CHAPTER

33 Electric 4: ELECTRIC
Fields CIRCUIT
and Potential

Electrical energy has

significantly changed how
people live everyday. Can
you imagine your life today
without electricity?

| STO. NIÑO CATHOLIC SCHOOL, INC. | SHS DEPARTMENT |

CHAPTER
33 Electric 4: ELECTRIC
Fields CIRCUIT
and Potential

Learning Outcomes:
• Define EMF as the work done by a source in
driving a unit charge around a complete circuit.
• Use relationship R = V / I to solve problems.
• Differentiate between a series and a parallel
circuit.
• Use respective formula to solve for voltages,
currents, and resistance at any point in a given
circuit.

| STO. NIÑO CATHOLIC SCHOOL, INC. | SHS DEPARTMENT |

Lesson
33 1: ELECTROMOTIVE
Electric FORCE
Fields and Potential

Electromotive force or EMF is NOT a force. Instead, it is the

potential energy given to a unit charge to make it flow
through a conductor or around a complete circuit. The EMF
acts like a charge pump that causes charges to flow though
a circuit. As a measurable quantity, EMF is measured using
a unit volt (V).

EMF is what the voltage source provides to a circuit. It is the

“push” given to the electric charges for them to flow from the
source to the components of the circuit. This “push” is
provided by the cell or the battery connected to the circuit
and is defined beforehand. Without a battery, there would
be no EMF that will make the charges flow, and therefore no
current.

| STO. NIÑO CATHOLIC SCHOOL, INC. | SHS DEPARTMENT |

Lesson
33 1: ELECTROMOTIVE
Electric FORCE
Fields and Potential

In 1827, Georg Simon Ohm discovered the relationship

among voltage, current, and resistance. He found out that
electricity acts similarly to water in a pipe. Through this
observation, he was able to summarize the relationship
among EMF or voltage (V), electric current (I), and
resistance (R) through the Ohm’s Law.

𝑽=𝑰𝑹
V = voltage
I = current
R = resistance

| STO. NIÑO CATHOLIC SCHOOL, INC. | SHS DEPARTMENT |

 Lesson
33 1: ELECTROMOTIVE
Electric FORCE
Fields and Potential

Sample Problem 1
Using Ohm’s law, solve for the electric current of a
conductor given a voltage of 25 V and 10 Ω.
𝑽
𝑽=𝑰𝑹 𝑰=
𝑹
25 𝑉
𝑰=
10 Ω
𝟐. 𝟓 𝑨
| STO. NIÑO CATHOLIC SCHOOL, INC. | SHS DEPARTMENT |
 Lesson
33 1: ELECTROMOTIVE
Electric FORCE
Fields and Potential

Sample Problem 2
An electric water heater uses 15 A of current when
plugged to a 220-V outlet. What is the resistance
provided by the appliances?
𝑽
𝑽=𝑰𝑹 𝑹=
𝑰
220 𝑉
𝑅=
15 𝐴
𝟏𝟒. 𝟔𝟕 Ω
| STO. NIÑO CATHOLIC SCHOOL, INC. | SHS DEPARTMENT |
 Lesson
33 2: ELECTRIC
Electric Fields and CIRCUITS
Potential

The pathway for the current to move to and from

the source and the appliance is called electric
circuit.
Closed circuit allow the Open circuit does not form
current to flow from the a closed loop, resulting
source of the current to the circuit would then be
load where the current is nonfunctional. It has a
needed. It forms a closed gap(s) where current cannot
loop. be delivered to the load.

| STO. NIÑO CATHOLIC SCHOOL, INC. | SHS DEPARTMENT |

 Lesson
33 2: ELECTRIC
Electric Fields and CIRCUITS
Potential

Schematic diagrams make it easy to draw

circuits. Below are some of the basic components
of an electrical circuit.

| STO. NIÑO CATHOLIC SCHOOL, INC. | SHS DEPARTMENT |

 Lesson
33 2: ELECTRIC
Electric Fields and CIRCUITS
Potential

A resistor is an electronic component used to

provide a specific amount of resistance. Generally,
it can be considered as a load because loads
provide resistance to current flow.

The stripes on these

resistors are color
coded to indicate the
resistance in ohms.

| STO. NIÑO CATHOLIC SCHOOL, INC. | SHS DEPARTMENT |

 Lesson
33 2: ELECTRIC
Electric Fields and CIRCUITS
Potential

The Series Circuit

In a series circuit, all components are connected
using a single pathway. In other words, a series
circuit is characterized by a single loop for current
to flow.

| STO. NIÑO CATHOLIC SCHOOL, INC. | SHS DEPARTMENT |

 Lesson
33 2: ELECTRIC
Electric Fields and CIRCUITS
Potential

The Series Circuit

The current (I) is the same for all components along this
circuit. The total voltage (V) is the sum of the individual
voltages across the circuit, and the total resistance (R) of
the circuit is the sum of the individual resistances of each
load. However, the PD of the voltage for each individual
circuit component is not the same as the total voltages.

