BRIDGE ENGINEERING

CE 6710

January-May 2013 session Devdas Menon / Arul Jayachandran

Dept of Civil Engineering IIT Madras

Welcome to Bridge Engineering!

COURSE OBJECTIVES
to get a general overview of bridges to understand structural behaviour of bridge deck systems and substructures to analyse and design simple bridge structures to gain some exposure to modern bridge construction practice

COURSE OBJECTIVES
Everything should be made as simple as possible. But not simpler! (Albert Einstein)

COURSE CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION, HISTORY & PLANNING 2. IRC & IRS LOADING & DESIGN SPECS 3. RC & PSC SOLID & VOIDED SLAB BRIDGE DECKS up to 12m, 10-40m 4. BEAM & SLAB BRIDGE DECKS: RC, PSC, STEEL, COMPOSITE 12-30m (200m) 5. BOX-GIRDER BRIDGE DECKS: RC, PSC, STEEL, COMPOSITE 30-150m 6. STEEL TRUSS BRIDGE DECKS 30-150m(500) 7. ARCH BRIDGE DECKS: RC, STEEL 20-150m
5

COURSE CONTENTS
8. RC BALANCED CANTILEVER BRIDGE DECKS 9. RC INTEGRAL BRIDGES 10. INTRODUCTION TO SUSPENSION & CABLESTAYED BRIDGES 11. BEARINGS & EXPANSION JOINTS 12. PIERS, ABUTMENTS & FOUNDATIONS 13. BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION ASPECTS 14. EARTHQUAKE RESISTANCE OF BRIDGES 15. LESSONS FROM BRIDGE FAILURES
6

REFERENCES
D J Victor, Essentials of Bridge Engineering, Oxford-IBH, 6th edition, 2007. N Rajagopalan, Bridge Superstructure, Narosa, 2006. S Ponnuswamy, Bridge Engineering, Tata McGraw-Hill, 1986. E C Hambly, Bridge Deck Behaviour, E & FN Spon. E J OBrien & D L Keogh, Bridge Deck Analysis, E & FN Spon. C Menn, Prestressed Concrete Bridges, Birkhauser Verlag, 1986. W-F Chen & L Duan (Ed), Bridge Engineering Handbook, CRC Press, 2000. V K Raina, Bridge Engineering Handbook, Galgotia, 1999.
7

Class Hours

Lectures (3 hours / week); (fourth hour extra, on occasion)

8 9 Lecture Lecture Lecture Lecture 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday

Evaluation
First Quiz Second Quiz Assignments End Semester Examination 20 % 20 % 10 % 50 %

Total

100%

1. INTRODUCTION
What is a bridge? Main components of a bridge Classification of bridges Brief history of bridge development Bridge aesthetics

10

BRIDGE?
A bridge is an elevated transportation structure spanning across some obstacle (a river, a valley, a road or a railway). It provides a passage for transporting pedestrians, vehicles, pipelines, etc.

11

BRIDGE
Of all inventions (the alphabet and printing press alone excepted), those inventions which abridge distance have done the most for the civilisation of our species. (Macaulay) The bridge builder was held in great esteem (pont pontiff) in Europe. (The Chief Bridge Builder in Rome was given the title Pontifex Maximus). Bridges have great importance in terms of urban, social, cultural and economic development. They also have major military significance.
12

COMPONENTS OF A BRIDGE
Superstructure:
Deck slab Girders / trusses / arches / cables Handrails, guard-stones,

Bearings (for deck) Substructure:

Abutments Piers Foundations for abutments and piers

Approaches, slopes, aprons,

13

COMPONENTS OF A BRIDGE

14

CLASSIFICATION OF BRIDGES
based on function based on material (for deck) based on type of superstructure based on superstructure support conditions based on relative elevation of bridge floor
15

CLASSIFICATION
based on function:
pedestrian bridge highway bridge railway bridge road-cum-rail bridge aqueduct (canal over a river/valley) viaduct (rail/road bridge over a valley)

16

CLASSIFICATION
based on material (for deck):
timber bridge masonry bridge iron bridge steel bridge reinforced concrete bridge prestressed concrete bridge composite bridge FRP bridge
17

CLASSIFICATION
based on type of superstructure:
slab bridge T-beam bridge box-girder bridge truss bridge arch (bowstring girder) bridge cable-stayed bridge suspension bridge
18

CLASSIFICATION
based on support conditions for superstructure:
simply supported bridge continuous bridge cantilever bridge rigid frame bridge

19

CLASSIFICATION
based on relative elevation of bridge floor:
deck bridge through bridge half-through bridge suspended bridge

20

Bridge Components
Basic Components
Superstructure Substructure Pier Foundation Shallow Deep Bearings Abutments
Abutment Bearing Superstructure

(Courtesy: CVR Murty)

Substructure

Soil

Foundation

Bridge Components
Basic Components
Superstructure Substructure Foundation Bearings Abutments

Bridge Components
Basic Components
Superstructure Substructure Pier Foundation Shallow Deep Bearings Abutments

Superstructure

Bearing Substructure

Foundation Soil

Bridge Components
Superstructure
Slab Bridge

Solid
Support

Voided
Support

Bridge Components
Superstructure
Girder-Slab Bridge

Slab Diaphragm Girder Bearing

Support

Diaphragm

Support

Bridge Components
Superstructure
Girder-Slab Bridge

Steel Girder with Shear anchors into RC Slab

Bridge Components
Superstructure
Box Girder Slab Bridge

Slab Box-Girder Bearing

Support

Bridge Components
Superstructure
Box Girder Slab Bridge

Steel Box Girder with Shear anchors into RC Slab

Bridge Components
Superstructure
Truss Bridge

Bearing

Support

Bridge Components
Superstructure
Truss Bridge
Road/Traffic level

Underslung Truss Bridge

Road/Traffic level

Through Truss Bridge

Road/Traffic level

Semi-Through Truss Bridge

Bridge Components
Superstructure
Truss Bridge

Howe Truss

Pratt Truss

(Variable Depth)

Warren Truss

Bridge Components
Superstructure
Arch Bridge

Arch

Tied Arch

Bridge Components
Superstructure
Arch Bridge

Road/Traffic level

Underslung Arch Bridge

Road/Traffic level

Through Arch Bridge

Bridge Components
Superstructure
Frame Bridge

Continuous Spans

Bridge Components
Superstructure
Cable-stayed Bridge

>

Bridge Components
Superstructure
Cable-stayed Bridge

Options

Bridge Components
Superstructure
Cable-stayed Bridge

Bridge Components
Superstructure
Suspension Bridge

>>>

Bridge Components
Superstructure
Suspension Bridge End Anchors

Bridge Components
Substructure
Wall Pier

Bridge Components
Substructure
Frame Pier

Bridge Components
Substructure
Single Column Pier

Bridge Components
Foundation
Isolated Footing

Bridge Components
Foundation
Piles

Bridge Components
Foundation
Well or Caisson

Bridge Components
Bearings
Rocker Roller

Bridge Components
Bearings
Elastomeric bearings

Bridge Components
Bearings
Lead Rubber Bearings

Bridge Components
Bearings
POT Restrained Guided Free

Bridge Components
Bearings
PTFE (Polytetrafluoroethylene) Sliding
Non-stick

Abutment Abutment
Main Abutment wall Wing wall

Abutment Abutment
Main Abutment wall Wing wall Straight Bent