THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

LAB 10

PRESENTED BY WALAA AL JOHANI

 THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM PRODUCES HORMONES

• Endocrine system: collection of specialized cells, and tissues that secrete

hormones
• Endocrine glands: ductless organs that secrete hormones into blood, interstitial
fluid and lymph
• Hormones:
• Chemical messengers secreted by endocrine glands
• Circulate in the bloodstream
 secrete into
Glands bloodstream

to
hormones

target tissues
• Hormones act on specific cells in the body (target cells)
that have the appropriate hormone receptor.
• Result in a slow but a prolonged response
 ENDOCRINE ORGANS & CELLS

• Purely endocrine organs

• Pituitary gland
• Pineal gland
• Thyroid gland
• Parathyroid glands
• Adrenal: 2 glands
• Cortex
• Medulla
• Endocrine cells in other organs
• Pancreas
• Thymus
• Gonads (testes, ovaries)
• Hypothalamus
 PITUITARY GLAND

• Located at the base of the brain hypothalamus

• Controlled by the hypothalamus

• Two lobes
• Anterior lobe
• Posterior lobe

Posterior pituitary
Anterior pituitary

Section of pituitary gland under light microscope

 PITUITARY GLAND HORMONES
*Doesn’t produce
hormones
*Stores and
releases hormones
of hypothalamus
Growth hormone (GH)
Follicle-stimulating (FSH)
Luteinizing (LH) Anterior
Thyroid-stimulating (TSH)
Lobe
Adrenocorticotropic Prolactin Oxytocin
(ACTH)

Posterior
Produces and
releases
Lobe
hormones
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
 HYPOTHALAMUS

• Produces two hormones:

• Oxytocin
• Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

• Hormones transported to the posterior pituitary for storage

• Directs posterior pituitary to release hormones

Section of pituitary gland joined to hypothalamus

 THE PINEAL GLAND

• At the end of a short stalk on the roof of the diencephalon

• Secretes: Melatonin

Thyroid Gland and Parathyroid Glands

❖Thyroid gland is located below the larynx
❖Hormones : -T3 -T4
-Calcitonin

❖Parathyroid glands embedded in back of thyroid

❖Hormones : Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
 Opening to
trachea

Larynx

Thyroid gland
Parathyroids

Trachea

Anterior Posterior
(front) (back)
 ADRENAL GLANDS

• Located on top of each kidney

• Divided into the adrenal medulla and adrenal cortex
• Adrenal medulla
• Hormones
• Epinephrine (Adrenalin)
• Norepinephrine (Noradrenaline)
• Adrenal cortex
• Secretes many hormones, but main ones are
• Aldosterone
• Cortisol
 PANCREAS

• Located behind the stomach Liver

• Pancreatic hormones are involved in

regulating blood glucose levels
• Hormones:
* Insulin
* Glucagon

Pancreas
 THYMUS GLAND
Thymus
• Located in the upper chest,
over the heart
Behind sternum and between
lungs.
• This gland is largest and
most active during childhood
Thymus
• secretes thymosin and
thymopoietin
 GONADS

• Gonads
• Testes (testosterone) = Male sex characteristics
• Ovaries (estrogen) = Female sex characteristics

Ovaries

Testes
 Anterior
Pituitary

Pituitary gland

Posterior
Thyroid Pituitary

Pancreas
Thymus gland The brain

The heart