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 DISORDER AND DISABILITY:

 DISABILITY: A disability is a physical or mental condition that limits a person’s movements,

senses, and activities. Disabilities are visible. A disability is any continuing condition that
restricts everyday activities. The term Disability is a very vast one and encompasses all kinds of
physical impairments, activity limitations, and participation restrictions, CWSN or Children with
Special Needs are children who have some difficulties which may in some way hinder their
ability to function adequately in the family, community or school. Because of these difficulties
they find it challenging to attain their full potential. 3rd December is celebrated as World
Disability Day. To give the effect to the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons
with Disabilities an act named the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act 2016 (RPWD Act
2016) was passed by Indian Parliament on 27th December 2016.

 ACCORDING TO CAMBRIDGE DICTIONARY, DISABILITY IS DEFINED AS, "An illness, injury, or

condition that makes it difficult for someone to do the things that other people do."

 ACCORDING TO THE RIGHTS OF PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES ACT, 2016 "Person with
disability means a person with long term physical, mental, intellectual or sensory impairment
which hinders his full and effective participation in society equally with others.

 DISORDER: A disorder refers to an illness that disrupts the individual functioning. Disorder can
be temporary or permanent .Disorders are not visible, it can be identify through activities. Most
disorders can be treated with medication and therapy and can be cured.

 ORGANIZATIONS PROMOTING DISABILITY SPORTS (SPECIAL OLYMPICS, PARALYMPICS,

DEAFLYMPICS)

 SPECIAL OLYMPICS: Eunice Kennedy Shriver founded the Special Olympics in 1968. Eunice
Kennedy Shriver sister of former president of USA john kennedy . She stared camp Shriver for
children with disabilities at her home in Potomac, Maryland,1962. The purpose of the Special
Olympics is to provide year-round sports training & athletic competition in various Olympic-
type sports for youngsters and adults with intellectual disabilities. It provides opportunities
for athletes to develop their physical fitness, experience the joy of sportsmanship, and
participates in sharing gifts, skills, and friendships with their families, community, and other
Special Olympics athletes. Special Olympic competitions held every day all around the world
including local ,national and regional competitions.

 EKS DAY: Every fourth Saturday in September EKS day is celebrate around the world .

 Mrs. shriver died on august 11,2009.in honour of her life and impact EKS Day is celebrate
across all the national programmers of special Olympics, in the month of September each
year. The official EKS day in 2016 is Saturday, September 24.
 The theme of ‘play unified to live unified’ is a call to action that stems from her teaching that
on the playing field we forget our differences.

 AIMS OF SPECIAL OLYMPICS :

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1. Focus on holistic development and training that goes beyond the classrooms into the
playing fields.
2. Create role models who will inspire the children and also motivate parents into sending
their children to school and to participate in sports and other extra-curricular activities.
3. Train teachers to sensitise them to the needs of special children, and create a cadre of
physical education teachers from among the disabled who can work with schools and
community centres.
4. Ensure all Special Olympics activities; local, state, national and international reflect the
Olympic movement values, standards, ceremonies and events.

 LOGO OF SPECIAL OLYMPICS :

The Special Olympics logo depicts five figures in a unifying circle, symbolizing global
presence. The Special Olympics logo is based on the sculpture "Joy and Happiness to All
the Children of the World" by Zurab Tsereteli.

 The figures have arms in a lowered position, recalling the time when many people
were unaware of the talents and abilities of adults and children with intellectual
disabilities--a time before the founding of Special Olympics.
 The straight arms describe a greater equality and outreach.
 The raised arms represent "joy" and continued realization of ultimate goals.

 OATH OF SPECIAL OLYMPICS:

The Special Olympics athlete's oath, which was first introduced by Eunice Kennedy Shriver at
the inaugural Special Olympics international games in Chicago in 1968, is
"Let me win. But if I cannot win, let me be brave in the attempt."

 SPECIAL OLYMPICS BHARAT:

Special Olympics Bharat is a National Sports Federation also registered under the Indian
Trust Act 1882 in 2001 and is accredited by Special Olympics International to conduct
Special Olympics Programmes in India. It is recognised by the Government of India as a
National Sports Federation in the Priority Category, for development of Sports for Persons
with Intellectual Disabilities and is a designated Nodal Agency for all disabilities on account
of its national presence and experience, especially in rural areas which account for nearly
75 per cent of the disabled population in India. At national level, they are trained to
participate in 24 single and team games by the Sports Authority of India.

