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A Short Communication: Contamination and Toxicity Pigment Red

53, Rhodamine B, and Sudan III in Indonesian Cosmetics

Elanda Fikri1,2, Yura Witsqa Firmansyah3*

1
Environmental Sanitation Department, Bandung Health Polytechnic, Bandung, Indonesia
2
Center of Excellence on Utilization of Local Material for Health Improvement, Bandung Health Polytechnic,
Indonesia
3
Program Doctoral Environmental Sciences, Graduate School, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Indonesia
*Corresponding author: firmansyahyura@gmail.com

Received: May 2, 2023 Approved: May 9, 2023

Abstract
The high sales of cosmetic products in the world are not directly proportional to the good quality of cosmetic
products. The The Food and Drug Administration (BPOM) declared, from October 2021 to August 2022
as many as 1 million pieces of cosmetic products contain Pigment Red 53, Rhodamine B, and Sudan III
which are hazardous and prohibited ingredients. This study aims to disseminate information on case reports
and toxicity of Pigment Red 53, Rhodamine B, and Sudan III contamination in Indonesian cosmetics. The
study used a descriptive method with a case report study design. The study used secondary data, namely a
list of cosmetic products containing Pigment Red 53, Rhodamine B, and Sudan III obtained from the
website of the Indonesian authorities through the BPOM. Data collection was carried out on 4-5 October
2022. The BPOM declared 16 cosmetic products from 5 incorporated containing Pigment Red 53,
Rhodamine B, and Sudan III. Undoubtedly, BPOM reported cases of Pigment Red 53, Rhodamin B, and
Sudan III contamination still occurring from October 2021 to August 2022. The existence of these dyes
should not be used as a mixture of cosmetics and personal care. In line with dangerous toxicity, these dyes
are mutagenic, genotoxic, and carcinogenic. The BPOM must work even harder in its efforts to monitor
safe cosmetic products to protect the health of the Indonesian people .
Keywords: BPOM, cosmetics, pigment red 53, rhodamine B, Sudan III

Abstrak
Tingginya penjualan produk kosmetik di dunia tidak berbanding lurus dengan kualitas produk kosmetik
yang baik. Badan Pengawas Obat dan Makanan (BPOM) menyatakan, sejak Oktober 2021 hingga Agustus
2022 sebanyak 1 juta keping produk kosmetik mengandung Pigment Red 53, Rhodamine B, dan Sudan III
yang merupakan bahan berbahaya dan dilarang. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menyebarluaskan informasi
laporan kasus dan toksisitas kontaminasi Pigment Red 53, Rhodamine B, dan Sudan III pada kosmetik
Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif dengan desain case report study. Penelitian
menggunakan data sekunder yaitu daftar produk kosmetik yang mengandung Pigment Red 53, Rhodamine
B, dan Sudan III yang diperoleh dari website otoritas Indonesia melalui BPOM. Pengumpulan data
dilakukan pada 4-5 Oktober 2022. BPOM menyatakan 16 produk kosmetik dari 5 yang terbukti
mengandung Pigment Red 53, Rhodamine B, dan Sudan III. BPOM melaporkan kasus kontaminasi Pigmen
Red 53, Rhodamin B, dan Sudan III masih terjadi sejak Oktober 2021 hingga Agustus 2022. Keberadaan
zat pewarna tersebut sebaiknya tidak digunakan sebagai bahan campuran kosmetik dan perawatan tubuh.
Sejalan dengan toksisitas yang berbahaya, pewarna ini bersifat mutagenik, genotoksik, dan karsinogenik.
BPOM harus bekerja lebih keras lagi dalam upaya pengawasan produk kosmetik yang aman untuk
melindungi kesehatan masyarakat Indonesia.
Kata Kunci: BPOM, pigmen merah 53, rodamin B, Sudan III

