S1 Q1 General Physics 1 significant (specified with a

bar).
Unit 1: Measurements
All zeros to the right of a
decimal point but to the left
1. Significant Figures of a nonzero digit are not 0. 01 → 1𝑆𝐹
4 significant.
2. Scientific Notation 0. 050 → 2𝑆𝐹
3. Conversion of Units Alt: All leading zeros are not
4. Accuracy and Precision and Percentage significant.
Error
5. Scalar and Vector Quantities All zeros to the right of a
6. Resultant Vector decimal point and to the
right of a nonzero are 0. 010 → 2𝑆𝐹
5 significant.
304. 50 → 5𝑆𝐹
If you were asked to give a report on a certain Alt: Trailing zeros to the right
news event, which one would you prefer to do? of a decimal is significant.
6
a. Report only the nice things and eliminate the Exponential digits in 1. 12 × 10
unpleasant ones. 6 scientific notation are not ↓
b. Report exactly what happened in detail. significant. 3𝑆𝐹
c. Report the event and add your impression.

Physics is an exact science so we need to have Understood Decimal Point

exact measurements as well.
PRE-TEST
1. 123 – 3 significant figures; Rule 1
2. 1230 – 3 significant figures; Rule 1 & 3
3. 1023 – 4 significant figures; Rule 2
4. 1.023 – 4 significant figures; Rule 1 & 2
5. 0.023 – 2 significant figures; Rule 1 & 4
6. 0.0230 – 3 significant figures; Rule 1, 4, & 5
7. 1.0230 – 5 significant figures; Rule 1, 2, & 5
8. 1.000 – 4 significant figures; Rule 1 & 5
9. 1000 – 1 significant figure; Rule 1 & 3
8
10. 1.00 × 10 – 3 significant figures; Rule 1 & 5
Lesson 1.1
SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
■ Significant figures (sig. figs) are those digits in
a number or measurement that are not being
used and considered as place-values.
■ A significant figure is comprised of the fewest
digits capable of expressing a measured value
without losing accuracy.
■ It is the digits in a number that are considered
important.
Here are the rules of significant figures which will
help you to understand them better.
An understood decimal point is the given point
after a whole number separating it from the
decimal numbers.
For example, 100, there is an understood decimal
point to the right of the last 0.
Mantissa (Scientific Notation)
To find the number of significant figures for
scientific notations, count the number of
significant figures of the mantissa.
For example,
9
1. 0 × 10
1. 0 is the mantissa, and there are 2 significant
figures present. Hence, the scientific notation
given has 2 significant figures.
Putting a Bar & Rounding Off (re: Rule 3)
If I have 100 that has 1 significant figure, what will
I do to make it 2?
A bar may be placed above a
100 → 100 non-significant figure to make
it significant.

Rules Examples 49. 98 has 4 significant figures, what will I do to

All nonzero digits are 143 → 3𝑆𝐹 make it 2?
1
significant. 25. 4 → 3𝑆𝐹
Rounding off can decrease the
All zeros between nonzero 1001 → 4𝑆𝐹 number of significant figures.
2
digits are significant. 30. 08 → 4𝑆𝐹 But in this case, to make it 2
49. 98 → 50
Zeroes to the right of a 100 → 1𝑆𝐹 significant figures, we put a bar
nonzero digit but to the left of unless above the 0 after rounding off.
3 an understood decimal point, 100 → 2𝑆𝐹
are not significant unless
specifically indicated to be 109 000 → 3𝑆𝐹

1
Mechanism of Operations Concerning Steps in Writing in Scientific Notation
Significant Figures
Convert 0. 000 000 074 560 into scientific
Addition or Least Decimal Places notation
Subtraction Move the decimal point after
0. 000 000
074 560 the first significant digit.
Multiplication or Least Significant 1
Division Figure ↓ The new number will be the
7. 4560 mantissa.

Examples Count how many times the

The decimal decimal point is moved,
Find the volume (multiply) of: Get the sum of is moved 8 that will be the exponent.
15. 2 𝑚 the ff: times to the
10. 01 𝑚 15. 25 𝑚 2 right. If it is moved to the right,
5. 9 𝑚 10. 01 𝑚 your exponent is negative.
5. 925 𝑚 The exponent
3 is negative. If it is moved to the left, your
= 897. 70 𝑚 = 31. 185 𝑚 exponent is positive.
3 = 31. 19 𝑚
= 900 𝑚 *least decimal places* Write the converted number
*least significant figure*
3 7. 4560 × 10−8 according to the format of
Lesson 1.2 scientific notation.

SCIENTIFIC NOTATION Example Answer

■ Scientific notation or standard index
notation is a way of writing any number The velocity of light in a 8
vacuum is 300 000 000 𝑚/𝑠. 3 × 10 𝑚/𝑠
between 1 and 10 multiplied by an appropriate
power of 10 notations.
The mass of the earth is 24
■ It is a way of writing very large or very small 6 × 10
numbers. about 6 000 000 000 000
000 000 000 000 𝑘𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠. 𝑘𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠
■ Instead of writing the number in decimal form,
the number is shortened to a number multiplied The rest mass of an electron
by a power of ten. is 0. 000 000 000 000 000 9. 109534 × 10−31
000 000 000 000 000 910 𝑘𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠
The Form and Parts of a Scientific 953 4 𝑘𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠.
Notation
Vice Versa
𝑛
𝑀 × 10 4. 5 × 10
18 4 500 000 000
000 000 000
Should always be greater
Mantissa 0.000 000 000
or equal to 1 but less than −25
(𝑀) 4. 3 × 10 000 000 000 000
10 (1 ≤ 𝑥 < 10).
000 43
Base (10) Should always be 10.
0.000 000 000
The 𝑛 as an integer, an −34 000 000 000 000
integer is a positive and 9. 832 × 10 000 000 000 000
Exponent negative whole number. 983 2
( 𝑛)
The exponent depends on
the number of times the
decimal point is moved.

Sign of the Exponent

The sign depends on the direction you moved
the point.
Positive Moved to the left.
Negative Moved to the right.

2
 ● When going from a larger to smaller unit, the
Lesson 1.3 decimal point will move from left to right.
CONVERSION OF UNITS ● On the other hand, when going from a smaller to
larger unit, the decimal point will move from right
THE FUNDAMENTAL UNITS OF MEASURE to left.

Physical Units of Example Answer

Unit Symbol
Quantity Measure 2. 4 𝑘𝑚 → ___ 𝑚𝑚
Length meter m
exponent of 𝑘 → 3;
Mass kilogram kg
exponent of 𝑚 → − 3
Time second s
Electric Charge Coulomb c 𝑘 is larger than 𝑚, hence
subtract 𝑚 from 𝑘
Temperature Kelvin K
How many 𝑚𝑚 are
Amount of there in 2. 4 𝑘𝑚? 3 − (− 3) = 6
Substances mole mol Hence, we move 6
decimal places.
Luminous
Intensity candela cd Since we are going from a
larger to smaller unit, we
Derived Quantities move 6 decimal places to
the right.
■ The combination of two or more physical
quantities. 2. 4 𝑘𝑚 → 2 400 000 𝑚𝑚
■ Examples are:
2 21. 1 𝑐𝑚 → ___ 𝑀𝑚
○ Area – length × width (𝑚 )
○ Speed – distance/time (𝑚/𝑠) exponent of 𝑀 → 6;
exponent of 𝑐 → − 2
METRIC SYSTEM PREFIXES
𝑀 is larger than 𝑐, hence
subtract 𝑐 from 𝑀
How many 𝑀𝑚 are 6 − (− 2) = 8
there in 21. 1 𝑐𝑚? Hence, we move 8
decimal places.

