Research in Nursing Evidence for Best

Practice 5th Edition Richardson-Tench

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Chapter 7: Data analysis – quantitative

TRUE/FALSE

1. In a research project, every participant is a ‘case’.

ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Easy TOP: Cases

2. The value of a variable for a particular case is referred to as a datum (singular).

ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Easy TOP: Data

3. Ranked data are ranked from last to first.

ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate TOP: Types of data and scales of

measurement

4. Discrete data are often obtained in response to questions that relate to quality.

ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate TOP: Types of data and scales of

measurement

5. A scale is a ‘measuring stick’ or standard reference for comparison of measurements between cases.

ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Easy TOP: Types of data and scales of

measurement

6. Parametric data means that the data involved have come from variables that are based on unmeasurable
population characteristics.

ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate TOP: Levels of measurement

7. In quantitative data analysis, numbers are everything.

ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Easy TOP: Quantitative data analysis

8. A statistic is a numerical summary of a phenomenon.

ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Easy TOP: Statistics

9. If a sample is representative of the total population, it will not be possible to make inferences about the
population from the sample data and the statistics produced from it.

ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate TOP: Statistical inference

10. You obtain a percentage by taking the number, dividing it by the number of elements in the group and
multiplying by 25.

ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Easy TOP: Percentages

11. A frequency distribution table is a description of the components in a group that tells you the number and
percentage of elements in each subgroup of the main group.
 ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate TOP: Frequency distributions

12. Histograms and bar graphs divide groups into proportions via a pie chart.

ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Easy TOP: Histogram and bar graphs

13. In a table, columns are the horizontal arrangement of like numbers and rows are the vertical arrangement
of like numbers.

ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate TOP: Tables

14. Measures of central tendency are the mean, median and mode.

ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Easy TOP: Measures of central tendency

15. The mean is calculated by taking the sum total of the elements and multiplying it by the number of
elements in the group.

ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate TOP: The mean

16. The median is the score in the middle.

ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Easy TOP: The median

17. The mode is the least frequently occurring score.

ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Easy TOP: The mode

18. The standard deviation is a number that is calculated from the data to show the amount of dispersion of
the data.

ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Easy TOP: Standard deviation

19. All procedures that use inferential statistics are based on the assumption that the data being used is based
on a random sample taken from the population and therefore representative of the population data.

ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Easy TOP: Central limit theorem

20. A Type I error is also known as a beta error, and a Type II error is also known an as alpha error.

ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate TOP: Type I and Type II errors

21. A variable remains constant from case to case.

ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Easy TOP: Variables

22. It is important to check each piece of data for both accuracy and validity.

ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Easy TOP: Logging the data

23. Coding directly from the data is more accurate due to the fact that data is double handled.

ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Easy TOP: Coding the data

 24. Older versions of your data should be kept in an archive.

ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Easy TOP: Manipulating data

25. Inferential statistics does not rely on the formal process of hypothesis to increase the risk of biased data.

ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate TOP: Hypothesis testing

26. Independent t-tests assume that data is normally distributed.

ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Easy TOP: Independent groups t-test

27. A chi-square test determines within-group relationships on independent variables.

ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Easy TOP: Chi-square test

COMPLETION

28. Data refer to the actual ____________ taken or information collected during the research.

ANS: measurements

PTS: 1 DIF: Easy TOP: Data

29. Measures of _________________are the mean, median and mode.

ANS: central tendency

PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate TOP: Measures of central tendency

30. Ratio (continuous) data are data that can be measured in a scale from zero to ________, with every
possible graduation in between and a potentially unlimited number of decimal places.

ANS: infinity

PTS: 1 DIF: Easy TOP: Types of data and scales of measurement

31. Some things are considered to be measurable only in non-parametric forms, that is, they have no
____________.

ANS: distribution.

PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult TOP: Levels of measurement

32. The ____________ basis of statistical procedures depends upon assumptions about the relationship
between variable values.

ANS: mathematical

PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate TOP: Levels of measurement

33. The _____ is a number that reflects the spread of the scores.
 ANS: range

PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate TOP: The range

34. The ____________________ is a number that is calculated from the data to show the amount of
dispersion of the data.

ANS: standard deviation

PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate TOP: Standard deviation

35. The standard error represents the size of a possible sampling error based on the __________________
and size of the sample.

ANS: standard deviation

PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate TOP: Checking sample representativeness

36. The level of significance of the result is the term that describes the likelihood that an error in ________
has been made regarding the result and is expressed as a probability.

ANS: judgement

PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate TOP: Level of significance

37. Type I error is controlled by setting significance levels known as __________.

ANS: p values

PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate TOP: Type I and Type II errors

38. A _______ error occurs when you mistakenly believe that you have not found anything significant when
it really does exist in the population of interest.

