BRIDGES

• A structure that is built over a river, road, or railway to allow people and vehicles to cross from
one side to the other.

MAIN ELEMENTS OF BRIDGES

1) Superstructure

– Track Structure

– Girder

– Bearing

2) Substructure

– Bed Block

– Training & Protective Works

– Pier/Abutment/Wing Wall

– Foundations

Monolithic Bridge Like Pipe Culvert, Box Culvert and Arch Act like one unit.

CLASSIFICATION OF BRIDGES

ACCORDING TO THE FUNCTION

1)Track Bridge (for rail vehicle)

 – Over water bodies i.e River/ Nallah /Canal

– Over Valley (viaduct)

– Over Railway (Fly-over)

– Over Road (RUB)

2) Road Bridge (For Road Vehicle)

– Over Railway (ROB)

RAILWAY BRIDGE
ROAD UNDER BRIDGE

ROAD OVER BRIDGE

 3) Rail cum road bridge

– Over river

4) Foot over Bridge (For pedestrian)

– Over Railway (On platform for public)

 5) Pipe Line Bridge

- Over Railway

6) Aquaduct

- Canal or Nallah over Track

ACCORDING TO MATERIAL OF CONSTRUCTION OF SUPER STRUCTURE

1) Timber Bridge (obsolete)

2) Masonry Arch – Stone & Brick

– In lime Mortar & Cement Mortar respectively

Arch Bridges

3) Steel Bridge
Steel Truss Bridge

– Riveted Fabrication

– Welded Fabrication
 PLATE GIRDER COMPONENTS

• Top flange – being a member carrying compressive stresses

• Web plate near bearings – due to heavy concentration of stress likely to buckle

• Cross frame angles & Top lateral bracing – excessive lateral vibration

• Frozen bearings causes reversal of loading due to

– variation in temperature

– Restraining displacement and rotation

4) RCC Bridge

5) Pre-stressed Concrete Bridge

 6) Composite (Steel & Concrete) Bridge

ACCORDING TO LEVEL OF FLOOR SYSTEMS

1) Deck Type – (Track Structure on Top Flange or Chord)

 2) Through Type (Track structure Floor System Connected to Bottom Chord Panel)

3) Semi Through Type (Track Structure Floor System Connected to Web and no top Bracings).

Shapes of Railway Tunnels: Following shapes are commonly used in Railway tunnels:
ACCORDING TO SPAN OR OPENING

) Minor Bridge

– Individual span < 12 m & Total Lineal Waterway< 18 m

2) Major Bridge

– Individual span ≥12 M or Total Lineal Waterway ≥ 18 M

3) Important Bridges –

– Total Lineal waterway 300 M OR

– Total Waterway 1000M2 OR

Those classified as ‘IMPORTANT BY CE/CBE due to their depth of W.Way, Extent of River Training Works
& Past History Maintenance Problem