pCHAPTER 1: trains was introduced by James Watta
Scottish inventor. The first rail transportation
TRANSPORTATION AS A
SYSTEM
Principles of transportation engineering
FIRST SEMESTER A.Y. 2023 – 2024
Definitions
Transportation
- It is the movement of people and goods from
one point to another
Engineering
- It is the creative application of science,
mathematical methods, and empirical evidence
to the innovation, design, construction, and
maintenance of structures, machines, materials,
devices, systems, processes, and organizations.
Transportation Engineering
- It is the application of scientific and
engineering principles to the planning, design,
operation, and management of transportation
systems and facilities
- It is a sub-discipline of civil engineering,
which deals with the application of technology,
and scientific principles to the planning,
functional design, operation and management
of facilities for any mode of transportation in
order to provide the safe, rapid, comfortable,
convenient, economical, and environmentally
compatible movement of people and goods
(transport)
Traffic Engineering
- It is the branch of civil engineering that deals
with the safe and efficient movement of people
and goods on roadways
Transportation System
- defined as a facility consisting of the means
and equipment necessary for the movement of
passengers or goods.
History of Modes of Transportation
o Human beings learned to use animals such as
donkeys, horses and camels for transportation
as early as 4000 BC.
o In 3500 BC, the wheel was invented in Iraq
and the first wheel was made from wood
Initially, a canoe-like structure was used for
water transportation
o In 3100BCEgyptians invented the sailing
boat while the Romans built roads across
Europe.
o During the Industrial Revolution, John
Loudon McAdam developed the first modern
highway.
o The first steam-powered engine to be used in
was used to move coal from mines to rivers.
o The modern rail system was developed in
England in 1820, progressing to steam
locomotivesIn 1825, Stockton and Darlington
Railways opened and underground railway
was first built in 1863 in LondonIn 1880,
electric trains and the trams were
developedToday, most of the steam
locomotives have been replaced by dieselThe
fastest commercial High-Speed Rail trains,
which use magnetic levitation technologycan
go up to 431 km/hr.
o Jean Lenoir of France first patented
automobiles based on internal combustion
engine in 1860.
Four Basic Elements of Transportation
System
1. Way
o The way is the medium of travel used by a
transport mode.
o It may be purely artificial, such as roads and
railways; or natural, such as air or water.
o Roads, railways, and inland waterways
restrict vehicles movement to a specific
pattern, while air and sea allow flexibility.
2. Terminal
o The terminal represents the second important
element of a transport mode giving access to
the way for the users or acting as an
interchange between different types of ways.
o It is the farthest point to which the transport
system extends–literally the end of the line.
o Probably the simplest terminal is parking for
a private car, while the most complex one is
an airport.
o Terminals are also considered as integrated
transportation points as they can act as
interchanges where travelers can transfer
between vehicles to modes.
3. Carrying Unit
o The carrying unit is the actual transportation
media- the vehicle which facilitates
movement.
o Each ‘way’ demands a distinctive form of
carrying unit- aircraft for the sky, ships for
the sea, motor vehicles for roads and train or
tram for railways.
4. Motive Power
o Motive power is perhaps the key element in
transportation development.
o The natural power of horse- drawn carriages
 and sailing vessels provided the initial energy
for transportation.
o The exploration of steam power provided the
opportunity for the introduction of steamships
and railways, while the internal combustion
engine stimulated the development of road
and air transportation.
Official or Government Vehicles
Types of Transportation Services refers to motor vehicles owned by the Philippine
Private Transport government
o Private Transport has flexible routes, spaces,
timings. Road-based private transport can
further be classified as Fast, Slow.
o Fast is the mechanized mode that includes
car, 2-Wheeler, etc.
o Slow mode is also called non-mechanized
modes such as cycles, animal-drawn private
vehicles. Diplomatic Vehicles
Public Transport refers to motor vehicles owned by foreign
o Public Transportation includes all multiple- government or by their diplomatic officials in
occupancy vehicle services designed to the Philippines
transport customers on local and regional
routes.
o It is transportation by van, bus, or rail or
other conveyance, either privately or publicly
owned, providing to the public general or
special service.
