GROUP -15 ( NITROGEN FAMILY )

N Nitrogen Own as
P Phosphorus Itfetictaotgeenkg
As Arsenic
means
Sb Antimony causing
Bi Bismuth suffocation

occurrence
molecular nitrogen is 782
by volume of atmosphere
N1
trogen r ound in form of proteins
in plants and animals
In earth's crust it is
present in mainly two forms
Minerals Chile saltpetre Nanos g
Indian saltpetre KNos
or
Bengal
n
cells
Bones
living
asphosphoproteins in
phosphorus milk eggs
Af0aatmi.tey

Minerals Phosphate caxz 3cazcpq.ge

rocks x F A OH
9 g
Fluoroapatite chloroafoatite Hydroxyapatite

As Sb Bi found as sulphide minerals

 General properties atoms
of
of an element
req
qmin.no
for formation
of a molecule
Nature Physical State Atomicity Allotropes
N non metal gas 2 X

p non metal solid 4

As metalloid solid 4
Sb Metalloid solid 4
Bi Metal solid

size IE DegH EN
µ t've
TimnacIease
p

vaec.IE
As

vine
Egoen.qigdesvaec.covalencyRoa.ns8fakt

Etfobxi.li feEEaobxi.lisIyfEEtsafgi.lisIyuof
N 3 4
P 3,5 4,6
As 3,5 4,6 7
Sb 35 4,6 g dec Inc Dec
Bi 35 6 v v v
i i

C with
charge inu metallic studied in
character inert pair effect
some important points
i estates
In case
of nitrogen oxidation
from TI to 4 tendtodisprofortionate
in acidic medium
ez 3 a
3HN02 at HtN
zt divot H2O

v imp
pen

2 In case of phosphorus nearly all the

intermediate oxidation States undergo
disproportionation in both acidic and
alkaline medium

0 3 I
inert
Ppt NAOH atmosphere PHz t NathPon
I 3 3 U imp
H3PO2 4booc.g Hz Post PHz mins

3 5 3
1931703 1431004 t Pff
1740 C
Anomalousproperties of nitrogen
Unique ability to form lost lost bonds with
small sized and
itself and with other
high EN elements like c o
f II o's
It can't form dot dot bond
maximum covalency 4
unlike heavier elements of the family It
can't provide d orbital for the formation
of dot pot bond
Nitrogen is most non metallic in Gr is
Nitrogen is gas rest are solids
Nitrogencompounds has high covalent character
weaker catenation tendency
N n to more
weak due
LP LP repulsion

7 small
size

High EN
Reasons of
anomalous
behaviour
High IE t're DegH

Lack of vacant d orbital

in valence shell

Maximum catenation ability in Gr 15 P

 General compounds
v.im
I Hydrides
Hydrogen containing compounds
EHz typectzihydride EHStype pentahydride
NHS Ammonia do not exist
PHz Phosphine Reason
Astiz Arsine Lack of d orbital
Sbtb stibine contraction
N lack of d orbital in
BiHz Bismuthine valence shell

Bond Thermal
length BDE
stability
Bahgnede Effigies Reducing
power
NH3
PH3
AsHz
SbHz
Dec dec
Bi Hz V tha v dec v dec v v vine
due to Inc B L

atoms
E sp3hybridised central are present
in which of the following hydrides
NHz kHz AI Hz EbHz BiHz
No
 dec bond
Explanation of angle
1070 NH3
3P repulsion A
PH3 B
µ y
Aste dec bond angle H
ago SbHs
Bites
y

Explanation of basic strength

NH3 Idea density

e NHz t Ht spojetfeaf dec
V on central
PHz
atom pHzt Ht zs is extent
overlap v of
ASH's
v e dec basic
Astyt Ht 4S IS overlap
overlap u
with
Sbtb Strength sbHztHt 5Sorebreaf
Ht
Bites Bites f Ht cos is v
overlap

Explanation of reducing power

HT reducing agent
NHz Bites
Inc BL
inc tendency to loose HI
inc reducing
power
 point order of Gr 15
hydrides
Boiling Sb As NHz Hz PHg
Biltz Hz

explanation
NHS e weak H bond

Bit sabiswaaes.fm

Melting point order of Gr 15

hydrides
NHz BiHz SbHz AsHz PHg

explanation
NHz s strong H bond

Bit sabiswaaea.info
II3
Binary metal compounds die Ht Hydride
Hao
ex
AngzNz 3mg 2N t Hao s
Mg OH zt NHS
CazPz 36ft 2ps t H2O Calo Hkt PHz
2h3Asa t H2o Zn OH zt AsHz
MgzSb2 t Hao s
ng const Sbtb
Naz Bi t die HU s NaCl BiHz
EA EHz hydrides of Gr 15 are colourless toxic
gases down the group toxicity increases
2g oxides
3 t5
Trioxides Ez03 Pentoxides CEOs
N203
I acidic
N205
1303 10205
As2031 175205 all acidic
amphoteric
SbzO3 Sb205
BizOz basic Biz 05

Pentoxides acidic
are
generally more
than
corresponding trioxide of an element
E5 Sen Et
Acidic decreases down the group
strength0205 Biz05
acidic

the reactions
complete
3 following
3
i NzOz t H2O 2 HN Oz
I HNog t NO H2O

O
N Ht to more EN
o OH to less EN
µt OH
For hydrolysis
 3 3
Hii 10406 t H2O 1131003

OH
o H O
P
P P Dos P P
H
fly
o
H H
np
H f o
µ

5 5
iii N20g t H2O 2 HNB

O O
11 11
iii
off O

5 5
iv 104010 t H2O HzP0q
is

I 0Th O
11
O Piglet
O P off
f 10
P 04,0 0
HOXoµ
Ipfw
Iron
0
 44 3 5
V
Nozt H2O HNozt HNS
N204
No Cor Nzq is mixed
0
t anhydrideoxide of HNoz HNS
4747 n
o

5
Vi P4Ozt H2O 31951
3 t I HjP0q

3p
O
f pt3
pl
511
O

3 5
Vii P4Op t H2O 2 typos t 2431004

spl O
o

pl
511
0

Lviii P Og t H2O Itb Post 31431004

3
P O
5 O
0 10 1 0 pts O
l O
pl
511
O
 “FOR YOUR TEETH”
Tooth enamel ,cavity formation and fluorolysis:
. Enamel is the hardest substance in the human body containing highest percentage of
minerals(~96%).

.The primary mineral is hydroxyapatite {3Ca3(PO4)2 . Ca(OH)2}

.When pH is below 5.5, tooth cavities are formed as acid dissolves tooth enamel.
.Sugars and acids from candies, soft drinks play a significant role in tooth decay and
consequently in enamel destruction.
OO
p
e
.Presence of fluoride cause remineralisation into fluoridated hydroxyapatite and fluorapatite
which resist acid attack much better than the original tooth did.
(Fluorapatite is much harder than hydroxyapatite)
Toothpastes contain Fluorides.

.Maximum permissible concentration of Fluoride ion in drinking water is : 1 ppm

.Excess of fluoride causes brown mottling of teeth, harm to bones.

000
00
O
 Answer the following questions:

Nitrogen exists
Nz not as as N
while phosphorus exists as not as
conditions
Pz in ordinary why
ANI N N
B
P P
Y I PpI BDE

n p

QQ Both nitrogen and phosphorus have

exactly half filled valence f subshell
still
nitrogen has t've DegH but Phas
we begH why
ANI
mise interelectronic repulsion in N
due to smaller size

QQ.kz0 oexistsbutRzN 0 does not why

ANI
covalency of N t 5
R
Ryno exists as right
R
o
QQ Phosphorus has more catenation
ability than nitrogen why
Anis p p N N
BDE

QQ There is considerable increase in

covalent radius from N to P but from
As to Be only a small increase in
covalent radius is observed why
ANSI due to poor shielding by d f e
size inc at slower rate down the group

QQ The ionisation energy of group 15 elements

is much
greater than that of group 14
elements in the corresponding periods why
AND Half filled configuration as is
smaller size
QQ Bismuth is metal suggest a reaction
a
where it can
gain electronics to form
compound having re ox State on Bi
3
ANSI Bi N
NagBi
k
KacNticcNsa
k4 NiccNH
Ciccone KIM Keaton
QQ P and As form dot dot bonds Give example
ANI
PX PR PPL
AsXz AsRs

synergic bonding
in co ordination compounds
 Halides
9mi
A Trihalides Exz
All trihalides are covalent except Bifs
ionic

