Construction of embankment

Embankment stability is directly dependent upon the mapping of the

soil conditions before the writing of the contract and upon providing
for adequate design for the weak spots. Embank­ment materials occur
in many variations, and energy must be spent in controlling the
poorer materials. The better types of materials are of much less
concern.
LO 2
 Bridges in highway
Components of bridges
DEFINITION
A bridge is structure that allows people or vehicles to cross an
obstacle such as river or canal or railway….

COMPONETS
Deck
Abutment
Piers
Bearing
Superstructure Components of Bridges

The superstructure of the bridge structure consists of deck slab, girder,

truss etc. These components vary based on the type of bridge
(whether concrete or steel or composite). Superstructure of the bridge
bears the load passing over it. This helps in transmitting the forces
formed by the loads to the below substructures.

Substructure Components of Bridges

The components involved in substructure of bridges are:

Piers
Abutments
Wing Walls and the Returns
Foundation
• Definition of Components of bridge
• Deck
• A bridge with an upper horizontal beam that carries roadway.
• The decking is considered as the road or the rail surface of the
bridge. The decks are supported by the girders or the huge beams
that is in turn supported by the piers. The whole arrangement is
supported with a deep foundation mainly piles and cap arrangement.

• Bearing
• A bridge bearing is a component of a bridge which typically provides
a resting surface between bridge piers and the bridge deck.
• The loads received by the decks are properly and safely transmitted
to the substructure with the help of bearings. These are components
of bridge that enables even distribution of load on the substructure
material. This transmission is very essential in situations where the
substructure is not designed to take the load action directly.

https://theconstructor.org/structures/components-of-bridges-
concrete-steel/17806/
• Types of Bridge Bearings and their Details
• Different types of bearings for bridges include:
• Sliding bearings
• Rocker and pin bearings
• Roller bearings
• Elastomeric bearings
• Curved bearings
• Pot bearings
• Disk bearings
Decks

Bearing
• Abutment
• It supports the ends of the bridge and transfer the loads from the
superstructure into the ground.

• Abutments are vertical structures used to retain the earth behind

the structure. The dead and the live loads from the bridge
superstructure is supported by the bridge abutments.

• The abutments are also subjected to lateral pressures mainly from

the approach embankment. The design loads on the abutment is
mainly dependent on the:
• Type of abutment selected
• The sequence of construction
• The figure below shows the primary functions carried out by an
abutment.
Abutment
• PIERS
• The main supports for a bridge upon which the bridge rests
are called piers.The piers are vertical structures used to support
deck or the bearings provided for load transmission to underground
soil through foundation. These structures serve as supports for the
bridge spans at intermediate points.
• The pier is a vertical member that resist the forces by means of
shear mechanism. These forces are mainly lateral forces. The pier
that consist of multiple columns are called as bent.
• The pier structure has mainly two functions:
• Load transmission to the Foundation
• Resistance to the horizontal forces
• Most of the cases, piers are designed to resist the vertical loads
alone. In areas which lie in the seismic zone, it is recommended to
design the pier for lateral loads also.
Piers
 Types of Bridges
• Nature of construction, load distribution, types of
materials used for construction, and types of loads
applied on the bridge are few factors that affect the
selection of the types of bridges.
• Types of construction material – steel, concrete, timber,
prestressing, etc.
• Structural form – truss, beams, suspension, cantilever, etc.
• According to the purpose of use – Road bridge, highway
bridge, railway bridge, pedestrian, etc
• According to spans of bridges – culvert bridge, major span
bride, long-span bridge, etc.
POINTS FOR SELECTION OF BRIDGE TYPE

Geometric condition of the site(road alignment, design flood and highest

water mark)
Traffic capacity.
Structural stability.
Foundation conditions and strength of a abutment.
Available material.
Knowledge and equipment of the contractor.
Clearance requirement above and below the road way.
General requirements with respect to location ,financing and community
values.
Types of Bridges
https://www.structuralguide.com/types-of-bridges/