 ACHIEVEMENTS OF SPECIAL OLYMPIC BHARAT:

■ Special Olympics Bharat has organized many competitions on National Level in various
disciplines such as; National Badminton Championship, National Volleyball and Basketball
Championship, National games, National Floor Hockey Championships and National Football and
Table Tennis Championship.
■ 885 Special Olympics Bharat athletes have participated in five World Winter
Games and eight World Summer Games between 1987 and 2017 winning a total of 1135 medals;
out of which 359 were gold, 353 silver and 423 bronze medals.
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■ Five National Games held between 2001 and 2011 in different parts of the
country saw participation of 23,750 athletes.
■ First Regional Asia Pacific Games were held in 2012 which saw participation of 400 Special
Olympics Bharat athletes who brought home 387 medals (111 gold, 136 silver and 140 bronze

 1ST TIME: CHICAGO, USA (1968)

 RECENTLY, BERLIN, GERMANY (2023)
 HEADQUARTERS - WASHINGTON DC.
 MOTTO: "Let me win. But if I can't win, let me be brave in the attempt."
 GOVERNING BODY: Special Olympics International
 SPECIAL OLYMPIC LOGO: The logo of Special Olympics is based on the Sculpture
'Joy and Happiness to all Children of the World'.

 SPECIAL OLYMPIC FLAME: The torch that is carried out & lit at Special Olympic Games is
called as the 'Flame of Hope'.
 SPORTS & GAMES IN SPECIAL OLYMPICS: Skiing: Alpine and Cross- country,Swimming: Pool
& Open Water, Gymnastics: Artistic and Rhythmic, Speed Skating, Short Track, Handball,
Netball, Equestrian, Athletics (Track and Field), Softball, Judo, Figure Skating, Badminton,
Power lifting, Floor ball, Basketball.

 PARALYMPICS:

The word “Paralympic” derives from Greek preposition “Para” (beside or alongside) and the
word Olympics” its meaning is that Paralympics are the parallel games to the Olympics.
Paralympic Games or Paralympics is an international multi-sport event for athletes with a range
of disabilities. The event usually takes place every two years and almost immediately after the
Olympic Games. The Paralympic anthm is “ HYMNE DE I’AVENIR” or “ Anthem of future” is
composed by THIERRY DARNIS and adapted as official anthem in march 1996.

THE HISTORY OF PARALYMPIC MOVEMENT:

Sports for athletes with an impairment has existed for more than 100 years, and the first sports
club for the deaf were already in existence in 1888 in Berlin. In 1944, at the request of the British
Government, Dr. Ludwig Gutimann opened a spinal injuries centre at the Stoke Mandeville
Hospital in Great Britain. Dr. Guttmans aim was to create an elite sports competition for people
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with disabilities that would be equivalent to the Olympic Games. In 1948, Sir Ludwig Guttmann
organised a sports competition involving World War II veterans with a spinal cord-related injury
in Stoke Mandeville, England. Four years later, competitors from Holland joined the Games, and
the international movement, now known as THE PARALYMPIC MOVEMENT, was born.
These Games later became the PARALYMPIC GAMES which first took place IN ROME, ITALY IN
1960 featuring 400 athletes from 23 countries. Since then they have taken place every four
years. In 1976 the first Winter Games in Paralympics history were held in Sweden, and as with
the Summer Games, have taken place every four years.

There are two versions of Paralympic games - Winter and Summer Games. All Paralympic
Games are managed by the INTERNATIONAL PARALYMPIC COMMITTEE (IPC). Athletes who
participate have a range of disabilities including impaired muscle power,Impaired passive range
of motion,Limb deficiency, hypertonia, ataxia (lack of legs coordination), vision impairment,
intellectual impairment, leg length difference etc.

1st Time: Rome, Italy Summer (1960)

Recently, Beijing, China (2022)
Headquarters: Bonn, Germany. (1999)

MOTO "Spirit in Motion" (2004) in Athens. The previous "Mind, Body, Spirit,"(1994).
GOVERNING BODY: INTERNATIONAL PARALYMPIC COMMITTEE (IPC)
PARALYMPICS LOGO: The three Agitos encircling a central point symbolize motion, emphasise
the role of the Paralympic Movement in bringing athletes together from all corners of the world
to compete.
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CATEGORIES:- The IPC has established ten disability categories, including physical, visual and
intellectual impairment.Athletes with one of these disabilities can compete in the Paralympics
though not every sport can allow for every disability category. These categories apply to both
Summer and Winter Paralympics.