ANS: Type II error (beta error)

PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate TOP: Type I and Type II errors

39. An indication of sample size is obtained when calculating levels of __________ and is referred to as
degrees of freedom.

ANS: significance

PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate TOP: Degrees of freedom

40. If your research question requires you to compare for differences between two or more sets of data, you
will use a procedure that determines whether there is any ___________ difference between two sets of
data.

ANS: statistical

PTS: 1 DIF: Easy TOP: One-tailed and two-tailed tests

41. When using statistics to compare for differences or to compare for associations, ___________ statistics
 are used to determine the differences.

ANS: inferential

PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate TOP: Comparing for differences and associations

42. The Pearson Correlation Coefficient assumes that the data are normally __________.

ANS: distributed

PTS: 1 DIF: Easy TOP: Correlation

43. The chi-square test is a test for determining within-group relationships on _______ variables.

ANS: nominal

PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult TOP: Chi-square test

44. A contingency table is an expanded chi-square used where either variable has more than two
__________.

ANS: categories

PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate TOP: Contingency tables

45. If the independent variables are _________ and the dependent variable is also numerical, a more
complex regression called a ‘multiple regression’ can be used.

ANS: numerical

PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate TOP: Multiple regression

46. Log-linear analysis is a type of __________ analysis in which all of the variables are measured on a
nominal scale.

ANS: regression

PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult TOP: Logistic regression

47. Discriminant analysis is a technique that allows the researcher to use _________ independent variables
to predict whether participants will belong to different groups.

ANS: numerical

PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult TOP: Discriminant analysis

48. Data involving ______ recordings are usually transcribed before being analysed.

ANS: voice

PTS: 1 DIF: Easy TOP: Capturing the data

49. Coding is the process that renders data into ____________ for easy analysis.
 ANS: numbers

PTS: 1 DIF: Easy TOP: Coding the data

50. You can test _________ by investigating the type and strength of the relationships between variables.

ANS: hypotheses

PTS: 1 DIF: Easy TOP: Quantitative data analysis

51. Statistical _________ is dependent on good sampling and measurements.

ANS: inference

PTS: 1 DIF: Easy TOP: Statistical inference

52. Sampling distributions are the ________ of the curve plotted from the means of the sets of measure-
ments.

ANS: characteristics

PTS: 1 DIF: Easy TOP: Sampling distributions

53. A paired t-test needs at least an ______ level scale.

ANS: ordinal

PTS: 1 DIF: Easy TOP: Paired t-test

MATCHING

Match each item with the correct statement below.

A. measures of central tendency K. parametric data

B. multiple regression L. two-tailed test
C. standard deviation M. paired or one-group t-test
D. alpha error N. logistic regression
E. correlation O. standard error
F. statistic P. interval data
G. level of significance Q. Pearson Correlation Coefficient
H. data R. ratio data
I. descriptive statistics S. factor analysis
J. one-tailed test T. chi-squared test

54. Testing a directional hypothesis

55. A summary description of information gathered through observation or measurement
56. This is expressed as a probability
57. Refers to the actual measurements taken or information collected during research
58. Testing a non-directional hypothesis
59. Statistics that describe a phenomenon
60. Mean, median and mode
 61. The most common correlation coefficient used in modern computer analysis
62. The number calculated from the data to show the amount of dispersion of the data
63. Occurs when the researcher mistakenly believes that they have found a significant result from a
statistical test
64. A test for determining within-group relationships on nominal variables
65. Analysis when the independent variables are numerical and the dependent variable is also numerical
66. Test that can be done to find relationships in one group
67. Examines the relative effect of more than one nominal-level independent variable upon a nomi-
nal-dependent variable
68. Designs that require the researcher to examine relationships between the characteristics of people in a
group
69. Data that can only be counted as whole numbers
70. Represents the size of a possible sampling error based on the standard deviation and the size of the
sample.
71. This program tests each item to determine with which group of items it belongs conceptually and
clusters the related items into ‘factors’, or groups of items of similar focus
72. Data that can be collected on a scale with infinitely small graduations of measurement, with an absolute
zero
73. Data that are collected on at least an interval-level scale and that are representative of the population
from which they were collected

