RYAN E-LEARNING CHAPTER -IV

Subject Topic Sub Topic

PHYSICAL
EDUCATION PHYSICAL SPORTS FOR CWSN
EDUCATION
 CHILDREN'S WITH SPECIAL NEEDS

Children's with various type of disabilities, such as mental retardation,

deafness or hearing impairment, speech or language impairment, blindness,
orthopaedic impairment, etc.
They have a right to develop their abilities in a democratic society through
the process of education.But usually seen that they have limited
opportunities.
So it becomes the duty of all schools to provide them with such
opportunities so that they can develop their abilities.
 DISABILITY

• The person with disabilities (equal opportunities, protection of rights and

full participation) act 1995 , broadly defines disability as:-
a. Blindness
b. Low vision
c. Leprosy cured
d. Hearing impairment
e. Locomotor disability
f. Mental illness
 ADAPTED PHYSICAL EDUCATION

• The first Physical Education Programme for students with

disability started in 1838, at the Perkins School for students with
visual disabilities in Boston because the Director of the school
wanted the students to receive the health benefits that could
improve through physical activity.
• Students of the school participated in gymnastic exercises and
swimming.
 MEANING OF ADAPTED PHYSICAL
EDUCATION
• Adapted Physical Education is the art and science of developing,
implementing, and monitoring a carefully designed Physical Education
instructional programme for a learner with a disability.
OR
• In simple words, it can be stated that adapted physical education basically a
specially designed physical education programme for differently abled
students.
AIM OF ADAPTED PHYSICAL EDUCATION

• The chief aim of Adapted Physical Education (APE) is to provide every

individual an opportunity to participate in Physical Education and sports
and to make Physical Education accessible to all as per their need.
• Its aim is to provide equal opportunities to the differently abled students
to participate in physical education programmes, safely and successfully
in a least restrictive environment.
 OBJECTIVES OF ADAPTIVE PHYSICAL
EDUCATION
a) Develop fundamental motor skills and patterns of students with
disabilities such as running , throwing ,jumping etc.
b) Help students to improve their balance , coordination and posture.
c) Bring about their participation in activities such as dance, aquatics and
other sports.
d) Make them realise healthy self esteem through increased physical
independence.
e) Reduce health complications.
 PRINCIPLES OF ADAPTIVE PHYSICAL
EDUCATION

a) It is imperative to have a thorough knowledge of motor behaviours and

development patterns of the different kinds of disabilities.
b) additionally the trainers should also be aware of the neurological basis of
these behaviours and patterns.
c) The activities and programmes should be planned according to the interests
of the students and after taking their specific needs into consideration.
d) Routine medical check-up should be conducted not only for pure health
benefits but also to monitor the progress of the students. And assess the
effectiveness of the programmes.
 CONT..

d) The rules governing physical education classes for abled students cannot be
applied to their peers who have special needs.
For example, duration of classes can be can be increased for students and their
lesson plans can include more visual and verbal activities.
e) Apart from having sufficient knowledge and experience the trainers should
also patience, empathy, and strong communication skills.
 ORGANISATION PROMOTING ADAPTIVE
SPORTS

a) Special Olympic Bharat

b) Paralympics
c) Deaflympics
 SPECIAL OLYMPIC BHARAT

• It was founded in 1988 as special Olympics India.

• It was a programme of special Olympics international authorised to
conduct special Olympics for sports persons with intellectual disabilities
in India.
• Its name was changed to special Olympics Bharat in 2001.
• It is now a National sports Federation registered under the Indian trust act
1882.
• It is the official nodal agency for all disabilities.
 CONT..

• Following the principles of special Olympics, special Olympics Bharat aims to

work for the inclusion of this previously neglected group in the field of sports.
• Till now it has drawn an impressive number of nearly nine lakh athletes from all
over the country.
In its own words, special Olympics bharat believes that :-
 Peoples with intellectual disabilities can also learn, enjoy and benefits from
participation in sports with the right help and encouragement.
 Consistent training helps develop their sports skills and competing with those
with equal abilities, test those skills, measures their progress and provides
incentives for personal growth.
 CONT..