1. PHYSICAL IMPAIRMENT: There are eight different types of physical impairment:

(i) Impaired muscle power:( ( spinal cord injury, spina bifida, post-polio syndrome)
.
(ii) Impaired passive range of movement.

(iii) Loss of limb or limb deficiency : A total or partial absence of bones or joints from partial or
total loss due to illness, trauma or congenital limb deficiency.

(iv) Leg-length difference

(v) Short stature: Standing height is reduced due to shortened legs, arms and trunk.

(vi) Hypertonia: Hypertonia is marked by an abnormal increase in muscle tension and reduced
ability of a muscle to stretch.

(vii) Ataxia: Ataxia is an impairment that consists of a lack of coordination of muscle

movements.eg., cerebral palsy, Friedreich's ataxia, multiple sclerosis.

(viii) Athetosis : Athetosis is generally characterized by unbalanced, involuntary movements and

a difficulty maintaining a symmetrical posture (eg., cerebral palsy, choreoathetosis).

2. VISUAL IMPAIRMENT: Athletes with visual impairment ranging from partial vision, sufficient
to be judged legally blind, to total blindness. This includes impairment of one or more
component of the visual system - eye structure, receptors, optic nerve pathway and visual
cortex.
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3. INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY: Athletes with a significant impairment in intellectual functioning

and associated limitations in adaptive behaviour fall under the category of intellectual disability.
The IPC primarily serves athletes with physical disabilities, but the Intellectual Disability group
has been added to some Paralympic Games. This includes only athletes with exceptional athletic
ability who have intellectual disabilities diagnosed before the age of 18.

 SPORTS & GAMES IN PARALYMPIC GAMES: Athletics, Archery, Badminton, Boccia, Canoeing,
Cycling, Equestrian, Football 5-a-side, Goalball, Rowing, Shooting, Judo, Powerlifting, Sitting
Volleyball, Swimming, Table Tennis, Triathlon, Taekwondo, Wheelchair Basketball, Wheelchair
Fencing, Wheelchair Tennis, an Wheelchair Rugby.

 OPENING CEREMONY: As mandated by the Paralympic Charter, various elements frame the
opening ceremony of the Paralympic Games. Most of these rituals were established at the 1920
Summer Olympics in Antwerp. The ceremony typically starts with the hoisting of the host
country's flag and performance of its national anthem. Unlike the Olympic Games, Immediately
after the national anthems the athletes parade into the stadium grouped by nation. Since
the 1988 Summer Paralympics, the host nation presents artistic displays of music, singing,
dance, and theatre representative of its culture. Speeches are given, formally opening the
games. Finally, the Paralympic torch is brought into the stadium and passed on until it
reaches the final torch carrier-often a Paralympic athlete from the host nation- who lights the
Paralympic flame in the stadium's cauldron.

 CLOSING CEREMONY: The closing ceremony of the Paralympic Games takes place after all
sporting events have concluded. Flag-bearers from each participating country enter, followed
by the athletes who enter together, without any national distinction. The Paralympic flag is
taken down. Since the 1988 Winter Paralympics, with some exceptions, the national flag of the
country hosting the next summer or Winter Paralympic Games is hoisted while the
corresponding national anthem is played. The games are officially closed, and the Paralympic
flame is extinguished. After these compulsory elements, the next host nation briefly introduces
itself with artistic displays of dance and theater representative of its culture.

 DEAFLYMPICS:
Deaflympics is an international Olympic event at which deaf athletes compete. Unlike other
Paralympic events, deaf athletes cannot be guided by sounds like referee whistle, gunshot etc.
Therefore, special arrangements are made for the deaf athletes at Deaflympics such as waving
a flag, using light instead of gunshots etc.
The Deaflympics are more than just the world's second oldest multiple sports after Olympics.
These games are the world's fastest growing sports events. The Deaflympics are an equivalent
to the Olympic Games for deaf athletes. The eligibility criteria to compete at the Deaflympic
Games the athletes must have a hearing loss of minimum 55% decibel in their better ear.
Hearing aid, cochlear implants etc. are not allowed to be used in the competition.
The sportsincluded in Summer Deaflympics are Athletics, Badminton, Basketball, Beach
Volleyball, Bowling, Cycling Road, Football, Handball, Judo, Shooting, Karate, Orienteering,
Swimming, Table Tennis, etc.
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The sports that are included Winter Deaflympics are Alpine skiing, Cross-country skiing,
Curling, Ice Hockey, and Snowboard.