𝑽𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 = 𝑽𝟏 + 𝑽𝟐 + 𝑽𝟑 + … + 𝑽𝒏
𝑰𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 = 𝑰𝟏 = 𝑰𝟐 = 𝑰𝟑 = … = 𝑰𝒏
𝑹𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 = 𝑹𝟏 + 𝑹𝟐 + 𝑹𝟑 + … + 𝑹𝒏

| STO. NIÑO CATHOLIC SCHOOL, INC. | SHS DEPARTMENT |

 Lesson
33 2: ELECTRIC
Electric Fields and CIRCUITS
Potential

Sample Problem 1
Compute the individual values and the total values
of the voltage, the current, and the resistance of
the series circuit here.

𝑅𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 5 Ω + 10 Ω + 15 Ω
𝑹𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 = 𝟑𝟎 𝜴
1.5 𝑉
𝐼𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑰𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓 𝑨
30 Ω
Because the type of connection is a series
circuit, 𝐼1 = 0.05 𝐴, 𝐼2 = 0.05 𝐴, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐼3 = 0.05 𝐴

| STO. NIÑO CATHOLIC SCHOOL, INC. | SHS DEPARTMENT |

 Lesson
33 2: ELECTRIC
Electric Fields and CIRCUITS
Potential

Sample Problem 1
Compute the individual values
and the total values of the
voltage, the current, and the
resistance of the series circuit
here.
𝑉1 = 0.05 𝐴 (5 Ω) = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 𝑽
𝑉2 = 0.05 𝐴 (10 Ω) = 𝟎. 𝟓 𝑽
𝑉3 = 0.05 𝐴 (15 Ω) = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓 𝑽
𝑉𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 0.25 𝑉 + 0.5 𝑉 + 0.75 𝑉 = 𝟏. 𝟓 𝑽
| STO. NIÑO CATHOLIC SCHOOL, INC. | SHS DEPARTMENT |
 Lesson
33 2: ELECTRIC
Electric Fields and CIRCUITS
Potential

Sample Problem 2
Compute the individual values and the total values
of the voltage, the current, and the resistance of
the series circuit here.

What is asked?
1. Total resistance
2. Total current and
individual current
12 V
3. Individual
voltages and
total voltage

| STO. NIÑO CATHOLIC SCHOOL, INC. | SHS DEPARTMENT |

 Lesson
33 2: ELECTRIC
Electric Fields and CIRCUITS
Potential

The Parallel Circuit

Parallel circuits use branches to allow current to pass
through more than one path, unlike in the series circuit. The
voltage between two points in the circuit does not depend
on the path takes; thus, the individual voltages in a parallel
circuit are the same as the total voltage. The total current is
the sum of the individual currents across the resistors. The
reciprocal of the total resistance in this type of circuit is
equal to the sum of the reciprocals of the individual
resistances.

| STO. NIÑO CATHOLIC SCHOOL, INC. | SHS DEPARTMENT |

 Lesson
33 2: ELECTRIC
Electric Fields and CIRCUITS
Potential

The Parallel Circuit

Always remember that the total resistance is
always less than the individual resistances. Here
are the following formulas for a parallel circuit.

𝑽𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 = 𝑽𝟏 = 𝑽𝟐 = 𝑽𝟑 = … = 𝑽𝒏
𝑰𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 = 𝑰𝟏 + 𝑰𝟐 + 𝑰𝟑 + … + 𝑰𝒏
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= + + + …+
𝑹𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟐 𝑹𝟑 𝑹𝒏

| STO. NIÑO CATHOLIC SCHOOL, INC. | SHS DEPARTMENT |

 Lesson
33 2: ELECTRIC
Electric Fields and CIRCUITS
Potential

Sample Problem 1
Compute the individual values and the total values
of the voltage, the current and the resistance of the
parallel circuit here.

𝑽𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 = 𝟏. 𝟓 𝑽

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= + = 𝟎. 𝟑 Ω
𝑹𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝟓 Ω 𝟏𝟎Ω
𝟏
𝑹𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 = = 𝟑. 𝟑𝟑 Ω
𝟎. 𝟑
| STO. NIÑO CATHOLIC SCHOOL, INC. | SHS DEPARTMENT |
 Lesson
33 2: ELECTRIC
Electric Fields and CIRCUITS
Potential

Sample Problem 1
Compute the individual
values and the total values
of the voltage, the current
and the resistance of the
parallel circuit here.
Because the total voltage is 15 V and the resistors are
connected in parallel, then 𝑉1 = 1.5 𝑉, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑉2 = 1.5 𝑉.