Vehicle Registration in the Philippines
In the Philippines, the Land Transportation Driving License issued by the LTO
Office is the government agency with the The issuing procedure of driving license is
mandate to oversee the registration of vehicles. provided for under the Republic Act 4136. The
According to LTO, motor vehicles are classified LTO has the full responsibility for the issuance
as follows: of driving licenses.
Private Vehicles Student Driver’s Permit
refers to motor vehicles owned by private o This is not a driver’s license per se, but it
individuals or companies and are not intended to does give one proper authorization to drive a
be used for hire motor vehicle along the Philippine roads
legally, with certain restrictions.
o It is a document issued by the LTO to first-
time drivers.
o Its issuance signifies that an individual has
legal authorization to drive motor vehicle,
provided that they are under the guidance of a
licensed driver.
For Hire Vehicles Nonprofessional Driver’s License
refers to motor vehicles authorized to be used as o It is an official document issued by the Land
public vehicles by virtue of a franchise granted
Transportation Office (LTO) of the
by LTFRB
Philippines which authorizes the license
holder to operate a private motor vehicle.
o This is the type of driver’s license most
people get since they just want to drive their
own motorcycles or lightweight cars on the
streets.
Professional Driver’s License
o This type of license allows the individual to
drive vehicles for a living or for a paid
purpose.
o This commonly applies to those who have to
drive large commercial vehicles for a living
Transportation System
A transportation system is commonly
conceptualized as the set of relationships
between nodes, networks, and demand. These
relationships involve locations spatially
expressing this demand, flows between them,
and infrastructures designed to handle and link
these flows.
Transportation System is a functional system in
the context of society as a whole because it
provides a service- the movement of goods and
people from place to place.
o Demand: A derived function for the
mobility of people, freight, and information
for a variety of socioeconomic activities.
o Nodes: Where movements are originating,
ending, and transiting (intermediacy), entry
or exit points in a transport system. They
vary according to the geographical scale
being considered ranging from local nodes
(such as a subway station) to global nodes
(such as port or airport terminals).
o Networks: Composed of a set of linkages
expressing the connectivity between places
and the capacity to handle passenger or
cargo volumes.
o Locations: Nodes where demand is
expressed as an origin, destination, or point
of transit. The level of spatial accumulation
of socioeconomic activities (production and
consumption) jointly defines demand and w
here this demand is taking place.
o Flows: The amount of traffic over a
network, which is composed of nodes and
linkages. This is jointly a function of the
demand and the capacity of the linkages to
support them.
o Infrastructures: The conveyances such as
roads and terminals expressing the physical
reality of a network and are designed to
handle demand with specific volume and
frequency characteristics. Facilities
enabling access to a network are jointly
characterized by their centrality and the
linkages that radiate from them.
Philippine Transportation System
o The Philippines is a member of the
Association of Southeast Asian Nations,
composed of 7,641 islands which are broadly
categorized in three main geographical
divisions from north to south: Luzon,
Visayas, and Mindanao.
o It has a total land area of about 300,000
sq.km stretching 1,850 kilometers from north
to south. The Philippines is divided into 17
regions, 82 provinces, 146 cities, 1,488
municipalities, and 42,036 barangays (PSA,
2016). Regions other than Bangsamoro are
divided for administrative convenience.
CALABARZON was the region with the
greatest population as of 2020, and the
National Capital Region (NCR) was the most
densely populated.
o As of May 1, 2020, the Philippines had a
population of 109,035,343. In the year 2020,
54 percent of the country's population is
concentrated on urban areas. Manila being its
capital, and Quezon City (the country's most
populous city) are in Metro Manila. About
13.48 million people (12 percent of the
Philippines' population) live in Metro Manila,
the country's most populous metropolitan
area and the world's fifth most populous.
Between 1948 and 2010, the population of
the Philippines increased almost fivefold
from 19 million to 92 million (CHP, 2020).
o Transportation in the Philippines is by road,
air, rail and water. Roads are the dominant
form of transport, carrying 98 percent of
people and 58 percent of cargo. In December
2018, there were 210,528 kilometers
(130,816 mi) of roads in the country. The
backbone of land-based transportation in the
country is the Pan-Philippine Highway,
which connects the islands of Luzon, Samar,
Leyte, and Mindanao (Asian Development
Bank, 2012).
o Despite the popularity of rail transportation in
other countries, the rail transportation in the
Philippines is limited only to transporting
passengers within Metro Manila and the
 provinces of Laguna and Quezon, with a
short track in the Bicol Region (PNR, 2020).