 Sports strengthen and benefits peoples with intellectual disability,

physically, mentally, socially and spiritually.
 VISION

The vision of Olympics Bharat is to:-

 Promote holistic development and training that goes beyond the
classrooms and brings the participants to the sports arena.
 Encourage children's to join and remain in school so that they can receive
the same education as their more abled counterparts.
 Produce inspiring role models and also to give a moral and beneficial
incentives to parents to send their children to school for both academic
education and participation in sports.
 MISSION

• Special Olympic Bharat aims to provide year round sports training and
athletic competition.
• The type of sports included in the curriculum are all Olympic approved
sports.
• Both children's and adults with intellectual disabilities are covered in the
programmes, thereby giving them chance to strengthen their physique,
boost their self esteem and stimulate their emotional and social
intelligence by engaging them in the atmosphere of active and healthy
communication and friendship.
 OATH

“Let me win . But if I cannot win, let me the brave in the attempt.”
LOGO
 ACHIEVEMENTS

 Organised competitions in a wide variety of disciplines since 2002 on the

national level, such as national games, national floor hockey
championships, national football championship, table tennis
championship and volleyball , basketball championships.
 Athletes from special Olympic Bharat have participated in world winter
games and world summer games.
 Upto 2017 they have won 359 gold,353 silver and 423 bronze medals in
the world summer and world winter games bringing a total of 1135
medals.
 CONT..

 Around 400 athletes participated in the first regional asia pacific games
held in 2013. special Olympic bharat brought home a total of 387 medals,
with 111 gold, 136 silver and 140 bronze.
 A total of 23,750 athletes participated in the five national games held
between 2001 to 2011.
 PARALYMPICS

• The Paralympics games are an international multi sporting event involving

athletes with a variety of disabilities.
• Including mobility disabilities, amputation, blindness, short stature ,cerebral
palsy etc.
• The international Paralympic committee (IPC) oversees the organisation of these
games, which are held immediately after the summer and winter Olympics as
summer Paralympic games and winter Paralympic games.
• The Paralympic movement was started by sir Ludwig Guttmann.
• Dr Ludwig Guttmann opened a spinal injuries centre at the Stoke Mandeville
Hospital in Great Britain in 1944.
 CONT..

• He organised the first games for disabled in 1948.

• The participants were British Word war II veteran patients with spinal cord
injuries .
• The games were given the name 1948, Stoke Mandeville games.
• The stoke Mandeville games became quite popular. They were held right after the
Rome Olympics of 1960 in the same city.
• Overtime the number of participants increased to 400 athletes and 23 nations.
• In 1976 events for amputees and visual impair sportspersons were added.
• In 1980 athletes with cerebral palsy could participate for the first time.
 CONT..

• The governing body finally formed in 1982 called the international coordination
committee of world sports organisation for the disabled (ICC).
• The term Paralympic officially used in the 1988 summer Paralympic in seoul,
south Korea.
• The first time the games were held in the same Olympic host city and permitted to
use the same facilities.
• The first winter Paralympic games were held Ornskoldvik ,Sweden in 1977.it was
only in 1992 that the winter Paralympics enjoyed the same privileges as their
summer counterpart to make use of the host city’s Olympic facilities.
 CONT..

• The IPC replaced the ICC in 1989.

