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BIOLOGY
 KNOWLEDGE WALLAH BHAIYA
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(नॉलेज की खान, ज्ञान की दु कान)

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के िलए रामबाण चैनल

एक ही जगह पर JOB ALERTS, STUDY MATERIAL, CURRENT AFFAIRS,

GUIDANCE , MOTIVATION और सब कुछ जो एक प्रितयोगी को चािहए
 Cell –
● Cell is the basic unit of life.

● Study of cell is called cytology. Cell was first coined by

Robert Hooke in 1665.
● Hooke discovered the cell in cork of a Oak tree.

● First living cell was discovered by Leeuwenhoek.

● The biggest cell is Ostrich egg, smallest is Mycoplasma

gallisepticum.
● Largest human cell is nerve cell and smallest is sperm cell.

● Schilden and Schwan proposed cell theory in 1839.

● Cells are of two kind -
● Prokaryotic Cell – The cell which lacks nuclear
membrane. Other membrane bound organelles are
absent such as mitochondria, lysosome, golgi bodies etc.

● Examples- Virus, Bacteria are Prokaryotic cell. Size of

cell is small. Cell division by fission or budding. It
contains single chromosome.
● Eukaryotic cell- These are complete cell having
nucleus and membrane bound organelles.
Unicellular and multicellular plant has eukaryotic
cell. Size is large, more than one chromosome, cell
division by mitosis and meiosis.

Structure of cell –
● Cell Wall – In plant there is a rigid cell wall which
is non living made of cellulose. It provides shape
and rigidity to the cell.
 Structure of cell –
● Cell Wall – In plant there is a rigid cell wall which
is non living made of cellulose. It provides shape
and rigidity to the cell.

● Cell membrane – It is also known as plasma

membrane which form the outer covering of animal
cell. In plant cell it is found within cell wall. It
regulates movement of molecules inside and outside
of the cell.
● Protoplasm – The whole fluid present inside
plasma membrane is protoplasm.
● Cytoplasm – The fluid found outside the nuclear
membrane. Fluid inside is called Nucleoplasm.

● 99% of protoplasm is made up of oxygen (76%),

carbon (10.5%), hydrogen (10%).

● 80% of protoplasm is water.

● Mitochondria – Discovered by Altman in 1886. It is
surrounded by double layered membrane.

● It is the respiratory site of cellular respiration.

● It synthesis energy rich compound ATP. Also known as

the powerhouse of the cell.
● Golgi Bodies – Discovered by Camilo Golgi. It works as
storage, processing and packaging of material.

● It helps in synthesis of carbohydrate from simple sugar

which combine with protein made by ribosome forming
glycoprotein.
● Endoplasmic Reticulum – It is attached with the
nucleus on one side and joined with plasma
membrane on the other. It helps in distribution of
material.
● Ribosome – Small granules like structure found in
attached to the endoplasmic reticulum. It is made
up of ribonucleic acid. Take part in protein
synthesis.
● Lysosome – Discovered by De Duve. It helps in
intracellular digestion. It is known as ‘suicidal bags
of the cell’. It is not found in Red Blood Corpuscles
of mammal.
● Centrosome – It is only found in animal cell taking
part in cell division. Centriole found in centrosome
initiate the cell division forming spindle fibre
between the poles.

● Plastid – Only found in plant cell. It is of three type

● Chloroplasts – These are green pigment found in

green plant involve in photosynthesis. Known as
‘Kitchen of the cell’. Chloroplast provides green
colour to the plant during photosynthesis.
● Chromoplast – It provides various colours to
flowers and fruits.

● Lycopene gives red colour to tomato.

● Carotene provides yellow or orange colour to

carrot. Betanin found in sugar beet.

● Leucoplast – It is colourless. It stores food in the

form of starch, fat & protein. It is found in root and
underground stem.
● Vacuole – It is fluid filled single membrane
bounded, dead organelles of cell.

● In plant cell it is larger but smaller in animal cell.

● It stores toxic metabolic waste.

● Nucleus – It is bounded by double layered nuclear
membrane having pore. Nucleolus is rich in protein
and RNA.

● It controls all the activity of cells. Chromatin

transmits hereditary characters from parents to
their offspring.