1. Introduction
The Association of Indonesian Cosmetics Companies and Associations stated that sales of cosmetics
in Indonesia in 2021 will reach USD 7.45 million, which has increase by 7% from 2020 [1].The increase
in sales of cosmetics in Indonesia must be in line with the quality of good and safe cosmetic products. Good
quality and safe cosmetic products are rights that must be obtained by Indonesian consumers and the global
community. Safe and good quality cosmetic products mean freedom from physical, chemical, and
biological use or contamination. The quality of good and safe cosmetic products is still not met in Indonesia,
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in November 2018 the The Food and Drug Administration (BPOM) Indonesia declared four out of six
lipstick cosmetic products found Pigment Red 53 [2]. From 2016 to 2021, the number of illegal cosmetics
found identified as hazardous materials increased from 0.65% to 0.74%, with a total economic value of
IDR 185.9 billion [3,4]. Recently, from October 2021 to August 2022, 1 million pieces of illegal cosmetics
containing prohibited or dangerous ingredients were sold with an economic value of IDR 34.4 billion [5].
The contamination reported was the presence of Pigment Red 53, rhodamine B, and Sudan III in several
cosmetic products.
Pigment Red 53 (C.I. 15585, D&C Red No. 8) belongs to the β-naphthol lake pigment which has red
color properties, is a fast solvent, and has high color resistance.[6] The use of Pigment Red 53 is generally
intended for large-scale printing [7]. In addition, it is also used as a powder coating and rubber. In line with
rhodamine B, which has bright color properties, it is often used as a dye by many industries, such as leather,
porcelain, paper, textiles, and paint [8,9]. Meanwhile, Sudan III belongs to the azo dyes which contain
substituent groups connected by N=N bonds [10]. In general, Sudan III is widely used for dyeing in various
commercial and manufacturing industries, including in textiles and food. The nature of azo dyes can
produce one or more aromatic amine metabolites so Sudan III is often used as hair coloring agent, additional
dyes, substances, and various foods [11]. Pigment Red 53, rhodamine B, and Sudan III are dyes that are
prohibited for use in cosmetic, food and skincare products.
Cosmetics are preparations or materials that are applied to the outside of the human body with the
aim of cleaning, smelling, changing appearance, improving body odor, and maintaining the body [12]. So
the presence of dangerous chemicals such as Pigment Red 53, rhodamine B, and Sudan III are not allowed
in cosmetic products [13]. The United States and the European Union have banned these three dyes since
1988. While Indonesia banned Pigment Red 53 and Rhodamine B in 1990 through decree
00386/C/SK/II/90, Sudan dyes have been banned since 1985 through a Minister of Health Regulation.
Republic of Indonesia number 239/Men.Kes/Per/V/85. The ban is based on the toxic effects of the three
dyes which are harmful to public health. This study aims to disseminate information of case reports and
toxicity of Pigment Red 53, Rhodamine B, and Sudan III contamination in Indonesian cosmetics.

2. Material and Methods

The study used a descriptive method with a case report study design. The study used secondary data,
namely a list of cosmetic products containing Pigment Red 53, Rhodamine B, and Sudan III obtained from
the website of the Indonesian authorities through the The BPOM and journals to deepen the discussion of
the public health impact it has caused. The study used qualitative data including product names, names and
addresses of manufacturers or importers or distributors, and the ingredients found. The study used
quantitative data as the distribution permit number. Data collection was carried out on 4-5 October 2022.

3. Results and Discussion

The results of searching and collecting data from the The Food and Drug Administration (BPOM)
Indonesia found 5 incorporations whose products were identified as Pigment Red 53, Rhodamine B, and
Sudan III. A total of three cosmetic products from Tjhindatama Mulia Inc. were withdrawn from the market.
Other companies whose product was recalled were Selamat Makmur Inc. three products; Kilau Cahaya Inc.
three products; Jenny Cosmetics Inc. two products; Tirta Candra Mulia Inc. five products. Complete data
is presented in Table 1.

