THE OXYGEN GROUP FORMS:

- this group does not include any natural metals  Pure oxygen in a glass sphere
 Water – water molecule has 2 atoms on hydrogen
- first two members:
and 1 of oxygen
O and S are non-metals widespread in nature
 Northern lights – streaks of light adorn the sky as
- three elements: atoms of oxygen in the air are hit by a stream of
Se, Te, Po are semi-metals particles blasting from the sun
- artificial members: USES:
livermorium (Lv), thought to be metal but chemist  Internal combustion engine
don’t say so  Medical oxygen cylinder
 Antifreeze
Atomic Structure: all members have six electrons in the
 Welding torch
outer shell of each atom, making it highly reactive.
 Steelmaking
Physical Properties: members of this group are solid,  Atlas V rocket
except oxygen, which is a gas at room temperature,
- the density of the elements increases down the group SULFUR | S – 16
 16 electrons – 16 protons – 16 neutrons
Chemical Properties: the reactivity decreases down the
 State: SOLID
group.
 Discovery: Prehistoric
 Oxygen is always involved in the process of
Combustion - known since ancient times
Compounds: can form compounds with each other - one of few non-metals that can be found pure in nature
- yellow, crystalline element is found in large amounts of
 They all react with Carbon to from compounds, some
volcanic craters
with strong smell.
- another name is brimstone, refers to crystal burn melting
OXYGEN | O – 8 into blood-red liquid
 8 electrons – 8 protons – 8 neutrons - some religions though that brimstone is to be fuel that
 State: GAS burns in the underworld
 Discovery: 1774 - pure sulfur extracted from underground deposits using hot
water
- the most common element in Earths crust. - hot liquid sulfur is then pumped to the surface
- oxygen and its compound make up half of all rocks and - sulfur is a common ingredient in many minerals such as
minerals. celestine.
- pure oxygen makes up around one-fifth of the air.
USES:
- a transparent gas
 Vulcanized rubber – made by heating sulfur with
 A process that involves oxygen in the burning natural rubber
reaction called combustion, which oxygen reacts - harden natural rubber use in tyres
with a fuel and produces fire.  Preserve dried foods
Combustion – a chemical reaction that produces heat  Skin cream – contains sulfur compounds that can
and light. disinfect skin
Examples:  Penicillin pills – contain sulfur compounds that kill
- car engines, powered by combustion of petrol/fuels harmful bacteria
 Oxides – a compound that is a product of a reaction  Lead acid battery – contains sulfuric acid
where oxygen reacts with other elements. However, Acid Rain – sulfur dioxide gas produced by burning fuel
it is replenished by plants through photosynthesis. dissolves in rain water
 Useful in making of steel - destroys forest by removing nutrients in soil &
 Tanks of oxygen (mountaineers, scuba divers) leaves
 Rockets (Atlas V) Bad smell of sulfur compounds:
  Rotten egg smell of volcanic pool due to
hydrogen sulfide gas
 Skunk spray, gaseous substance emitted by
chopped onions, odor of titan arum flower
DANAKIL DEPRESSION
- hot spring in Africa
- cruelest place on Earth
- surrounded by a yellow crust of pure sulfur
- one of lowest point on earth’s surface
- no rainfall in this area, temperature is above 50°C (120°F)
- the green water of the spring contains pure sulfur and
sulfuric acid
SELENIUM | Se – 34
 34 electrons – 34 protons – 45 neutrons
 State: SOLID
 Discovery: 1817
- named after Selene, Greek goddess of Moon
- a semi-metal and has properties of both metals and
non-metals
- two pure forms: grey selenium – hard substance
Red selenium – soft powder
FORMS:
 its form has metallic sheen on its surface
 Brazil nuts – richest food source of selenium
 Berzelianite – a copper selenide mineral that
contain selenium and copper
USES:
 Calculator – powered by solar cell made of selenium
and nickel
 Anti-dandruff shampoo – contains selenium
compound to treat dandruff
 Ceramic vase – the bright red comes from the red
selenium
 Photocopier – use selenium in powder from
TELLURIUM | Te – 52
 52 electrons – 52 protons – 76 neutrons
 State: SOLID
 Discover: 1783
- one of the 10 rarest elements on this planet
- the name comes from the Latin word tellus means Earth
- often found as a compound with another element, such as
metal nickel (melonite)
- produced as a waste product when lead and copper refined.