• In 1994, the IPC organised its first Paralympics games.it consists of 176 National
Paralympic committee (NPC) and four disability specific international sports
federations.
• Although the IPC is a separate body, but it has close working ties with the IOC.
• Its headquarter is located in Bonn, Germany.
• The motto of Paralympic games is “sprit in motion”.
• Its symbols are three asymmetrical crescents called agito, circling round a central point.
• The crescents are red, blue and green in colours.
• The French musician Thierry Darnis composed the anthem ‘Hymne de I avenir.
(Anthem of the future)
TABLE TENNIS
BASKETBALL
SPRINT EVENTS
HIGH JUMP
WHEEL CHAIR RUNNING EVENTS
SWIMMING
ARCHERY
SHOT PUT
400 METER RUNNING EVENT
 CATEGORIES

• The IPC has established ten disability categories, including

physical, visual, and intellectual impairment.
• Athletes with one of these disabilities can compete in the
Paralympics though not every sport can allow for every disability
category.
• These categories apply to both Summer and Winter Paralympics.
Physical Impairment – There are eight different types of physical
impairment
 PHYSICAL IMPAIRMENT

1) Impaired muscle power – With impairments in this category, the

force generated by muscles, such as the muscles of one limb, one
side of the body or the lower half of the body is reduced.
• e.g., spinal cord injury, post-polio syndrome.
2) Impaired passive range of movement – Range of movement in one
or more joints is reduced in a systematic way.
• Acute conditions such as arthritis are not included in this category.
 PHYSICAL IMPAIRMENT

3).Loss of limb or limb deficiency – A total or partial absence of bones

or joints from partial or total loss due to illness, trauma, or congenital limb
deficiency. e.g., amputation.
4) Leg-length difference – Significant bone shortening occurs in one leg
due to congenital deficiency or trauma.
5) Short stature – Standing height is reduced due to shortened legs, arms
and trunk, which are due to a musculo skeletal deficit of bone or cartilage
structures.
e.g., growth hormone deficiency.
 VISUAL IMPAIRMENT

2. Visual Impairment – Athletes with visual impairment ranging from

partial vision, sufficient to be judged legally blind, to total blindness.
This includes impairment of one or more component of the visual
system – eye structure, receptors, optic nerve pathway, and visual
cortex.
The sighted guides for athletes with a visual impairment are such a
close and essential part of the competition that the athlete with visual
impairment and it included in 2012.
 INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY

3. Intellectual Disability – Athletes with a significant impairment in

intellectual functioning and associated limitations in adaptive behaviour
fall under the category of intellectual disability.
 The IPC primarily serves athletes with physical disabilities, but the
Intellectual Disability group has been added to some Paralympic
Games. This includes only athletes with exceptional athletic ability
who have intellectual disabilities diagnosed before the age of 18.
However, the IOC recognized Special Olympics World Games are open
to all people with intellectual disabilities.
 OPENING CEREMONY

• The opening ceremony begins with the hosting of the host country flag
and rendition of National anthem, after the national anthem, the athletes
come for march past into the stadium grouped according to their nations.
• All the nations enter the stadium alphabetically according to the host
country. However the host country athletes enter last into the stadium.
• After that host nation presents its culture in the form of music, dance and
singing etc.
 CONT..

• Formal opening of the games is announced. At last, Paralympics torch

brought to the stadium and passed on until it reaches to the final torch
bearer who finally lights the Cauldron(Paralympic flame).
 CLOSING CEREMONY

• After the conclusion of all the sports events, the closing ceremony begins.
Flag bearers from each participating country enter the stadium, followed
by the athletes who enter together without any national distinction.
• The Paralympic flag is taken down.
• The games are officially closed and the Paralympic flame is extinguished.
 DEAFLYMPICS

• The Deaflympics are an international sports event for deaf athletes, held every four
years, with both summer and winter games held alternately after a gap of two years.
• First held at Paris in 1924.
• It is the second oldest multination sports tournament.
• Over the years, it has gone by several other names, such as International games for
the deaf’ from 1924 to 1965. The world games for deaf from 1966 to 1999.
• The games were also sometimes referred to as World silent games.
• The name Deaflympics was adopted in 2001.
• Since its inception it has been organised by “Comite International des sports des
surds”CISS( The International committee of sports for the Deaf)
 CONT..

