Chap1 31

Republic of the Philippines
Surigao del Sur State University

CANTILAN CAMPUS
CantilanSurigao del Sur, 8317
Website: www.sdssu.edu.ph
Social Media and Communication Competence:
How Criminology Students Navigate the Digital Landscape
An Undergraduate Thesis Presented to

The Faculty of the
College of Criminal Justice Education
North Eastern Mindanao State University
Cantilan, Surigao del Sur
In Partial Fulfillment of the

Requirements for the Degree
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE
Authors
GUILLEN, RICH-AL G.
HUERTE, EXEQUIEL A.
ISIANG, JOMARIE T.
LAPATIS, ARCHIE L.
LASERNA, JAN REY E.
LEQUIT, JUNILIE
LIQUIT, ALVIN G.
LORETO, NEIL B.
LUMANAO, FELOMINO JR. E.
October 2023
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APPROVAL SHEET
This is to certify that I have supervised the preparations of and read the undergraduate
thesis prepared by Guillen, Rich-al G., Hurte, Exequiel A.., Isiang, Jomarie T.,
Lapatis, Archie L., Laserna, Jan Rey E., Lequit, Junilie , Liquit, Alvin G., Loreto, Neil
B., Lumanao, Felomino Jr. E.., entitled Social Media and Communication
Competence: How Criminology Students Navigate the Digital Landscape A.Y.
2023-2024, and the said thesis has been submitted for final examination by the Oral
Examination Committee.
Dr. Geraldine V. Darao Dr. Loth Orozco

Adviser Course Adviser
As members of the Oral Examination Committee, we certify that we have examined

the undergraduate thesis, presented before the committee on October 2023 and hereby
recommend it to be accepted as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree
in Bachelor of Science in Criminology.
Panel Member Panel Member
Panel Chairman
This undergraduate thesis is hereby approved and accepted as partial fulfillment of the
requirement for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Criminology.
Dr. Laurence Bazan

