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DIVERSITY AND SPATIAL DIFFERENTIATION IN
THE CITY(unit2)
MOVEMENT & SETTLEMENT IN THE CITIES
Why do People move?
The geographical response of rural-urban migration to unequal
growth is human. Besides forced relocation of refugees, most of
them move for economic reasons. Migration implies in several
models. Migration was an answer to classical economic models
in the 1960s to distinguish between employment and pay rates.
Migration, as a mechanism that combines labor supply with
demand and contributes to the country's
economic growth. A second, neo-classical economic outlook
described migration as a way for people to select a sound
economy based on current or potential advantages.
In more recent interpretations, the emphasis on the systemic
forces underlying spatial variations of economic opportunities
was a political, economical approach. This historical-structural
perspective stresses the importance of developmental level in
deciding the scale and type of migration and emphasizes that
migration's various factors related to development vary from one
country to another over time. This study is specifically related to
the inclusion in the world economy of Third World countries.
The urban prejudice inherent in the Third World's colonial
capitalist growth brought a substantial difference into
communities mostly egalitarian, with most citizens having
access to some nation. The conventional socio-economic system
weakened by the need for labor in the capitalist production
mode. These have also been accomplished by limiting farmers'
access to land resources and pushing them to work as salaried
laborers in the capitalistic sector (either by forced labor regimes
or indirectly by taxation).
Furthermore, the rural communities witnessed and accepted
their relative misery as their integration progressed. Although
some have tried to change their rural areas (adaptation), those in
cities (migrations) have seen better prospects. Following
independence, national efforts to achieve rapid economic growth
have had a powerful effect on migration levels and trends,
primarily by intensifying natural resources extraction,
commercialization of farming, and industrialization.
The historical-structural aspect of the 'development paradigm
of migration' highlights that migration is not a single
phenomenon. It is also a human response to changing local
conditions in a global economic system. It highlights the need to
appreciate both the systemic factors (e.g., global economic trend,
government policies, and technological innovations) and
individual household circumstances (e.g., socio-economic status,
age, and sex) for understanding third-world migration.
The Decision to Move
The Decision-making process for residential housing results
from tension induced by the conflict between the household's
needs, desires, and ambitions in its actual living environment. As
we all know, stress can come within (like change in family size)
or from outside (like the expiration of home lease). They may
also be residential (such as a need for an additional bedroom) or
locational (e.g., longer trips to work because of a job
modification). When this occurs, relationship between the degree
of progress (what decision-makers already have) and
expectations are affected by the stressor.
The Search for a New Home
Whether the decision to move or switch house is voluntary or
forced, all relocating households must:
 Specify an 'aspiration set' of criteria for evaluating
new dwellings and living environments.
 Undertake a search for homes that satisfy these
criteria; and
 Select a specific dwelling unit.
New housing is evaluated based on the site characteristics
(dwelling attributes) and situational characteristics
(neighborhood physical and social environment). The lower
limits of the household's goal dictate the house's characteristics
currently being occupied, while the household may reasonably
aspire to the upper limits. These expectations, in most cases, are
dictated by income limitation. Still, other considerations,
including a willingness to evade certain areas that do not adhere
to a specific lifestyle, may be included as indicated in the value
expectancy model.
Based on their aspiration, people start a search procedure to
find a proper new residence. There is a spatial bias in this quest.
It is conceptualizing the city as comprising four types of space:
 Raise the costs of gathering information (e.g.,
Because of lack of transportation or time
limitations for women with children); and
 Limit the choice of housing units and locations
available (e.g., due to financial conditions or
discrimination in the housing market).
A new home's possible choice is based on increased
satisfaction generated (place utility) by a transfer. However, it is
essential to regard that several households in every city where a
residence is restricted, to the degree that behavioral models have
limited relevance. These subgroups include the disabled, the
elderly, the unemployed, transients, and groups with special
needs, including single parents and former institutions' offenders
and homeless people with a street living. Concentrating on the
restrictions placed on residential transfers highlights the
fundamental importance of the housing sector framework to
condition residential mobility.