Only stable trihalide of nitrogen is NE

µ z dry
unstable explosive
longer Bond
X Ce Br I length
steric repulsions

Hydrolysis
N Eg t ordinary No reaction
H2O conditions
Reason Both N F not have
does
vacant orbital to accept LP from H2o

Nyt H2O 3 HOU t NHz

explanation
if zg Tote can't be given to N as N
N does not have vacant orbital
a
ima
09

a
sooo
 Paz t H2O 3HU t Hz1003
Dibasicacid
explanation o
Il
TH ut p H
peu f
Tony fat
fill
As t H2O HzAs0zt3HU
office fariabaasig on
As gHEE l
Tor a
HO
As OH

Sb Uz t H2O b U It 2HU
q
Bi Ug t H2O Bioluthajet t 2h9
Reason of partial hydrolysis
Biou Bist02 a

mqgkmimonetallibca.de aracter more tendency to

extra
NE undergoes hydrolysis under drastic
conditions via SN path

NB NE t F
Hao
I p
no.ms n98HbY
HOMO e
H2O
B Pentahalides Exes

if NXg are not known because covalency

of N Can't be 5

Bits is not known because Bits oxidiser

I seducer
Bi 5 51 BiIztIz

PIG is not known due to steric repulsion

stable pentahalide of Bi Bies

Only
Bist can't oxidise FT

e All known pentahalides are covalent

Xax
e
Xer axial bond lengths doe more
than bond lengths
eg
E eg equatorial
axial bonds face more
2ebulsion than equatorial bonds
a

solid Pag exists as punt Cpus

t
solid PBrg exists as PB Br
PBro unknown stericsepulsion
 Hydrolysis
PAS T H2O pours 2HUaiae Partial Hydrolysis
limited
H2O

Past H2O HzF0 t SHU Complete

hydrolysis
exc

QQ Pentahalides of group 15 are more covalent

than their corresponding trihalides why
Anse Ets Ets Ets more polarising power

compounds with metals

examples
N 3 nitride LizN ALN MgzN2
p 3 phosphide CasPz AlP
As 3 Arsenide MgzAs2
Sb 3 Antimonide 2ns Sbz
Bi 3 Bismuthide Naz Bi 2h3 Biz

p3 PHz toxic
when fish like smell
 Compounds of Nitrogen

Dinitrogen Nz
v v.v Imp
Preparation
i Industrial method
Fractional
Liquid air Nz distills
Distillation
first leaving
behind Oz

Boiling point of Nz Boiling point of 021

Ii Lab method
A
NH U t NaN 02 boil
Naut NI t 2h20
ag j og
A
NH N0z T 300 C
Nz9 t 2h20
NO HN 03
Impurities
solution is passed through
Purification
acidified kzCrz07
two N 05

origin of impurity NOI yeydrolysis HNoz

µNozt NO
 metal azide
Iii Heating of
very pure Nz
is obtained by heating
Ba
of azide of Na or

INI
Na N3 s Na s t 3zNzT
T zoo

Ba N3 z s Bak t 3h29
gooey

Qg

O
O
Iv Heating of Hazczot
volcanic Reaction
s Nz t t 4h20
144724207 oozy CZ
careens
range residue
used in
fireworks

Basic
concept
Ammonium salt having A
Nz oxide of
oxidising anion CTE 300 C nitrogen
e NH N02 S b
NLT t 2h20
b
N'H4NOz S N204 t 2h20
Nitrousoxide
B F 029 t 2h20
T 300 C Nat

N Ha D
2CzO7 s Nzt Crag t 4h20

Trick Remove as much water from

salt as you can
v oxidation of ammonia
µ 92 BK Geo Pbo Ice Nz
NHz
3 o o l s
NHz xc.j t Iz N2tHUN NHqd

N Hz t 92 exc Naz HU

3 o l
NHz xc.jt Boz Nz t NH B2

N Hz t Brz exc NBB 1 HBR

2 O O
3
NHz t Pb0 red hot Nzt Pbt H2O

3 12 O O
NHz t Cao s Na t Cee t Hao
Red hot

3 I 0
NHzt OU Nz t a f H2o
Frombleachingpowder

advanced
Tee
3 I 2
µµz Ice Gluelodelatinbrytht a f H2o
Frombleachingpowder
Hydrazine
Vi Alkali metal nitrate Alkali metal Nzln
s s

5 O
o
D ti
kN Og t k Kao t Na
S s

vii NHzcontaining t HN02 Nz T

compound

ex

11 3 t3 o
C t 2 HN
NHz N Hz 02 Nzt Cost H2O
Urea

Properties
i Almost inert at
room temperature
gas
due to bonddissociation energy and
very high
lack of bond polarity

Iii Reactivity inc with inc temperature

 No gin
no
Metal
nitride I li3N
M3N2
Estoy
metae
EE
V
je CNFcyanamide
Tv c N
H2 2 D
Nz 1CalcNz
NH te
Haber's process catalyst Nitrolim
Oz D
a
fertiliser
vT 2000K
NO Nitric oxide

Hydrolysis of calcium cyanamide

Catt 2
CN2
0
N C N 21420 H N c N H 1 2 OH
OHOH
µt Ht 0jC
H NICE N H H N N H
HI unstable
H

oho H2O
2 H 11TH
EH H2O
coz coz 1 NHz HLN3C µ
NHz tea

CaccN2 t H exc Caco3t NHz

Acid Rain
µ o lightning NO air
Noz
H2O
sHNOztHN03
strikes a
1
Not HN
 Ammonia NHS

Preparation

ifMetalnitzededitHt
tk0_NHzpEEMgzNz.t
H2o Mg Hkt NHS T
Iii Ammonium salt having D
non
oxidising or N test

weakly oxidising
ex
S NH T t HUT
Ntfa
NH 2C s 2NH3T t C0214 H2O Le
A
1443250419 2N Hgt t 142504
S
NH 3100419 3NHgt HzPop

Hq z 0415 2NHzTtEtat t EET t HaoT

oxalic acid
Hidaka 2NH3tH2
µ Eo to
In above shown heating effects no
residue is
left in which option
ANI
Ciii
base
Ammonium salt stronger S NHz
than N Hz
D
EI NYU t NaOH NHzT t Nau t H2O
SB WB
NH4 250g t CaOH z 2MHzT t CaSog 21120
SB BI

Gov Nitratee.CN051 amphoteric alkali Nyt

Nitrite NOI element

concept amteehomtermit alkali HIT oxy salt

reducer

g NTI t fine s ITH t tho

Coxidiser
ex
I Zn t NaOH t Nang NHztNa22nOzt
NadenGHI
Al t KOH t KNOz NHztKAIOztt
KCAL10h34
Industrial method Haber's process

Nz g t 3Hz g s
2MHz l DH 0

Temperature 700K
Pressure zoo atm
old FelalongYiothmmffegg
Catalysts
modern Iron oxide t Abn031 1520
traces
 i
FEaE
az

pfqftfi.ggq.EE
Properties of NHS
1 Highly soluble in water because it foams
H bonds with water

121 Et's aqueous solution is weakly basic

EI Pungent smelling gas

Reaction with acids

NHS t BFz s Hz N E
F

Z NHz t H2S04 s 4472504

NHz t HU N
tha

EI Reaction with metal salts

case i metal ion from s

p block

metal ag Nhs metal hydroxide exc NHS insoluble

salt
NHgOH
tt
rngt2tNH 0H MEfutt Feige
insoluble
Pbt2 t NH 0H spgbwff.ge zdt NHI
exc insoluble
 Alt't NH40H Affgtfbdt NHI
exc S insoluble
NH
exc
Nat Alcott 4
NaOH Goluble
case 2 metal ion from d block