WADA –WORLD ANTI-DOPING AGENCY the fully enforce drug free sports in deaflympic.

 GOVERNING BODY (ICSD): INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE OF SPORTS FOR THE DEAF

 1st TIME: 1924 IN PARIS, FRANCE SUMMER DEAFLYMPICS
 Winter-DEAFLYMPICS GERMAN: 1949
 RECENTLY WINTER, 2019 Italy, 2023Quebec City Canada
 Summer 2021 Brazil. Summer Deaflympics 2025 Tokyo, Japan.
 Headquarters: Lausanne, Switzerland(1924)
 MOTTO: "PER LUDOS AEQUALITAS" (Equality through
sport)and sticking tothe ideals of the Olympics

 DEAFLYMPICS LOGO:
The logo, designed in 2003 by graphic design artist RALPH FERNANDEZ, is a positive and
powerful symbol of deaf sports community. Its logo is inspired by the sign for Olympics. The
circle in the middle represents an eye because deaf people are very visual. The four colors of
the logo i.e. red, green, yellow and blue represent the four regional confederations of the
International Committee of Sports for Deaf viz. Europe, Asia Pacific, Pan-America and Africa.
It ties together the strong elements, sign language, deaf and international cultures, unity and
continuity

The main purpose of Deaflympics is to provide opportunities to person with hearing disability
to participate in elite sports.

 CONCEPT OF INCLUSION IN SPORTS

INTRODUCTION Inclusion is about participation for all. According to UNESCO, Inclusion is
defined as, "A process of addressing and responding to the diversity of needs of all children,
youth and adults through increasing participation in learning, cultures and communities,
reducing and eliminating exclusion within and from education.
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MEANING OF INCLUSION IN SPORTS. Children with disabilities face a great deal of barriers that
limit their participation in sport. Some of these barriers are physical, while others are created
by a lack of awareness and opportunity. Other common barriers faced by individuals with
disabilities include a lack of opportunity in sport, a lack of accessible facilities to play sport, and
limited information to resources about sport. "Inclusion in sport" then, would be the idea of
breaking down these barriers, so that all children have equal opportunity to play sports,
regardless of disability. It means to create learning environments where students with
disabilities are engaging with their peers without disabilities, accessing and participating In the
physical education curriculum in meaningful ways.

 ENCOURAGING INCLUSION THROUGH PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORTS

Inclusive education is the process of ensuring that all children, regardless of their abilities or have
equal access to education in a regular classroom setting. Encouraging the inclusion of children with
special needs is an important aspect of creating an inclusive education system. Family, schools and
other organisations play an important role in inclusion through Physical Education and Sports which
is described below: disabilities.

1. Role of Family: The family plays an important role in encouraging a healthy lifestyle for a
child with a disability A CWSN may require a structured life routine where participation in
recreational games and sports plays a very important role in developing a healthy mind and
body of the child. Parents should observe the child's different abilities and take professional
help to enable them to excel in their area. This will help in developing a healthy mind and body
of the child. Intramural and extramural completion also part of this.

2. Role of School: Schools play an important role in providing a structured programme for
CWSN that includes co-scholastic activities and sports. A teacher or a coach can help a child to
transit towards competitive sports under different organizations such as Special Olympics,
Paralympics etc.. Schools should also provide infrastructure that meets the needs of CWSN.

3. Role of Organisations: There are some organisations working at the grass root level to
promote adapted sports. These organisations are responsible for training teachers and coaches
for teaching. Coaching and organising sports events at Zonal, District, State, National and
International levels.

4. Role of society: society pay a important role for the overall development of human.Society
is the common home for all which we need from birth to death and is important to live life in a
very comfortable way with participation in many societal works termed as social work for which
one should fulfill his duties in order to his responsibilities.