● DNA is found in Mitochondria & chloroplast and

nucleus.
● Chromosome – It is made up of DNA and protein.
Genes are the careers of the genetic information
from generation to generation.

● In some virus RNA is the genetic material called

retrovirus.

● In Prokaryotic there is only one chromosome.

● Number of chromosomes – Pigeon (80), Dog (78),
Horse (64),

● Chimpanzee (48), Human (46), Wheat (42),

● Frog (26), House fly (12), Mosquito (6).

• DNA (Deoxyribo nucleic acid) – It is a macro molecule
in which large number of nucleotides are present.

• There are four kinds of nucleotides present in DNA-

Adenine and Guanine in Purines, Thymine and
Cytosine in Pyrimidines.

• Watson and Crick gave the double helical structure of

DNA in 1953.

• It synthesis RNA. Phosphorous is an essential

constituent.
• Mutation – Any change in the base sequence within
gene is called mutation.

• RNA (Ribonucleic acid) – It is single stranded nucleic

acid made up of phosphate, ribose sugar and
nitrogen base uracil.

• It is found in nucleus as well cytoplasm. It synthesis

protein.
• Genetics – Transmission of character from one
generation to next generation is called heredity.

• The name genetics was first coined by W. Wattson in

1905.

• Gregar Johan Mendal is known as father of genetics.

He chooses pea plant for genetics experiment.
• In Human male sex chromosome is ‘XY’ and female
is ‘XX’.

• Fertilization is done in test tube in laboratory but

further development takes place inside mother
womb in test tube baby.

• Sheep Dolly was the first cloned animal, produced

from single cell having same genetic character.
 Zoology
• Pisces – Aquatic life. All are cold blooded animals. Respiration
takes place through gills. Fishes etc. Two heart chambers in
Pisces.

• Amphibia – Found both on land and water. Respiration

through gills, skin, and lungs.

• Heart has three chambers () two auricles and in one ventricle.

Frog, Necturus, salamandar etc.
• Reptilia – Crawling animals, Land vertebrates, two pair of limbs,
skeleton is completely flexible, respiration through lungs.
•
• Eggs are covered with CaCO₃ shell.e.g- Lizard, snake , tortoise,
crocodile etc.
• Cobra is the only snake that makes nest. It emits its venom
through fangs.

• Heloderma is the only poisonous lizard. Sea snake called Hydro

phis is the most poisonous snake of world.
• Aves- Warm blooded tetrapod vertebrates with flight
adaptation. Its forefeet modified into wings to fly.

• Respiratory organ is lungs.

• Birds have no teeth, Beak help in feeding. Flightless birds-

Kiwi and Emus.
• Largest bird alive – Ostrich,

• smallest is Humming bird .

• Largest Zoo- Cruiser national Park in South Africa.

• Mammalia – Sweet glands and oil glands are found on
skin. Warm blooded, breath through lungs, well
developed diaphragm, mammary glands and well
developed hormonal system. External ears, heart
divided into four chambers. No nucleus in RBCs
(except lama and camel. Skin have hair.
• Prototheria lays eggs (Echidna). Metatheria bears
immature baby eg- Kangaroo. Eutheria bears
developed baby eg- human. Smallest man like ape is
Orangutam.
• In mammal Goat has highest body temperature
(39°C).

• Scientific Names of Common animals – 1. Dog –

Cannis familiar 2. Cat – Felis catus, 3. Frog- Anura
ranidae 4. House fly – Musca domestica 5. Eqqus
caballus 6. Lion – Panthera leo 7. Rat – Rodentia
muridae 8. Cobra – Naja naja
 Animal Tissue -
1. Epithelial Tissue – It cover the external surface of the
body. Skin, Intestine, gland, fallopian tube, nasal
passage, trachea etc. are the examples of epithelial
tissue.
2. Connective Tissue – It connects and bind different tissue
or organs. It provides the structural frame work and
mechanical support to the body. Ligament, cartilage, bone ,
blood are connective tissue.