Since we are going from a

smaller to larger unit, we
move 8 decimal places to
the left.
21. 1 𝑐𝑚 → 0. 000 000 211 𝑀𝑚

CONVERSION TABLE FROM MA’AM

Common English Measures

Metric System to Metric System Conversion Distance
Inches (in) 12 in = 1 ft
t m c m m Feet (ft) 3 ft = 1 yd
g m k d n p
e e e i i
i e i e a i Yards (yd) 1760 yd = 1 mi
prefix t t n l c
g g l c n c
r e t l r Miles (mi) 1 mi = 5280 ft
a a o i o o
a r i i o
symbol 𝑇 𝐺 𝑀 𝑘 𝑑 µ 𝑛 𝑝𝑐 𝑚 Weight
no. 12 9 6 3 0 −1 −2 −3 −6 −9
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
−12
Ounces (oz) 16 oz = 1 lb
● To easily convert units from METRIC SYSTEM TO Pounds (lb) 2000 lb = 1 t
METRIC SYSTEM, subtract the corresponding Tons (t) 1t = 2000 lb
exponent of the smaller unit from the exponent of
the larger unit. The difference will be the number Volume
of times the decimal point will be moved. Teaspoons (tsp) 3 tsp = 1 tbsp

3
Tablespoons (tbsp) 1 tbsp = 3 tsp 1 pound = 0.5 kilograms
Fluid ounces (fl oz) 8 fl oz = 1 cup
Cups (c) 2 cups = 1 pt Volume
Pints (pt) 2pt = 1qt, 8 pt = 1 gal 1 teaspoon = 4.9 milliliters
Quarts (qt) 4 qt = 1 gal 1 cup = 237 milliliters
Gallons (gal) 2 gal = 1 peck 1 pint = 473 milliliters
Pecks 4 pecks = 1 bushel 1 quart = 0.9 liters
Bushels 1 bushel = 4 pecks 1 gallon = 3.79 liters

Distance Temperature
Millimeter (mm) 1000 mm =1 m To convert from degrees C to degrees F
(deg C x 9/5) + 32
Centimeter (cm) 100 cm =1 m
Meter (m) base unit (1) To convert from degrees F to degrees C
Kilometer (km) 1000 m =1 km (deg F – 32) x 5/9

Weight Kelvin = deg C + 273

Milligrams (mg) 1000 mg =1 g
Grams (g) base unit (1) Steps in Converting from Metric System
to English System and Vice Versa
Kilograms (kg) 1000g =1 kg
Metric ton (t) 1000 kg =1 t Convert 5. 92 𝑚 to 𝑓𝑡.
1𝑚 Find the corresponding
1 = conversion for the given
3. 28 𝑓𝑡 units.
Volume
Milliliters (mL) 1000 mL =1 L Transform the conversion
into a fraction. Place the
Liters (L) base unit (1)
Since 𝑚 is being unit that is being
converted opposite to its
converted to 𝑓𝑡,
Temperature place in the fraction.
place 𝑚 in the
Degrees Celsius (°C) denominator to For example, when the
2
cancel it out. unit that is being
Speed converted is in the
3.28 𝑓𝑡
Meters per second numerator, place the unit
1𝑚
(m/s) in the denominator of the
fraction and vice versa to
cancel it out.
Universal Measures
Time 5. 92 𝑚 ×
3.28 𝑓𝑡
1𝑚
Seconds (sec) 60 sec = 1 min Multiply the given to the
= 19. 4176 𝑓𝑡
Minutes (min) 60 min = 1 hr ↓ fraction.
Hours (hr) 24 hr = 1 day 3 4𝑆𝐹, but the
Days 7 days = 1 wk number of 𝑆𝐹 in Write the answer in the
the given is 3𝑆𝐹. least significant
Weeks (wk) (about) 4 wk = 1 mo figures.
Months (mo) 12 mo = 1 yr ↓
Years (yr) 1 yr = 365 days = 19. 4 𝑓𝑡
Decades 1 decade = 10 yr
Centuries 1 century = 100 yr Example Solution
Millennium 1 millennium = 1000 yr
Conversion:
1 𝑓𝑡 = 12 𝑖𝑛
Distance
1 inch = 2.54 cm 5. 51 𝑓𝑡 → ___ 𝑖𝑛 12 𝑖𝑛
1 foot = 0.3 meters
5. 51 𝑓𝑡 × 1 𝑓𝑡
1 yard = 0.9 meters = 66. 12 𝑖𝑛 → 4𝑆𝐹
1 mile = 1.6 kilometers = 66. 1 𝑖𝑛 → 3𝑆𝐹
2 2 Conversion:
Weight 5. 0 𝑖𝑛 → ___ 𝑐𝑚 1 𝑖𝑛 = 2. 54 𝑐𝑚
1 ounce = 28.4 grams
4
 3
= 1 350 000 𝑐𝑚 → 3𝑆𝐹
2 2.54 𝑐𝑚 2.54 𝑐𝑚 3
5. 0 𝑖𝑛 × 1 𝑖𝑛
× 1 𝑖𝑛 = 1 400 000 𝑐𝑚 → 2𝑆𝐹
2 or
= 32. 258 𝑐𝑚 → 5𝑆𝐹 6 3
2 = 1. 4 × 10 𝑐𝑚 → 2𝑆𝐹
= 32 𝑐𝑚 → 2𝑆𝐹

or

Conversion: Lesson 1.4

1 𝑖𝑛 = 2. 54 𝑐𝑚
PRECISION AND ACCURACY AND
PERCENTAGE ERROR
2 2.54 𝑐𝑚 2
5. 0 𝑖𝑛 × ( 1 𝑖𝑛
)
2
= 32. 258 𝑐𝑚 → 5𝑆𝐹
2
= 32 𝑐𝑚 → 2𝑆𝐹 Accuracy Precision
Conversion: Accuracy indicates the Precision is how close
1 𝑘𝑚 = 1000 𝑚; closeness of your measurements are
1 ℎ𝑟 = 3600 𝑠 measurements to the relative to each other,
true or accepted value. not the actual value.
5𝑚 1 𝑘𝑚 3600 𝑠
𝑠
× 1000 𝑚
× 1 ℎ𝑟 For example, the bull’s-eye represents the
= 18 𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟 → 2𝑆𝐹 accepted true value. Each dot represents a
= 20 𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟 → 1𝑆𝐹 repeated measurement of the same quantity.
or
5 𝑚/𝑠 → ___ 𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟
Conversion:
1 𝑘𝑚 = 1000 𝑚;
1 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 60 𝑠𝑒𝑐;
1 ℎ𝑟 = 60 𝑚𝑖𝑛
5𝑚 1 𝑘𝑚 60 𝑠
𝑠
× 1000 𝑚
× 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛
60 𝑚𝑖𝑛
× 1 ℎ𝑟 Closer grouping All the darts are
= 18 𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟 → 2𝑆𝐹 With of darts to one closely grouped in
= 20 𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟 → 1𝑆𝐹 Precision another but far the center of the
from the target. dartboard.
Conversion:
1 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑒 = 1. 6 𝑘𝑚; Far apart and The darts are
No
1 𝑘𝑚 = 1000 𝑚; unevenly evenly spread
Precision
1 𝑚 = 100 𝑐𝑚; spaced. around the target
1 ℎ𝑟 = 3600 𝑠 No Accuracy With Accuracy
1𝑚
14. 3 𝑐𝑚/𝑠 14 𝑐𝑚/𝑠 × 100𝑐𝑚 Percentage Error Formula
→ ___ 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑠/ℎ𝑟 1 𝑘𝑚 1 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑒
× × 1.6 𝑘𝑚
1000 𝑚 The difference between the measured result
3600 𝑠
× 1 ℎ𝑟 and the accepted value is the error in the result.
To calculate the percent error;
= 0. 32175 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑠/ℎ𝑟
→ 5𝑆𝐹 |𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒−𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒|
= 0. 322 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑠/ℎ𝑟 𝑃𝐸 = 𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
→ 3𝑆𝐹
× 100
Conversion:
1 𝑓𝑡 = 0. 3 𝑚; Example Solution
1 𝑚 = 100 𝑐𝑚
James measured the
3 3
50 𝑓𝑡 → ___ 𝑐𝑚 3 0.3 𝑚 3 room width at 8.46m Experimental value:
50 𝑓𝑡 × ( 1 𝑓𝑡 ) and the accepted 8. 46 𝑚
value was 9.45m, Accepted value: 9. 45 𝑚
100 𝑐𝑚 3 what is the percent
×( 1𝑚
) error?
5
 |8.46−9.45|
𝑃𝐸 = 9.45
× 100
= 10. 4762% → 3𝑆𝐹
= 10. 5%
Lesson 1.6
In a lab, you are
given a block of RESULTANT vector
aluminum. You ■ A single vector that produces the same effect
measure the as is produced by a number of vectors
dimensions of the collectively.
block and its Experimental value: ■ The summation of all vector quantities.
displacement in a 3
container of a known 2. 68 𝑔/𝑐𝑚
volume of water. You Cartesian Plane: Signs
calculate the density Accepted value:
3
of the block of 2. 70 𝑔/𝑐𝑚
aluminum to be
3
2. 68 𝑔/𝑐𝑚 . You look 𝑃𝐸 = |2.68−2.70| × 100
up for the density of 2.70
the aluminum at = 0. 7407% → 3𝑆𝐹
room temperature = 0. 741%
and find it to be
3
2. 70 𝑔/𝑐𝑚 .
Calculate the percent
error of your
measurement.