NEED FOR INCLUSION IN SPORTS (IMP)

1. To provide equal opportunities: There have been efforts internationally to include children
with disabilities in sports. In order to achieve truly inclusive community, we need to think about
and incorporate children with special needs into regular sports and give equal opportunities to
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children with special needs as given to any other child. special needs. In
2. To promote uniqueness of each student: Each and every child is unique with some effective
inclusive sports programmes, coaches adapt activities to include all children, even though their
individual goals may be different. Inclusion in sports is a better way to help all students
succeed.
3. To promote awareness and sensitivity: In an inclusive sport setting, low-achieving students
or children with special needs are able to get extra help. Classmates or friends of students with
disabilities also experience growth in social cognition. They are sensitized of each other's
strengths and weaknesses and can learn from each other.
4. To Build Self Esteem: Inclusion in sports lets kids observe and talk about diverse playing
patterns and the manner in which everyone learns to play in their own way. CWSN may find
that they have more in common with other students and this goes a long way in building self-
esteem. Special needs individuals show marked improvement in self-confidence if they play in a
regular game.
5.To develop Social and Communication Skills: Inclusive sports provide abundant opportunities
to children with disabilities and those without disabilities - to have better social relations
amongst themselves. Since social skills are learnt properly through observation and imitation,
students wit special needs get a better understanding of the world around them by being part
of a regular spor programme.
6. To create a Sense of Belonging: Inclusive sports helps all children to be part of a community
an develop a sense of belonging. This makes them better prepared for life as they learn to value
eac other despite their differences.

 IMPLEMENTATION OF INCLUSION IN SPORTS

In India, there is a large number of children and individuals with disabilities or special needs
who face challenges in accessing education, particularly inclusive education. It is important to
implement inclusive education in India not only to provide benefits of inclusion to all individuals
but also to ensure optimal utilization of resources.
Following measures should be taken for effective implementation of inclusive education:
1. Ensuring effective implementation of the Right to Education in all states so that every child
receives education, including children with special needs.
2. Equipping teachers, especially in rural areas, through appropriate training and in-service
workshops to teach CWSN in an inclusive classroom.
3. Developing a support team through regular analysis of schools, curriculum and amenities in
order to give access to the regular curriculum methods to children with difficulties in learning.
4. Encouraging a flexible approach towards curriculum transaction allows teachers and students
to identify and solve problems that arise during the teaching and learning process.
5. Involving parents as partners and as a resource in the decision-making process for enhancing
their child's learning so that a collaborative effort results in effective inclusive education.
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6. Viewing all children based on their abilities rather than their disabilities. Recognizing the
talents, capabilities and abilities of children with special needs, rather than showing sympathy,
can help promote their self-esteem.
7. To ensure optimal learning and development of children with special needs, schools and
classes should be designed in ways that cater to their specific requirements.
8. Developing education goals according to each child's abilities. Curriculum experts should
carefully design programmes so that the curriculum is made parallel for all the children with or
without special needs in inclusive education..
9. To ensure successful implementation of inclusive education, it is crucial to promote positive
relationships and understanding among families of students with and without disabilities. This
will create a harmonious environment for all students to develop healthy relationships and
pave the way for effective inclusive education.
10.Providing students related materials like uniforms, books, stationery, transport allowance,
stipend for girls, boarding and lodging facilities, therapeutic services, teaching and learning
materials, assistive devices, etc., to CWSN from the school.

 ADVANTAGES OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITIES FOR CHILDREN WITH SPECIAL NEEDS (imp)

Children with special needs have less opportunity to be less physically active and, therefore, are
at higher risk for complications associated with inactivity. Physical activities can play an
important part in the life of children with special needs.
1. Physical Benefits
2. Mental benefits.
3. Emotional Benefits
4. Improvement in social skills
5. Improvement in quality of life.
6. Mode of Recreation and Fun.
7. Decrease risk of health complications
8. Increased Independence
9. Boost self-esteem
10. Increase sleep and appetite
11. Improvement in emotional health
12. Cognitive benefits