Ligaments connect bone to bone, Tendon attach a muscles

to bone.
• Muscular Tissue – All the muscles of the body are made up of
this tissue.
• There are over 650 skeletal muscles in human body.
• Largest muscle of the human body is ‘Gluteus Maximus’ (hip
muscle).
• The smallest muscle of the human body is Stapedius (ear).
• Strongest muscle is found in jaw.

• Muscle contains contractile protein .

• Arector pili are the muscles found in skin which make hair on
the skin stand up straight when we are cold or frightened.
• Nervous Tissue- Also called sensory tissue. It made up of two
specific cells – Nerve cells or neurons and neuroglia.

• It controls all the voluntary and in voluntary activities of the

body.
• Human Blood – Blood is a fluid connective tissue.

• The quantity of blood in human body is 7 to 8% of the weight of adult.

•
• pH value of blood is 7.4 which means it is of basic nature.

• There is an average of 5-6 liters blood in an adult.

• Spleen act as the storage organ of the blood.

• Blood consist of two parts – Plasma and Corpuscles.

• Plasma is the liquid part of the blood. 60% of the blood is
plasma. Its 90% part is water, 7% protein.

• Transportation of digested food, hormones, excretory product

from one place to another is its functions.

• Serum – When Fibrinogen and protein is extracted out of the

plasma, remaining plasma is called serum.
• Blood Corpuscles – 40% of the blood, divided in RBC, WBC and
platelets .
• Red Blood Corpuscles – There is no nucleus. New RBC is
formed in the Red bone marrow (liver).

• Its life span is 20-120 days. Its destruction takes place in liver
and spleen. Liver is called grave of RBC.

• It contains Hemoglobin, haeme is iron (haematin) due to which

color of blood is red, globin is protein.
• The main function of RBC is to carry oxygen from lungs to all
cells of the body and bring back CO₂.

• Anaemia disease caused by the deficiency of iron in

haemoglobin.

• In an adult there are 4-5 million RBC per cubic millimeter,

measured by hemocytometer.
• White Blood Cells- Its formation takes place in bone marrow,
lymph node and sometimes in liver, spleen.

• Its life span is 13-20 days. Range between 4000-11000 per cubic
millimeter.

• Nucleus is present.

• It protect body from the disease. The ratio of RBC and WBC is
600 : 1.

• Lymphocytes are formed in bone marrow.

• Blood Platelets- It found only in human and mammals.

• No nucleus, formed in bone marrow.

• Life span – 8-9 days.

• Range between 1,50,000 to 4,50,000 per cubic millimetre.

• It helps in clotting of blood.

• Functions of Blood –

• It controls the temperature of the body.

• To establish coordination among different parts.

• Clotting of the blood is known as Coagulation.

• Fibrinogen is the main protein for making blood clot.

• Blood group of Human – Discovered by Landsteiner in
1900.
• The main reason behind difference in blood is the glycol
protein found in RBC antigen (A & B).

• A is Blood group A and B is group is B. Both the Antigens

A and B form group – AB .

• Where antigen is absent it will be group – O.

• Opposite type of protein is called antibody found in blood

plasma.
• Antigen A and Antibody A can’t live together, if so
happen they will spoil the blood. Though ‘O’ is
known as universal donor because it doesn’t
contain any antigen.

• AB is called universal receptor because it doesn’t

contain any antibody.
• Cockroach has white blood due to lack of pigment
known as hemolymph. Blue blood in octopus, fish.
• Blood Rh factor was discovered by – Landsteiner and Wiener.

• Blood group ‘O’ is universal donor .

• Blood group AB is universal receiver .

• System of the Human Body
• Digestive system –

• Digestion start from mouth.

• Saliva is secreted from salivary gland in mouth in which

enzyme amylase or ptyalin is present.

• 1.5 litres of saliva is secreted in a day. Saliva is acidic in

nature.

• No digestion is taken place in food pipe or oesophagus or

Alimentary canal.
• Stomach – Gastric juice is secreted when food reach the
stomach.

• HCl secreted from Oxyntic cells of the stomach kills all the
bacteria coming.

• Pepsin breaks down the protein into peptones.

• Renin breaks down Caseinogen into casein found in milk.

• Liver – Largest gland of the human body weighs 1500 grams.
•
• Fibrinogen formed in liver.