• The CISS was recently renamed ‘Le Comite International des Sports des
Sourds’.
• The CISS was inducted into IOC in 1955.
• The games were started with just 148 athletes from nine countries.
• 336 participants from 27 nations participated in the 2015 winter
Deaflympics.
• While 3148 athletes from 97 countries competed in the 2017 summer
Deaflympics.
 THE CHARACTERISTICS OF DEAFLYMPICS ARE:-

• Participating athletes must have a hearing loss of at least 55 decibels in their

‘better ear’.
• Hearing aids are not allowed during the competitions.
• The athletes cannot be guided by sounds, such as bullhorns, whistles and bells.
• Visual tactics such as waving flags, flashing lights etc. are used for commencing
and refereeing the games.
• Like all other sporting events, it also enforces a drug free sports environment for
all deaf athletes in collaboration with the world anti doping agency(WADA).
• The aim of Deaflympics is to provide deaf athletes a platform free of
discrimination where they can compete under conditions of fairness and equality.
 CONT..

• Events included in summer Deaflympics are athletics, badminton, beach

volleyball, basketball ,road cycling,
Football,golf,handball,judo,karate,mountain biking, shooting, swimming,
table tennis, taekwondo, tennis etc.
 INCLUSION

• The term inclusion is used in the field of education that’s why it is called as
inclusive education.
• In fact it is an approach to educate both normal and students with disabilities
with special educational needs together.
• Inclusive education means normal students and special needs students learn
while sharing the same physical space and interacting socially and academically.
• It can be stated that in this education differently abled children's are educated
with normal children within the same roof.
• It brings all students together in one classroom and community.
 CONT..

• In inclusive education, students with special needs spend most of their time with non
special needs students.
• Inclusion completely rejects the use of specific school or classrooms to separate
students with disabilities from students without disabilities.
• It was observed that 1.4 million Indian children’s of ages 6 to 11 are not receiving
formal education.
• Almost half of the students in primary schools drop out before completing five years,
while only 42% complete high school.
• Some of the contributing factors are shortage of teachers and schools in relation to the
population, poor quality and learning, social and cultural factors, poverty etc.
• The matter of inclusive education was first adopted at the world conference on special
needs education: access and quality (Spain 1994)
 CONT..

• At the Jomtien world conference in Thailand, 1990. Education was

recognised as a fundamental human right. Of the many goals adopted by
the delegates, the following are relevant to inclusive education.
 Universal access to learning
 A focus on equity
 CONT..

• In the context of India, the Kothari commission raised the issue of

inclusive education in 1966.
• The government introduced integrated education for disabled
children(IEDC) Scheme in 1974.
• Project integrated education for disabled children's (PIED) was launched
by NCERT in 1987 in collaboration with UNICEF to streamline the
inclusion of students with disabilities in general education.
• The National education policy on Education 1986.
• The programme of action 1992.
• The district Primary education Programme 1997.
 CONT..

• Additionally , the ministry of Education introduced a National Action

plan in 2005 for incorporating inclusive education.
• Inclusive education simply means bringing students with disabilities
under the same umbrella under which students of general education are
covered.
• The idea is to treat them equally and provide them the same academic and
vocational opportunities that their peer receive.
 NEED OF INCLUSION/INCLUSIVE EDUCATION.

i. For self esteem

ii. For better social skills and communication
iii. Greater sensitivity
iv. For better understanding of strengths and weakness
v. For better sense of belongingness.
vi. Higher academic achievement.
 CONT..

• For self esteem :- each and every individual has self esteem. Generally it
may be seen that differently abled individuals are less strong.
• Research studies conducted in this field indicate that after inclusion in a
regular school the students with disabilities have shown improvements in
self confidence.
• For better social skills and communication :- Inclusive education
provides ample opportunities to have better social relations among
students with disabilities and without disabilities.
• As a matter of fact social skills are learnt properly through observation
and imitation.
 CONT..

