Carbohydrates

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Carbohydrates…

…are composed of
(C) carbon,
(H) hydrogen and
(O) oxygen
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Carbohydrates…
General formula can be written in 3
different ways;

a) CnH2nOn

b) Cn(H2O)n

c) (CH2O)n
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Carbohydrates…
According to formula;
CnH2nOn
Ex1: If n = 5 then the molecule is
named as a pentose sugar

Ex2: If n = 6 then the molecule is

named as a hexose sugar
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Carbohydrates…

They are
energy
producers at
the same time
structural
essentials
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Carbohydrates…
…are stored as starch in plants
(ex: potato).
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Carbohydrates…
…and also as glycogen in animals
(ex: liver).
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The difference between starch and
Carbohydrates…
glycogen is their bond formation.

(a sort of starch; 1,4 glycosidic

bonds; Spiral structure)

(a sort of starch; 1,4 and some 1,6

glycosidic bonds; branched structure)
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Carbohydrates…
… can be easily removed from the
body (Hoh 🡪 CO2, H2O 🡪 while
urinating)
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Carbohydrates…
… are classified according
to their sugar amount as;
a) Monosaccharides
b) Disaccharides
c) Polysaccharides
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Carbohydrates…
Let`s Learn the
Latin numbers!!!
(7)
(1)
(5)
(9)
(3)Hepta
Mono
Penta
Nona
Tri
(10)
(4)
(6)
(8)
(2)Tetra
Hexa
Octa
Deka
Di
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Carbohydrates…

a) Monosaccharides
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Best known monosaccharides
Carbohydrates… are …
a) Pentose sugars

Deoxyribose Ribose

CH2OH O OH CH2OH O OH

OH H OH OH
In DNA In RNA
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Best known monosaccharides
Carbohydrates… are …
b) Hexose sugars

Glucose Fructose Galactose

CH2OH CH2OH
O
CH2OH O
O
OH OH
OH OH CH2
OH
OH OH OH OH OH OH OH
OH
OH
In table sugar In fruits In milk
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Carbohydrates…
Monosaccharides are
produced in two
different processes;
a) Photosynthesis
b) Chemosynthesis

Hot magma releases smoke in the

ocean floor. Creatures around
survive through a process called as
chemosynthesis
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Carbohydrates…
Monosaccharides
can be transported
through the cell
membrane easily.
Because their
shape is small
enough to fit the
pores on the cell
membrane.
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Carbohydrates…

b) Disaccharides
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Carbohydrates…
Disaccharides are formed
by the condensation of two
monosaccharides with a
glycosidic bond.

Glucose Glucose
Fructose
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Carbohydrates…
CH2-OH CH2-OH

C O C O

C C C C

C C C C
OH OH
O
Glycosidic Bond H2O
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Carbohydrates…
Best known disaccharides are Maltose …

Glucose + Glucose → Maltose + H2O

Glucose Glucose

H2O
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Carbohydrates…
…Sucrose …

Glucose + Fructose → Sucrose + H2O

Glucose
Fructose

H2O
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…Carbohydrates…
and Lactose.

Glucose + Galactose → Lactose + H2O

Glucose Galactose

H2O
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Carbohydrates…
Maltose is found in graminase (wheat,
rye, barley, maize etc.),

Wheat Barley
Rye
Maize
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Carbohydrates…
Sucrose is found in sugar cane and
sugar beet.

sugar beet transport

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Carbohydrates…
Lactose is found in milk.
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Carbohydrates…

Break down of disaccharides (ex: maltose and sucrose)

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Carbohydrates…

c) Polysaccharides
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More than two monosaccharides form
Carbohydrates…
polysaccharides by condensation
reactions.
Glu Glu Glu Glu Glu Glu Glu Glu

Glu

Gl
Glu Glu Glu Glu Glu Glu Glu

u
u
Gl
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These condensation reactions take place
Carbohydrates…
in photosynthetic tissues of plants.

Fern leaves
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Later, they are stored as starch in
Carbohydrates…
leucoplasts (=colorless plastid that
accumulates starch)

Starch granules
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After consuming and digesting, animals
Carbohydrates…
convert starch into glycogen in their
liver and muscles.

Liver 1.Biceps muscle 2.Triceps muscle

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✔There are two sorts of glycogen;

Carbohydrates…

muscle and liver glycogen.

Glycogen is stored in these
organs for future usage.

✔Since glycogen is only found in

animals it is also named as animal
starch.
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✔ Carbohydrates…
Condensation reactions are as
follows…
Glu1+ Glu2 + Glu3 +……+ Glun→ Polysaccharide + (n-1) H2O

✔Best known polysaccharides are…

Starch
Information is given previously…
Glycogen
Chitin …will be explained…
Cellulose
☯ Carbohydrates…
(Chitin)
Chitin forms the exoskeleton of arthropods…

Exoskeleton of a Hercules Beetle

Instead of an internal skeleton, the Hercules beetle, like other insects and
crustaceans, has an exoskeleton covering the outside of the body. This
exoskeleton provides support for the body much as an internal skeleton does in
higher animals. It also provides protection from predators.
☯ Carbohydrates… (Chitin)

Centipede Ghost crab

Shrimp & Sea anemone

Spider Lobster
Different types of arthropods
 ☯ Carbohydrates…
(Cellulose)
✔Cellulose forms the rigid cell walls of the plant cells.

Plasmolysis in a parenchymatic cell, cell walls are made up of cellulose

☯ Carbohydrates…
(Cellulose)

Cellulose
(1,4 glycosidic bonds)
☯ Carbohydrates… (Cellulose)
✔Cellulose is used in the production of paper,
plastic, synthetic silk, some explosives,
photographic films etc.

Celluloid (a kind of plastic) is used in

Paper is a cellulosic product.
making combs, brushes, and buttons.
☯ Carbohydrates…
(Cellulose)
… synthetic silk, photographic films…

A film stript Turkish Silk…

☯ Carbohydrates…
(Cellulose) … some explosives…

Modern fireworks are composed of perchlorate, organic substances

like starch or sugar, petroleum products, and trace amounts of
metals to give color.
☯ Carbohydrates…
(Cellulose)

✔Human body is incapable of cellulose digestion. But

ruminants digest cellulose by the help of cellulosic
bacteria that are present in their 4 chambered
stomach.
This isThe End
Hold your breath and count to 10
Feel the Earth move and then,
Hear my heart burst again,