• Also Heparin is produced in liver which prohibit the clotting of

blood.

• Bile juice is secreted by liver, it is stored in gall bladder.

• It regulates the temperature of blood.

• Storage of vitamins and minerals.

• Pancreas – Second largest gland of the human body.

• It secrets out pancreatic juice in which 9.8% is water and

the remaining is salt and enzymes.

• It can digest carbohydrates, fat and protein so called the

complete digestive juice.

• Insulin is secreted by β-cells of islets of Langerhans, a part

of pancreas. Insulin was discovered by Banting and Best in
1921. It controls the making of glycogen from glucose.
Diabetes is caused due to the deficiency of insulin. Insulin
is essential for the uptake of glucose by cells of body.
• Small Intestine – When food reaches the small intestine bile juice
from liver combines with it.

• It turns the acidic nature of food into alkaline.

• Here pancreatic juice from pancreas combines with food.

• Amylase converts starch into soluble sugar.

• Lipase converts the fat into glycerol and fatty acid.

• Digestion of food and fat is completed in small intestine

• Absorption- Digested food mixed into blood is called absorption.

• Use of absorbed food in body is called Assimilation.

• Large Intestine – Undigested food reaches into large intestine

where bacteria turns it into faeces.

• Large intestine is 1.5 meter long.

•
• Respiratory System – The most important organ of the
respiratory system is lungs.

• Nasal passage prevents the particles of dust, bacteria.

• Pharynx is situated behind the nasal cavity common for

respiratory and digestive system.

• Larynx consist of a pair of vocal cord help in producing sound.

• Trachea divided into two branches called bronchi.

• Lungs – Its color is pink and red looked like sponge. Right is
larger. There is network of blood capillaries, here Oxygen enter
into the blood and CO₂ releases out from blood.

• Breathing – Inspiration is inhalation of air, diaphragm is

flattened during inspiration .

• Exhalation makes Diaphragm relax. 79% of Nitrogen and 21%

oxygen is inhaled but only 17% oxygen and 4% CO₂ exhaled by
human .

• 400ml water is excreted out by breathing in a day. Exchange of

gases take place in lungs.
• Transportation of oxygen takes place by haemoglobin and CO₂ from
cells to lungs through circulation.

• CO₂ forms Carbonic acid after mixing in plasma.

• Anaerobic respiration – If the oxidation of food takes place in absence

of oxygen. Lactic acid is formed .

• Aerobic Respiration- It takes place in the presence of oxygen.

• Respiration is controlled by medulla oblongata. Cyanide cause death

in seconds due to breaking down the electron transport chain system.
• Circulatory System –

• Blood circulation was discovered by William Harvey in

1628.

• Heart, veins, arteries and blood are for parts of the

circulation.
• Heart – In the pericardial membrane, weighs 300 grams.
Heart of human is made up of four chambers.

• Two atriums and two ventricles.

• Arteries carry pure blood .

• The blood vessels carrying the blood from the body

towards the heart is called vein.

• In vein there is impure blood i.e. CO₂ in blood. Exception is

pulmonary vein which always carries pure blood. It
carries blood from lungs to left atrium.
• The chamber which receives blood from body tissue is
called auricle.

• When blood pumps to the body , the chamber is called

Ventricles.
• Aorta is the largest artery found in the human. It
carries oxygenated blood from heart towards the body.
• Pulmonary artery carries impure blood from right
ventricle to lungs. Right part of heart has impure
blood.
• Coronary artery carries blood to the muscle of the
heart, any type of hindrance cause heart attack.
• Heart beat – Systole and diastole of the heart are
collectively called heartbeat.
• Human heart beats for 72 times in a minute, pumps
50-80 ml blood in a single beat.
• The blood pressure is 120/80 measured by
Sphygmomanometer.
•
• Thyroxin and Adrenaline are the hormones which
controls the heartbeat.
•
• Lymph Circulatory System – The light yellow fluid
found in the inter-cellular space between different
tissues and cells is called lymph.

• It travels in one direction only from tissue towards

heart. It helps in healing of wounds and circulating
material from tissues to veins.