POLITICAL FACTOR
According to the Organization for International Migration,
approximately 192 million people live outside of their
birthplace. A large number of these people are migrant workers
and make up 3% of the world's population. In searching for
better economic conditions, human beings have always migrated
from one place to another. But apart from economic factors,
there are political factors that force people to migrate from their
home country to another country.
1. State Persecution
State persecution includes harassing, discriminating, and
torturing persons who disagree with their government, who have
religious beliefs or cultural backgrounds of minorities. Since
their country's conditions are unhealthy, their choice is to move
to safer nations.
2. Lack of Political Liberties
The lack of political freedoms and privileges and endemic
corruption
serve as a driving force for migration seeking liberty and
equality. Even though people who migrated has no problem in
their places of birth, concerns that limit people's freedoms cause
them to leave. If the political situation is aggressive, then the
economic situation is likely to be weak. For political and
economic reasons, this triggers migration.
Many migrants migrate to more democratic countries where
they can seek better jobs, education, and independence.
3. Cultural-Political
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Political instability created by cultural diversity allows
individuals with a specific cultural identity to move within the
country or away from their homeland. As a result of conflicts or
racial clashes, the ethical communities initially left apart may be
forced into the same territorial borders. The influx of one ethnic
group may replace another group. Governments may also force
cultural organizations to migrate from one place to another
(within or outside the country) to achieve political benefit by
providing less cultural diversity.
ECONOMIC FACTOR
The majority of research shows that economic factors
primarily drive migration. Low agricultural wages, agricultural
unemployment, and underemployment are considered
fundamental elements in developing countries that push migrants
into industrialized areas with more excellent career
opportunities. Thus, almost all reports conclude that most
migrants have migrated in search of more substantial economic
opportunities 'Push Factors' and 'Pull Factors'- may be further
classified as the fundamental economic factors that motivate
migration.
The Push Factors force a person to leave that location and go
to another area for various reasons. Stagnant productivity,
unemployment and underdevelopment, economic challenges,
inadequate resources for progress, the depletion of natural
capital, and natural disasters are the main drivers. The
introduction of capital-intensive production methods into
agriculture and some operations' mechanization decrease labor
requirements in rural areas. Migration is also a significant factor
in the shortage of alternate sources of income available in rural
areas.
The Pull Factors are factors that attract the migrants to a
location. Opportunities for better jobs, higher salaries, facilities,
better working conditions, and desirable amenities are pull
factors in a city.
CULTURAL AND SOCIAL FACTOR
Cultural reasons for migration may include the pursuit of
education or religious freedom. People can also migrate from
their society to places that have already been settled by others.
Social migration is moving towards a higher quality of life,
closer to family or friends. City culture is a part of living in a
city wherein people love and consider to be necessary. Culture
emerges from the history of a community as a product of the
shared experiences of its people. There might be more than one
culture in a city. For instance, cosmopolitan cities may be seen
as a patchwork of traditional culture subcultures and super
cultures.
 Food - The culture of food production, variety,
planning, display, service, and appreciation occurs in a
city. A unique style of cuisine attracts many residents in
the city. For example, many of the Pampanga residents
are moving to Angeles City and San Fernando City
because of the variety of delicious foods. Just like in
other country Filipinos people love to eat.
 Education - As far as education is concerned, many
parents send their children, or even the whole family, to
countries with prestigious schools such as Harvard and
Oxford in America.
 Quality of life - Quality of life is the wellbeing of
people, communities, and cultures. It is a comprehensive
indicator that can be used to evaluate efforts to improve
cities and countries. Just like living conditions, safety
precautions, and the most important thing is happiness
that you need to experience when you're in the city.
STRUCTURAL DETERMINANTS OF MIGRATION
Migration in the Third World affects a variety of factors
associated with the development process. They can be divided
into influences of rural push and urban pull.
RURAL PUSH FACTORS
Population-growth rates high rate of population growth in
rural areas are among the most prevalent factors for migration.