Lesson 1.5
Scalar and vector quantities
Scalars Vectors
■ Vectors are quantities
that are fully described by
Reading Angles
both a magnitude and a
■ Scalars are
direction.
quantities that are (1) To read this angle,
■ It is represented by an
fully described by you can say:
arrow.
a magnitude
■ The length represents
alone. 30° 𝑁 𝑜𝑓 𝐸
magnitude then the
arrowhead indicates
direction. Since the x-axis (EAST)
is one of the rays of the
Magnitude angle, while the other
Numbers and a unit. ray is moved above
(MOVED GOING TO
THE NORTH).
Scalar Vector
speed displacement Alt: You are going 30° from the east, going to the
north.
distance force
time acceleration You can also say:
mass gravity 60° 𝐸 𝑜𝑓 𝑁
temperature velocity
area Since the complementary of 30° is 60°. The y-axis
(NORTH) is the other ray of the angle, and the
volume other is moved to the left (MOVED GOING TO
power THE EAST).
pressure Alt: You are going 60° from the north, going to the
length east.

Lastly, you can use the counterclockwise

convention, saying:
6
 vectors, continue this process for each
30° 𝐶𝐶𝑊 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐸 vector to be added.
4. To get the resultant or the sum of the
Since you are going 30° counterclockwise coming vectors, draw an arrow from the tail
from the east. (origin) of the first vector to the head
of the last vector.
5. To get the magnitude of the resultant,
measure its length with a ruler.
(2) 6. To get the direction of the resultant,
measure the angle it makes with the
40° 𝑁 𝑜𝑓 𝐸 reference frame using a protractor.
60° 𝐸 𝑜𝑓 𝑁
40° 𝐶𝐶𝑊 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐸 Same Direction

Vector A = 40 m, N
Vector B = 50 m, N

SCALE: 1 unit = 10m

Vector A: Vector B:
(3)

60° 𝑆 𝑜𝑓 𝑊
40° 𝑊 𝑜𝑓 𝑆
240° 𝐶𝐶𝑊 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐸

NOTE: When using counterclockwise

convention, use this as a guide when the
angle’s origin is at the x-axis.

Angle at Quadrant Resultant:

Q1: θ
Q2: 180 − θ East: 0°
Q3: 180 + θ North: 90°
Q4: 360 − θ West: 180°
*for converting to CCW South: 270°
convention*
Angle in-between Quadrants
NE: 45°
NW: 135°
SW: 225°
SE: 315° 𝑅 = 9 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠, 𝑁
*the measures of angles above are based on the 9 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 = 90 𝑚
CCW Convention*
𝑅 = 90 𝑚, 𝑁

Methods of Vector Addition Opposite Direction

A. Graphical Method Vector C = 40 m, E
● It is also called the head-to-tail method, the Vector D = 50 m, W
tail of the first vector is the starting point of
the vector, and the head (or tip) of the last SCALE: 1 unit = 10m
vector is the final, pointed end of the arrow.
● Here are the steps for Graphical Method: Vector C: Vector D:
1. Choose a suitable scale for the vectors
so that they can be plotted on the paper.
2. Draw an arrow to represent the first
vector using a ruler and protractor.
3. To draw the second vector, place the tail
of the second vector at the head of the
first vector. If there are more than two

7
 𝑅 = 6. 4 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠, 52° 𝑆 𝑜𝑓 𝑊
1 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 = 10 𝑚
𝑅 = 64 𝑚, 52° 𝑆 𝑜𝑓 𝑊

OR

𝑅 = 64 𝑚, 232° 𝐶𝐶𝑊 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐸

B. Pythagorean Theorem
● The Pythagorean Theorem is a useful
method for determining the result of adding
two (or more) vectors that make a right
Resultant:
angle to each other.
● The method is not applicable for adding
vectors that are not at 90-degrees to each
other.
2 2
𝑅= 𝑥 +𝑦

Perpendicular
Vector A = 5.0 m, N
Vector B = 7.0 m, W
𝑅 = 1 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡, 𝑊
1 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 = 10 𝑚 Magnitude Direction
𝑅 = 10 𝑚, 𝑊 −1 𝑦
𝑅= 𝑥 +𝑦
2 2
θ = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 || 𝑥 ||
2 2
= (5. 0 𝑚) + (7. 0 𝑚) −1 7.0 𝑚
Different Directions 𝑅 = 8. 6 𝑚 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 || 5.0 𝑚 ||
Vector E = 40 m, W θ = 35. 54°
Vector F = 50 m, S = 8. 6 𝑚, 35. 54° 𝑁 𝑜𝑓 𝑊
*since the given directions are N and W, we use them in our
SCALE: 1 unit = 10m final answer, however, we use the x-axis (W) as our basis*

Vector E: Vector F: OR

= 8. 6 𝑚, 144. 46° 𝐶𝐶𝑊 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐸

NOTE: In finding the direction (degrees), there

is no need to find the least significant figure.
Just round it off to two (2) decimal places.

NOTE: When using Pythagorean Theorem,

ALWAYS use the x-axis, East or West, as our
basis.

C. Analytical or Component Method

Resultant: ● Vector resolution using x and y
components.
● Here are the steps for Analytical/Component
Method:
1. Find the x and y components of the
given vectors using the trigonometric
functions:
x-component = 𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠 θ; and
y-component = 𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛 θ
2. Get the summation of x-components
and y-components.

8
 3. Use the summation of x-components
and y-components as the legs of a right
angle.
4. Use Pythagorean Theorem to find the
hypotenuse of the right triangle. This is
the magnitude of the resultant vector.
5. Use the arctangent or inverse tangent
function to find an angle in the right
triangle. This will let you state the
direction of the resultant.
−1 𝑦
θ= 𝑡𝑎𝑛 || 𝑥
= 44. 35° 𝑁 𝑜𝑓 𝑊
*as x is negative while y is positive, it’s on Quadrant 2;
therefore, N of W*
𝑅 = 5. 0 𝑚, 44. 35° 𝑁 𝑜𝑓 𝑊
OR
𝑅 = 5. 0 𝑚, 134. 65° 𝐶𝐶𝑊 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐸
NOTE: Use the signs of the summation of x
and y components (Σ𝑥 and Σ𝑦) to identify
|
| which quadrant the resultant vector lies.

Not Perpendicular #1 Not Perpendicular #2

Vector A = 5.0 m, SW Vector A = 10 m/s, E
Vector B = 7.0 m, N Vector B = 20 m/s, 35° S of W
Vector C = 30 m/s, 70° S of E
Get the x and y components
→ Vector A = 10 m/s, 0° CCW from E
𝐴𝑥 = 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠θ 𝐴𝑦 = 𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛θ → Vector B = 20 m/s, 215° CCW from E
= 5. 0𝑐𝑜𝑠 45 = 5. 0𝑠𝑖𝑛 45 → Vector C = 30 m/s, 290° CCW from E
*as SW equates to 45°* = 5. 0𝑠𝑖𝑛 225 Get the x and y components
=− 3. 54 𝑚
= 5. 0𝑐𝑜𝑠 225
*get the CCW convention 𝐴𝑥 = 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠θ 𝐴𝑦 = 𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛θ
of 45° so that when 225° 𝐵𝑥 = 𝐵𝑐𝑜𝑠θ
is imputed to the = 10𝑐𝑜𝑠 0 = 10𝑠𝑖𝑛 0
calculator, the signs = 7. 0𝑠𝑖𝑛 90 = 10 𝑚/𝑠 = 0
1 (negative or positive) will = 7. 0 𝑚
show up right away; to
avoid confusion as to what 1 𝐵𝑥 = 𝐵𝑐𝑜𝑠θ 𝐵𝑦 = 𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛θ
quadrant will the R land*
= 20𝑐𝑜𝑠 215 = 20𝑠𝑖𝑛 215
=− 3. 54 𝑚 =− 16. 38 𝑚/𝑠 =− 11. 47 𝑚/𝑠