• It helps the body to fight against disease by killing the

harmful bacteria.
• Excretory System – Removal of waste product from the
body is called excretion.

• The main excretory organs are Kidneys, Skin, Liver and

Lungs.
• Kidneys – The main excretory system in the human body.
Outer part is called Cortex and the inner is medulla.

• Nephron is the structural and the functional unit of the

kidney.

• Two types of Arterioles in kidney – Afferent arteriole

carries the blood to the glomerulus, Efferent taken out
blood from glomerulus.
• The main function of the kidneys is purification of blood
plasma i.e. to excrete unwanted nitrogenous substance
through urination.
• In kidneys 125 ml blood is filtered in a minute, 180 litres per
day.

• The color of the urine is yellow due to the presence of

urochromes in it formed by dissociation of Haemoglobin.
Kidney—Ureter – Urinary bladder -- Urethra . pH of urine
is 6.
• The stone in kidney is made up of calcium oxalate.

• Dialysis is the process of removal of the excess urea from the

• Skin- Oil gland and sweat gland found in human skin secret sebum
and sweat.

• Liver – Excretion by liver cells is done by converting amino acid and

ammonia of blood into urea.

• Lungs – They excretes CO₂ and water vapour.

• Excretory parts in animals – Flat worms – flame cells

• Nervous System – After receiving the information of
changes from the sensitive organs, it spreads them like
electrical impulses and establishes coordination among
different organs.

• Central Nervous system – It keeps control on the

whole body. It is made of two parts Brain and
spinal cord.

• Brain is covered by membrane called meninges

situated in a box called Craninum.
• Brain – Outer part of the brain is forebrain
weighs around 1350 grams.
• Cerebrum is the most developed part of the brain.
It is the largest part of the brain.
• Thalamus is the center of feeling pain, cold and
heat.

• Hypothalamus controls the hormonal secretion of

endocrine gland. This the center of hunger, thirst,
temperature, love, hate, blood pressure,
metabolism, sweat, anger etc.
• Mid brain (Corpora quadrigemina ) – It controls vision and
hearing power.

• Hind Brain – Cerebellum is at the back of the head. It is the

center of the muscular movement.
• It is the second largest part the brain. Pons acts as the bridge
carrying ascending and descending tracts between brain and
spinal cord.

• Medulla connect and communicate the brain with spinal cord. It

controls heart action, respiration, coughing, sneezing. EEG
(Electroencephalography) is done to know function of brain.
• Spinal cord – The posterior region of the medulla oblongata form
spinal cord.

• It coordinates and controls the reflex action , it carries the impulses

coming out of the brain.

• 2. Peripheral nervous system – It is made up of the nerves arising

from the brain and spinal cord.

• These are called spinal and cranial nerves. There are sensory, motor,
mixed nerves. 12 pairs of cranial and 31 pairs of the spinal nerves
found in human.
• The unit of nervous tissue is called neuron or nerve cell.
• 3.Autonomic Nervous system – It is made up of some brain nerves
and some spinal cord nerves.

• It supplies nerves to all internal organs and blood vessel of the

body.
• Sympathetic Nervous system – It narrows the blood vessels in the
skin. It increase heartbeat. It stretches the pupil of eyeball,
increase sugar level. It helps in clotting of blood.

• Parasympathetic Nervous system – Its functions are opposite to

the sympathetic nervous system.
• Skeletal system – It is made up of two parts – Axial and
Appendicular. Axial consist of skull, chest bones.

• Skull – There are 29 bones in it. 8 protect the brain, 14 the face and
Ears have 6 bones. .

• Vertebral column- It consist of 33 vertebra. It holds the head, base to

the neck and body, helps in standing and walking, protection to the
spinal cord.
• Appendicular skeleton – Foot consist of 26 bones and hand 27 bones.

• Total numbers of bones – 206-208, during childhood – 270, ribs

bones- 24,

• smallest- Stapes (ear). Ear- Stapes, Incus, Maleus. Palm- meta

carpals. Thigh- Femur. Knee- Patella. Arm- Humerus, radio ulna
 Endocrine System-
• Exocrine Glands – Gland which have duct are exocrine.
Enzymes are secreted from these glands. Digestive, sweat,
mucous, salivary glands are exocrine glands.