54. ANS: J PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult TOP: One-tailed and two-tailed

tests
55. ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Easy TOP: Statistics
56. ANS: G PTS: 1 DIF Moderate TOP: Level of significance
57. ANS: H PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate TOP: Data
58. ANS: L PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult TOP: One-tailed and two-tailed
tests
59. ANS: I PTS: 1 DIF: Easy TOP: Descriptive statistics
60. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Easy TOP: Measures of central tendency
61. ANS: Q PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult TOP: Correlation
62. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult TOP: Standard deviation
63. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate TOP: Type I and Type II errors
64. ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult TOP: Chi-square test
65. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate TOP: Multiple regression
66. ANS: M PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult TOP: Paired t-test
67. ANS: N PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult TOP: Logistic regression
68. ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate TOP: Correlation
69. ANS: P PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate TOP: Types of data and scales of
measurement
70. ANS: O PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult TOP: Checking sample representa-
tiveness
71. ANS: S PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate TOP: Condensing data into scales:
factor analysis
72. ANS: R PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate TOP: Types of data and scales of
measurement
73. ANS: K PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate TOP: Levels of measurement

MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS
74. A scale is best described as:

A. a statistical summary
B. a standard reference for comparison of measurements between cases
C. the assignment of numbers or codes to observations of phenomena
D. the value of a variable for a particular case

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate TOP: Types of data and scales of

measurement

75. The three broad types of quantitative data do not include:

A. ordinal data
B. interval data
C. continuous data
D. interview data

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy TOP: Types of data and scales of

measurement

76. Ordinal data are:

A. ranked in order from first to last in some way

B. a whole number that cannot be broken down into fractions of a whole number as they are being
counted
C. data that can be measured on a scale from zero to infinity
D. used so that each datum can be represented in decimal form or fractions of whole numbers

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult TOP: Types of data and scales of

measurement

77. Discrete data are:

A. ranked in order from first to last in some way

B. a whole number that cannot be broken down into fractions of a whole number as they are being
counted
C. data that can be measured on a scale from zero to infinity
D. used so that each datum can be represented in decimal form or fractions of whole numbers

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult TOP: Types of data and scales of

measurement

78. In reference to parametric data, a parameter is:

A. a measurement across a population

B. a statistical computer software program
C. a moment in time
D. a study of the science of small things

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate TOP: Parametric data

79. In quantitative data analysis, all of the following are true except:

A. numbers are everything

 B. using numbers, you can describe amounts, populations and patterns in the data
C. it involves finding themes and subthemes from text
D. hypotheses can be tested

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy TOP: Quantitative data analysis

80. In descriptive statistics, a sum is:

A. the score in the middle

B. the total of all elements divided by the number of elements
C. the counting of all the elements
D. the proportion out of 100 that a group comprises

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate TOP: Descriptive statistics

81. The median refers to:

A. the score in the middle

B. the total of all elements divided by the number of elements
C. the counting of all the elements
D. the proportion out of 100 that a group comprises

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate TOP: The median

82. A percentage is:

A. the score in the middle

B. the total of all elements divided by the number of elements
C. the counting of all the elements
D. the proportion out of 100 that a group comprises

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate TOP: Percentages

83. A ‘frequency distribution table’ is:

A. a numerical summary of a phenomenon

B. components in a group that tell you the number and percentage of elements in each subgroup of
the main group
C. a measurement across a population
D. the value of a variable for a particular case

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult TOP: Frequency distribution

84. A statistic can be defined as:

A. a numerical summary of a phenomenon

B. components in a group that tell you the number and percentage of elements in each subgroup of
the main group
C. a measurement across a population
D. the value of a variable for a particular case

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult TOP: Statistics

85. All of the following are true of a table except:

 A. columns are the vertical arrangement of like numbers
B. rows are the horizontal arrangement of like numbers
C. the intersection of a column and a row is called a cell
D. a table is the least common tool used to analyse data because it is a meaningless presentation of
numbers

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate TOP: Tables

86. The mode is:

A. the most frequently occurring score

B. the least frequently occurring score
C. a number that reflects the spread of the scores
D. the number that is calculated from the data to show the amount of dispersion in the data

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate TOP: The mode

87. The range refers to:

A. the most frequently occurring score

B. the least frequently occurring score
C. a number that reflects the spread of the scores
D. the number that is calculated from the data to show the amount of dispersion in the data

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate TOP: The range

88. The standard deviation is:

A. the most frequently occurring score

B. the least frequently occurring score
C. a number that reflects the spread of the scores
D. the number that is calculated from the data to show the amount of dispersion in the data

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate TOP: Standard deviation

89. Which of the following is not a characteristic of Type I error?

A. accepting a null hypothesis which leads to rejecting a research hypothesis that is true
B. the null hypothesis is tested and wrongly rejected
C. occurs when you mistakenly believe that you have found a significant result from a statistical test
D. is also referred to as an alpha error

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult TOP: Type I and Type II errors

90. The term used in regard to a result that describes the likelihood that an error in judgement has been made
regarding the result is:

A. the power calculation

B. the level of significance
C. the factor analysis
D. a beta error

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult TOP: Level of significance

