Complex Numbers and Functions I

Calculus II Dr. Hind S.
Hussain
Complex Numbers and Functions. Complex Differentiation

13.1 Complex Numbers and Their Geometric Representation
complex number z is an ordered pair (x, y) of real numbers x and y
x is called the real part and y the imaginary part of z, written
(0, 1) is called the imaginary unit and is denoted by i,
(1)
Addition, Multiplication. Notation
1-Addition of two complex numbers
)2(
2-Multiplication
(3)
complex numbers z=(x,y) are written
(4)
If x=0 then z=iy and is called pure imaginary

)5)
1
Calculus II Dr. Hind S. Hussain
EXAMPLE 1
3-Subtraction
(6)
4-Division
multiplying numerator and denominator of z1/z2 by x2-iy2
)7(
Complex plane
Cartesian coordinate system: two perpendicular coordinate axes, the horizontal x-axis,
called the real axis, and the vertical y-axis, called the imaginary axis
2
complex plane: The xy-plane in which the complex numbers are represented
Complex Conjugate Numbers

The complex conjugate z of a complex number z=x+iy is defined by
3
(8)
4
H.W set 13.1
13.2Polar Form of Complex Numbers. Powers and Roots

polar coordinates r,  defined by
r is called the absolute value or modulus of z and is denoted by zz.Hence
zis the distance of the point z from the origin. z1-z2is the distance
between z1 and z2
 is called the argument of z and is denoted by arg z
5
angles are measured in radians and positive in the counterclockwise sense
Triangle Inequality
triangle inequality
the generalized triangle inequality
6
Multiplication and Division in Polar Form
Multiplication
Division
7
Roots
𝑛
If 𝑧 = 𝑤 𝑛 𝑤 = √𝑧 then the roots of w can be found:
8
K=0,1,2,..n-1, k=0 called principle value of w
n=nth roots of unity. . They lie on the circle of radius 1 and center 0, (unit circle)
3 3
example:z=1 (n=3) ,(k=0,1,2), √1 = √1(𝑐𝑜𝑠0 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛0) = 1 𝑓𝑜𝑟 (𝑘 = 0)
3 3 2𝜋(1) 2𝜋(1) 2𝜋 1 2𝜋
√1 = √1 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 3
+ 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 3
) k=1, we have 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠120 = − 2 , 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3
=
√3
−
2
So
3 3 2𝜋 2𝜋 3 1 √3
√1 = √1 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 3
) = √1(− 2 + 2
𝑖)
3 3 2𝜋(2) 2𝜋(2) 4𝜋 4𝜋−6𝜋 2𝜋

√1 = √1 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 3
) 𝑘=2 𝜑= 3
− 2𝜋 = 3
=− 3
Cos(-)=cos(); sin(-)=-sin 
3 3 2𝜋 2𝜋 3 1 √3
√1 = √1 (cos − 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ) = √1(− − 𝑖)
3 3 2 2
PROBLEM SET 13.2
1-Represent in polar form and graph in the complex plane ( 1+i )
2-Determine the principal value of the argument and graph (–i+1)
3-Graph in the complex plane and represent in the form x+yi ()
9
3 4
4-Find and graph all roots in the complex plane (√216), √𝑖
5-
13.3 Derivative. Analytic Function

Complex Function
S domain of f z complex variable
10
Limit, Continuity
Derivative
11
Analytic Functions
Functions that are differentiable in some domain.
Analyticity of f(z) at zo means that f(z) has a derivative at every point in some
neighborhood of zo (including zo itself since, by definition, zo is a point of all its
neighborhoods)
H.W. 13.3
1- Find Re f, and Im f and their values at the given point z
2-.Find the value of the derivative of
13.4 Cauchy–Riemann Equations. Laplace’s Equation
f is analytic in a domain D if and only if the first partial derivatives of u and v satisfy the two
Cauchy–Riemann equations
(and similarly for v)
12
13
Laplace’s Equation. Harmonic Functions
14
Solutions of Laplace’s equation having continuous second-order partial derivatives

are called harmonic functions.
If two harmonic functions u and v satisfy the Cauchy–Riemann equations in a domain

D, they are the real and imaginary parts of an analytic function f in D. Then v is said
to be a harmonic conjugate function of u in D
H.W. 13.4
1-are the following functions analytic
2-Are the following functions harmonic? If your answer is yes, find a corresponding
analytic function
3-Find the value of the derivative
13.5 Exponential Function
15
From (5) we obtain
16
H.W.13.5
Find all solutions
17

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Calculus II Dr. Hind S.

Complex Numbers and Functions. Complex Differentiation

x is called the real part and y the imaginary part of z, written

(0, 1) is called the imaginary unit and is denoted by i,

Addition, Multiplication. Notation

1-Addition of two complex numbers

If x=0 then z=iy and is called pure imaginary

Complex Conjugate Numbers

H.W set 13.1

13.2Polar Form of Complex Numbers. Powers and Roots

r is called the absolute value or modulus of z and is denoted by zz.Hence

angles are measured in radians and positive in the counterclockwise sense

the generalized triangle inequality

Multiplication and Division in Polar Form

K=0,1,2,..n-1, k=0 called principle value of w

3 3 2𝜋(2) 2𝜋(2) 4𝜋 4𝜋−6𝜋 2𝜋

PROBLEM SET 13.2

1-Represent in polar form and graph in the complex plane ( 1+i )

2-Determine the principal value of the argument and graph (–i+1)

3-Graph in the complex plane and represent in the form x+yi ()

13.3 Derivative. Analytic Function

S domain of f z complex variable

1- Find Re f, and Im f and their values at the given point z

2-.Find the value of the derivative of

13.4 Cauchy–Riemann Equations. Laplace’s Equation

(and similarly for v)

Laplace’s Equation. Harmonic Functions

Solutions of Laplace’s equation having continuous second-order partial derivatives

If two harmonic functions u and v satisfy the Cauchy–Riemann equations in a domain

3-Find the value of the derivative

13.5 Exponential Function

From (5) we obtain

Find all solutions

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