Dean, CCJE
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Dedication
This research work is humbly dedicated to our parents, learning institution and
to our instructor who served as our helping hands in making this work possible, to the
BS-CRIMINOLOGY Students of NEMSU Cantilan Campus, above all to our
Almighty God.
The Researchers
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TABLE OF CONTENT
Page
Cover Page i
Approval Sheet ii
Dedication iii
Table of Content iv
List of Figure v
Chapter 1. THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING
Introduction 1
Theoretical Framework 3
Conceptual Framework 6
Statement of the Problem 9
Schematic Diagram of the Study 8
Significance of the Study 10
Scope and Limitations 10
Definition of Terms 11
Chapter 2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
Related Literature
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Foreign
13
Local 16
Synthesis 21
Chapter 3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research Design 22
Research Locale and Respondents 22
Sampling Technique 23
Research Instrument 23
Data Gathering Procedures 24
Statistical Tools and Analysis 24
REFERENCES CITED 25
List of Figure
Figure Page
1. Schematic Diagram 8
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CHAPTER 1
THE PROBLEM AND IT’S SETTING
INTRODUCTION
Social media has become an integral part of our daily lives, changing
the way we communicate and interact with others. It can be a powerful tool for
connecting with friends and sharing information, but it can also have negative
impacts on communication and social skills. In this, we will explore the impact
of social media on communication and offer strategies for navigating the
digital landscape. One of the most significant impacts of social media on
communication is the shift towards digital communication over face-to-face
interaction. While social media platforms allow us to connect with people all
over the world, they can also lead to a lack of face-to-face communication
skills. Many young people are more comfortable texting or messaging than
having in-person conversations, which can have negative impacts on their
ability to communicate effectively in professional and personal settings.
Social media can impact the way we interpret and understand communication.
With the rise of online communication, there is a greater emphasis on brevity
and immediacy, which can lead to misinterpretations and misunderstandings.
Students may struggle to understand tone and context in online messages,
leading to conflict and miscommunication.
Selwyn (2012) regarded social media as an application tool that allowed users
to exchange and interact with one another; provided a means to create, edit
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and share new forms of visual, textual, and audio content; and a platform to
categorize, label and recommend existing forms of content. Kern (2010)
defined social media as a platform of modern and electronic communication
and a means through which users open online communities to share ideas,
information, personal messages, and other related content messages. This
indicates that social media are online technology platforms that help to
connect people that are both far and near. With the online connection, the
users can communicate with each other, even on different continents, read
books, listen to music, save and check relevant photos and much more. Adaja
and Ayodele (2013), in their study, described social media as web–based and
mobile tools which are used to turn communication into interactive dialogue
between communities, organizations, and individuals. For the purpose of this
study, social media is defined as an online platform where the users can
disseminate information, receive information and interact with many people.
The social media platform allows the users to have access to different
kinds of information that is relevant for a specific purpose. Social media has
made available such tools used for information sharing and interactions
among different people. When social media platforms allow the users to have
access to information and to interact with each other, it means that the
communication process is really involved. Boyd (2006) noted that social
media is the most significant and important online platform for communication
that easily links many people together world-wide. The most recognized ones
in Nigeria were Blackberry messenger, What’sApp, Facebook, Myspace,
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Twitter Skype, 2go, Friendster, and so on (Embi, 2012). But, as has already
been stated, for the purpose of this study, social media is limited to Facebook,
What’sApp, Twitter and YouTube. Social media has no membership
restriction, and it can be used and operated through mobile phones and
computer devices. Cohen (2007) pointed out that these social media
platforms can be purposely used in the education sector.
THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK
According to Albert Bandura during a career spanning the second half
of the twentieth century, psychologist Albert Bandura was responsible for
many groundbreaking contributions in the fields of psychology and education.
One of Bandura’s most influential theories is that of his “social cognitive
theory” (SCT) which postulates that portions of an individual's knowledge
acquisition can be directly related to observing others within the context of
social interactions, experiences, and by outside media influences. He further
theorizes that we attain our sense of “self efficacy”, or our belief about our
competence and ability to succeed, in social situations (Bandura, 1977).
Although digital and social media did not exist when Bandura first introduced
SCT in the 1950s, many proponents of SCT are a useful filter in which to
examine the social cognitive effects of digital media on today’s teenagers. As
youth primarily socialize online, their “self efficacy” is directly related to their
digital consumption. A main concept in Bandera’s social cognitive theory is
that an individual’s actions and reactions, in almost every situation, are
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influenced by the actions that individual has observed others. People observe
others acting within an environment and these observations are then
remembered by an individual and help shape their social behaviors and
cognitive processes (Bandura, 1977). Therefore, applying this concept to
today’s American teenagers who live in a ubiquitous digital environment
wherein socialization through and with digital gadgetry is now atypical
teenage behavior, it is of utmost importance to try to understand what social
processes are going on resulting from their digital consumption. Digital
technology is not only an inherent aspect of contemporary teenagers’ lives,
but it affects how they communicate, how they socialize, and ultimately who
they are.
Communication can happen by using different media. The newest
medium of communication used by students these days is online social
networking sites (OSNS) such as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, CyWorld,
and MySpace. Providing a new forum for communication with others, these
sites have become among people across the globe,particularly to.
These media platforms have quickly succeeded in and outside the
campus allowing students to communicate with anyone else and
upload messages and posts of their choice. Despite the liberty to
engage in any communication on social media, many tend to
overlook the basic competence required in mediated communication.
Spiltzberg and Cupach (1989) defined competence as something that
depicts the value of the quality of communication. It is about
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managing a person’s capacities to exhibit communication skills,
either intrinsic or created, to achieve communicative objectives.
Facebook is one of the most favored social media sites. Ellison,
Steinfield, and Lampe (2007) labeled it Communication competence on
Facebook: Knowing what to say,knowing how to communicate as well. Talili1,
Leslie Mark L. Martirez2, Bryan A. Malaque3, and Aileen A. Bailado.
Social media networking sites is difficult especially since all Web 2.0
technologies seem to share similar traits of interactivity, user-generated
content, content sharing and data upload and download. In their
groundbreaking research, Boyd and Ellison (2008) proffered some universal
traits inherent in social media. They include (1) constructing a public or semi-
public profile within a bounded system, (2) articulating a list of other users
with whom participants share a connection, and (3) viewing and traversing
their list of connections and those made by others within the system. Boyd
and Ellison (2008) further point out that the nature and nomenclature of
these connections may vary from site to site. In addition to sharing the above
traits, social networking sites vary in so many other ways. As a result, users
flock to some while others are abandoned to be rebranded, still others
remain dormant. Essentially, SMNs are predominantly for making social
connections. But some, like LinkedIn, are intended strictly for business and
professional purposes. Others, though, can serve multiple purposes of
socialization, learning, activism, content creation and sharing and
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maintaining filial and casual relationships as in Facebook and the earlier
version of MySpace. Additional purposes include updating personal
information and activities and maintaining a one-way parasocial relationship,
as in Twitter. For purposes of the current discussion, the terms social media
networks, social media networking sites and social media network sites will
be used interchangeably. The author, however, acknowledges previous
discourse on the subject of overlooking the nuances inherent in the
technicality of each term when used in their strictest sense. Beer (2008)
observed the intricacies in Boyd and Ellison’s (2008) usage of these terms.
However, the social media phenomenon over the years has metamorphosed
into a seamless mesh whereby their purposes include both relationship
initiation in terms of strangers and relationship maintenance in the case of
family and friends; sharing of information via text, video, audio, picture; as
well as learning and a plethora of other uses. The focus of the current study,
however, is on the usage that college students employ of SMNs and what
factors compel them to choose one or more forms of this media over others.
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
The study will focus specifically on criminology students as they
represent a unique population with a particular interest in criminal justice and
an increased likelihood of utilizing social media for personal and professional
purposes. By examining their digital behaviors and communication
competency, the research seeks to provide insights into how criminology
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students navigate the digital landscape and the implications of their social
media usage for their future professional careers. Further, demographic
variables only employed in this study to observe the respondents trends and
backgrounds, but could not measure out the weight of demographic variables
towards criminology students as per hypothesis structural framework
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INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

