Be Taken into Consideration: For making
physical activities more accessible for children with special needs, the concerned teacher of
physical education should have comprehensive understanding and knowledge of children’s
previous
experience about physical activities.
In conclusion it can be said that the above mentioned strategies are very significant to make
physical activities accessible for children with special needs.