• Greater sensitivity:- it is usually observed that students without disabilities become

more sensitive by learning along with students with special needs.
• They understand how words can hurt. They practice patience and learn empathy.
• For better sense of Belongingness:- Inclusive education is essential for having a
better sense of belongingness among students with and without special needs.
• it teaches the value of another human beings- no matter what the person looks or
sounds like.
• Students with special needs enjoy the feelings of belongingness, being loved, having
relationship and friendship with students without special needs .
• Students without special needs also show increased awareness of tolerance and
better understanding of other students with special needs.
 CONT..

• Higher academic achievement:- Inclusive education is beneficial for the

students with special needs because research studies conducted in this
field show that these students have done academically well in exclusive
education.
 IMPLEMENTATION OF INCLUSION

• In India , the number of children's/persons with disabilities or special

needs is really large.
• They have a number of problems in getting education especially inclusive
education . Now it is important that inclusive education is implemented in
India so that the benefits are enjoyed by all individuals.
• We know that there were many great scientists like Thomas alva Edison,
albert Einstein and graham bell who had learning disabilities.
Government of India should emphasize on the following measures for
effective implementation of inclusive education :-
 CONT..

• The right to education is to be made effective in all states so that every child
receives education and through inclusion, addressing children with special needs
is also taken care of.
• Teachers specially in rural areas , are to be trained well so they are equipped
with the required knowledge to teach children with special needs in an inclusive
system of education.
• Regular analysis of schools ,curriculum.
• Parents should be taken as a resource and be involved in decision making
process to enhance their child's learning.
• For proper implementation of inclusive education in schools the differently
abled students should be treated equally as normal students.
 CONT..

• To enrol children's with specials needs in regular schools requires a lot of

adjustments in terms of classrooms, transport facilities and educational materials.
• A suitable examination system and periodic evaluation of children's with special
needs to be in place to meet the challenges and changing trends in special
education.
• Sincere efforts should be made to develop good relations between families of
students with disabilities and without disabilities.
• Inclusive education should be flexible. The flexibility in this field should be
reflected in the teaching methods.
• A school should form a support team to develop strategies for the whole school
to meet the requirement of students with special educational needs.
 ROLE OF VARIOUS PROFESSIONALS FOR
CHILDREN'S WITH SPECIAL NEEDS

• School counsellor :- School counsellor is the specialist who work with

students with special needs in schools. A school counsellor is a member of the
Education team who provide valuable assistance to students with special
needs.
• He also helps them with their academic goals, their social, personal and career
development.
• Physiotherapist :- The role of a physiotherapist is to assess and manage
children's and young persons with movement disorder, disability.
• The aim of physiotherapist is to help the children with special needs to their
full potential through providing physical intervention, advice and support.
 CONT..

• Occupational therapist:- an occupational therapist helps children's with special

needs in performing self care skills like eating,bathing,dressing and grooming.
• He also helps children's in participating and interacting with others in play.
• He also play an effective role in helping children with special needs to improve
their fine motor skills and handwriting.
• Physical education teacher:- Physical education teacher need to determine the
abilities of the students with special needs.
• They also need to determine measures to be implemented to support their
participation in sports and fitness.
 CONT..

• Physical education teachers helps students with special needs to improve their
physical fitness. They help in improving hand eye coordination, flexibility ,
muscular strength and endurance.
• Physical education teachers also provide such physical activities for students
with special needs which may help in reducing , anxiety, stress and depression.
• Speech Therapist:- A speech therapist in schools provide treatment , support
and care for students with special needs who have difficulties in communication.
• Speech therapist helps students to gain ability to communicate through speech
and language.
• They also help such students who have fluency disorders like stoppages.
 CONT..

• Special Educator:- The special educator often has students with varying
learning, physical, mental and emotional abilities.
• Special educators main responsibility is to access their students cognitive
abilities.