 Criminology
 Demographic Variable students,
- Age - assessing their
- Gender social media
- Block and Year Level usage patterns
- Educational Level - preferred  Intervention program
- Social Media Usage platforms
- perceived
communication
competencies
Figure 1. The Schematic Diagram of the Study
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STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
This study aims to research and understand how criminology
students engage with social media and how it relates to their development of
communication competence in the context of their academics. competence in
the context of their academics.
I. Demographic profile of the respondents
.a. Age
b. Gender
c. Block and Year Level
d. Educational level
e. Social Media Usage
1. How do criminology students utilize social media platforms as tools
for communication within the context of their academic pursuit?
2. What strategies and best practices do criminology students employ
to effectively navigate the digital landscape and develop
communication competence while maintaining ethical standard?
3. What are the challenges and opportunities criminology students
encountered when using social media to enhance their
communication competence?
4. To what extent does social media engagement impact the
development of communication competence among criminology
students?
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5. How do criminology educators support students in harnessing the
potential of social media for communication competence and
staying informed about the digital aspects of their field?
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This section provides the importance and possible effect of the
following:
Criminology Students. This study will assist them to know how social
media use in educational contexts, specifically within the criminology
discipline and also how criminology students navigate the digital landscape.
TEACHERS
– This will
provide
information
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about the role

of social
media and
also the
effectiveness
to solve
crime, this
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will help
them to easily
guide their
students from
the
use of social
media
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TEACHERS –
This will provide
information
about the role of
social media and
also the
effectiveness to
solve crime, this
will help them to
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easily guide their

students from the
use of social
media
TEACHERS –
This will provide
information
about the role of
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social media and