The country had a railway footprint of only
79 kilometres as of 2019, which it planned to
expand to about 250 kilometres. A revival of
freight rail is planned to reduce road
congestion.
o As of 2022, the Philippines has 90 national
government-owned airports, eight of which
are international airports. Ninoy Aquino
International Airport (NAIA), formerly
known as Manila International Airport, has
the greatest number of passengers (Francisco
et.al, 2022). The 2017 air domestic market
was dominated by Philippine Airlines, the
country's flag carrier and Asia's oldest
commercial airline, and Cebu Pacific (the
country's leading low-cost carrier).
o Being an archipelagic country, the
Philippines also utilizes waterborne
modalities such as boats, ships etc. since most
of the islands of the country are not yet
connected with bridges. The Philippines has
over 1,800 seaports; of these, the principal
seaports of Manila (the country's chief, and
busiest, port), Batangas, Subic Bay, Cebu,
Iloilo, Davao, Cagayan de Oro, General
Santos, and Zamboanga are part of the
ASEAN Transport Network.
Legislative Framework in Philippine
Transportation System
Republic Act 4136
o “An act to compile the laws relative to land
transportation and traffic rules, to create a
land transportation commission and for other
purposes”.
o Also known as the Land Transportation
and Traffic Code, it provides protocols on
motor vehicles registration, accessories of
vehicles, and defines road traffic rules and
regulations.
Commonwealth Act 146
o Otherwise known as the “Public Service Act”
which created a regulatory body and given
the enforcement power and authority to
apprehend and impound vehicles.
Executive Order 125
o Amending Executive Order no. 125, entitled
"Reorganizing the Ministry of
Transportation and Communications.
Defining its powers and functions, and for
other purposes."
o This law also established the Land
Transportation Office as the sectoral agency
responsible for implementing and carrying
out policies, rules, and regulations governing
the land transportation system of the country.
Executive Order 202
o “Creating the Land Transportation
Franchising and Regulatory Board”.
o This law created the LTFRB and defined its
mandates as regulating and the Land
Transport Industry pursuant to the Public
Service Act.
Republic Act 6975
o An act establishing the Philippine National
Police under a reorganized Department of
Interior and Local Government, and for other
purposes”.
o This law established the PNP under which the
Traffic Management Group has been
organized as the traffic enforcement arm of
PNP covering national roads.
National Transport Policy (NTP)
To achieve the Transport Vision, the
Government hereby adopts the National
Transport Policy which all elements of the
transport system and all subsectors of
transportation, including passengers, shippers,
service providers, investors, agencies and
instrumentalities of government and those
involved in the movement of people and goods
and in the provision of transport infrastructure,
facilities and services, shall abide by and use as
guidance in transport development,
management, operations, and use.
The National Transport Policy (NTP) covers the
following policy focus areas:
a. Resource Generation, Allocation and
Cost Sharing;
b. Program and Project Selection;
c. Cost Recovery and Subsidies;
d. Regulation of Passenger Transport
Services;
e. Transportation Management in Urban
and Regional Areas;
f. Support to Other Economic Sectors;
g. Governance and Institutions.
Transportation & Traffic Engineering
Practice
System
o Traffic Engineering
oIt is that phase of transportation engineering
that deals with the planning, geometric
design, and traffic operations of roads,
 streets, and highways and their networks,
terminals, abutting lands, and relationship
with other modes of transportation (Evans,
1950)
o Traffic Engineer
owas first recognized in the United States in
the year 1921 but it was only in the 1990’s
where traffic engineering as a profession
was introduced in the Philippines.
o Institute of Traffic Engineers (ITE)
oThe oldest organization for traffic engineers
was founded in 1930. It was called Institute
of Traffic Engineers (ITE) and upon its
establishment, the traffic engineering
profession was likewise established and
defined. (Evans, 1950)
o Traffic Engineering and Management
(TEAM) Project
o In 1977, The Traffic Engineering and
Management (TEAM) Project was first
implemented in Metro Manila, this was
the first time that the Philippines
considered traffic studies to be one of the
key factors in the design of transportation
networks. During that time, the Traffic
Control Center (TCC) which was later
renamed as the Traffic Engineering Center
(TEC)
o Transport Training Center (TTC)
o Also, in 1976, the Transport Training
Center (TTC) was established in the
University of the Philippines with the
assistance of Japan International
Cooperation Agency (JICA).
o National Center for Transportation
Studies (NCTS)
o In 1993, the TTC was renamed as
National Center for Transportation Studies
(NCTS) as it became a regular unit of UP
Diliman. The NCTS focused on research
and support to graduate programs in the
fields of Transportation Engineering and
Transportation planning as additional
functions.