91. When your hypothesis is directional, there will be:

A. a rejection region at either end of the sampling distribution

B. a rejection region in the middle of the sampling distribution
C. a rejection region only under the end of the curve that relates to the direction of the hypothesis
D. a rejection region in the middle and at the end of the curve that relates to the opposite direction of
the hypothesis

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult TOP: One-tailed and two-tailed tests

92. The three things you need to know to test a hypothesis do not include:

A. whether the hypothesis is directional

B. data which is not measurable
C. the size of the sample
D. the level of significance you have set

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate TOP: One-tailed and two-tailed tests

93. A log-linear analysis is a:

A. technique that allows the researcher to use numerical independent variables to predict whether
participants will belong to different groups
B. type of regression analysis in which all of the variables are measured on a nominal scale
C. test that can be done to find relationships in one group
D. test to determine a level of significance whenever a statistical procedure is done in order to qualify
whether the result is biased

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult TOP: Logistic regression

94. Which of these is not a level of potential analysis?

A. parametric statistics
B. non-parametric statistics
C. ethnographic statistics
D. descriptive statistics

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy TOP: Levels of measurement

95. Which of these is not important when coding data?

A. ensure that data coding and data entry are consistent

B. ensure that data coding and data entry are accurate
C. missing values are a problem and occur when data is missing
D. ensure that data coding and data entry are done by a professional

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy TOP: Coding the data

96. Which of these does not describe a level of significance?

A. describes the likelihood that an error has been made

B. expressed as a probability
C. determines whether the result is statistically significant
 D. the minimum level of significance is p <1

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy TOP: Level of significance

97. ANOVA stands for:

A. assisted numerical variance analysis

B. analysis of variance
C. analysis of variables
D. assisted variable analysis

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy TOP: Testing for differences in means

of more than two groups

98. A chi-square test would not be used in which of the following?

A. with two independent groups of data

B. with three or more groups of independent data
C. with nominal variables
D. with three or more groups of dependent data

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy TOP: Summary of tests for comparing

differences

CRITICAL THINKING & ANALYSIS

99. What is the difference between inferential and descriptive statistics?

ANS: Descriptive statistics describe the characteristics of the group or the subgroups that comprise the
group. Inferential statistics are used to determine the differences. Inferential statistics have the following
characteristics:
• They are used to make comparisons in order to find differences or associations between sets of
data.
• They are used to make inferences about the population from which the sample data were ex-
tracted.
• They can be either parametric or non-parametric techniques.

PTS: 2 DIF: Moderate TOP: Summary

100. Compare and contrast the following:

A. nominal data
B. ordinal data
C. ratio data

ANS:

A. The nominal scale of measurement only satisfies the identity property of measurement. Values
assigned to variables represent a descriptive category, but have no inherent numerical value with
respect to magnitude. For example, gender
B. The ordinal scale has the property of both identity and magnitude. Each value on the ordinal scale
has a unique meaning, and it has an ordered relationship to every other value on the scale. Shows
rank.
 C. The ratio scale of measurement satisfies all four of the properties of measurement: identity, mag-
nitude, equal intervals, and a minimum value of zero. For example, weight

PTS: 2 DIF: Moderate TOP: Types of data and scales of measurement

101. Define the following terms:

A. mean
B. median
C. mode
D. range
E. standard deviation

ANS

A. The mean score of a group is the average, a concept with which you will be familiar.
B. This is the score in the middle. For an odd number of scores, the middle one is the median. For an
even number of scores, the median is the average of the two middle ones.
C. The mode is the most frequently occurring score.
D. The range is a number that reflects the spread of the scores. It is obtained by subtracting the lowest
score from the highest score.
E. The standard deviation is a number that is calculated from the data to show the amount of dispersion
of the data.

PTS: 2 DIF: Easy TOP: Measures of central tendency and variability

102. Compare and contrast Type I errors and Type II errors.

ANS:

There are two types of error you might make when using inferential statistics.

Type I error (alpha error): A Type I error occurs when you mistakenly believe that you have found a
significant result from a statistical test. In statistical procedures, a null hypothesis can be tested and
wrongly rejected, leading to the acceptance of a research hypothesis that is false. It usually occurs be-
cause of poor sampling. A Type I error is controlled by setting significance levels (p values). A p value
of 0.05 means a 5 per cent probability of a Type I error.
Type II error (beta error): A Type II error occurs when you mistakenly believe that you have not found
anything significant when it really does exist in the population of interest. In statistical procedures, this is
usually done by accepting a null hypothesis, which leads to rejecting a research hypothesis that is true.
Once again, the result was due to chance and probably based on a biased sample (Dawson-Saunders &
Trapp 2004).

PTS: 2 DIF: Moderate TOP: Type I and Type II errors