𝐵𝑥 = 𝐵𝑐𝑜𝑠θ 𝐶𝑥 = 𝐶𝑐𝑜𝑠θ 𝐶𝑦 = 𝐶𝑠𝑖𝑛θ

= 7. 0𝑐𝑜𝑠 90 = 30𝑐𝑜𝑠 290 = 30𝑠𝑖𝑛 290
*as N equates to 90°* = 10. 26 𝑚/𝑠 =− 28. 19 𝑚/𝑠
= 0 Get the summation of x and y
components
Get the summation of x and y
components x y
x y 2 A= 10 m/s 0
2 B = -16.38 m/s -11.47 m/s
A = -3.54 m -3.54 m C = 10.26 m/s -28.19 m/s
B= 0m 7.0 m
Σ𝑥 = 3. 88 𝑚/𝑠 Σ𝑦 =− 39. 66 𝑚/𝑠
Σ𝑥 =− 3. 54 𝑚 Σ𝑦 = 3. 46 𝑚
Calculate the magnitude of R using
Calculate the magnitude of R using Pythagorean
Pythagorean
2 2
2 2 3 𝑅= (Σ𝑥) + (Σ𝑦)
3 𝑅= (Σ𝑥) + (Σ𝑦) 2 2
2 2 = (3. 88 𝑚/𝑠) + (− 39. 66 𝑚/𝑠)
= (− 3. 54 𝑚) + (3. 46 𝑚) = 39. 85 𝑚/𝑠 → 40 𝑚/𝑠
= 4. 95 𝑚 → 5. 0 𝑚 *get the least significant figure from the given: 1*
*get the least significant figure from the given: 2*
Calculate the direction
Calculate the direction
−1 𝑦
−1 𝑦 θ = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 || 𝑥 ||
4 θ = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 || 𝑥 || 4
−1 −39.66 𝑚/𝑠
−1 3.46 𝑚 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 || 3.88 𝑚/𝑠 ||
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛 || 3.54 𝑚 ||
= 84. 41° 𝑆 𝑜𝑓 𝐸

9
 *as x is positive while y is negative, it’s on Quadrant 4; Examples to Solve:
therefore, S of E*

𝑅 = 40 𝑚/𝑠, 84. 41° 𝑆 𝑜𝑓 𝐸 Find the resultant vector of the following:

A. Using Graphical Method

Not Perpendicular #3 1. Vector A = 21 m/s, S

Vector B = 28 m/s, S
Vector A = 50 m, NE
Vector B = 7.0 m, S 2. Vector C = 21 m/s, N
Vector C = 8.5 m, 40° S of W Vector D = 28 m/s, S
→ Vector A = 50 m, 45° CCW from E 3. Vector E: 15 m/s, N
→ Vector B = 7.0 m, 270° CCW from E Vector F: 25 m/s, N
→ Vector C = 8.5 m, 220° CCW from E
Get the x and y components 4. Vector G: 15 m/s, E
Vector H: 25 m/s, W
𝐴𝑥 = 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠θ 𝐴𝑦 = 𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛θ
B. Using Graphical and Pythagorean Method
= 50𝑐𝑜𝑠 45 = 5. 0𝑠𝑖𝑛 45
= 3. 54 𝑚 = 3. 54 𝑚 5. Vector I = 21 m/s, S
Vector J = 28 m/s, E
1 𝐵𝑥 = 𝐵𝑐𝑜𝑠θ 𝐵𝑦 = 𝐵𝑐𝑜𝑠θ
= 7. 0𝑐𝑜𝑠 270 = 7. 0𝑠𝑖𝑛 270 6. Vector K = 15 m/s, S
Vector L = 25, m/s, W
= 0𝑚 =− 7 𝑚
C. Using Analytical / Component Method
𝐶𝑥 = 𝐶𝑐𝑜𝑠θ 𝐶𝑦 = 𝐶𝑠𝑖𝑛θ
= 8. 5𝑐𝑜𝑠 220 = 8. 5𝑠𝑖𝑛 220 7. Vector M = 21 m/s, S
=− 6. 51 𝑚 =− 5. 46 𝑚 Vector N = 28 m/s, 15° S of E
Vector O = 42 m/s, 250° CCW from E
Get the summation of x and y
components 8. Vector P: 15 m/s, S
Vector Q: 25 m/s, 20° N of W
x y Vector R: 35 m/s 154° CCW from E
2 A = 3.54 m 3.54 m
B= 0m -7 m
C = -6.51 m -5.46 m
Σ𝑥 =− 2. 97 𝑚 Σ𝑦 =− 8. 92 𝑚
Calculate the magnitude of R using
Pythagorean
2 2
3 𝑅= (Σ𝑥) + (Σ𝑦)
2 2
= (− 2. 97 𝑚) + (− 8. 92 𝑚)
= 9. 40 𝑚 → 9. 4 𝑚
*get the least significant figure from the given: 2*

Calculate the direction

−1 𝑦
θ = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 || 𝑥 ||
4 −1 −8.92 𝑚
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛 || −2.97 𝑚 ||
= 71. 58° 𝑆 𝑜𝑓 𝑊
*as x is negative and y is also negative, it’s on
Quadrant 3; therefore, S of W*

𝑅 = 9. 4 𝑚, 71. 58° 𝑆 𝑜𝑓 𝑊

OR

𝑅 = 9. 4 𝑚, 251. 58° 𝐶𝐶𝑊 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐸

10
 Unit 2: Kinematics Example
Kinematics is a branch of mechanics which
describes the motion of objects using words,
diagrams, numbers, graphs, and equations.

1. Distance and Displacement

2. Speed and Velocity
3. Acceleration
4. Types of Motion Graphs
5. Uniformly Accelerated Motion
6. Free Fall
Case 1: Case 2:
7. Projectile Motion
At point A At point B
8. Projectile Equation
𝑑 =0 𝑑 = 5𝑚
→ →
𝑑 = 0, 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛 𝑑 = 5𝑚, 𝐸
Case 3: Case 4:
At point A-D At point A-D-C
𝑑 = 15𝑚 𝑑 = 20𝑚
→ →
𝑑 = 15𝑚, 𝐸 𝑑 = 10𝑚, 𝐸
Case 5:
At point A-D-A
𝑑 = 30𝑚
A student has 3 paths when going to school. We →
can infer that Path B is the shortest one. Hence, 𝑑 = 0, 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛
that is the most viable path for the student to take.
Lesson 2.2
Lesson 2.1
SPEED AND VELOCITY
Distance and displacement Speed Velocity
Distance Displacement Scalar quantity Vector quantity
Scalar quantity Vector quantity The rate at which an The rate at which an
Displacement is a vector object changes its object changes its
Distance is a scalar quantity that refers to distance or “change in displacement or “change
quantity that refers to “how far out of place an distance per unit in displacement per unit
“how much ground an object is.” time.” time.”
object has covered” Can never be Can be negative, zero, or
during its motion. The object’s overall negative or zero. positive.
change in position.
→
𝑑 → 𝑑
Shortest distance 𝑣= 𝑣=
𝑡 𝑡
Actual length path covered by a body in
covered by a certain particular direction while
interval of time. moving from one Types of Speed
point to another.
Can be both positive or 1. Instantaneous Speed
Always positive.
negative. ○ The speed at any given instant in time.
Distance traveled by a Displacement traveled by
2. Average Speed
moving body in a a moving body in a
○ The average of all instantaneous speeds.
certain interval of time certain interval of time
can never be zero. can be zero.
Average 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 ≥ 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 ≤ 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 Speed
𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑣 = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
→ 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑣 = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
Average → →
Velocity → 𝑣𝑓+𝑣𝑖
𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑣 = 2

3. Constant Speed
○ Speed that is not changing.
11
 Example Lesson 2.3

Kimberly drives her car and travels at 60 𝑘𝑚, 𝐸 ACCELERATION

then comes back and travels 30 𝑘𝑚, 𝑊, all in ■ A vector quantity.
one hour. Find: ■ It is the measure of how velocity changes with
time.
60 𝑘𝑚 + 30 𝑘𝑚 = 90 𝑘𝑚 ■ Rate at which an object changes its velocity.
Total
Distance To find the total distance, just add all → → → →
the magnitudes. → 𝑣−𝑣0 𝑣𝑓−𝑣𝑖 ∆𝑣
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑎= 𝑡
= 𝑡
= ∆𝑡
𝑎𝑣𝑒. 𝑣 = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
60 𝑘𝑚 + 30 𝑘𝑚
1 ℎ𝑟
= 90 𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟
In what ways can objects accelerate?
Convert to 𝑚/𝑠: When there is a:
1000 𝑚 1 ℎ𝑟 1. Change in speed
90𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟 × 1 𝑘𝑚 × 2. Change in direction
Average 3600 𝑠
Speed = 25 𝑚/𝑠 3. Change in both speed and direction
1𝑆𝐹 → 30 𝑚/𝑠
From this, it can be inferred that constant velocity
Substitute the needed magnitudes has zero acceleration.
on the given formula. When needed,
convert the units to the fundamental
What is the difference between positive
units. Express your answers in least
significant figures. and negative acceleration?
● Positive acceleration means speeding up.
60 𝑘𝑚, 𝐸 + 30 𝑘𝑚, 𝑊 = 30 𝑘𝑚, 𝐸 ● Negative acceleration means stopping or
slowing down.
To find the total displacement when
the vectors have opposite directions,
subtract the magnitudes, then copy Example
the direction of the bigger
magnitude. While on a vacation, Nikki Collins rode on a bus,
Total which left the terminal at 6:00 in the morning. At
Displace- 6:01, she saw in the speedometer that the bus
ment However, when the vectors have the
same directions, just add them and had reached 60 𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟. Assuming the bus
copy the direction. accelerated at a constant rate during this period,
what was the magnitude of the acceleration of the
And when the vectors have different bus in 𝑚/𝑠?
directions, use the three methods →
discussed for the resultant vector. 𝑣𝑓 = 60 𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟
→
→ 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 Given
𝑎𝑣𝑒. 𝑣 = 𝑣𝑖 = 0
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
30 𝑘𝑚, 𝐸
= 30 𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟, 𝐸 𝑡 = 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛/60 𝑠
1 ℎ𝑟
60 𝑘𝑚 1000 𝑚 1 ℎ𝑟
Convert to 𝑚/𝑠: Conversion ℎ𝑟
× 1 𝑘𝑚
× 3600 𝑠
1000 𝑚 1 ℎ𝑟 = 16. 67 𝑚/𝑠
Average 30 𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟, 𝐸 × 1 𝑘𝑚
× 3600 𝑠
Velocity = 8. 33 𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟, 𝐸 → 1𝑆𝐹 → 8 𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟, 𝐸 → 16.67 𝑚/𝑠 − 0 𝑚/𝑠
Solution
𝑎= 60 𝑠
Substitute the needed magnitudes 2
on the given formula. When needed, = 0. 28 𝑚/𝑠
convert the units to the fundamental
units. Express your answers in least
significant figures.

12
Lesson 2.4 Example
TYPES OF MOTION GRAPHS
Slope
● To know what a slope of a graph indicates, use
the equation for slope. The unit given will be
the basis.
● In mathematics,
𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑒 △𝑦 𝑦2−𝑦1
𝑚= 𝑟𝑢𝑛
or 𝑚= △𝑥
= 𝑥2−𝑥1
.

A. Distance-Time Graph
● The slope of a distance vs time graph indicates
SPEED!
𝑦2−𝑦1 20 𝑚−10 𝑚 10 𝑚
𝑚= 𝑥2−𝑥1
= 10 𝑠−5 𝑠
= 5𝑠
= 2 𝑚/𝑠

● The steeper the line/slope, the greater the

speed.

Constant speed The body is at rest

Speed = 0

In this example, line A is steeper than line B.

Hence, line A has greater speed than line B.

B. Displacement-Time Graph
Constant speed ● The slope of a displacement vs time graph
indicates VELOCITY!
How does the distance-time graph indicate
speed? How does the displacement-time graph
indicate velocity?
𝑦2−𝑦1 𝑚−𝑚 𝑚
𝑚= 𝑥2−𝑥1
= 𝑠−𝑠
= 𝑠
𝑦2−𝑦1 𝑚−𝑚 𝑚 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑚= 𝑥2−𝑥1
= 𝑠−𝑠
= 𝑠
= 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
The unit after calculating the slope is 𝑚/𝑠, the
unit of speed. The unit after calculating the slope is 𝑚/𝑠, the
unit of velocity.

Displacement-Time Graph: UNITS

Slope 𝑚/𝑠
Area none

13
 CASE 1 CASE 2 CASE 7

Slowing down
The body is at rest. The body is moving away from →
Slope = 0 its position. 𝑣 = 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒
→
→ →
𝑣= 0 𝑣 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑎 = 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒
→ →
𝑎= 0 𝑎= 0 When plotted in a cartesian plane..

CASE 3 CASE 4

The body is going back to its Speeding up

→
original position. 𝑣 = 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒
→
→
𝑣 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑎 = 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒
→
𝑎= 0
*The final velocity is
greater than the initial
→
velocity, hence, the 𝑎 is
positive.*

CASE 5 CASE 6 Same Sign Speeding up

Opposite Sign Slowing down

Example

Slowing down Speeding up

→ →
𝑣 = 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑣 = 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒
→ →
𝑎 = 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑎 = 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒

To interpret the slope, use the equation and

substitute the x and y coordinates.

14
 From the given graph, the slope
from 0s to 6s is positive and is
not changing, this indicates that
0s to 6s
the body is moving with constant
velocity and the body is moving
away from its original position
From 6s to 12s, the slope is
6s to 12s zero, this indicates that the body
is at rest.
And from 12s to 18s, the slope
is negative and is not changing, Constant positive 0 acceleration
acceleration Constant velocity
this means that the graph is at
12s to 18s
decreasing function, constant
negative velocity, the body is
going back to its original position.
.
INSTANTANEOUS VELOCITIES
● If you plot the displacement against time for
a body moving at changing velocities – the
result will be a curved line. The slope of a
curved line is defined at any point by the
slope of the line tangent to the curve. The
value of this slope corresponds to the
magnitude of the instantaneous velocities. Constant negative acceleration
● Since curved lines represent changing
velocities, it means that acceleration is D. Acceleration-Time Graph
present. The body may either be moving ● The slope of an acceleration vs time graph
from fast to slow or slow to fast. indicates JERK!
C. Velocity-Time Graph AREA UNDER CURVES
● The slope of a velocity vs time graph indicates ● The area under curves of the
ACCELERATION! acceleration-time graph indicates
● To represent acceleration, the slope of a VELOCITY.
velocity vs. time graph or an acceleration vs.
time graph that represents motion, also, areas To know what the area under curves of a
under curves of a graph can be used to graph indicates, use the equation for area.
interpret the movement of the body. To find the area of a rectangle, multiply the
length by the width. To find the area of a
How does the displacement-time graph 1
triangle, we use 2 𝑏ℎ, where b is the base
indicate acceleration?
and h is the height of the triangle.
𝑚 𝑚 𝑚
𝑦2−𝑦1 𝑠
− 𝑠 𝑠 2
𝑚= 𝑥2−𝑥1
= 𝑠−𝑠
= 𝑠
= 𝑚/𝑠
Acceleration-Time Graph: UNITS
2
The unit after calculating the slope is 𝑚/𝑠 , the Slope 𝑚/𝑠
3
unit of acceleration.
Area 𝑚/𝑠
What does the area of the velocity-time graph
indicate?
𝑚
𝐴 = 𝑥𝑦 = (𝑠)( 𝑠 ) = 𝑚
The unit after calculating the area is 𝑚, the unit
of displacement.

