Proposition: a declarative sentence

that is either true or false, but not

both
1+1=2
Toronto is the capital of Canada
What time is it?
Read this carefully
X+1=5
Propositional variables: variables
that denote a proposition
p, q, r, s
Truth value: A proposition will
be either true (T) or false (F)
Compound propositions: new
propositions formed from existing
propositions using logical operators
Logical operators:
Negation ( )
Conjunction (^)
Disjunction (v)
Exclusive or ( )
Etc.
Negation: Let p be a proposition. The
negation of p, denoted by p (or p), is
.

or
TABLE 1 (1.1)

P. 3
Conjunction: Let p and q be
propositions. The conjunction
of p and q, denoted by p q, is
p and q
The conjunction p q is true
when both p and q are true and
is false otherwise
TABLE 2 (1.1)

P. 4
Find the conjunction of the propositions p
and q where
p denotes

q denotes

p q denotes

hard disk space and runs faster than 1 GHz.

Disjunction: Let p and q be
propositions. The disjunction of p
and q, denoted by p q, is the
p or q

The disjunction p q is false when

both p and q are false and is true
otherwise
TABLE 3 (1.1)

P. 4
What is the disjunction of the
propositions p and q where p and q
are the same propositions as before

hard disk space, or the processor in

Exclusive or: Let p and q be
propositions. The exclusive or of p
and q, denoted by p q,
The statement p q is true when
exactly one of p and q is true and
is false otherwise.
TABLE 4 (1.1)

P. 6
Find the exclusive or of the propositions p
and q where
p denotes

q denotes

p q denotes
Conditional statement: Let p and q be
propositions. The conditional statement
p q p, then q
p: hypothesis (or antecedent or premise)
q: conclusion (or consequence)
The conditional statement p q is false
when p is true and q is false, and true
otherwise.
Also called implication
TABLE 5 (1.1)

P. 6
Find the implication of the propositions p
and q where
p denotes

q denotes

p q denotes
More Examples:

For the above statements to be true can

Tom have a smartphone?
 Converse, Contrapositive, and Inverse
p q
Converse: q p
Contrapositive: q p
Inverse: p q
Two compound propositions are
equivalent if they always have the same
truth value
The contrapositive is equivalent to the
original statement
The converse is equivalent to the inverse
p q p q q p q p p q
(Contrapositive) (Converse) (Inverse)
T T T T T T

T F F F T T

F T T T F F

F F T T T T
Biconditionals: Let p and q be
propositions. The biconditional
statement p q p if
and only if q

The biconditional statement p q is

true when p and q have the same
truth values, and is false otherwise.
TABLE 6 (1.1)

P. 9
Find the implication of the propositions p
and q where
p denotes

q denotes

p q denotes
Constructing Truth Table

P. 10
Determine whether these system
specifications are consistent:
p

q
 p q

p q

q
p q p q p p q

T T T F T

T F T F F

F T T T T

F F F T T
1.2 Propositional Equivalences
Tautology: a compound proposition
that is always true
Contradiction: a compound
proposition that is always false
Contingency: a compound
proposition that is neither a tautology
nor a contradiction
P. 22
TABLE 2 (1.2)

P. 22
Equivalence for conditional
statement

p q

P. 23
 Examples
Show that (p q) and p q are logically
equivalent

(p q)
( p q) a b]
( p) q [ (a b) a b]
p q [ ( a) a]
Show that (p ( p q)) and p q are
logically equivalent
(p (p q))
p ( p q) [ (a b) a b]
p ( ( p) q) [ (a b) a b]
p (p q) [ ( a) a]
( p p) ( p q)
[a (b c) (a b) (a c)]
F ( p q) [ a a F]
( p q) F [a b a b ]
p q [a F p]