Most of the d block cations

form complex
with ligands NHz IN ICN 52032
by direct
reaction

HgzH Hgt2 feet3 Mnt2 do not form

complex on direct reaction with NHz

All silver compounds dissolve in exc

of aq NHS by forming complex except

1gas AffI Aga FeCCN 6

Soluble
d block ag Nhs s ppt exc
E metal
salt NH3 Insoluble

i Znt2aq t NHaOH Zn 0h12 v t NHI

white

2T
2n NHgk exc NH3
Colourless solution
Ii Cut aq t NHpOH Cee cont
ft NHI
Blue
at
exc N Hs
NHS
Square deep blue sun
pungy

iii t NH IH NicoHk
Nitfaq ut NHI
Green

2T
Ni MHz 6 exc NHS

blue solution

iv Cr taq t NH IH Cr OH 3 ut NHI
Green
3T
exc NHS
MHz 6

Pink solution
 v Agtcaq t NHaOH Ago I tNHI t Hao
Brown

exc NHS
AgNHzk
colourless
solution
NCERT

Vi Agtcog ta Aga d
white

Ag NHS 2Ice exc NHS

colourless
Soth

Vii Cd2t t NH OH 7 Cd conk It NHpt

white

2T
cd NH31 exc

Colourless50in NHS
Viii Feast NHaOH FGOsutko ut NHau
N
Brown

insoluble exc NHS

Amidomercuricchloride
2 t2
ix NHz Hg Yik Lt Hee
Hgazt ag white
insoluble
exc NHS

Disproportionation
tl 0 2
X
Hg2U2tNHf ggHeyg
Lt Hg I tt Hcl
J s
Chik
trick HgzUz Hoyt Hayek

Xi Mnt2 t NH 0H inn OH 2ft NHI

white
insa
Black
6th air
5
inn
Pictorial presentation of reaction of aq. Ammonia with Cu2+

verysmug Little
amount of NHz more NHz

Aq Cut2
eight blue Pbt
of AkoHb

exc
NHS

finally 080
00

Deep blue ppt

dissolves
solution
 Tests of NHS

Nessler s HX NHA
reagent U'BTI white fumes

yellow brown
Gesiduelsolution
NHz
Ha z COIN021631
Myelin H2EPTUD
H k PtU6 d
Ht yellow
3
Cocnoz G

alkaline kz HgI Nessler's reagent

NHzt Kz t KOH KI THI
HgI4 Hyo Hg
yellowbrown
Ntftion iodide of
Milton's base

Tee
QQ NHzadvanceds
by Can be dried Strongest known
dehydratingagent

A Con 172504 acid B 104010 acidic

X X
YbHase
Habs04 I
NasY3cgoCNH4bP04Cc7anhyd.ca
Ck D anhyd Cao
X NHS basic Quicklime
CaUjNNH3
addition
compound
is dried anhydrous Cao
 of
Me

NHzt Nessler's reagent

white fumes of
NHall

j NH's
acidic medium

ag NazkoCNO2 g ppt of
Ha z Co N0276

H k Pta
 Oxides of Nitrogen
Nitrous oxide
i
H2O

Other names Nitrogen I oxide

Dinitrogen monoxide
Laughing gas
structure
N Nt I Tv_tN o
more stable
3 N N BO 725

Preparation
NH4N03 s Nzot 2h20
HNozt NHzOH NzOt 2h20 Cunstable
Naiturgus Hydroxyl
amine trick HNOztNH2oH HzNz0ztH2O
oN2
Properties
Jct supports combustion
Ct Nyo t coat Nzt
Nature Neutral
Pat Nz0DD Paolo tNzt
Physical State Gas cut Nao Ciro tN2T
Colour colourless St Nao sort Nz9
NaNH2tN20 NaNgtNHzttf0
Magnetic Diamagnetic
behaviour
2 Nitric oxide
two

other names nitrogen I oxidie

Nitrogen monoxide

structure
N c N
13.0 2.5

Preparation Nato 1200052NO

HNO2 Mi HN 7 Not H2O
Pt catalyst 4 Not 6h20
4NHzt 502 Sook
ntrolled oxidation of NHS

Properties
Liquid1s
Nature Neutral
diamagnetic
Physical State Gas c exist as weak
colour colourless dimer
2 3 0
Magnetic Paramagnetic Not NaOH Hightemskwangt Natty
2 to ti
behaviour in gas Not NaOH Nanozt Not
H2O

3 trioxide
 g
f 203

Other names nitrogen III oxide

Dinitrogen trioxide

structure
0
O N N O
N N
o 1
mains NCERT ladvanced
for
Preparation

Not NO2 N2O3

Effigy SH
g g

Properties

Nature Acidic E Room

N203 temp Not Noz
Physical state Liqlsolid
Colour Blue

Magnetic Diamagnetic
behaviour
4 Nitrogen Dioxide
FIOS

Other names nitrogen II oxide

Nitrogen dioxide

structure
sp2 Bent
N shaped
0 1340 so

Preparation
D
metal nitrate smoextafetNozntoza
Naik Rb Cs
pb N 332 b s Pbo NET 02T
Not air Noon

Properties

Nature Acidic odd e occupies

Physical state gas hybrid orbital
Colour Reddish brown
magnetic Paramagnetic
behaviour
E Dinitrogen tetroxide thot

other names
dimer of
Nitrogen I oxide

structure o
o
N N
01T to

Preparation
2 g cooling NzO
Noy
Us

Properties

Nature acidic
Physical state liglsolid
colour colourless

magnetic Diamagnetic
behaviour
6 Dinitrogen Pentoxide
10205

Other names Nitrogen I oxide

Dinitrogen pentoxide

structure
o
H t j
NOI NOI
o Y o Nyo f
as

Preparation
4HN0ztPqQo 2102051 4141003

dehydrating
agent

Properties Good oxidiser

o
5 0 5
N205 12 1205 tN2
Nature strongly acidic used for
Physical state solid estimation of co
colour white
N2O5t Na NaN03tN02
Magnetic Diamagnetic Na Nat e
behaviour of 5 N2og
Nz05t Naf NaN 1 fN 2
Hyponitrous acid H2Nz0z unstable
self decompose thot N20
H2O tH 2N202
Nao is not anhydride of HzNz0z

OH
D TH OH
N N N N
OH
Anti syn 1
Geometrical isomers of H2N202
 Nitric Acid HN 03

Preparation

strongeracid eateracid
NaN03 42504 Nansogt AND
conc A

Lab
process

HN 03

Industrial
processes
I
Birkland Eyde process Ostwald's process
old modern
Nat 02 612100 DH
4mHz 502 took
Not 02 N 2 4N0t6H2H o

NOTH2O HNO3tHNO2
HNO2 HNozt NO NOT02 NOL
NOTH2O HNO3tHNO2

Recycled HNO2 HNozt NO

Recycled
Properties
icacidt NOT H2O
or
non metal
t or metalloid acid
PblN0321024420
strong
PbOz Pb0t02 pyo
2
conc
g
b g
J HN 03 powerful oxidiser
Noble
Being Gases
Al No Reaction
Noble
2 fear metals
become passive Au Pty
due to protective
No reaction
coatingoxides
au Pe HN insoluble

Turns yellow brown in presence of light

due to formation of Nos
HNoz light Noztozt H2O

This colour is removed by passing air

into warm solution
N 2 Of s Nz05 HN
 Element Anti HN037 aig.catV0zTtH20
non metal metalloid

4
LTA C t conc HN Oz t N 24
Carbonic acid

13310413T
at B t conc HN Oz NOT 1 H2O

o 5
conc HN 03 HI Ost worst 7 H2O
zig Iz
t
iodic
acid
GM
45TH Pa t conc HN Oz HE 04T N 29 1 H2O

t N029 1420
58 t conc HN Oz Hz

14
Sn t conc HN Oz HasnoztNOT f H2O
chaetae
µ I5
Ltd Sb t conc HN 03 HzSb0 tN0zT 1H2O
o
21 AS t conc HN Oz HIA's 0ft NOT 7 H2O
 Reaction with metals
In the reaction of HNoz with metals
product depends on the following
i Temperature
ii concentration of HN03
Iii Reactivity of metal
Presence
Iv of impurities

o
Metals concentration
Products
of HNog
Mn dilute metal Hq
My very nitrate
t

metal nitrate
Fe Zn Sn dilute
very NHanoz 1 H2O
metal nitrate
Ign
dilute
NHanoz t H2O
metal nitratet
Fe 2h dilute
Nao H2O
metal nitrate t
Db Cu dilute
Ag Hg µo t Hao

metal nitrate t
zn Pb Cre concentrated
Ag Hg Nozttyo
Sh concentrated Hash03T Nozt H2O
 NANG t HasOg S No Reaction
Cail
waw µ go µaµgq my
cone