1.5 𝑉 1.5 𝑉 1.5 𝑉

𝐼1 = 𝐼2 = 𝐼𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 =
5Ω 10 Ω 3.33 Ω
𝑰𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟑 𝑨 𝑰𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟓 𝑨 𝑰𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟓 𝑨
| STO. NIÑO CATHOLIC SCHOOL, INC. | SHS DEPARTMENT |
 Lesson
33 2: ELECTRIC
Electric Fields and CIRCUITS
Potential

Sample Problem 2
Compute the individual values and the total values
of the voltage, the current, and the resistance of
the parallel circuit here.

What is asked?
1. Total resistance
2. Total current and
individual current
3. Individual
voltages and
total voltage

| STO. NIÑO CATHOLIC SCHOOL, INC. | SHS DEPARTMENT |

 Lesson
33 2: ELECTRIC
Electric Fields and CIRCUITS
Potential

SERIES VS PARALLEL CIRCUIT

Component Series Circuit Parallel Circuit
𝑉𝑡 = 𝑉1 = 𝑉2 = 𝑉3
Voltage (V) 𝑉𝑡 = 𝑉1 + 𝑉2 + 𝑉3

𝐼𝑡 = 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 + 𝐼3
Current (I) 𝐼𝑡 = 𝐼1 = 𝐼2 = 𝐼3

𝑅𝑡 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑅3 1 1 1 1
Resistance (R) = + +
𝑅𝑡 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅3

Number of path(s) to
One Two or more
the voltage source

When one light is When one light is

Feature busted, the rest will busted, the rest will
not light up anymore. continue to light up.

| STO. NIÑO CATHOLIC SCHOOL, INC. | SHS DEPARTMENT |

CHAPTER
33 Electric 4: ELECTRIC
Fields CIRCUIT
and Potential

Learning Outcomes:
• Differentiate between power delivered and power lost.
• Given an emf source connected to a resistor, determine
the power supplied or dissipated by each element in the
circuit (STEM_GP12EM-III-e42)
• Solve problems involving current, resistivity, resistance,
and Ohm’s law in contexts such as, but not limited to,
batteries and bulbs, household wiring, selection of fuses,
and accumulation of surface charge in the junction
between wires made of different materials.
(STEM_GP12EM-III-e44)

| STO. NIÑO CATHOLIC SCHOOL, INC. | SHS DEPARTMENT |

Lesson
33 3: ELECTRICAL
Electric POWER
Fields and Potential

Circuits facilitate the delivery of electrical energy

through current flow to a people who need it to do
their daily tasks. As influenced by the EMF, the
electric current moves in the circuit from a source
to electrically powered equipment.

The equipment then

converts this energy to
work or other forms as
governed by the law of
conservation of energy.

| STO. NIÑO CATHOLIC SCHOOL, INC. | SHS DEPARTMENT |

Lesson
33 3: ELECTRICAL
Electric POWER
Fields and Potential

Law of Conservation of Energy states that: energy

is neither created nor destroyed; it is just
transformed from one form to another.

The rate of this conversion is referred to as

electric power. Mathematically, electric power is
computed using the equation.
𝑷=𝑽𝑰 Using Ohm’s law,
involving resistance
P = electric power delivered
or R, we have: 𝟐
V = voltage or EMF 𝑽
I = current delivered 𝑷=
𝑹
| STO. NIÑO CATHOLIC SCHOOL, INC. | SHS DEPARTMENT |
Lesson 3: ELECTRICAL
33 Electric POWER
Fields and Potential

𝟐
𝑽
𝑷=
𝑹
This is interpreted as the power lost due to
resistance.

Electric power is measured on terms of the unit

watt W.

| STO. NIÑO CATHOLIC SCHOOL, INC. | SHS DEPARTMENT |

Lesson
33 3: ELECTRICAL
Electric POWER
Fields and Potential

Sample Problem 1
An electric water heater consuming a 140-W of
power has been connected to a 220-V outlet. How
much current is in the heating element?
𝑷
𝑷=𝑽𝑰 𝑰=
𝑽
𝑷 140 𝑊 7
𝑰= = = 𝐴
𝑽 220 𝑉 11
𝟎. 𝟔𝟒 𝑨
| STO. NIÑO CATHOLIC SCHOOL, INC. | SHS DEPARTMENT |
Lesson
33 3: ELECTRICAL
Electric POWER
Fields and Potential

Sample Problem 2
Suppose you have a flashlight that is supplied with
a 0.50-A with a 3.0-V. How much electric power is
received by the flashlight bulb?