1. Physical Benefits: Children with special needs often have difficulty with motor skills such as
jump- ing, running etc. Physical activities help these children to improve their motor skills and
physical fitness.
2.Mental benefits: Physical activities are beneficial for both the child's body as well as their
mind. These help to improve mood and general wellness of the child. These also help to
increase social awareness and self confidence in children with special needs. Thus, physical
activities contribute to the mental well-being of the child
3. Emotional Benefits: CWSN often tend to have more emotional problems like depression.
Partici WITH SPED pating in regular exercise can decrease rates of depression. Physical activities
help to improve the psychological and emotional wellbeing of the child with special needs
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4. Improvement in social skills: Physical activities provide an opportunity for more social
interac tion. The child does not feel isolated. It has been observed that children with special
needs show Improvement in behaviour, academics, self-confidence and building friendships
when they take part in physical activities.
5. Improvement in quality of life: By playing games and doing physical activities, children get to
experience a sense of accomplishment and possibly the taste of winning or personal
satisfaction. Thus, physical activities help in improving the quality of life of children with special
needs.
6. Mode of Recreation and Fun: CWSN frequently miss out on social activities, recreation and
fun. Participation in extracurricular and sports activities can help them overcome this obstacle,
provid- ing them with the ability to engage in social interactions, make friends and initiate social
skills.
7. Decrease risk of health complications Physical activities decrease the risk of secondary
health complications such as obesity, high blood pressure and diabetes.
8. Increased Independence: For a person with disability, participation in Physical Education and
sports can lead to more independence and freedom. Increased physical strength and energy
that - nificant hee come from regular exercise allows persons with disability to do more daily
tasks without assis tance.
9. Boost self-esteem: Physical activities bring about positive changes in their health, improve
quality ditional he tain a reg e greater be of life and are a great boost for the self-esteem in
children with special needs
10. Increase sleep and appetite: Involvement in Physical activities increases appetite of the
child and also helps in improving the quality of sleep. The child sleeps better and more
peacefully than be- fore.
11. Improvement in emotional health: Physical activities help to improve the psychological and
emo- tional wellbeing of the child with special needs..
12. Cognitive benefits: Physical activities help the child to learn about his/her strengths and
weaknesses. These also help to improve cognitive development and enhance concentration of
the child.

 STRATEGIES TO MAKE PHYSICAL ACTIVITIES ACCESSIBLE FOR CHILDREN WITH SPECIAL

NEEDS
Children with special needs such as those with speech, language or hearing impairment,
autism, blindness, other health impairments etc. should also be involved in physical activities so
as to enhance their motor skills. It is very important to make physical activities accessible to
these children. The following strategies can prove to be helpful in doing so.
1. Adaptive Physical Education: Physical disabilities should not exclude students from
participating in gym activities. Depending on a student's disability, adapta- as jum physic tions
can be done to suit the needs of the child. dy awar
2. Clear Communication: Children with special needs should be given advance information
about activity, space, resource person or any change in activity. Different instructional
strategies such as verbal, visual and peer teaching should be used to clearly communicate
information to children. If necessary, a communication.
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3. Disturbance free and Modified Space: For CWSN, the area for the physical activity should be
board or communication book could be used. limited. Space for activities should be disturbance
free. It is always better to start with indoor space. Boundaries should be demarcated clearly as
starting point, finishing point, sitting area.
4. Modify Rules as per needs of Children: The rules of physical activities should be modified
accord lowed to play in outdoor space also. ing to abilities of the children with special needs.
Gradual progression from an easy set to rules to a relatively difficult one can be done over time.
5. Involve people with disabilities in decision making: It should also be ensured that people
with disabilities are involved at all stages of planning and implementing community physical
education
6. Encourage Community Based Programs: Community based programs should be provided to
meet programs. the needs of children. physically active are available and accessible to children
with special needs such as offering safe, accessible and attractive trails for bicycling, walking
and wheelchair activities.
7. Provide Training and Employment Opportunities: People with disabilities should be
recruited for training and employment in field of leisure and sports.
8. Use Different types of Instructional Strategies: The use of different mediums of instruction.
like instructional strategies include; Pictorial books to explain the rules of the game, Visual
teaching, Verbal instructions, teaching amongst their peers etc. This helps to make the child
more independent in learning about the physical activity.
9. Social strategies: Allow the children to choose a sport they enjoy They should be encouraged
to watch others. Then, they can be imparted individual training and transferred to a small group
under some supervision. They should be motivated with positive feedback.
10. Psychological strategies: Children with special needs should be motivated to participate in
physi- cal activities because they generally have psychological barriers due to limited access to
sports in the past.
11. Development of Volunteering services: A nationwide volunteering service for sport and
physical activity for people with disabilities should be developed. This could be made possible
through Local Sports Partnerships.
12. Regular Medical checkups: Regular medical checkups are important to understand about
the type of disability of the child and thus help in deciding the physical activities which would
be safe for the child.
13. Use of Special Equipment: The equipment required for physical activities should be
according to the needs of the child. These should be of different shapes, colors and sizes as that
helps to gather the interest of the child. If required, modifications can be done to the
equipment to make it more

GENERAL KNOWLEDGE
■ CORTISOL Harmon is Stress Harmon
■ SEROTONIN HARMON is carries messages between nerve cells in the brain and
throughout your body.
■ DOPAMINE HARMON is involved in: Movement. Memory. Pleasurable reward and
motivation.
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