Pure tellurium forms: (1) shiny, metallic solid
(2) brown powder
- used in glass of fibre optics, carry high volumes of
information much faster than copper cables
FORMS:
 Melonite
 Sylvanite
USES:
 Glass fibres – contain tellurium
 Red-tinted glass bottles – red color comes from
tellurium
 Topaz solar farm, California USA – solar panels are
linked to power cells containing tellurium
POLONIUM | Po – 84
 84 electrons – 84 protons – 125 neutrons
 State: SOLID
 Discovery: 1898
- very radioactive: 1g (0.03 oz) of this metal quickly heats
up to 500°C (932°F) because of radiation emits.
- discovered by Marie and Pierre Curie in 1898
- Marie named it after Poland, her homeland
- rare in nature, normally produced in nuclear reactors
- can trigger the explosion of atom bombs
- heats and powers spacecraft, such as Russian Lunokhod
rovers, which landed in Moon in 1970s
FORMS:
 A uranium contains 0.0000001 per cent polonium
USES:
 Anti-static brush –used to remove static electric
charge from camera lenses and music records
 Atom bomb –can be detonated when polonium
inside ignites
 Lunokhod rover – robotic lunar buggy, kept warm on
the Moon’s surface by the heat produced by
polonium inside
LIVERMORIUM | Lv – 116
 116 electrons – 116 protons – 177 neutrons
 State: SOLID
 Discovery: 2000
- named after the laboratory of Lawrence Livermore National
Laboratory, California USA
- when livermorium atoms were first produced in 2000, they
broke in a fraction of a second
- first successful create of atoms in this element was made at USES:
John Institute of Nuclear Research at Dubnia Russia  Etched glass vase
- highly radioactive element was produced by firing calcium  Circuit breakers – contains a compound of fluorine
atoms at curium atoms in a particle accelerator and sulfur, cut electricity supply in an emergency
 Non-sick pan – has PTFE coating that resists heat
HALOGEN GROUP  Ceramic pot
- one of the most reactive groups in periodic table  Oxycyte
- this set includes non-metals  Toothpaste
Halogen means salt former  Waterproof clothing
- refers to the way that elements in this group reacts with
metals to form salts, such as sodium chloride (salt)
CHLORINE | Cl – 17
 17 electrons – 17 protons – 18 neutrons
Atomic Structure: all members have seven electrons in the  State: GAS
outer shell of each atom  Discovery: 1774
- there is space for one more electron in
each - named after Greek word chloros means pale green
outer shell - a highly reactive gas that forms a number of
Physical Properties: compounds and does not exist pure in nature
- Bromine (Br) is the only halogen that is liquid - most common chlorine compound is sodium chloride,
- Fluorine (F) and Chlorine (Cl) are gases found in mineral halite
- Iodine and Astatine (At) are solids - chlorine compounds are important in body, and used
Chemical Properties: by muscles and nerves
- every halogen atom receives one electron from other - poisonous in pure form
atoms to from a compound - chlorine gas is used during WW1
- reactivity decreases down the group - Chlorine compound are present in running shoes to
Compounds: chloroform
- halogens react with hydrogen (H) to from acidic - chlorine is a common ingredient in cleaning products
compound Weaker chloric acid – used to clean swimming pools
- halogen compounds are used in products such as bleach - Bleach and other cleaners use chlorine compound to
with strong smell.