Table 1. List of Cosmetics Containing Hazardous Ingredients October 2021 - August 2022
Brand Number of Distribution Name and Address Contamination
Permit Incorporated
MADAME GIE sweet cheek NA11191205581 Tjhindatama Mulia Pigment Red 53
blused 03 Inc.
MADAME GIE nail shell 14 NA11191505046 Tjhindatama Mulia Rhodamine B
Inc.
MADAME GIE nail shell 10 NA11191505045 Tjhindatama Mulia Rhodamine B
Inc.
CASANDRA Lip balm care NA18201301842 Selamat Makmur Inc. Sudan III
with aloe vera (strawberry)
CASANDRA Lip balm magic NA18181304152 Selamat Makmur Inc. Sudan III
(strawberry)
CASANDRA Lip balm magic NA18181304153 Selamat Makmur Inc. Sudan III
(orange)
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Brand Number of Distribution Name and Address Contamination

Permit Incorporated
LOVES ME keep color trio NKIT200001911 Kilau Cahaya Inc. Rhodamine B
eyeshadow LM3044 04 Divided to,
LOVES ME eyeshadow
03 (NA1120120070)
LOVES ME eyeshadow
05 (NA1120120092)
LOVES ME eyeshadow
11 (NA1120120086)
LOVES ME the matte NKIT200001917 Kilau Cahaya Inc. Rhodamine B
eyeshadow LM3016 02 Divided to,
LOVES ME eyeshadow
01 (NA11201200788)
LOVES ME eyeshadow
02 (NA11201200789)
LOVES ME eyeshadow
03 (NA11201200790)
LOVES ME eyeshadow
04 (NA11201200791)
LOVES ME eyeshadow
06 (NA11201200793)
LOVES ME eyeshadow
12 (NA11201200787)

LOVES ME the matte NKIT200001915 Kilau Cahaya Inc. Rhodamine B

eyeshadow LM3022 04 Divided to,
LOVES ME eyeshadow
01 (NA11201200788)
LOVES ME eyeshadow
02 (NA11201200789)
LOVES ME eyeshadow
08 (NA11201200785)
LOVES ME eyeshadow
10 (NA11201200794)
MISS GIRL eyeshadow + blush Eyeshadow: Jenny Cosmetics Inc. Pigment Red 53
on No.2 NA11181204409
Blush on:
NA11181204438
MISS GIRL eyeshadow + blush Eyeshadow: Jenny Cosmetics Inc. Pigment Red 53
on No.3 NA11181204408
Blush on:
NA11181204437
MISS ROSE matte 33 orchid NA11191306045 Tirta Chandra Mulia Pigment Red 53 and
7301-043B33 Inc. Rhodamine B
MISS ROSE matte 46 love bug NA11191306050 Tirta Chandra Mulia Pigment Red 53
7301-043B46 Inc.
MISS ROSE matte 52 americano NA11191306054 Tirta Chandra Mulia Pigment Red 53
7301-043B52 Inc.
MISS ROSE matte 48 beeper NA11191306051 Tirta Chandra Mulia Pigment Red 53
7301-043B48 Inc.
MISS ROSE matte 50 loved NA11191306053 Tirta Chandra Mulia Pigment Red 53 and
7301-043B50 Inc. Rhodamine B
Source: [5]

Table 1 shows the results of sampling and testing from October 2021 to August 2022 by the The
BPOM. There were 16 products from 5 incorporated which were contaminated with Pigment Red 53,
Rhodamine B, and Sudan III. Related to these findings, BPOM through the Centers/Central Offices/Loka
for Food and Drug Administration (POM) throughout Indonesia has conducted control of production and
distribution facilities, including retail. Meanwhile for the cosmetics found, the follow-up has been carried

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out in the form of revocation of distribution permits for products registered with BPOM, withdrawal from
circulation, and destruction of products that do not have distribution permits.
Pigment Red 53 has a tendency to be yellow than Pigment Red 57:1 or it is better called "warm red"
(Picture 1). Pigment Red 53 has a high level of durability and brightness. In addition, Pigment Red 53 has
a sensitivity to acids or alkalis. Pigment Red 53 is most commonly used for ink coloring because the dye
has good heat stability and solvent resistance. Moreover, Pigment Red 53 is also used in the rubber and
plastics industry, as a result, the value High-density polyethylene (HDP) is heat resistant for 260/5
minutes.[14] Pigment Red 53 is also often misused for food coloring, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. In
comparison, the use of Pigment Red 53 in this industry should not be done. In an animal experimental
study, 40% of animals exposed to Pigment Red 53 developed cancer. The exposure is non-genotoxic with
a CI value of 15585 and a MOE higher than a safety factor of 100, the CI value indicates Pigment Red 53
does not have a serious health risk impact on consumers. Pigment Red 53 can cause damage to human skin
cells and increase the production of pro-inflammatory compounds. Pigment Red 53 can cause inflammation
and increased oxidative damage to the skin. In addition, Pigment Red 53 may contribute to the development
of inflammatory skin conditions, such as dermatitis and eczema. It is necessary to avoid using Pigment Red
53 in a mixture of cosmetic products but should be avoided for public health preventive [7].