In the 1950s and 1960s, migration was regarded as the
movement of surplus labor, informing the economic paradigm of
migration. However, the leading cause of emigration is not
populational growth alone. Instead, the demographic pressure's
impact must be seen in tandem with other mechanisms that do
not sufficiently meet a rising rural population's needs. Access to
land is one of the most urgent conditions.
• Pressure on land
Migration is often a direct reaction to a situation where the
quantity of land available to sustain a family is no longer
adequate. Over many decades, development and subdivision in
rural Mexico led to families rising inadequate land to meet their
needs. The situation is aggravated by centralized ownership of
the land, as Shaw (1976) showed in Latin America. The average
rural migration rate was highest in countries such as Mexico and
Peru, where over half of the land was used as latifundia (states
over 500 ha, 1 200 acres) and more than half (less than 5 ha,
12acres) of all farms.
• Land quality
Migration also affects the quality or appropriateness of land
for agriculture. In many instances, the colonization of
Amazonia's rich land resources struggled to mitigate the land
deficit due to its inappropriateness in many crops. Similarly,
population growth and agricultural land scarcity in many areas
of Asia drive people into
marginal ecological areas or increase their land-use intensity,
leading to decreased soil fertility.
• Agricultural inefficiency
The effects of rural population growth are compounded in the
general rural and agricultural sectors, particularly by the slow
economic and technological changes. The persistence of
inefficient agriculture and the lack of farm capital limit farmers'
capacity to provide the cash needed for market economy
participation. Regional expansion of the rural economy's non-
agricultural sector often decreases local jobs. Under these
conditions, labor migration offers low rural households with
difficulty meeting the essential livelihood requirement on the
ground, an invaluable source of cash income.
• Agricultural intensification
The intensification of agriculture and modern farming
practices has led to absorbing rural population growth (in Java
and the Indian Punjab, for example). It also had the opposite
impact by replacing farm workers with mechanically and
technologically intensive farms. Thousands of paddy farmers
have been displaced in Malaysia. The government has tried to
increase rice production productivity with investment in large
irrigation systems and scattered paddy farms. Without
alternative rural jobs, landless workers have migrated to the
cities to look for employment. In Latin America, agrarian reform
programs freed farmers from 'feudal' labor structures with
previously limited migration.
URBAN PULL FACTORS
• Wage and employment differentials
Higher wages and more diverse job opportunities are the
principal cause of rural-urban migration in the region. There is
ample evidence that migration trends shift as a result of shifts
between destinations' income differentials.
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10 Comparison concerning urban and rural standards of
living is complicated by:
• The disparities in living costs must be considered, which is
generally much lower due to cheaper food, electricity, transport,
and accommodation.
• The higher levels of collective consumption in the city,
better education and healthcare, more clean water, and more
electric energy are accessible; and
• The need for separation, given the lack of importance of
untrained rural migrants for average urban wage rates.
Nevertheless, the likelihood of economic development for
migrants in the region is usually more substantial. While many
urban residents live in precarious circumstances, many consider
themselves economically better off than before moving to the
city. Even some of Jakarta's poorest street vendors, whose
families couldn't feed, registered better in the town because of
two-thirds of their profits. Similarly, the cities have twice as
many working days as some of the most destitute rural migrants
to Delhi, leading to two and a half times those in the village.
• Future prospects
A few observers have challenged the connection between
urban jobs and migration because of large-scale rural-urban
migration and increasing urban poverty and unemployment.
Todaro (1969) proposed that migrants who take a longer-term
view of their living standards' future improvement may clarify
this apparent paradox. Even if only for their children, people
were considered able to tolerate short-term difficulties expecting
that economic benefit and social security would increase in the
longer term.
• Bright lights
The city's social attraction has been suggested to describe
rural-urban migration as a noneconomic factor. Most migrants,
however, don't have the money to use the interests of the region.
Although the 'bright lights' could influence a migrant's choice
among several possible destinations, the definition does not
clarify the migration's first choice. Furthermore, the busy climate
of the city provides many migrants with fewer attractions than
their home town.