kill germs
FLUORINE | F – 9 Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) –a plastic contains chlorine used to
make rigid objects
 9 electrons – 9 protons – 10 neutrons
- PVC suitcase
 State: GAS
- PVC pipes
 Discovery: 1886
FORMS:
 Henri Moissan – extracted pure fluorine  Halite
 Carnallite
- highly reactive element, dangerous when pure
 Red-eyed tree frog
- pure fluorine is stored in nickel containers
USES:
hydrofluoric acid – toxic liquid used to etch patterns on
 Running shoes
glass  Common salt
polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) –Used in non-stick pan  Chloroform
FORMS:  Swimming pool – chlorine levels need to be
 Crytolite regulated carefully to maintain quality of water
 Fluorite  Bleach
 Topaz – contains 20.7% fluorine  Safety goggle
- means fire in the ancient Indian language  PVC pipes and PVC suitcases
 Laboratory sample – the sealed case contains a
mixture of fluorine and helium
CHLORINATION – a process of cleaning dirty water with
chlorine
OCEAN CLEAN UP
- chlorine is used for scrubbing ocean floors
BROMINE | Br – 35
 35 electrons – 35 protons – 45 neutrons
 State: LIQUID
 Discovery: 1826
Antoine – Jerome Balard
 French chemist who discovered bromine
- named after Greek word stench because of its strong smell
- bromine is the only non-metal that is liquid at room temp.
- thick vapour is dangerous if breathed in
- pure bromine never found n nature
 its compounds can easily mix in water, and are
found dissolved in seawater and salty lakes such as
dead sea
- solid bromine salts, potassium bromine collect as water
evaporates away leaving behind crust of white crystals
 bromine can be then extracted from solid salts
- common use of Bromine as a disinfectant to clean water
 works better than chlorine in hot tubs
- concentration of bromine in swimming pools can be
regulate by chemical test kit
- bromine compounds can be used in film photography,
where images are printed using chemicals on negative
- bromine now is used in fireproof materials
FORMS:
 potassium bromide
 dead sea coast
USES:
 Bromine chemical test kit – colors indicates how
much bromine is in the water
 Fire extinguisher – uses a non-flammable, bromine-
rich gas to extinguish fires
 Photograph negative –image is created when light
reacted to silver bromine
 Fireproof suit – fabric used contains bromine
compounds making it fireproof
IODINE | I -53
 53 electrons – 53 protons – 74 neutrons
 State: SOLID
 Discovery: 1811
- iodine is the only halogen that is solid at room temperature
- this element forms a purple gas when heated.
 Named after Greek word iodes means violet
- it was first discovered in seaweeds
FORM:
 Solid iodine does not melt when heated, but turns
into vapour
 Crab – absorbs iodine from seawater
USES:
 Printing ink – inks are made using iodine compound
 Polarizing sunglasses – lenses contain iodine, which
filters out bright, reflected light
 Candied cherries – bright red color is due to iodine
dye
 Betadine
ASTATINE | At - 85
 85 electrons – 85 protons – 125 neutrons
 State: SOLID
 Discovery: 1940
- rare element
- atoms of Astatine are unstable, typically break down after
few hours, into atoms of lighter elements
- radioactive element forms in similar way when atoms of
heavier element called francium break apart.
- tiny amounts of this element are found in uranium ores,
such as uraninite
Emilio Segre – one of the first scientist to isolate a sample of
astatine
 Used accelerator; machine that smashes atoms
TENNESSINE | Ts - 117
 117 electrons – 117 protons – 117 neutrons
 State: SOLID
 Discovery: 2011 (predicted)
- atoms of tennessine existed for a few seconds after they
were formed
- it is the youngest element in the periodic table
- produced in 2011 in Dubna, Russia
- is named after the US state of Tennessee, home to the Oak
Ridge National Laboratory
 USES:
 Accelerator – machine that smashes atoms together
 Helium-cooled MRI scanner
 Airship
 Party balloon
 Helium ion microscope
 Helium-cooled maglev train
NOBLE GASES  Rocket helium tank
- the group on the far right SUN GAS
- elements are describe as noble because they do not react  In 1868 during solar eclipse, helium was discovered
with other common elements in the cloud of gas seen around the sun
- atoms never form bonds in nature, not even atoms of their
NEBULA
own kind
- always gases at room temperature  Its light comes from super-heated star known as
WR 136
Atomic Structure: o 15 times heavier than Sun and 250,000
Helium (He) – has 2 electrons in outer shell times brighter
Neon, Argon, Krypton, Xenon, Radon, Oganesson – has 8 o Its immense power comes from its fuel –
electrons in outer shell helium
Physical Properties:  Helium makes WR 136 hot and bright
 All members of this group are colorless gases
 Going down group, the density increases NEON | Ne 10
- Radon (Rn) is 54 times denser than Helium  10 electrons – 10 protons – 10 neutrons

Chemical Properties:  State: GAS

 noble gases never react in nature
 in laboratory, heavier noble gases can be forced to
form compound with Fluorine
Compounds:
 these gases form no natural compounds
- xenon, krypton, argon – can be made to form
comp.