Velocity-Time Graph: UNITS

2
Slope 𝑚/𝑠
Area 𝑚 Constant acceleration

15
Lesson 2.5
UNIFORMLY ACCELERATED MOTION Three Basic Equations of UAM
→ → →
■ When a body moves along a straight line and 1 𝑣𝑓 = 𝑣𝑖 + 𝑎𝑡
its velocity increases by an equal amount in
an equal interval of time. →2 →2 →→
■ The description of motion in one dimension with 2 𝑣𝑓 = 𝑣𝑖 + 2𝑎𝑑
constant acceleration requires only three basic
equations that will allow you to develop simple → → 2
3 1 →
relationships among kinematic quantities – 𝑑 = 𝑣𝑖𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡
displacement, velocity, acceleration, and 2
time.
Derivation of Formulas
How fast is it moving after time t?
- Velocity From eq. 1:
→
How far has it moved in time t? If 𝑣𝑖 is missing:
- Displacement → → →
𝑣𝑓 = 𝑣𝑖 + 𝑎𝑡
How fast is it moving after it has covered a → → →
distance d? 𝑣𝑖 = 𝑣𝑓 − 𝑎𝑡
- Velocity
→
If 𝑎 is missing:
What kind of graph and what slope of that graph → → →
could represent a UAM? 𝑣𝑓 = 𝑣𝑖 + 𝑎𝑡
→ → →
𝑣𝑓 − 𝑣𝑖 = 𝑎𝑡
→ →
→ 𝑣𝑓−𝑣𝑖
𝑎= 𝑡
If 𝑡 is missing:
→ → →
𝑣𝑓 = 𝑣𝑖 + 𝑎𝑡
→ → →
𝑣𝑓 − 𝑣𝑖 = 𝑎𝑡
→ →
𝑣𝑓−𝑣𝑖
𝑡= →
𝑎

From eq. 2:
→
If 𝑣𝑖 is missing:
→2 →2 →→
𝑣𝑓 = 𝑣𝑖 + 2𝑎𝑑
→2 →→ →2
𝑣𝑓 − 2𝑎𝑑 = 𝑣𝑖
→2 →2 →→
𝑣𝑖 = 𝑣𝑓 − 2𝑎𝑑
→ →2 →→
𝑣𝑖= 𝑣𝑓 − 2𝑎𝑑
→
If 𝑎 is missing:
→2 →2 →→
𝑣𝑓 = 𝑣𝑖 + 2𝑎𝑑
→2 →2 →→
𝑣𝑓 − 𝑣𝑖 = 2𝑎𝑑

16
 →2 →2 →
→ 𝑣𝑓 −𝑣𝑖 𝑣𝑓 = ?
𝑎= →
𝑡= ?
2𝑑
→
If 𝑑 is missing: For finding 𝑣𝑓:
→2 →2 →→
→2 →2 →→
𝑣𝑓 = 𝑣𝑖 + 2𝑎𝑑 𝑣𝑓 = 𝑣𝑖 + 2𝑎𝑑
→2 →2 →→
𝑣𝑓 − 𝑣𝑖 = 2𝑎𝑑 Equation
For finding 𝑡 (derived from eq. 1):
→ →
→2 →2 𝑣 −𝑣
→ 𝑣𝑓 −𝑣𝑖 𝑓 𝑖
𝑑= 𝑡= →
→ 𝑎
2𝑎
For finding 𝑣𝑓:
From eq. 3: →2 →2 →→
→ 𝑣𝑓 = 𝑣𝑖 + 2𝑎𝑑
If 𝑣𝑖 is missing: →2 2 2
→ → 2 𝑣𝑓 = (0) + 2(0. 4 𝑚/𝑠 )(10 𝑚)
1 →
𝑑= 𝑣𝑖𝑡 + 2 𝑎𝑡 →2 2 2
→ 2 𝑣𝑓 = 0 + 8 𝑚 /𝑠
1 → →
𝑑− 2
𝑎𝑡 = 𝑣𝑖𝑡 →2 2 2
→ 2 𝑣𝑓 = 8 𝑚 /𝑠
1 →
→ 𝑑− 𝑎𝑡
2
𝑣𝑖 = 𝑡
→2 2 2
→
𝑣𝑓 = 8 𝑚 /𝑠
If 𝑡 is missing (𝑣𝑖 = 0): Solution →
2
𝑣𝑓 = 2. 83 𝑚/𝑠
→ 1 →
𝑑= 2
𝑎𝑡
→ For finding 𝑡:
2𝑑 2 → →
→ =𝑡 𝑣 −𝑣 𝑓 𝑖
𝑎 𝑡= →
→ 𝑎
2 2𝑑 2.83 𝑚/𝑠−0
𝑡 = → 𝑡= 2
𝑎 0.4 𝑚/𝑠
→ 2.83 𝑚/𝑠
𝑡 =
2𝑑 𝑡= 2
→ 0.4 𝑚/𝑠
𝑎 𝑡 = 7. 08 𝑠
→
If 𝑎 is missing: →
→ → 2 𝑣𝑓 = 2. 83 𝑚/𝑠 → 1𝑆𝐹 → 3 𝑚/𝑠
1 → Answer
𝑑 = 𝑣𝑖𝑡 + 2
𝑎𝑡 𝑡 = 7. 08 𝑠 → 1𝑆𝐹 → 7 𝑠
→ → 2
1 →
𝑑 − 𝑣𝑖𝑡 = 2
𝑎𝑡 Sample Problem #2
→ →
→ 2(𝑑−𝑣𝑖𝑡) 2
𝑎= A car moving at 20 𝑚/𝑠 slows down at 1. 5 𝑚/𝑠
2
𝑡 to a velocity of 10 𝑚/𝑠. How far did the car go
during the slow down?
Sample Problem #1 →
2 𝑣𝑖 = 20 𝑚/𝑠
A golf cart has an acceleration of 0. 4 𝑚/𝑠 . What →
is its velocity after it has covered 10m starting 𝑣𝑓 = 10 𝑚/𝑠
from rest? How much time is needed for this →
change in velocity? Given 2
𝑎 =− 1. 5 𝑚/𝑠
→ 2 (negative because the car slows
𝑎 = 0. 4 𝑚/𝑠 down)
→ →
Given 𝑑 = 10 𝑚 𝑑= ?
→
𝑣𝑖 = 0 Equation (derived from eq. 2):

17
 →2 →2 - UAM in vertical dimension is called “Free
𝑣𝑓 −𝑣𝑖 Fall.” Whether it is vertically upward or
→ downward, it has a uniform acceleration.
𝑑= 2𝑎
Lesson 2.6

→
→2
𝑣𝑓 −𝑣𝑖
→2
FREE FALL
𝑑= 2𝑎
■ A free falling object is one that is falling under
2 2 the sole influence of the force of gravity. In
→ (10 𝑚/𝑠) −(20 𝑚/𝑠) free fall, object does not encounter air
𝑑= 2
resistance and falls to the Earth at a rate of
2
2(−1.5 𝑚/𝑠 ) − 9. 8 𝑚/𝑠 .
2 2 2 2
Solution → 100 𝑚 /𝑠 −400 𝑚 /𝑠 ■ The best way to see the basic features of
𝑑= 2
motion involving gravity is to start by
−3.0 𝑚/𝑠 considering straight up and down motion with
→
2 2
−300 𝑚 /𝑠 no air resistance or friction.
■ This means that if the object is dropped, we
𝑑= 2 know the initial velocity is zero. Once the
−3.0 𝑚/𝑠 object is in motion, the object is in free fall.
→
𝑑 = 100 𝑚 Under these circumstances, the motion is
one-dimensional and has constant acceleration,
Answer
→ g.
𝑑 = 100 𝑚
Three Basic Equations of Free Fall
Sample Problem #3 → → →
A car is running at 40 𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟 when the driver 1 𝑣𝑓 = 𝑣𝑖 + 𝑔𝑡
starts to step at the brake. If the car decelerates
2 →2 →2 →
at the rate of 5 𝑚/𝑠 , how long will it take the car 2 𝑣𝑓 = 𝑣𝑖 + 2𝑔ℎ
to stop?
→ 2
→
3 1 →
𝑣𝑖 = 40 𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟 ℎ = 𝑣𝑖𝑡 + 2
𝑔𝑡
→
𝑣𝑓 = 0
Given → Derivation of Formulas
2
𝑎 =− 5 𝑚/𝑠 From eq. 1:
(because the car decelerates)
𝑡= ? →
If 𝑣𝑖 is missing:
40 𝑘𝑚 1 ℎ𝑟 1000 𝑚 → → →
𝑣𝑖 = × × 𝑣𝑓 = 𝑣𝑖 + 𝑔𝑡
Conversion ℎ𝑟 3600 𝑠 1 𝑘𝑚
= 11. 11 𝑚/𝑠 → → →
(derived from eq. 1):
𝑣𝑖 = 𝑣𝑓 − 𝑔𝑡
→ →
𝑣 −𝑣 If 𝑡 is missing:
Equation 𝑓 𝑖 → →
𝑡= → 𝑣𝑓 = 𝑣𝑖 + 𝑔𝑡
𝑎 → → →
→ → 𝑣𝑓 − 𝑣𝑖 = 𝑔𝑡
𝑣𝑓−𝑣𝑖 → →
𝑡= → 𝑣𝑓−𝑣𝑖
𝑎 𝑡= →
0−11.11 𝑚/𝑠 𝑔
Solution 𝑡= 2
−5 𝑚/𝑠
−11.11 𝑚/𝑠 From eq. 2:
𝑡= 2 →
−5 𝑚/𝑠 If 𝑣𝑖 is missing:
𝑡 = 2. 2 𝑠
→2 →2 →
Answer 𝑡 = 2. 2 𝑠 → 1𝑆𝐹 → 2 𝑠 𝑣𝑓 = 𝑣𝑖 + 2𝑔ℎ
→2 → →2
What is uniformly accelerated motion in vertical 𝑣𝑓 − 2𝑔ℎ = 𝑣𝑖
dimension?