Picture 1. Chemical Structure of Red 53 Dyes [22]

Rhodamine B is a fluorescent xanthene dye (Picture 2), one of which is soluble in water.
Rhodamine B is often found in crystalline powder form. Rhodamine B has a green or reddish-purple color,
odorless, when dissolved in a solution it will glow bright red/fluorescent [15]. Rhodamin B is a coloring
agent that is often used in the arts and crafts industry [16]. For example, to make wax crayons and stationery
containing ink or gel. The Chemical and Products Database finds Rhodamine B used as a colorant, cosmetic
colorant, and personal care (body hygiene and body soap) [16]. Rhodamine B is classified into xanthene
dyes and is carcinogenic. Because Rhodamine B has an alkyl structure (CH3-CH3), which is toxic and
composed of chlorine (Cl) [17]. The core structure of Rhodamine B is that polyaromatic hydrocarbons
(PAHs) will become active radicand compounds when activated by cytochrome P-50 enzymes. Rodamin
B dyes can cause damage to human skin cells and induce DNA damage. In addition, exposure to Rodamin
B on the skin can also increase the production of free radicals and decrease the antioxidant activity of skin
cells, which can worsen skin conditions [17].

Picture 2. Chemical Structure of Rhodamine B [23]

Sudan III belongs to the azo dyes which contain substituent groups connected by N=N. Sudan III
has a red or orange hue color characteristic (Picture 3) [9,10]. In anaerobic conditions, azobenzene
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reductase can reduce azo dyes to amines. Sudan III dyes are classified as azo dyes which are widely used
in the synthetic industry such as textiles, printing inks, and plastics. In 2010, Sudan III was identified in the
cosmetic product Lipstick China [18]. The use of Sudan III in personal care, cosmetic products, and food
has been banned by all state health authorities. In line with the dangers of toxicity, some Sudan dye
metabolites are classified as aromatic amines which can trigger epigenetic changes. The study of the
dangers of exposure to Sudan III in humans has limitations, but in vivo experimental studies in rabbits and
mice, it triggers mutagenesis. Sudan III dyes can cause skin irritation and aggravate existing skin conditions,
such as dermatitis. In addition, Sudan III dyes can also affect the antioxidant balance of the skin and increase
the production of free radicals, which can cause cell damage and inflammation in the skin. Furthermore,
the toxicity to animals of some azo dyes and their metabolites is genotoxic and carcinogenic [19,20,21].

Picture 3. Chemical Structure of Sudan III [24]

Reports of cases of Pigment Red 53, Rhodamine B, and Sudan III contamination occurred from
October 2021 to August 2022. The delay by BPOM in declaring these case reports meant that the public
had been exposed to these chemicals within 1 year. As a result and consideration of exposure to the toxicity
of prohibited and hazardous materials, this study has an important contribution in disseminating information
on case reports and their toxic effects.

4. Conclusion
The Food and Drug Administration (BPOM) declared 16 cosmetic products from 5 incorporated
containing Pigment Red 53, Rhodamine B, and Sudan III. The existence of these dyes should not be used
as a mixture of cosmetics and personal care. In line with dangerous toxicity, these dyes are mutagenic,
genotoxic, and carcinogenic. Undoubtedly, BPOM reported cases of Pigment Red 53, Rhodamin B, and
Sudan III contamination are still occurring from October 2021 to August 2022. The Food and Drug
Supervisory Agency must work even harder in its efforts to monitor safe cosmetic products to protect the
health of the Indonesian people.

5. Acknowledgment
The authors would like to thank the BPOM for providing data on cosmetics containing red pigment
53, Rhodamine B, and sudan III; Politeknik Kementerian Kesehatan Bandung and Universitas Sebelas
Maret for supporting this study

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