HELIUM | He – 2
 2 electrons – 2 protons – 2 neutrons
 State: GAS
 Discovery: 1895
- the second lightest element after hydrogen
- has lowest melting point of any element
- named after Helios, Greek god of the Sun
- transparent gas, discovered by Sir William Ramsey in 1868
- quarter of all atoms in universe are helium
- one of main gases in atmospheres of giant gas planet, Saturn
- today, helium is collected from underground reservoir or
found mixed in natural gas and oil
Turn Helium to liquid: cooled to an extreme temperature of
-269°C (-452°F)
FORMS:
 Saturn atmosphere
 Discovery: 1898
- neon is a rare element, make up just 0.001 per cent of our
atmosphere
- some neon are locked into Earth’s rock when planet formed
and release into air by volcanic eruption
- pure neon is a transparent gas, extracted by cooling air
temperature of – 189.34°C (- 308.81°F), where Neon gas in
the air turns to liquid.
USES:
 Helium-neon laser
 Neon lights
 Volcanic eruption – release neon gas into the
atmosphere
ARGON | Ar – 18
 18 electrons – 18 protons – 22 neutrons
 State: GAS
 Discovery: 1894
Argon is the third most abundant gas in the atmosphere
- named after Greek word Argos means idle
- undergoes no reaction with other elements
- does not conduct heat well so it is put in double-glazed
windows, and in diving suits during cold, deep dives.
- can be used in the production of titanium
USES:
  Argon-filled display - used in museum display to  Xenon lamp
protect delicate exhibits  Anesthesia machine
 Argon-filled suits – diving suits are inflated with Xenon used in powerful lasers to kill bacteria
argon to retain heat in cold water
 Double-glazed window
 Welding metal – stops metal reaction during hot
welding

KRYPTON | Kr – 36 RADON | Ra – 86
 36 electrons – 36 protons – 48 neutrons  86 electrons – 36 protons – 48 neutrons
 State: GAS  State: GAS
 Discovery: 1896  Discovery: 1894
- the word Krypton means hidden one in Greek - only natural radioactive noble gas
- exist as an enert gas in nature, means it does not react with - this element is produced by breakdown of uranium and
almost any other element other radioactive metals
- Krypton is not found in any minerals - radon escapes from minerals such as uraninite into air
- only tine amount of Krypton can be found in air - breathing it in can cause illness, lung cancer
Pure Krypton produces very bright light when electrified with - its amount in air is tiny
a current, use in flash bulbs - its level is high in volcanic springs and mud
- Can react with Fluorine to form compound Krypton fluoride, - radon is present in the water at geothermal power plants,
used to powder some laser uses heat from deep, volcanic rocks to make electricity
- radon is common in areas rich in granite rock
USES:
 Incandescent bulb OGANESSON | Og –118
 Plasma ball – contains mixture of noble gases  118 electrons – 118 protons –1 77 neutron
including Krypton  State: GAS
 Digital camera  Discovery: 2006
 Laser lighting - heaviest element made
William Ramsey won a Nobel Prize in chemistry for -first produced by team of Russian and American scientist
discovering the noble gases who smashed californium and calcium atoms together at John
Institute for Nuclear Research in Russia
XENON | Xe – 54 - this element was named after Yuri Oganessian, leader of the
 54 electrons – 54 protons – 77 neutrons team.
 State: GAS
 Discovery: 1898
- it is so rare that only one atom of this element for every 10
million atoms in the air
- colorless and odorless
- glows brightly when electrified, making it useful in lamps
such as in film projectors and car headlights.
- harmless when breathed in
- can be used as anaesthetic
Xenon lamps can purify air
- xenon is used in rocket engines to produce streams of fast
Moving
USES:
 Modern film projector lamp
 Dawn space probe
 Car headlight