18
 →2 →2 → falls back to earth. Calculate the position and
𝑣𝑖 = 𝑣𝑓 − 2𝑔ℎ velocity of the ball 1.00s, 2.00s, and 3.00s after it
is thrown, neglecting the effects of air resistance.
→ →2 → Time Position Velocity Acceleration
𝑣𝑖= 𝑣𝑓 − 2𝑔ℎ (seconds) (m) (m/s) 2
(𝑚/𝑠 )
→
If 𝑑 is missing: 1.00s 8. 10 𝑚 3. 20𝑚/𝑠 − 9. 8𝑚/𝑠
2

→2 →2 →
2
𝑣𝑓 = 𝑣𝑖 + 2𝑔ℎ 2.00s 6. 40 𝑚 − 6. 60𝑚/𝑠 − 9. 8𝑚/𝑠
→2 →2 → 3.00s − 5. 10 𝑚 − 16. 4𝑚/𝑠 − 9. 8𝑚/𝑠
2

𝑣𝑓 − 𝑣𝑖 = 2𝑔ℎ
→2 →2
𝑣𝑓 −𝑣𝑖 Sample Problem #1
ℎ= → Jim drops a stone from the top of a five-storey
2𝑔 building.
From eq. 3: Given:
→
→ 𝑣𝑖 = 0
If 𝑣𝑖 is missing: → 2
2 𝑎 = 9. 8 𝑚/𝑠
→ 1 →
ℎ= 𝑣𝑖𝑡 + 2 𝑔𝑡 Equation:
→ 2
1 →
2 → 1 →
ℎ− 𝑔𝑡 = 𝑣𝑖𝑡 How far has it ℎ = 𝑣𝑖𝑡 + 2 𝑔𝑡
2 fallen after Solution and Answer:
2
→ 1→ 2s? 2
ℎ− 2 𝑡 1
ℎ = (0)(2 𝑠) +
2
(− 9. 8 𝑚/𝑠 )(2𝑠)
𝑣𝑖 = 𝑡
2
ℎ =− 19. 6 𝑚 → 1𝑆𝐹 → 20𝑚
→
If 𝑡 is missing (𝑣𝑖 = 0): Equation:
2 → →
1 → 𝑣𝑓 = 𝑣𝑖 + 𝑔𝑡
ℎ= 𝑔𝑡 What is the
2 velocity of the Solution and Answer:
2ℎ 2
→ =𝑡 stone after 2s → 2
𝑔 of fall? 𝑣𝑓 = 0 + (− 9. 8 𝑚/𝑠 )(2 𝑠)
→
2 2ℎ 𝑣𝑓 =− 19. 6 𝑚/𝑠 → 1𝑆𝐹 → − 20 𝑚/𝑠
𝑡 = →
𝑔
Equation:
2ℎ If the stone 1 →
2
𝑡 = → reaches the ℎ= 𝑔𝑡
𝑔 ground after 2
5s, how high Solution and Answer:
2
is the 1 2
Does the mass of the object affect the motion building? ℎ= 2
(− 9. 8 𝑚/𝑠 )(5 𝑠)
of the free-falling bodies? ℎ =− 122. 5 𝑚 → 1𝑆𝐹 → 100 𝑚
- No, mass does not affect the motion of
the objects because in free fall, air
resistance is neglected. Sample Problem #2
- If a feather and a ball were thrown in a room
with air resistance, the ball would fall first. A mango fell from a tree at a point 6m above the
However, in a vacuum, they would fall at the ground. If you neglect air resistance, how long
same time with the same rate. will it take to reach the ground?
→
Ball Thrown Upward 𝑣𝑖 = 0
Given
● A ball thrown upward is also in free fall after ℎ =− 6 𝑚
it leaves your hand. Although you might not
describe the ball as “falling,” it is still free fall. (derived from eq. 3):
Equation 2ℎ
𝑡 = →
Example 𝑔
Nicky throws a ball vertically upward with an
initial velocity of 13.0 m/s. It misses her hand and

19
 Lesson 2.7
PROJECTILE MOTION
2(−6 𝑚)
𝑡 = 2
Solution −9.8 𝑚/𝑠
■ Projectile motion is an example of curved
𝑡 = 1. 10 𝑠 motion with constant acceleration.
■ It is a two-dimensional motion of particles
Answer 𝑡 = 1. 10 𝑠 → 1𝑆𝐹 → 1 𝑠 thrown obliquely into the air.

CONCEPT CHECK Path of a Projectile

1. An object that moves because of the action of
gravity alone is said to be free falling.

Answer: TRUE – In free fall, the object is

influenced only by gravity both upwards and
downwards.

2. The acceleration of the object equals the

gravitational acceleration.

Answer: TRUE – Formulas in UAM and Free

Fall are the same. The acceleration (a) in UAM
is just replaced with gravitational acceleration
(g) in FF.
3. When going up, the velocity and acceleration
of the object is increasing.
Answer: FALSE – When going up, the velocity
is decreasing due to the gravitational pull.
Meanwhile, acceleration stays constant at
2
− 9. 8 𝑚/𝑠
4. The initial velocity of a free-falling body is
always equal to zero.
Answer: FALSE – The initial velocity will only
be equal to zero when it falls from the top.
There are other ways that an object can fall
with a non-zero initial velocity.
5. When falling, the object is speeding up and
moves at a constant acceleration of
2 ● In other words, the horizontal velocity is
− 9. 8 𝑚/𝑠 .
Answer: TRUE – When falling, the object will
always speed up with constant acceleration of
2
− 9. 8 𝑚/𝑠 because of the gravitational pull.
The path of a projectile is
Trajectory
called its trajectory.
The horizontal distance
Range traveled by a projectile is
called its range.
Components of a Projectile
PROJECTILES MOVE IN TWO DIMENSION
● Since a projectile moves in 2-dimensions, it
therefore has 2 components just like a
resultant vector.
● Horizontal and vertical
HORIZONTAL “VELOCITY” COMPONENT
● NEVER changes – covers equal
displacements in equal time periods.
● This means the initial horizontal velocity
equals the final horizontal velocity.
CONSTANT. But why?
○ Gravity DOES NOT work horizontally to
increase or decrease the velocity.

VERTICAL “VELOCITY” COMPONENT

● Changes (due to gravity), does NOT cover
equal displacements in equal time periods.

Together, these components produce what is

called a trajectory or path. This path is parabolic
in nature.