HNoz strong acid

NO5 conjugate base
weak

HNoz weak acid

NOI conjugate base
strong
Brown ring complex fes04 NO
e with the help of dilute acid we can

distinguish NOI and Nos using Brown

ring test
did Ht conc Ht
µoz µoz
BlownEigg BlownEigg
N 5 ftp.trohfnzingfese X N 5 imbiolinsingfest t
 Brown Test
ring
Test
for detection of NOI NOI
N 5 3
2 Eno
NaN 1 Fe504 112504 Fez Sog t Not NaHSOatH2O
Fe H2O 6 Soft NO EelH2O g NE 504 1 H2O

FingombkXJNOz
Nanostcontease

t CHzCOOH
Can
µ9fjj ua
0412260413 1 Not H2O
NOI dit HNOztctb.ca
3 HNOz HNozt Not H2O
resole No Brown ring complex

conc
142504

A9 Fe504 t Nang
v

s 10
minutes
I

Brown ring Brown

ring formation
starts
 Dissolution of AU Pt in Aqua regia
HNozt Hice
Aqua regia 1 3
5 I 3
HN Oz t 3 HCl Noce 1 t 2h20
Uz
yellow colour
enhanced to dissolve metals
The
ability
arises from the
oxidising power of HN03
and complex a
forming ability of
Airtel Fuels Ptt fu s
Pty
AuUz1 HU HtCAuU4J PtU t2HU H2CptCleo
AUTHNGTHU HCAyufftnottgopttHNOztHU tgfptuc.TTNot
H2O
Phosphorus

Allotropes
white yellow Red Black
Phosphorus Phosphorus Phosphorus

Polymeric
ru
f e__
Goo r

bT
Polymeric Layered3 Dstructure
hexagonal rings
ECagCPOaktsioz
pension white a Red Red D a Black
Casi03 t Paolo p p p High p
pg
4010 110C patiocop
white is B black
P High p
ion
Cas 04kt 142504
x Black P B black
casketHzP0a P differ in solid
A
1131004 HPostH2o state packing
HPOztc CotPatHo
 order of angle strain white Red Black
order white Red Black
of reactivity
order white Red Black
of density
order of melting point white e Red Black

Thermodynamically most stable allotrope of

phosphorus Black P

Properties white p Red P

Appearance waxy Iron Grey

smell Garlic like colourless

solubility in X
Waters Polar

solubility in
X
CSalmon
polar Polymeric
Toxic x
Phossy Jaw disease

storage water

conc NaOH D PH3t Nath1002 Na2HzPz06

Glows in dark
 4 5
104010
SO2 1 PUG 7
a
6

sojjcsueawm.TK
or
off
P4 Dryokclim
5062chloride Presence
of y pyo
tpdzqqior.gl i or inert e
5025242 et is Greg atmosphere
D

r V
PUS PUS

Phosphine Pkg
Preparation
1131002 1131003
PH4UtNa0H PHzt
us Naclutzo
metal did.Ht stronger
pHz base phosphonium
phosphide tho a salt PHI
ps
Lab Btk Dibhosphine
process appt OH Highlyinflammable
inert 3 1
Main reaction
12 4h20 atmos PH3t3NaH2PO2
3 NaOH
side Pat 4 NaOH 1 4h20 21424 4141721002
Rxns 3104 8 NaOH 1 81120 2102444 t8NaH2P02
 t
Purification pHztHz p2H PHgHue
tHatkg
Mote 9mpuse gas
mixture H
basic pµz
Pusey
Properties
1 like smell
colourless gas Rotten fish
2 Soluble in non polar
solvents.li cecs2 cclq
3
Highly inflammable due to presence of
Patti Hz left Pa
impurities of
dense white
fumes
of 104010

combustion
v imp for CBSE Board imp for Kupy
I o i

d block Azt PHz puztHU

explodes in Borat
Metal PHz presence of pHz PBrztHBI
phosphide salt
Oxidisers HN0ztPHz HzPqtN0
Copt 0ztPH3
tho
2 3 0ztHzPq
1313442504 Sunlight
2 3
in water H2O
CusqtPHz Black v
HpaP tH RedPtHz
Hg92tPH3
uses G
I used in smokescreen 1 war screen
making
zj Holme's
signalsignal for ships
CazPz Calothat
Pyolot
STEAMY
pyo pµ
Cas CaCote ztGHz
supports for densefumes
 Properties
1 like smell
colourless gas Rotten fish
2 Soluble in non polar
solvents.li acs2 cclq
3
Highly inflammable due to presence of
Patti Hz left Pa
impurities of
dense white
fumes
of 104010

combustion
v imp for CBSE Board imp for Kupy
I o i 1
d block explodes in Azt PHz puztHU
Metal PHz presence of PBrztHBI
BoratpHz
phosphide salt
Oxidisers HN0ztPHz H3P0tN02
Copt 0ztPH3
H2o 1
2 3 0ztHzPq
2 3
P Sunlight
H2S04 in water H2O
CusqtPHz Black v
RedPtHz
Hg92tPH3 Lqz gtH
uses G
I used in smokescreen 1 war screen
making
zj Holme's
signalsignal for ships
CazPz Calothat STEAMY
pyo
CaCote ztGHz
PH Pigot
Cas densefumes
supports for
combustion
 PUS
D
PUS Pastels
4
SEE

4106314502 2526

5 13
pods
pug HUT t 431003
white

11
3 3CHz C U t 1731003

3 34hrs9 t 1131003

C OH s U
 Phosphorus Pentachloride Pas

Preparation

U2 exc
p
PG pug 92
a
6
50242
p4

Pat 1050262 4pct 51 10502

Properties

yellow white
powder

Metal Finely fumes in pug l HUT

chloride divided pug moist air chise
metals I
act
as

chlorinating
agent
CHzCOOHt Pug CHz I 9 1 100431 144

C2H50H PUS Cates at PodstHU

on Ice
solution 0

Past H2O POUst ZHU

e Ho SI OH 121045 cyst a 2119 210043

er 502T Pug s
Poust sous
Trick Of H2O sockt Poust HCl
fo µ

similarly
503 t pug Poust 50262

Paolo t 6 PIG s 1010063

Trick ago the
µ Egat

Ozt Pug s No Rin

MEILI EE IN
0
03Estaing't
Itc
0 804 0 t pug No pen d2
size
2107T 2pA
strong
 GROUP-16 (OXYGEN FAMILY)

0 oxygen
s sulphur are also known as
selenium
They
se
Te Tellurium dÉ forming
Po Polonium
radioactive
800000000 Oaktree

occurrence

s
21
by volume in atmosphere
o
most abundant element in earth's crust
o si Al Fe K Ti
casing Na H
Minerals Zinc blende 2ns Galena Pbs
S as Has in volcano

Eggs garlic onion hair mustard wool

Proteins

Se Te as selenide stand Telluride Te in sulphide

minerals
Po Decay product of U Th
 General properties
Nature Physical State Atomicity Allotropy Density
0 Non metal Gas 2 3,03 85.03

s non metal solid

se metalloid solid 2 w inc
Te metalloid solid 1 u v
inc mass

Size IE EA EN m.pt b.pt

O rain
S Max
Se dec dec inc inc

Te Vinci V me
S se Te Po O
Vincent
pitying
1,23,41
it i stabilitystates
Range of
2 to 72
of tax.eis.tyoest.kx'estate
O

Se 214,6

Éa
QQ why these is large difference in melting boiling
ÉinereÉ

points of sulphur and oxygen

oxygen 021very large difference in size leads to
Alf sulphur 58 large difference in van der waal's forces
QQ which element has maximum catenation
ability among group 16 elements
Atf S Strong S S bond
Just like P in group 15

Anomalous behaviour of oxygen

I oxygen can show
not covalency 6 period'Idment

Yi oxygen is a gas rest are solids

LI Hao is a liquid other hydrides are gas in D
I Oxygen is stable in diatomic form rest are at
unstable in diatomic form 2kt spit strongest
form dot dot bond
t.fm gg.ot
vi O can not contribute d orbital in pot do

size
Small

Reasons of High EN
Anomalous
behaviour d orbital in valence
Lack of
shell

High IE
20 DH 0 still oxides
gt g are known why
Reason High E compensates energy absorbed
 General compounds of Group 16

Hydrides
I
BDE Thermal Bond Acidic Reducing
Eeonngdth
Stability angle strength Power
H2O neutral