also the
effectiveness to
solve crime, this
will help them to
easily guide their
students from the
use of social
media
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Criminology Instructors. This study will help or may serve as the
instructors guide about how criminology students engage with social media
and how it relates to their development of communication competence in the
context of their academics.
TEACHERS
– This will
provide
information
about the role
of social
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media and
also the
effectiveness
to solve
crime, this
will help
them to easily
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guide their
students from
the
use of social
media Future Researches. The study will serve as an instrument for future
researchers to the furtherance and guide them identify the sources of
knowledge about this particular topic.
SCOPE AND LIIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
The concern of this study is to determine the importance of social
communication in academically as many curriculum-based activities rely on
working in groups and communication between peers.
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The scope of this study was limited only to criminology students. How it
can be powerful tool for identifying and tracking individuals who are involved
in criminal activity.
The primary sources of the data will be derived from the information
that will be given by the respondents through in-depth interview and research
questionnaire. On the other hand, secondary sources were taken from online
or internet sources.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
For clarity and understanding of the study, the following terms will be
defined operationally.
Social media is a collective term for websites and applications that
focus on communication, community-based input, interaction, content-sharing
and collaboration. People use social media to stay in touch and interact with
friends, family and various communities.
Communication is usually understood as the transmission of
information. The term can also refer to the message itself and to the field of
inquiry studying these transmissions, also known as communication studies.
Its precise definition is disputed.
Communication Competence involves knowledge, motivation, and
skills.
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Digital Landscape is the total collection of hardware, software, and
content that interact with digital advertising. This includes email services,
websites, computers, smartphones, videos, blog posts, and so on
Information is an abstract concept that refers to that which has the
power to inform. At the most fundamental level, information pertains to the
interpretation of that which may be sensed, or their abstractions.
Technology is the application of knowledge for achieving practical
goals in a reproducible way. The word technology can also mean the products
resulting from such efforts, including both tangible tools such as utensils or
machines, and intangible ones such as software.
Criminology is the interdisciplinary study of crime and deviant
behaviour. Criminology is a multidisciplinary field in both the behavioural and
social sciences, which draws primarily upon the research
Criminology and Social Media social media and technology have
had a profound impact on the field of criminology. By providing access to data
and enabling law enforcement to respond more quickly and accurately to
criminal activity, these innovations have revolutionized the way law
enforcement investigates and combats crime.
CHAPTER 2
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REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter presented the related literature and related studies which
both support the complete analysis of the study and help the researcher to
justify the thesis statement of this study.
Related Literature
Foreign
Abrenica (2020) attests that students utilize social media in order to build
influence not only for other things but also to influence their academic
performances. They also use social media to gather different information for their
school works, and other things that need information to validate. According to
Valdez (2020), online gaming also helps the students to have an active mind and
potential in academic performance. It empowers the psyche of the student gamers
to be more dynamic, particularly with puzzle-based games. It likewise assists the
player with concocting choices in difficult spots, particularly with experience
games that require the players to be ready, dynamic, and vital. This proves that
somehow the online gaming or one of the online and social vices of students are
actually helping them in some aspects such as being active and participative.
Nonetheless, in spite of these advantages, playing web-based games turns into a
need in their lives since it requires a significant part of the player's time, in this way
leaving school exercises and schoolwork unattended.
Baroña (2022) stated that vices are more shunned nowadays since the
students are stuck in their homes and more prone to influence by many people.
Some of the students are still able to get their actual vices in addition to their online
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vices that they got through social media.
In line with Internet Matters (2021), The individuals who appreciate playing
computer games for relaxation will do so excitedly and profoundly. This can
prompt a craving from youngsters to play for longer and all the more as often as
possible. Obviously, computer games are intended to limit the obstacles to rehash
play and amplify delight. This convincing methodology implies guardians actually