CHAPTER 2: introduction to
TRANSPORTATION planning
& engineering
Principles of transportation engineering
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
ARCHITECTURE
FIRST SEMESTER A.Y. 2023 – 2024
Transportation Planning
o It marks the initial stage of development for
an area’s mobility. It merges disciplines to
determine how to design the most functional
transportation network based on current and
anticipated transit patterns
o It provides integrated solutions by balancing
policy, investments, technology, and land
use. These aim to support long-term growth
and strategic accessibility.
o Successful transport planning analyzes
community needs, travel patterns, and
demographics before developing plans. This
involves examining the current infrastructure,
anticipating transport needs, and providing
recommendations for improvements. The
planning process should also include any
budgetary constraints.
o Through the analysis of travel patterns and
demographics, transportation planning
enables policymakers to define their goals for
a region. They’re able to anticipate how
characteristics will change to define future
policies. Spatial planning designs and
investments can then be tailored to prepare
for future needs and urban mobility
requirements. (www.ptvgroup.com)
Four Main Stages of Transportation Planning
First Stage
Transportation survey, data collection, and
analysis
o The entire process of transportation planning
(either local, regional, or national level), is
based on survey and data collection. This
includes all types of literature and data
available on transportation, journey behavior
patterns, nature and intensity of traffic,
freight structure, cost and benefits, i.e.,
income, employment estimates, etc.
o The comprehensive knowledge of traffic
flows and patterns within a defined area is
essential. In addition to traffic data, planners
also require land use and population data for
their study area.
o The details-of existing transport network are
an important source of information. In some
cases, a very detailed description of links and
nodes in terms of vehicle speed, carriage-way
width and nodal type is collected. Travel
times and network characteristics of public
transport networks are simultaneously
collected. Finally, data processing should be
done. When this has been completed,
planners can begin their data analysis.
Second Stage 4. Mixed Land Uses
Use of transportation model create vibrant area by providing destinations
o The second stage of the transportation people want to visit
planning process is to use the collected data
5. Wide Sidewalks
to build up a transportation model. This
provide ample room for people walking, enhance
model is the key to predicting future travel
the pedestrian realm, and spur activity
demands and network needs and is derived in
four recognized stages, i.e., trip generation, 6. Street Lighting
trip distribution, traffic assignment and model increases safety and creates human scale
split. 7. Bike Lanes
Third Stage provides protection from vehicle and pedestrian
Future land use forecast and alternative policy
strategies traffic
8. Landscaping
creates a comfortable and inviting pedestrian
environment and establishes green streets
9. Mid-Block Crosswalks
provide safe and convenient walking paths and
reduce vehicle speeds

Levels of Transportation Planning

Level 1: City Transport Balance
Level 2: Integration of Multimodal
o The forecasting of future land use inputs is a Network/System
precarious task, for two important reasons.
Firstly, transport planners have to rely on the
judgment of to the types of planner for most
of their land use forecasts. This information
is vitally important since it has a profound
effect upon travel forecasts. Secondly, long-
term forecasting is beset with many statistical
problems. Transportation planners are usually Level 3: Coordination of Single Mode
working on at least 10, and sometimes 25- Network/System
years ahead.

Final Stage
Policy Evaluation Level 4: Planning, Design, Operation of
o The final stage of the transportation planning Single Entity
process is one of evaluating the alternative
policies, which have been suggested. This
stage is composed of economic valuation of
transport proposals, and cost-benefit analysis.
An Effective Transportation Plan must have:
1. Street Parking
is strategically planned to maximize utilization
2. Transit Stop
include amenities to make transit more desirable
and accessible
3. Bike Parking
makes it convenient to visit nearby attractions