Has
H2se
Hate v inc v dec v dec vdec v inc v inc

Tbais Be basis
explanation of dec bond angle
BL
13g fine E u
u dec EN of
central atom
idea.sepPdsY.Pon
Hase bondangle H H Hase dec BP BP
Heider Hate
repulsion
dec bondangle

explanation of inc acidic strength

H2O inc BL OH size of element
g
nine
Has inc tendency dispersal of he cham
more
Hase to loose Ht By Sete
inc acidic vine stability of anion
Hate Ten
strength

Explanation of reducing power

Has V
Inc BL
Hase no tendency to
Hater giveCH
 and boiling point trends
Melting
H2o Hate Hase Has

explanation
12011 Has g Hase g Hate g
H2o Hate Hase Has intermolecular forces
Fond
strong Tandrwdforce
size basis
Oxides
4 6
Dioxide E027 Trioxide Eog

5021g 503
Se02 Ses
Tes Te03

Polymeric
e All are covalent and acidic solid

cyclic trimer of Sog V song 5309

structure
Ramp
503 infinite mum

FB
It
000 order x 503
X 503
Chains
crosslinked
together
B 50378
Mayenne
503
 t tt tt
Reducingpower order 502 y 02 Teoz se y
explanation Stt c sett c Tet stability Stb set Tetstab
to to 6
oxidising power order 5oz Seg Te 03
explanation stb set Teta stability

Halides
Nature of bond in all is covalent
order Fluoride chloride Bromide Iodide Blais
stabilitysame element and same ox State
for
SE 56275Bra Sef Sede
Instable
A Hexahalides
e stable hexahalides are
only hexafluoride
Rest are unstable due to Steric repulsions

Physical state of all hexafluoride Gaseous

Hydrolysis
Sfg 1 H2O No Reaction
explanation
prevents
steric crowding by of
tea
approach of H2o towards s for
hydrolysis
Te Fo t H2O Te OH t G HF
sizemore vacantspaceavailabe Hexaprotic acid
B Tetrahalides

Ijf
Geometry O see saw E tax E tea

see
SE
in M o
Élan
M o

Seal
Te s
I van der waal's
force
non polar

Hydrolysis
a
SFyt H2O limited Foyt 2nF

seat H2O excess Ho on

t 2nF
Unstable 5027 H2O
C mono halides É x

exist in dimeric form

S2F2 5292 Sez Az SezEd
structure like H2O openbooklike

NEELI
They disproportionate on
heating
ex 252292 Fed t se

Di halides
jÉ Bent

off 09220 Bra Bond angle steric repulsion

factor
Compounds of oxygen

Dioxygen O2
Kaos Potassium chlorate
preparation KostHao
Lab process Kottke
catalyst 1092027420 Naont
Industrial 4mn0421 9 302 Oz
methods 2k60g
s
D
peroxide superoxide
Liquid H2O
air Fractional µt25 C
distillation V
D
0 Electrolysis Oz Alkali metal oxy
1120 42702 an salt having oxidising
D anion
Metal NaN D
NaN02 02
oxide 6
Katy 6203702
Is I
4
Pbs ptbot Oz fnZfI
7 Campa
5 Karnnotinnoto
Bigos s B'i203 02 it
3 8 Gattsalttozt
D 4h20 to amphoteric oxide
11203 f
Inert pair effect
8 metal nitrate
0 e
did A
D
Pb No 2ÉPbotNozt0z
Li Nos
Hg0 Hgt 02 LizotNozton
s Agt02 14202
Aggro

oxides
of metal lying
below are in electrochemical
series are
thermally
less stable
 Properties
i colourless odourless gas
2 Blue coloured in liquid and solid state
3
Paramagnetic no of unpaired e s in a
molecule
KY 2 in

4 Oz is absorbed by alkaline pyrogallol

5 Its combination with other elements is

generally exothermic However to initiate the

reaction external is required due
heating
KJ mob Nat02 2Nd endo
to high BDE of 02 500
6 supports combustion
No Rtn
R
Antos of 7
No
superoxide go
orange
coloured
Deacon'sprogess
kjks.es
yellow
exc n
IgE
s
nogthases

HA D Ca D
Cla O2 Cao
Crick catalyst p4
Hyo a
fatalystS s
I e
g s 8406
03 vD e Paolo
To
L 0 B co co
inefftigoatret g
contact
tod Znotsop
V
Coat H2O
 solid 02
Liquid 02

Liquid O2 sticks to
magnet
Paramagnetic
behaviour
0 ZONE Oz
An allotrope of oxygen

Preparation
i From oxygen
dry

ozonised
oxygen
electric
39g discharge
go t yield 10
g
B0 2 BO 15

te't've
AS he
at t've
DG
ÉI any temp sa

Formation of Ozfrom Oz is non spontaneous at

anyTemp
Ii From water
EFidising
Fat H2o HF
Etat
oxygen
 inn already in max
Properties of 03 ox state
No Rtn
Oatkiggrange
H2o potaium
not
Ozonide f Is

65 25é paramagnetic E aas pale blue

6
Kinda K21mn04 Oz liquid dark blue
82 solid 7 violet Black
estimation s
L 2geg
L
by I
y
f
KI Turpentine oil
followedby 4101116
Nays03 Hgs0
Tailing ofHgI

magnetic behaviour Diamagnetic

structure

É
to

the
to on
 Gaseous ozone
pale blue

Liquid ozone
Dark blue

Solid ozone
violet black
L
oxidising Actions of 03
Oz is very powerful oxidiser as it
looses nascent o
readily 03 Oatofoxidiser

03
I Metal sulphide metal sulphate
ex Pbs Pb504
2ns 2h54

HX x F s
iz
e ite salt s late salt
ex
5032 5042

moist ie acid
I Non metal metalloid
P H3PO4
Iz HI 03
42504
Is H3As04

ons ie
ex Fet s fet3
Cut cut
Éecen t
FEIN 6
Peroxides 03 oxide 02
exe Na 02 Nazot 02
SMI It IOS
3
Iz t 03 140g iodium tri iodate
Dry
o

02 orange yellow
 Estimation of ozone

03 t 2 KI t Hyo III Oz t 2 KOH

2 KOH t
Iz t KI t KOI t H2O
att KI t KOI
I
Ht
É
Ist 2kt H2O
Iz t 2N925203
violet sodium 2Nattaggestf
thiosulphate

protects us from UV
Ozone layer depletion 03
radiation
Yaiation Skinner
CFC's chlorofluorocarbons supersonic Jets
reons
UV release
CFzUz face Cl v
60 02 NO g
W t Oz
UO to U 02 Not Oz N02 02

Reaction of Og where 02 is not obtained finally

3Snaz t 6 Hu t 03 35h44 T 3420
snt
uses of 03
03
sntttozjsn.tt
i
germicide disinfectant
as water sterliser
Lii for bleaching oils starch flour etc
iii of Krang
ALLOTROPES OF SULPHUR

Crystalline Non
crystalline
Rhombic sulphur Plastic
a sulphur sulphur

Monoclinic sulphur colloidal

B sulphur sulphur

Rhombic Sulphur
GI
Most stable allotrope of s

yellow coloured
Sg crown shaped

5 5

is E

insoluble inwater not polar

Readily soluble in Csa Csa non polar
 Monoclinic sulphur
Stable above 95.3 C

a s B s

7 95 3k transition temperature
light yellow coloured
58 Crown shape
soluble in Csa
needle like crystals

Plastic sulphur
molten s into 20 plastic s
reddish brown coloured
rubber like
zig zag structure
sts s sus
s

colloidal sulphur
211252 02 ng 351 t 2920
reducer foxidiser Yellowfin

I used as medicine for skin diseases

 Other forms of sulphur
lessing
i cyclo soo

Engel's sulphur
adopts chair conformation in solid state
orange yellow

Is
s
s

SI

IMI
ii 52
exists in vapour phase at high temp
L look

Paramagnetic Just like 02 2 unpaired és in a

Blue coloured

B O 2 like 02

52202 BDE
Rhombic
sulphur

Monoclinic
sulphur

Plastic
sulphur
colloidal
sulphur

Is
 compounds of Sulphur
not in NCERT
H2s Hydrogen sulphide
Preparation Fest 42504 dil FesoatHas
Kipp's method
Metal non oxidising Has
acid
sulphide H2o
when metal sulphide

text
is water soluble
iiiIso
If oxidising acid is used then Has will not
be obtained as Has is a
reducing agent

which of the following can be used to

dry H2S acid x is Base
FA Paolo acid B anhydrous Cao
conc 172504 D anhydrous Aesop
L oxidiser cut U
Cust
Black
Properties
colourless ii weak acid
i gas
4ii I smell rotten egg like Civ Reducing agent
foul smell S2