must guide kids with screen time limits as they foster their own limits. These
concerns have been increased with news that the World Health Organization adding
"gaming" under the part that arrangements with 'Issues because of habit-forming
ways of behaving which likewise manages liquor, drugs, betting. There are areas of
strength for being among specialists on the consideration of video gaming in the
ICD-11 rundown.
In accordance with Espiritu (2021), Social Media use has become common
and almost unavoidable, having an impact on the manner in which understudies
collaborate, associate, and mingle; it has turned into a fundamental piece of their
social and social texture. Between understudies, online entertainment is utilized to
speak with their schoolmates. It is likewise utilized when scholastic exhibitions are
conducted. The virtual entertainment stages assist with working on the
understudies' scholarly execution and increment their insight through social
occasion information and data. Understudies visit different internet-based stages to
accumulate data to settle their tasks.
Past studies have found that students who invest more energy via online
entertainment locales are probably going to show poor academic performance. This
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is on the grounds that they invest energy visiting on the web and making
companions via social media locales as opposed to understanding books. (Torres,
2021), expressed that openness to social media has adverse impact on the academic
performance of students. Students invest more energy via social media instead of
reading their books and furthermore they are presently depending via online
entertainment to tackle their tasks without speaking with different sources. Social
media's effect on academic performance is negative. Students who invest more
energy via social media are probably going to perform ineffectively in their
scholarly exercises than the people who don't.
Social media locales are roads for sharing interests, exercises, amusement,
and instructive open doors. Revealed that Facebook, Myspace, Twitter, and
different locales reinforce connections and associate individuals in light of shared
interest and political perspectives. Social media gave off an impression of being a
convenient device for students in their illustrations as they use them to improve
their way of learning, i.e., to really discuss with one another, get college related
issues and get the extra important data (Larena 2000).
Local
Online games and different indecencies are drawing youthful Filipinos from
smoking and drinking liquor, a new report showed. Jaymalin (2016), demonstrates
that the public authority's mission against smoking and drinking liquor is working,
however the lower utilization of cigarettes and liquor among more youthful
Filipinos shouldn't imply that endeavors to prevent them from indecencies ought to
likewise stop.
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Significantly, online vices influence the general public as an entire and
individual specifically (Morales 2020). The psychological, physical, academics, and
moral parts of an individual are adversely impacted. Understudies redirect their
opportunity to these vices as opposed to being serious with scholastic works.
As Labana (2021) stated that there are guardians who accept that computer
use is connected with better scholastic execution of the students. It was viewed that
as high school students who utilized instructive programming at home scored
altogether higher on PC education tests than different understudies. James (2012)
opined that computers use at home is likewise connected with enhancements in
everyday scholarly execution. Different examinations likewise found that
understudies who own computers at home had higher in general grades, especially
in Math and English, then those without home computers.
According to Malaya (2022), online vices deprived the rate of students who
do actual vices such as smoking, drinking, and many more vices that are actually
affecting students’ health and well-being. Smith (2005) article stated that exposure
to online vices is a revolutionary innovation since it causes a much better rate of
students who are doomed with addictive substances and vices that affect not only
their health, but also their future.
Related Studies
Foreign
Numerous vices that are scattered not only in the real world, but also in the
online world. In accordance with Cybersin (2020), the Internet permits specific
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sifting of communication. During an online meeting, instant messages are traded,
and subsequently members in the meeting can conceal their actual personality,
actual area, orientation, age, occupation, and nearly all the other things. Anjugu
(2013) stressed that the validity, trustworthiness, strain, and other significant
correspondence qualifiers are commonly accessible to us during up close and
personal correspondence, however these methods are in many cases not present on
the Internet.
Moreover, Andreas and Michael (2000) stated that online gambling is the
furthest down the line juggernaut to assume control over the web. With numerous
Poker shows on TV practically every day, betting is presently important for the
standard. Online destinations are all over the place and they make these games
simple to play and approve the utilization of credit cards. It is as yet like the Wild
West because of unregulated online settings and locales, and like this present
reality, the online casinos generally win. Not at all like day-trading or online
gaming, there is a rush or rush in playing these shots in the dark since you get to say
you've outfoxed the enormous house.
There are a few discoveries in the investigation of Virtue Insight (2018), not