𝑷=𝑽𝑰

𝑷 = 3.0 V 0.5 A
𝟏. 𝟓 𝑾

| STO. NIÑO CATHOLIC SCHOOL, INC. | SHS DEPARTMENT |

Lesson
33 3: ELECTRICAL
Electric POWER
Fields and Potential

Sample Problem 3
The heating element of a flat iron provides a
resistance of 24 Ω when plugged into a 220-V
outlet. Calculate the electric power consumed by
the iron. 𝟐
𝑽
𝑷=
𝑹
(220 𝑉)2
𝑃=
24 Ω
𝟐, 𝟎𝟏𝟔. 𝟔𝟕 𝑾
| STO. NIÑO CATHOLIC SCHOOL, INC. | SHS DEPARTMENT |
Lesson
33 4: HEAT
Electric FieldsGENERATION
and Potential

The electrical energy that passed through a

current can be converted into heat by employing a
circuit component with a higher amount of
resistance. The resistance provided by this
component impedes the flow of the current and
allows the energy it brings to accumulate and be
converted into heat. The amount of heat
generated per second by the current flow on a
device is computed using the equation:

𝑱= 𝑰 𝟐 𝑹
J = heat generated | I = current in the circuit | R = resistance

| STO. NIÑO CATHOLIC SCHOOL, INC. | SHS DEPARTMENT |

Lesson
33 4: HEAT
Electric FieldsGENERATION
and Potential

𝑱= 𝑰 𝟐 𝑹
This indicates that the amount of heat generated
by the current flow in a conductor is directly
affected by the amount of current that passes
through it and also by the amount of resistance
offered by the conductor.
This is the reason that you have to consider the
current requirement in choosing your home
appliances. Choosing a home appliance with a
least current requirement can help prevent power
loss and save on electrical energy.

| STO. NIÑO CATHOLIC SCHOOL, INC. | SHS DEPARTMENT |

Lesson
33 4: HEAT
Electric FieldsGENERATION
and Potential

Sample Problem 1
An electric water heater with a resistance of 8 Ω
draws 15-A when plugged into a electric outlet.
What is the rate of heat generation?
𝟐
𝑱=𝑰 𝑹
𝑱= (15 𝐴)2 (8 𝛺)

𝟏, 𝟖𝟎𝟎 𝑾 = 𝟏. 𝟖 𝒌𝑾

| STO. NIÑO CATHOLIC SCHOOL, INC. | SHS DEPARTMENT |

Lesson
33 4: HEAT
Electric FieldsGENERATION
and Potential

Sample Problem 2
A coil receives an electric power of 4 500 W from a
supplied voltage of 240 V. What is the resistance
of the coil?
𝑽𝟐 𝑽 𝟐
𝑷= 𝑹 =
𝑹 𝑾
(240 𝑉)2
𝑱=
4 500 𝑊
𝟏𝟐. 𝟖 Ω
| STO. NIÑO CATHOLIC SCHOOL, INC. | SHS DEPARTMENT |
Lesson
33 4: HEAT
Electric FieldsGENERATION
and Potential

Sample Problem 3
An electric kettle accumulates an electric power of
1900 W when a current with a value of 20 A is
supplied through it. How much is the resistance
offered by the kettle?

𝟒. 𝟕𝟓 Ω

| STO. NIÑO CATHOLIC SCHOOL, INC. | SHS DEPARTMENT |

Lesson
33 5: PHYSIOLOGICCAL
Electric EFFECT OF ES
Fields and Potential

The electric energy delivered through electric circuits

can be both beneficial and hazardous. It is beneficial
when it is converted into various usable forms of
energy for consumption. However, improper use of
electricity is dangerous and may even cause death.

| STO. NIÑO CATHOLIC SCHOOL, INC. | SHS DEPARTMENT |

Lesson
33 5: PHYSIOLOGICCAL
Electric EFFECT OF E S
Fields and Potential

BEYOND WALLS 6.1 GO ONLINE

When working with electrical equipment, one should be
careful because it can cause severe damages when used
without precaution. Lear more about to control hazards by
visiting the given link.
https://www.osha.gov/Publications/3075.html
Guide Questions:
1. What basic principle should be observed to stay safe
when dealing with electricity or working with electrical
equipment?
2. Which among these principles are you familiar with? Do
you practice these principles?
3. Why should you be very careful with electricity?

| STO. NIÑO CATHOLIC SCHOOL, INC. | SHS DEPARTMENT |