Gr I metal sulphides are water soluble Gr 2 metal

sulphide are sparingly soluble
Crt3 2
sulphide of Ait angt readily hydrolyse in water
Crasz t H2O r OH1374259
AngstH2O nylon Hast
Reducing actions of H2S 2
H2S
7 µt
Mn Of point colourless
6 Ht
072 Cyst green
Fet's Fett
4
502 517 H2O
I
14202 428
03 02

Tests of H2S
Has Agast Black
Agtaq
pb2taq H2S Pbst Black
Zn2tcag H2S 2nst white
Cd2tgog H2S cast yellow
Hgftcog H2S
Hgst Black
Cystcog H2S 2104131 Careers
v v.int
sodium nitroprusside test
Test for sa ion

Naz Fe CN NJ t Naze Na Fe CN g Nds

sodium nitroprusside sodium thionitroprusside
violet solution notppt
Has
No colour Has Weak ace'd
Hast alkali violet colour solution
 1

NazScaq sodium sodium

nitroprusside Thionitroprusside
solution

Sulphur dioxide Soa

Preparation Fatso D
Fez stoat 5 1
D Cao t 503
Caso 502 3024
Metal sulphate
A

SO die Ht reduction conc 6

or 14503 502 a 112504
Naas03 2 Ha 2N all t soatH2o CutdidHas
04 3 Nopen
at Con172504
Namsos Ha Nant goattho combustion cusatsog
S or S compounds
5 02 5829
4Ée5'2 1102 258203 85024

Properties of Soa Forms clathrates with water at low temp Soa2h20

i colourless gas smell suffocatingsmell Burning s smell
ii in water Highly soluble H bond
 t

638833
BE 1
Hi

NazScaq sodium sodium

nitroprusside Thionitroprusside
solution

Sulphur dioxide Soa

Preparation
as i Metal sulphate
8
A

SO die Ht reduction conc 6

or 14503 502 a 112504
Na2503 2 Ha 2N all t soatH2o Cutdid12504 3 No pin
at Con172504
HS03 Ha Naut goattho combustion cusatsogt

S or S compounds
St 02 54029
Fest1102 2FE03 8 024
4

Properties of Soa e Forms clathrates with water at low temp SoaKhao

i colourless gas smell suffocatingsmell Burning s smell
ii in water Highly soluble H bondWath
Ciii Lime water test
t H2O
502 t Cal0h12 qq.gl
Ca5031 420 Ca H50372
1 2 Soluble
is
Civ Reducing nature so
4
mainly a reducer

502
Xz Ht x
ag
Fet3 Felt
Ht Mnt colourless
Mnof
Ht
Cz072 r3t Green
042
o 4
Uscg t 502cg toad'see
ctftaaeqpt.ly
or sun light

Vs05 Pt
I02cg t 50.2 g 503
catalyst
6tt
502Car U2 Hasoat HCl
o.gg
action
Bleaching
so exhibits bleaching action in presence of moisture
due to its reducing nature Temporary bleaching
structure of 502 II I I I I

NCERT

Most stable structure o II

close to 2
SU PH URIC ACID H2S04
other names king of chemicals
oil of vitriols
5042

contact process of Manufacturing

industrial method

step 1 Production of 502

D
St 02 5029
4 Fest 11 02 214203 8 502
iron pyrite
Fool'sgold
Step 2 oxidation of 502
catalytic
021g V20515
250219 Pt S earlier25031g
DH co

For good yield of 503

i optimum temperature 720 K
ii High pressure
iii exc of 02

step 3 Absorption of Sos by 42504

503 420 4250419
do
highly exothermic
condense not

42504 503 Oleum H25207

step 4 Hydrolysis of oleum

1125207 H2O 2142504
 a
8
G E
I s
v G
E T
J
ES
v
p og En
s v
Ben
o

hydrated Fez03 as
absorbs impurity of
As
Properties of H2S04
i colourless oily liquid
Ii Non volatile High b lot due to H bonding
on

OH

iii chemical properties of H2S04 are result of

Ca strong acid
b non volatile
C
dehydrating agent if conch
d oxidising agent if conch

Reaction with bases salts

H2S04T NaOH Nah soft H2O
H2S04T Ca OH z casoat H2O
stunt Na NOg tints I
H2S04 t s watesoat
42504 t Catz Casa t 2Haker
stronger

H2S04T
conc
NaCl Nansoat HU
HU is
stronger acid than Has04 Still Hce is
replaced from its salts by cone 142504 as
HU is more volatile than conc nasalentropydriven
 I 6
Na Br t 142504 conc Naysoft1382 5 2 120
NaBrt 42504 NazSogtHBr
I con
Brat sort H2O
42504

similar BII
exactly reaction with Nat Stagg

To make HX x Br I conc 142504 is not

used oxyacids of P are used for this

K X Brt Hz1004
I
KHaPOat HX M
Dehydrating actions
0
Il conc HIS 04
H COH Cot tho
Formic acid

0
OH
I
come Has04 cot coz tho
OTC Off
oxalic acid

conc Has 04 6C
6141206 6120
Glucose

conc Hz 504
1242201 12C t 11 H2O
cane sugar
EEoEfcAaBBs

0xide.sing actions of conc Has04

6
conc 142504

C
o
FogtH2O
S oat H2O
B BCOM
3
Iz HEO
Cu at
Fe Fetz
V

tr502

Fe t did 142504 Fe soft Hat

Cee t Dil Has04 No Reaction

on is below H in reactivity series
Miscellaneous Important Reactions

te
KUS t 172504 Hito t that KH soft H2O
no
t
HEO Ht HEE
605 t 02
con 112504
6207
I 2 I
HCN 9
Kfsat Fesogt
12504
K4EfeKN16JtH2SOqCdilyo.k4ffeCCN16JtH2S04

48047Fesoat Colt 1472504

Kasa H2O

H H
CEN NHS
30th 3M Cg
ncjo.l
HIEI on
712504
NHulasoy

con
120 t co a
112504

grating so HP03
04010 t 142504

Pug t 192504 502624 POU HI

 Sodium Thiosulfate N925203 only for adv
N925203 Hypo
5h20
only thiosulphate salt containing water
of crystallisation soya one 0 52032
replace S
by
Preparation
o
i St NaOH exc Najst Nastro3 720

S t NaOH NazSgt Naas203 120

Exc 3 S S
552 8 s so
4 2
ty 503
alkaline
t S
medium
5205
502
basisof ii iii in
ii boil
Nazsozts N925203

iii Nazcoztsozts N925203 CO2

Naac03 502 Naz8034 CO2

MFatile
weakeracid
S
Nays203
 Iv Spring's reaction
OH
NGS t Iz t N92503 N9252037 NAI
calculated
Iz weak oxidiser 52 strong reducer
Ngs 12 St 2NaI

LI 52032

If Iz is in excess Naz 5203 is not obtained

12 Naz 5203 N925406 t Nal

Properties
i white
crystalline solid
fig water soluble
Ciii Heating effect
N925203 51120 N92 203 5420
I d NgstatNadss

Civ Reaction with acid

N925203 2Mt 4252034 2 Nat
dit unstable

I Egotist
light
1 yellow
4502 420
Reducing Actions 5205 reducer

2
oxidiser
Case I 52032 strong 504 HSI
ex

NazS2Ozt 4 Azt 5H2O 2Natsoa the

alkaline
g Mn0 t z5205 t H2O weakly ginnoatsoftzote
neutral
medium

2
Case 2 5203
2 weak oxidiser
5 62
ed
2Na2S2Ozt Iz Na2SqOgt2NaI
onstanding
52032 t Fet3 Fec520372 exc.net
violet 1
Fett 5408
unstable
52032 t cut 2 652031 says0315405
White White
artists'y4 exc 5205

complexing action 52032 n

Ambidentate ligand
exc 52032 soluble complex
dear I
Agx
52032 44520325
Agtag Ag252031 Ag
5203125
White soluble

onstandig Ag51 585

dilution Black
 Éfts i ang 2

T Eto ang 2

todo replaced
y o IIII
f
ang 2

Pbt 52032 Pb52031

white on standing
Elution
Pbst 5042
Black

Pbs 2 Pbsou
solubility
Has Ag soy
 GROUP-17 (HALOGEN FAMILY)