the most in- the low degree of arrangement that social media can improve or uphold
a youngster's personality or moral turn of events. While guardians recognized that
positive person qualities, including moral temperance’s like love, mental fortitude
and graciousness, are advanced through long range interpersonal communication
destinations, they were hesitant to concur that these locales could decidedly affect
their kid's personality.
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According to Weeks (2021), along with being stuck in the house, online
vices and virtues are going along a student’s way, there are habits that are being
inherited by many students due to the influence of the Internet. Srivastava
supported, just like online gaming the multiplication of internet exchanging
establishments has been released as one of the most recent proactive ways for
individuals to assume control over their own monetary predetermination. In some
unacceptable hands it very well may be a genuine bet. To say they would need to be
fixated on the dealing with and checking of their records would be putting it mildly.
Like a round of chance, there is the chance of doing insane things like utilizing their
home value or basically tying up their resources in one place to bring in cash. A
great deal of web spam offers up simple tips on hot stocks that, best case scenario,
are only an underhanded method for sucking you dry of people's expenses or cash.
In relation to that, there are many factors that youth should know that
contribute to poor academic performance in school. In line with the journal Kazi
(2018) authored, a portion of those habitual ways of behaving can occupy
understudies from their scholarly work, unfavorably influence their scholastic
presentation, social communications, and rest span, and lead to a stationary way of
life and actual dormancy, which thus can deliver them defenseless against non-
transmittable illnesses and emotional well-being issues.
Local
In accordance with John (2018), along with these, improper time tables and
management also contribute to poor academic performance of the students. Some
are being exposed too much on social media. They forgot all their school work to
get done. He believes that any student without a legitimate schedule or functional
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plan is intending to fall flat. It is miserable that numerous understudies don't have a
schedule by any stretch of the imagination. They have no bearing throughout
everyday life. This frequently brings about by and large disappointment or normal
execution.
Poor academic performance of understudies harms the student in a
significant manner. We heard it very nearly a few times that understudies perform
inadequately during tests and that makes them more discouraged and stressed
during scholastic sessions (Soubier, 2020). Okoye, (2000) believed that some of the
students accept this as an individual misfortune and harm themselves.
Consequently, we should put the progressive changes among the individuals who
are experiencing unfortunate scholarly causes. There may be different variables for
unfortunate scholarly execution.
According to Citron (2021), the alarming degree of individual digital
assaults and proposes pragmatic, legitimate ways of forestalling and rebuffing
online bullying or assaults. An invalidation of the individuals who guarantee that
these assaults are lawful, or if nothing else difficult to stop. Legitimate points of
reference as well as accepted practices of goodness and mutual respect should be
utilized to stop it. As per Amaechi (2020), poor nurturing by their parents is the
significant reason for social indecencies. Through legitimate preparation, guardians
are to bring forth a specific number of kids they would have the option to cater for
and support as far as giving their fundamental requirements and giving them quality
teaching.
According to Elujekwute (2019), academic achievement, which is
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interchangeable with academic performance, is frequently measured by assessment
or continuous evaluation. Thus, according to Masud (2019), academic performance
is among the few parts of scholarly achievement. Many variables, including
financial status, student personality and inspiration, peer, and parental help impact
academic performance.
Subsequently, Sofela (2021) attests that social media's pervasiveness has
expanded quickly. Students' public activities are enhanced by the accessibility of
this internet based local area. Such a site's positive effect on youths was assessed in
the review. Previously, it was guaranteed that occasions would take some time for
people in general to be familiar with them. In any case, because of social media,
data on recent developments and making it known may spread inside a negligible
part of a second after its distribution.
Synthesis of the Study
The study "Social Media and Communication Competence: How
Criminology Students Navigate the Digital Landscape" examines how
criminology students use social media and communicate effectively.
Numerous researchers have looked into how social media affects
interpersonal skills and personal development in the literature that is currently
available, highlighting its importance in the context of higher education.
Studies have shown how the digital environment can help and hinder effective
communication, highlighting the need for people, especially those pursuing
criminology degrees, to be adept at navigating these platforms. This research
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draws on previous work in the field to shed light on the unique challenges and
