BRIDGES

The bridge is a rigid structure which is built on obstacle for providing the passage over an obstruction. The required
passage may be for railways, roads, canals, pipelines, etc.

There are different types of bridges each serves a specific purpose and selected at different situations.
A bridge consists of a substructure and a
superstructure.

• Substructure: • Superstructure:
-Foundation -Wearing surface
-Pier -Any structure above
-Abutment the bearing
 CLASSIFICATION OF BRIDGES
-Bridges can be classified based on:
• Material used in construction and fabrication
• The usage of the bridge
• The span
• The structural form

Classification based on the material and fabrication:

Materials: Fabrication:
• Masonry • Precast
• Timber • Cast in-situ
• Reinforced concrete • Pre tensioned
• Pre-stressed concrete • Post tensioned
• Iron • Prefabrication (steel)
• Steel • Rivet
• Composites • Bolted (steel, timber)

Classification based on the usage:

• Pedestrian
• Highway
• Railroad
Classification based on the structural form:
• Arch
• Beam
• Cantilever
• Truss
• Cable stayed
• Suspension

Classification based on the span:

• Short
• Medium
• Long
 • Arch bridges

-They are one of the oldest forms of bridges.

-Instead of their weight pushing straight down, the weight of an arch
bridge is carried outwards along the curve of the arch to the supports,
known as the abutments.

Vertical loads from traffic

Forces acting along the arch

Reaction forces
• Beam/Girder Bridge
-It is the most basic type of bridge consisting of a beam that is simply supported on each side.
-When forces push down on the beam, it bends and its top edge is pushed together(compression) while
bottom edge is pulled apart(Tension)
-Most of them are precast or prefabricated
-They can either be simply supported or continuous
• Cantilever bridge
The roadway is constructed out from the pier in two directions at the same
time so that the weight on both sides counterbalances each other.
The larger section at the support resists negative moments
FACTORS TO CONSIDER IN BRIDGE SELECTION AND CONSTRUCTION
• Bridge length
• Material available
• Site conditions
• Speed of construction
• Cost
• Access for maintenance
• Aesthetics
• Beam spacing
 CAUSEWAYS

A causeway is a raised roadway, railway or track constructed across low laying - typically wetlands. It would
generally exist along coastal terrains. It would be constructed in the format of an embankment or berm as
such. It can be constructed of earth-fill, wood or concrete.
A causeway might of course as well be incorporated with one or a series of bridges in its midst