F Fluorine
Ce chlorine as
They are known
Br Bromine
halogeny
I Iodine salt
meaning forming
At Astatine
radioactive
occurrence
F Cl fairly abundant
Br I less abundant

mainly as insoluble fluorides

Fluorspar Fluoro apatite
Iggy Catz Catz 3Caz100412
small bones teeth
amount in
soil river water
plants

It BJ I in sea
with
water K Na ing Ca
Max Nad

Chile saltpetre contains impurity of Nato

Fawtntain halogen Iodine

this
 General properties

Nature
Physical Colour m lot Exidising
Power
state pt
Fa non metallic Gas lightyellow
As non metal has Green yellow
metal Liquid Red brown
Big non d
12 notiuseted violet wine r

Geigy te
downgroup

Size IE EA EN BÉÉ gates Coyage

o 1
a
2mn Max Ito 7 1,31517
By 1tot7 1,315,7
I vine idea Min udec Min Ito 7 113,517
U F Br I 92 BRE Iz

Explanation of colour
All halogens are coloured due to Homo Lumo transition
1820 18 282 212 IT 21st
12118 2ft Tape 2pz
7242 HA2py2
Tomo Tno
n Ip Lumo
EI Yw
Iii IT Momo
absorb
yellow
IIs violet
From Esto Ia DE dec
 at
Tzu very chlorine gas
low temperature

Big liquid Ig vapours

oxidising power
X F Cl
HT
12 2 g Xiang

DBDH

DhydH
Yg
DegH
X g
t Dega t Dhyd H
DHE I DBDH
more
vet in
stupports IG to be more
ve i e more positive É reduction
potential
de Ered tendency to

II get reduced

E is strongest oxidiser due to

i highly re Dhyd H C smallest anion F
II LOW BDE Inas
Iii High EA
or factor

DEL E
 Anomalous behaviour of fluorine
Fluorine exhibits anomalous behaviour
due to
i Highest EN
II LOW BDE
iii small size
in lack of vacant d orbital in valence shell
Br I
HF Is gas other Hpd
B Pt 20 C Gases

O F
only oxyacid
one is known for F H
more than one are known for a Bo I
oxyacids
Reactions of fluorine exothermic
Forms stronger bonds due to its smaller
size

Degteof halogens is the most ive

in respective periods why
ANSI V High Zeff High EA
smallest size i e he DeyH
 General reactions

i Reaction with Hz
Hat X2 2 HX
which halogen requires
catalyst for the
above reaction Ig Lowreactivity
Name
Hx g s Hydrogen halide
Name
HX lag Hydrohalic acid

Physical Éinth
BDE di
TEbmidty strength Reducing
state BL Power Agnos
µ l AFEsoluble

HU g After
HBr inc p't 9 AgBrt
inc eight
yellow

HI gg wind de udo pka lo v affiyelin

inc BL inc BL

teaction of HF with glass

HE is the only acid which reacts with glass
Glass contains Sig
Sig HE sift tho
Si etchingof
sift 2120 coat me x2
SiFalleft t2HF HIS ifs
4120
silomatamfsiffsold
Boiling point order HF HI H Br Hd
explanation HF strong H bonding
rest van der waal's force base's

order
melting point HI HF H Br Hd
explanation
solid HI N strong van der waal'sforce
HF H bonding
rest weak van der Waal's force

ÉÉFÉe
action with water

02 03 small t HE
Fat H2O

a x2 H2o HI t Hot Disproportionation

X U Br

a da water looses its yellow colour due to pin

dathao HU t Hou unstable
not a
Bleacher
ie moist da is a bleaching agent

Ia insoluble in water Its solvesin

water in presence
t Ht t
Ift yo of
I
ag I s
KI Brown
Iat KI ITIS
soluble
iii t Reaction with alkali

Fat TH Cold die

toft f t tho

Fat OH hot conc s Oat F H2O

FE EH oxidizer 827 f t H2O

strong

X Cl Br I Hypohalite

x2 JH cold die É o Hao

Tx 4
HOXIE Xo 420

XI TH hot conc I 485 420

Malate
I'o alkali y y yo

d
Cla t Ca OH z calls t ca od at H2O
dry Crylime
slaked

Bleaching
Powder
a louz.ca 10h12 2420
620294
É oct
iv Reaction with metals
Mt Xz Mxn

ionic character
for same metal in same ox no
metal fluoride Metal chloride metal bromide Metaliodide
Fagan's rule

compare covalent character in

a since c Stacey
b 5593 L 55dg
e
tuft 2
Of
d Paz C Pas
V Reaction with other halogens
X central halogen

Igngaggy X surrounding
halogen
compounds
values of n
3 É Ehmke III

Less EN
X hi the following
s more size

s more EN interhalogen do not exist

Xt
smaller size XA UI IB B2B
C D
1206 IBB
Halogen oxides
A Fluorine

OR
I should be named as oxygen
s
0212 fluorides instead of fluorine
oxides

Only stable
at
oxygen fluoride OE
room temp
Both are fluorinating agents oxidised
0212 isused to Pu
remove
impurity
from used nuclear fuel
Put 0212 t 02
NEE Wig
solid

QQ How there in
many peroxide linkages are
a molecule of 0212
ANI zero
Peroxide Ost
F
ti
g Half open book
like structure
I
B Cl Br I
Form oxides state I
7
ranging from ox
to

order of oxides
Jtability I s a Br

explanation
max diff in EN w.tt O
I
It of more partial charge
stabilises
smallest amongle d Br I
a
strongest at forming capacity
stabilise

By neither strong F forming ability

not max EN difference with o

Cl oxides does not form diner

all are oxidizers
092cg 60219 9206 lls 920761s
ice
ÉBent Q ta Cleo g
0
Bent
Bondangle11110 Bondangle 118 9206 leg aortaof 8
602 is used in bleaching of paperpulp watertreatment
yellow brown
Br oxides
0 Bra 13202 13203
Least stable Middle row anomaly
all exists at low temp
oxidisers

I oxides
1204 1205 1207
solid stable at room temp
oxidisers
is used estimation co
1205 in of
in ti carbon family
compounds of halogens

Di fluorine E
not in
need
Preparation
i Liquid HF KF electrolysis E
anhydrous
to inc conducance
Anode cathode
2F Et t 25 24 20 that
Ii Perennate
Otay 2ft ag 6Htag Eat 0373120
I stronger explosive

than
oxidiser Fluorine

Properties

No ran
a

He Ne
interhabM Ar Kris
É xa
x
Fa Kr
X Cl Br I
te
Xetz Xety Xero
Pt F

Dichlorine as I inn ox

Preparation
ngt.it
i oxidation of Hce
Mtn02 4 He dat Mtnda t 2420

boat 4 HCl It 5542 t 2420

2K ME 16Hd 592 8420
aka 2in'nU
Oft
1228207714 HA Katztrast392 7420
Weldon's process
ii From bleaching powder X XII x xo

Bleaching Ht o dat
powder
Cao da t CO2 Cacoz 929
caouz t HI Call at dat 7120

iii From brine solution

Electrolysis using Manoa Ht
electrolysis
Nacl da t Naoh the Naut Has04 Natesotha
Tanode Mnozt Ha Mnaztaath
Mnozt Wall No Rtn

int Pure da preparation Just like pure is from

azides
Au Uz S
D
put
gyntal
S

Ptcl s t 429
pig

v Deacon's process
Industrial method
Arzu
KHA t 02 MIGHT 292 21120
air
 Properties of Cla
Pungent and suffocating odour
very high affinity towards hydrogen due to
formation of volatile Ha
Hat Cla s 2 He