opportunities faced by criminology students as they engage with social media,
thereby contributing to a deeper understanding of the evolving relationship
between digital technologies, communication competencies, and the field of
criminology.
CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter deals with the method and procedures that was used in
the study. It discusses the research design, research locale and respondents,
sampling technique, research instrument, validation of instrument, data
gathering procedure, and statistical treatment of data.
Research Design
This study will use the qualitative research method which involves
collecting and analyzing non-numerical data (e.g., text, video, or audio) to
understand concepts, opinions, or experiences. It can be used to gather in-
depth insights into a problem or generate new ideas for research and to
gather the facts and information gathered from the respondents in the study.
This study was focusing on the selected number of fourth year, third year,
second year, and first year BS Criminology students using survey
questionnaires as a main tool of gathering data.
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Research Locale and Respondents
The study will be conducted in Northeastern Mindanao State
University. It is where the study and questionnaire will be distributed. This
locale was chosen by the researchers since this school contains a mass
number of Bachelor of Science in Criminology students that could be selected
and surveyed by the researchers.
In order to collect data for the survey, the researchers will choose
twenty (20) first-year students, twenty (20) second-year students, twenty (20)
third-year students, and twenty (20) fourth-year students. The study will
receive responses from 80 participants in total.
Sampling Technique
In selecting the subjects of this study, the researchers will use the
random sampling wherein each member of population was equally likely
chosen as point of the sample subject of this study. Therefore, the purposive
sampling approach was the most suitable for this study because of its non-
probability nature, it is one of the best data collection techniques for
quantifiable statistical analysis.
Research Instrument
The researcher will use a survey questionnaire to gather data. The
survey questionnaire will be composed of three parts. First part is the
demographic profile of the BS criminology students. The second part is
assessing their social media usage, preferred platforms, and perceived
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CANTILAN CAMPUS
communication competencies. For the third part is proposed intervention
program.
Validation of Instrument
The research study will be validated by the panelist of Northeastern
Mindanao College – Cantilan Campus. A letter request will be given to the
Dean of College of Criminology and to the Vice President of Academic Affairs
for approval on the conduct of the study. After approval, the questionnaires
will then be distributed to the said validators for validation purposes.
Data Gathering Procedure
Before administering the instrument, the researchers will send a letter
request to the Dean of College of Criminology, and Vice President for
Academic Affairs for their approval to conduct the study. After the request will
be granted, the researchers will distribute the questionnaires to the target
respondents. Upon the approval, the researchers will start the survey and give
the questionnaires to eighty (80) selected Fourth Year, third year, second
year, and first year BS Criminology students to answer. The results will be
tallied and tabulated for the analysis and interpretation of the study.
Statistical Treatment
To analyze the data that will be gathered from this study, the following
simple statistical tool will be used. Statistical treatment for qualitative data can
be used to characterize the relationship between variables in a population, or
inferential statistics can be used to test a hypothesis by drawing conclusions
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CANTILAN CAMPUS
from the data that have been collected. A statistical test known as a T-Test is
utilized to compare the means of two groups. It is usually applied in
hypothesis testing to establish whether a procedure or treatment truly affects
the population of interest or whether two groups differ from one another.
Frequency and Percentage - This was used to describe the
distribution of the profile of the costumers and fast food restaurants. The
formula for this transcribed below:
%=n
N
Where % - percentage
n = frequency of the option
N = total frequency
Mean, Median, Mode - This was used to compute and assess the
respondents’ social media usage, preferred platforms, and perceived
communication competencies.
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Students_Engagement_In_Social_Vices_And_Social_Studies_Students_Academ
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_________________________
Name and Signature of Adviser
Questionnaire
Name: _
Section:
38
CANTILAN CAMPUS
Part I. To Identify your current level of familiarity and competence with various
Social Media Platforms, and how you Navigate the Digital Landscape.
1. Please describe your current level of familiarity with various social media
platforms.
2. Could you share how often you use social media for personal or academic
purposes?
3. What specific social media platforms do you actively use, and why?
4. Describe your primary reasons for using social media in the context of your
studies or academic pursuits.
5. Can you provide some insights into the types of content you engage with
most frequently on social media related to criminology or criminal justice?
6. Do you feel confident in your ability to communicate effectively on social