• Endocrine Glands- Ductless glands, hormones are secreted.

Pituitary gland, thyroid and parathyroid gland
• Pituitary Gland- Also known as master gland. It is controlled by
hypothalamus, weighs 0.6 gms.
• It controls the growth of the body and bones.

• It stimulates the thyroid gland to secret hormone.

• It keeps water balance in the body, secretion of testosterone in male

and estrogen in female.

• Hypothalamus is the part of the brain which control emotional

reaction.
• The hormones serotonin is known to be helpful in coping with stress.
• Thyroid Gland- This is situated below the larynx in throat of
human. It secrets Thyroxine .

• Thyroxine contains iodine. It increase the speed of cellular

respiration. It is necessary for the normal growth of the
body. It controls the metabolic rate of the body.

• Deficiency of Thryoxine cause Cretinism i.e. mental

retardation in children ,

• Goitre, by the iodine deficiency and Hypothyroidism which

cause dumb and deafness in human.
• Exothalmic Goitre – It is caused by the excessiveness of the
thyroxine, eyes get bulging out of the eye socket with increased
metabolic rate.

• Parathyroid gland – This is situated in the right back of the thyroid

gland. Two hormones are secreted –

• Parathyroid hormone – It is secreted when there is a deficiency of

calcium in the blood. It regulates the level of calcium in blood.

• Calcitonin – It is released when there is Excess of calcium in blood.

• Adrenal gland –It controls the metabolism of carbohydrates, protein
and fat. If cortex is extracted from the body human could only live for
a week.

• Medulla – Adrenaline secreted by medulla , it is an amino acid, it

increase the relaxation and contraction of the heart muscles.

• Blood pressure increased due to this.

• Adrenal hormone is emergency hormone.

• Testes – It is a male organ, testosterone is secreted from it.