Has da st 244
turpentine oh 8 Cla loc t 16 Hd

ii Reaction with non metals

Pat Cla exc pas
58 492 5242 544

iii Reaction with metals

Al t
Cla Ala
Fe t Cla Feds felly

in oxidising actions
Fetsogtchat 12504 Éez soul t Hit
2 Na I t Cla Ist Nae
2 Na Br Iz Brat Nau
charcoal 02
502cg Az g s 50292 l H2o
sunlight
Sozt H2O Az 112504 the
N92583 Cat H2O Nasty t Ha
Iat da t H2O HIS HI
2 Naf No Ren
 Di bromine Br
not in ncert
Preparation
Sea water contains Br ions
Br 92 Brat a
ag stronger
oxidiser
Bz is removed by using hot air stream
as Bra is quite volatile
Purification
Biz impure Witjcosiag Na Bit NabIos t coat
Na Bi't NaBIOS Has04 Naa soft Hao
eBay
52035 5042 By Just like that ofCla
PropertiesS2 HBrt
Bt
stag
y
g y
KI Iat k Br
ke I Br IBB
COBI CCO B2 ag Kd
No pin
120 gig KF
HBrt HO Br No Rtn
 Di iodine Iz
not in ncert
Preparation
childe saltpetre contains impurity
of NaI0z
warm
chille saltpetre Hao solution

crystallisation
Nato N 03
Egypt s
cold
Nato divide in two parts
1505 t H 03 I 5042 Hao
first past Fences
105 I Ht Iat t Hao
second part
IS castrated Iat 5042 Hao
Properties
KI Bgm
Isnt 110 KI
12 starch Blue black
complex

41
BY iodide
KItCaHgOHoIstaron paper
Noreaction
foxidiser
v Blue Io
tincture of iodine starch iodatepaper
antiseptic Blagducer
Hydrogen chloride Hce

Preparation
NaCl t 142504 Natl Sog t HCl
Conc
conc 112504 can't oxidise HU

can conc be used for

142504
drying
of Us and tea
ANS Cla and Hcl do not react with
yes
812504

properties
pungentsmelling
colourless gas

NHS
Hce Fe
NHall Feast Hs
whitefumes
Salt Hz reducer
FAI
Feltzis formed it is
ifreduced
wreaker acid by Hzintofeta

Nazcozt HCl Nacl Coat H2O

Natl HCl
Sgt stronger Naa Hao
acid Calder
con Hce expose to open white fumes of Hce with air
atmosphere
Inter
 g
Preparation
i Halogen l t Halogen 2 Inter halogen
Cla t Fa 29 F
Cla t 312 32653
Iat IF
Eze
Inter halogen
ii.fm eaEaeogent Halogen
Ice t Cla Ig
GF t Fa s Gfs

Properties
i All interhalogens contain only two different
halogens Nature of bond
Ii All interhalogens covalent
7
Magneticbehaviour Diamagnetic

Iii The physical properties of interhalogens

intermediate
of constituent halogens except
melting boiling points
m.pt b pt of inter halogens are

generally more than constituent halogens

due to presenceofbondpolarity
 The inter halogens
Iv chemical reactivity of
are
generally more than constituent
halogens except Fluorine
BDE of inter halogens are
generally
lower than that of constituent halogen
Ice Az 12 I Roegelefegity
E UE ce
g
Én
c Hydrolysis
HI HOI
I
y t H2o
HI
t
XI Hoxo
Xj H2O Ho o

X's H2o HI t 40 02
7
XX'z t H2O HE 40703
a more EN s HX
Less EN oxyacidof same ox no

uses
i Liquid inter halogens are used as non age solvents
2 Ill remove
to formation
I tyg
2132Eg one
surrounding
s
Brett BFI
2 A Fg To form anion add one

Izu 6 Illat Icy surrounding

more
12193
used in uranium
ii UFz in making of Ufo enrichment
Ut U Eg Ufo IF
 Pseudohalides only for Jee advanced
Anions which do not contain any halogenatom
but their properties are similar to those
of halide ions are pseudo halides
ex IN cyanide CN cynogen toxic gas
ICN thiocyanate SCN 2 Thiocynogen
Seen
Te CN 26078
Pseudohalides
OCN
CN22
T
NJ Pseudohalogen
Cocco

of pseudohalides contain
Most atleast one N
charge on most of pseudohalides 1
From observation
Best known pseudo halide is cyanide ion

similarities with halides

of IN
i HX acid HCN acid
Ii Aga C white pbt Agen C white Pbt
exc
exc
Ce v
EN
v

Agua
Ag cozy
Coluble Soluble
iii Pboat HU P bustdat H2O
Pb02t HCN Pb Nbt on at Hao

iv Xzt TH s x Xo H2O
CEN 2t OH CN ten H2O
Hilfe
v Aesopt 2kt Kasoat III
unknown

2atII 2 at It Iz

wsatee.su II 1g

Aesopt2KCN K2SOgtCu CN z
unstable
action Latent Inks
white
exc Ken
Kya CNN
Golation
ÉÉÉ
ÉÉÉÉ cut oxidiser
In seducer good ligand

GETTIN exc
Catena't 6 72
soluble soluble
vi Hgaz i I HgCCN z i I
 GROUP -18 ( NOBLE GASES )

He Helium

NEE'aegmon
resonfsteagmast
Kr Krypton finer.IE
Xe Xenon
Rn Radon

occurrence
All except Rn are abundant in atmosphere
C I
by volume in air

Most abundant noble gas in atmosphere Ar

Helium sometimes Ne too in minerals

devit
pitchblende.in 9Ifemg
Main source of Helium Natural gas

Rn Radioactive decay product

226Pa 28 Rn t z Het
88 a
 General properties
Atomic
radius IE DegH m.pt B.pt
He
Ne
Ar
kn
inc dee
Xe v v V inc u inc
in c LDF

solubility clathrates compounds Easeof

in water known liquification
He X
Z small
size
X
Ne X X

Ar X

kn only Kriz
Xe v inc
many
inc dipoleinduced Inc LDF
dipole interaction
with H2O

QQ Noble gases have very low boiling point why

ANI monoatomic small size

very weak
LDF
 Physical properties
i colourlesscolourless monoatomic gases
fij solubility in water very low
Gii b.pt among all known substances He
Lowest
Civ Helium has property of diffusion through
glass plastic rubber

chemical properties
Noble gases are
chemically inert due to
i
very high IE
ii positive begH
iii stable configuration i.e difficult to excite e

IE of 02 IE of Xe

02T Ptfe Of Ptfe

Red colour

Xet Rtf Yet Ptfe

Red colour
first discovered
comb of noble gases
y Don't remember
t 00 C
G
 Xenon fluorides
Xetz Xe Fa Xe Fo
Preparation
Xe g t E g Xetz
Excess
ke g t Fa g s
vote Xefy
Ratio 1 5

vol
Xel g t El g s
XeF6
Ratio 1 20

59,1Xe Xe Fo t 02
Fat 02Tz

Properties
i colourless solids
crystalline
ie oxidiser
i is strong fluorinating agents
Iii Hydrolysis
XeEn t 0 Hydrolysis non redox
Hz
n 6

Hydrolysis
Xe Fm t H2o Redox
M 2,4
 Xe Fo t H2O Xe OF t 2nF
Xe OF
H2O Xe 02 Fat 2mF
XeQF2t H2O XeOz 2nF
s XeO3 6 HF
XeFot3HzE
fgpleasing

2 2
Xetz t H2O 82ft Yett HF
oxidised

Disproportionation of Xeft
Xe
E t H2O XetXeost OI THE
TIP gxeF XeFzt
Is XeEyxeoztHF
ÉÉÉ ÉI
XetoatHF

Alkaline
6
hydrolysis of Xetz
2 XeFG t 16 8 H teat ie t Ost f Hao
age
Disproportionation of XeFs

Mechi Xefs H2o xeo tht

off
Hate of slowly
HXeOI
A
xenate ion
stronger oxidiserthantz
024 120
TH
yqqtjtxe.tt
oxidising actions

XeFn me 2,4 6

H2 HE
I
Ha
2
Uj Afn
NO OF
4
Nog s Oaf
GHG C6HgFt HF
Pt PAFA
4
SF SFG
3 4
NHz N2 NFz
Xe't

mains
Jee
Reaction with fluorides

with covalent fluorides with ionic fluorides

Xefn act as F ion Xefn act as F ion
donor acceptor

PFgtXeE XeFzJPET Naftxetz NatExel

Hft XeFg XeE HET Csf Xetz CstEXetz

Best Xetz XeFJ BET Rbf thief Rbt xeE

 not stored
is in due to the
Xe E glass
following reactions
Xero t Just like
f
si 02 Xe
of t sift

I
Xeofat si 02
XeOzF2t sick
Xe 021st

Xeostsity
Explosive
sit WHY

I
QQ Find shape of followingspecies
XeFa XeFa Xe E Xe0zFz Xe0zFz XeOFa
Xero E
Xe03 Xe04 XeEst Xe
Fj XeEst Xe E5 Xe064
Xe Fg
on trigonal
face

Distorted octahedral capped octahedron

Xe reacts directly only with Fa