media platforms in a professional or academic context? Please explain.
39
CANTILAN CAMPUS
7. How comfortable are you using social media for networking and connecting
with peers and professionals in the field of criminology?
8. Are there any challenges or concerns you've encountered while using

social media in the context of your criminology studies? Please elaborate.
9. Could you describe any positive experiences or opportunities that have

arisen from your use of social media within your academic or professional life
in criminology?
10. What recommendations do you have for improving the digital

communication competence of criminology students?
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Republic of the Philippines

Surigao del Sur State University

Social Media and Communication Competence:

How Criminology Students Navigate the Digital Landscape

An Undergraduate Thesis Presented to

In Partial Fulfillment of the

LASERNA, JAN REY E.

LUMANAO, FELOMINO JR. E.

Competence: How Criminology Students Navigate the Digital Landscape A.Y.

Dr. Geraldine V. Darao Dr. Loth Orozco

As members of the Oral Examination Committee, we certify that we have examined

Panel Member Panel Member

Dr. Laurence Bazan

Chapter 1. THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING

Statement of the Problem 9

Schematic Diagram of the Study 8

Significance of the Study 10

Scope and Limitations 10

Chapter 2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Chapter 3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Locale and Respondents 22

Data Gathering Procedures 24

Statistical Tools and Analysis 24

THE PROBLEM AND IT’S SETTING

of social media on communication and offer strategies for navigating the

digital landscape. One of the most significant impacts of social media on

communication is the shift towards digital communication over face-to-face

having in-person conversations, which can have negative impacts on their

ability to communicate effectively in professional and personal settings.

With the rise of online communication, there is a greater emphasis on brevity

and immediacy, which can lead to misinterpretations and misunderstandings.

Students may struggle to understand tone and context in online messages,

leading to conflict and miscommunication.

categorize, label and recommend existing forms of content. Kern (2010)

defined social media as a platform of modern and electronic communication

information, personal messages, and other related content messages. This

between communities, organizations, and individuals. For the purpose of this

disseminate information, receive information and interact with many people.

communication process is really involved. Boyd (2006) noted that social

in Nigeria were Blackberry messenger, What’sApp, Facebook, Myspace,

What’sApp, Twitter and YouTube. Social media has no membership

platforms can be purposely used in the education sector.

According to Albert Bandura during a career spanning the second half

of the twentieth century, psychologist Albert Bandura was responsible for

many groundbreaking contributions in the fields of psychology and education.

One of Bandura’s most influential theories is that of his “social cognitive

theory” (SCT) which postulates that portions of an individual's knowledge

acquisition can be directly related to observing others within the context of

social interactions, experiences, and by outside media influences. He further

competence and ability to succeed, in social situations (Bandura, 1977).

examine the social cognitive effects of digital media on today’s teenagers. As

digital consumption. A main concept in Bandera’s social cognitive theory is

that an individual’s actions and reactions, in almost every situation, are

others acting within an environment and these observations are then

remembered by an individual and help shape their social behaviors and

cognitive processes (Bandura, 1977). Therefore, applying this concept to

today’s American teenagers who live in a ubiquitous digital environment

wherein socialization through and with digital gadgetry is now atypical

teenage behavior, it is of utmost importance to try to understand what social

processes are going on resulting from their digital consumption. Digital

technology is not only an inherent aspect of contemporary teenagers’ lives,

Communication can happen by using different media. The newest