• Eccrine gland produce sweat. When exposed to sunlight

our skin get darker due to presence of melanin.
• Nutrients – Carbohydrates are the organic compounds in
which the ratio of carbon, Hydrogen and oxygen is 1:2:1 .
It is found in the form of sugar and starch in human. The
sweetest sugar is fructose.
• Carbohydrates are used as fuel in the body. Glucose breaks
down in CO₂ and H₂O during respiration. Glucose is the
source of all immediate energy production in the cell.
Lactose of milk is formed from
• glucose and glactose. Rice, wheat, maize, sweet potato etc.
● Botany—Algae – The study of algae is called
Phycology. Algae is used as food, and in making iodine,
as a manure, in making medicines. Algae is also used as
a protein food for astronauts in spacecraft. Chlorella
algae is sown in the tank of aircraft and known as
space algae.
● Fungi – Study of fungi is called Mycology. It is without
chlorophyll. Fungi may create serious diseases in
plants.
● Rhizopus is a fungi commonly known as ‘Bread
mould’. Lichens are the association of algae and fungi.
• Lichens are the first organism which colonize on bare
rock.
• Gymnosperm (Naked seed), Angiosperm (covered
seed).
• Leaves are the lungs of the plant. Plant from which
cocoa and chocolate is obtained is a shrub.
• Banana is a shrub. From the bark of cinchona a drug
quinine is obtained which is used in malaria fever.
• Golden rice contains β-carotene gene which comes
from carrot.
• Virus - Study of virus is called virology. Virus was
discovered by Russian scientist Ivanovsky (1892) during
the tests of mosaic disease in tobacco. It has characters of
both living and non-living. They become active inside a
living cells or host cell. RNA is present as nucleic acid in
75% plant virus. DNA is present in Animal virus.
• Those virus in which RNA is found as genetic material
are called Retrovirus. They are the parasites which need
living cell to reproduce.
Bacteria – Discovered by Von Leeuwenhoek in 1683.
Ehrenberg named it Bacteria.
There are two types of bacteria, one is harmful and the other
is useful. Some cause disease like Typhoid, TB, Cholera but
bacteria like lactobacillus is used to obtain curd from milk.
In leather industry separation of hair and fat from leather is
done by bacteria. This is called tanning of leather. Penicillin is
also obtained from bacteria.
Pasteurization of milk was done by Louis Pasteur by boiling
milk at around 70°C, the milk can be preserved for some days.
Bacteria – Discovered by Von Leeuwenhoek in 1683.
Ehrenberg named it Bacteria.
There are two types of bacteria, one is harmful and the other
is useful. Some cause disease like Typhoid, TB, Cholera but
bacteria like lactobacillus is used to obtain curd from milk.
In leather industry separation of hair and fat from leather is
done by bacteria. This is called tanning of leather. Penicillin is
also obtained from bacteria.
Pasteurization of milk was done by Louis Pasteur by boiling
milk at around 70°C, the milk can be preserved for some days.
• Honey has high concentration of sugar does not decay
because bacteria can’t survive in a solution in which water
is drawn out i.e. high osmotic strength.
• Fermentation – The slow decomposition of organic matter
into simpler substances in the presence of enzymes, is
known as fermentation. It is used to get alcoholic beverages
from grape juice in the presence of yeast. Ethanol is
obtained after fermentation by bacteria.
• Among Fungi, Virus, Protozoa, Bacteria, only bacteria has
phototropic nutrition.
• Flower – Flower is the reproductive part of a plant .Transfer
of pollen grains to stigma is called pollination
• Pollination in maze takes place by air. Male part of flower is
stamen whereas female is called pistil.
• Node is the part of stem where leaf arises.
• Fruit – Fruit is a ripened ovary developed after fertilization.
Simple fruit (Banana, Guava), Aggregate fruit (Strawberry,
custard apple), Composite fruit (Jackfruit, mulberry).
• The medicinal plant used in the preparation of skin care is
aloe Vera. Seed of neem has pesticide property
• The alkaloid naturally found in Coffee, Cocoa and Cola nut is
Caffeine.
• Xylem – It help in the transportation of water and minerals
from soil to the stem and leaves. It provides mechanical
strength to the plant.
• Phloem – It conducts soluble organic compound from leaves
to different part of plant. This kind of transport process is
known as translocation. It is the innermost layer of the bark.
• Transpiration – It is a process of loss of water aerial part of
plant in the form of water vapor. It keeps the plant and its
surrounding cool.
• Photosynthesis – It is a process in which green plant synthesis
their food like glucose from carbondioxide and water in the
presence of sunlight with the help of chlorophyll.
• Terrestrial plants take CO₂ from the atmosphere and aquatic
plants use CO₂ dissolve in water.
• Water necessary for photosynthesis is absorbed by the roots.
Oxygen produced during photosynthesis is due to photolysis
of water. The green color is due to chlorophyll.
Photosynthesis convert light energy into chemical energy.
 The photosynthesis is maximum in red light and minimum in
violet light. Green light is least effective.
• Nitrogen Fixation – It is a process in which free atmospheric
nitrogen is converted by living organism into nitrogenous
compound that can be used by the plant. When ammonia is
converted into nitrites and nitrates by Nitrobacteria the
process is called nitrification.
 Ecology – It is the study of interaction between organisms and
their environment. The term was first described Ernst Hackel.
In an Ecosystem organism interact with each other and with
their environment.
• Every ecosystem is made up of two components – Biotic
(living) and abiotic (non-living).
• Biotic Components – 1) Producer like green plants 2)
Consumer – Human and Animals. Primary depends on
plants, secondary on primary consumers – fox, wolf etc.
Tertiary on secondary consumers- Tiger, lion etc. 3)
Decomposers – Fungi and Bacteria.
• Abiotic Components – Carbonic substance, Non-carbonic and
climate factor – water, sunlight, temperature, air, humidity,
soil, mineral etc.
• Air Pollution – CO, CO₂, SO₂, NO and NO₂, NH₃,
Hydrocarbon are some main causes of air pollution. CO
combines with hemoglobin rapidly than oxygen. It causes the
death by suffocation.
• SO₂, SO₃, NO react with environmental water to form
sulphuric acid and nitric acid which cause acid rain.
• On December 3, 1984 , Methyl Isocynate leaked from Union
Carbide factory in Bhopal, 25000 died.
• Dust combines with air to form Sulphur dioxide and smog
forms nitrogen dioxide.