20
 ● Identical projectiles launched at
complementary angles have the same range.
● Maximum range is when θ = 45°

Lesson 2.8
Horizontal
Motion
Vertical
Motion PROJECTILE EQUATIONS
Forces Yes Projectile Launched Horizontally
(Present? – No → 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙
Yes or No) 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 Projectiles which have NO upward trajectory and
Acceleration NO initial vertical velocity.
Yes
(Present? – No 2
Yes or No) → − 9. 8𝑚/𝑠
Changing
Velocity → increasing or
(Constant or Constant decreasing in
Changing?) equal interval
of time

Projectile Principles
→ → 1 →2
1. Projectiles always maintain a constant 𝑑 = 𝑣𝑖𝑥𝑡 + 𝑔𝑡
horizontal velocity (neglecting air 2
resistance). → → → 1 →2
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑣𝑖𝑥𝑡 𝑑𝑦 = 2
𝑔𝑡
2. Projectiles always experience a constant
2
vertical acceleration of 9. 8 𝑚/𝑠 , Remember, the Remember that since
(neglecting air resistance). velocity is the projectile is
CONSTANT launched horizontally,
3. The horizontal and vertical motions are horizontally, so that the INITIAL VERTICAL
completely independent of each other. means the VELOCITY is equal to
Therefore, horizontal and vertical motion can acceleration is ZERO. ZERO.
be treated separately.

What are the factors that would affect the Example #1

projectile motion? A ball rolls off the edge of a horizontal platform 2
- Initial velocity, the higher the initial velocity, m high and lands 2.5 m from the edge of the
the longer the distance. platform. Find:
- Angle
- Gravity, the only force that affects the Given:
→
projectile is gravity. 𝑑𝑦 =− 2 𝑚
- Mass is NOT a factor as free fall and →
projectile motion are both disregarding air 𝑑𝑥 = 2. 5 𝑚
resistance. Different objects with different
mass will still land at the same time. Equation (derived from
→ 1 →2
Projectiles Launched at an Angle The time of its 𝑑𝑦 = 2
𝑔𝑡 ):
flight →
2𝑑𝑦
𝑡 = →
𝑔

21
 Solution: Answer:
2(−2 𝑚) 𝑡 = 6. 39 𝑠 → 1𝑆𝐹 → 6 𝑠
𝑡= 2
−9.8 𝑚/𝑠
𝑡 = 0. 64 Projectile Launched at an Angle

Answer:
𝑡 = 0. 64 𝑠 → 1𝑆𝐹 → 1 𝑠
Equation (derived from
→ →
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑣𝑖𝑥𝑡):
→
→ 𝑑𝑥
𝑣𝑖𝑥 = 𝑡
Since the projectile was launched at an angle, the
velocity must be broken into components.
Initial Solution:
horizontal → 2.5 𝑚
→ →
velocity 𝑣𝑖𝑥 = 0.64 𝑠 𝑣𝑖𝑥 = 𝑣𝑖𝑐𝑜𝑠θ
→
𝑣𝑖𝑥 = 3. 91 𝑚/𝑠 horizontal velocity
(x-component)
Answer: → →
→
𝑣𝑖𝑥 = 3. 91 𝑚/𝑠 → 1𝑆𝐹 → 4 𝑚/𝑠
𝑣𝑖𝑦 = 𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛θ
vertical velocity
(y-component)
Example #2
A stone is thrown with an initial horizontal → → → → 1 →2
velocity of 10 m/s from the top of a tower 200 m 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑣𝑖𝑥𝑡 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑣𝑖𝑦𝑡 + 2
𝑔𝑡
high.
→ → → →
Given:
→
𝑣𝑖𝑥 = 𝑣𝑖𝑐𝑜𝑠θ 𝑣𝑖𝑦 = 𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛θ
𝑣𝑖𝑥 = 10 𝑚/𝑠 → →
→ 1 →2
→ → 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛θ𝑡 + 𝑔𝑡
𝑑𝑦 = 200 𝑚 2
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑣𝑖𝑐𝑜𝑠θ𝑡
*Use this if the question is
Equation: asking about the maximum
→ 1 →2 *Use this if the question height. Note that only use half
𝑑𝑦 = 2
𝑔𝑡 is asking about the the time because maximum
horizontal range.* height is reached during the
Solution: first half of the total time.*
Where is the → 1 2 2 → → 2
stone 2 s after 𝑑𝑦 = 2
(− 9. 8 𝑚/𝑠 )(2 𝑠) 𝑣𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛θ → (𝑣𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛θ)
being thrown? →
𝑡= 𝑑𝑦 =
→ →
𝑑𝑦 =− 19. 6 𝑚 +𝑔 +2𝑔

Answer: *Use this if the question *Use this if the question is

→ is asking for the time it asking for the maximum
𝑑𝑦 =− 19. 6 𝑚 → 1𝑆𝐹 → − 20 𝑚 will take to reach the height but the time is not
maximum height.* given.*
Equation (derived from
→ →
1 →2
𝑑𝑦 = 2
𝑔𝑡 ): 2𝑣𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛θ
𝑡= →
→ +𝑔
2𝑑𝑦 *Use this if the question
When will it hit 𝑡= → is asking for the TOTAL
the ground? 𝑔 time of flight.*

Solution:
Example #3
2(−200 𝑚)
𝑡= 2 A place kicker kicks a football with a velocity of
−9.8 𝑚/𝑠
𝑡 = 0. 64 20.0 m/s and at an angle of 53 degrees.

22
Given:
→
→2
𝑣𝑖 = 20. 0 𝑚/𝑠 𝑣𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛2θ
θ = 53° 𝑅= →
Equation: 𝑔
→
2𝑣𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛θ *Use this if the question is asking about the
𝑡= → total range but the time is not given.*
𝑔
How long is the
ball in the air? Solution and Answer: Example #4
2(20.0 𝑚/𝑠) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 53°
𝑡= 2
A body is projected upward at an angle of 50°
9.8 𝑚/𝑠 with the horizontal. If it has an initial velocity of
𝑡 = 3. 26 𝑠 40.0 m/s:

Equation: Given:
→ → θ = 50°
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑣𝑖𝑐𝑜𝑠θ𝑡 →
𝑣𝑖 = 40. 0 𝑚/𝑠
How far away Solution and Answer:
does it land? →
𝑑𝑥 = (20. 0 𝑚/𝑠)(𝑐𝑜𝑠 53°)(3. 26 𝑠) Equation:
→
→
𝑑𝑥 = 39. 2 𝑚 2𝑣𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛θ
𝑡= →
Equation: How long will it 𝑔
→ 2 take to hit the Solution and Answer:
→ (𝑣𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛θ) ground? 2(40.0 𝑚/𝑠) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 50°
𝑑𝑦 = → 𝑡= 2
+2𝑔 9.8 𝑚/𝑠
Solution and Answer: 𝑡 = 6. 25 𝑠
→ ((20.0 𝑚/𝑠) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 53°)
2
𝑑𝑦 = 2 Equation:
2(9.8 𝑚/𝑠 )
→ →2
𝑑𝑦 = 13. 0 𝑚 𝑣𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛2θ
𝑅= →
How far will the 𝑔
or object cover? Solution and Answer:
2
How high does Equation: (40.0 𝑚/𝑠) 𝑠𝑖𝑛((50))°
𝑅= 2
it travel? → → 1 →2 9.8 𝑚/𝑠
𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛θ𝑡 + 2 𝑔𝑡
𝑅 = 160 𝑚
Solution and Answer:
→
𝑑𝑦 = (20. 0 𝑚/𝑠)(𝑠𝑖𝑛 53°)
1 2
(1. 63 𝑠) + 2
(9. 8 𝑚/𝑠 )
2
(1. 63)
→
𝑑𝑦 = 13. 0 𝑚
*1.63 is used since the needed
time for this formula is the one
for maximum height (half of
the total time).*

Range of a Projectile

● The horizontal range of a projectile is the

distance along the horizontal plane it would
travel before reaching the same vertical position
as it started from.
● The horizontal range depends on the initial
velocity 𝑣𝑖, the launch angle θ and the
acceleration due to gravity.
● The unit of horizontal range is meters (m).
23
MAKE-UP QUIZ Which of the graphs describe an object moving
with uniformly accelerated motion?
Motion Graphs - Set B

A.

Which graph describes an object at rest?

B.

Which graph shows that a body is speeding up?

Which letter indicates constant negative

acceleration? — C
Which graph shows that a body is going back to
its original position? Which letter indicates constant velocity? — B

C. Calculate the velocity of the body at

different sections.

Which of the graphs above describes an object

that is slowing down?

SECTION VELOCITY
A 5 km/hr
B 20 km/hr
Which graph shows that a body is going away C 10 + 5 = 15 km/hr
from its origin?
D 20 km/hr
E -10 km/hr
F -10 km/hr

24
D. FUNCTION

ACCELERA
TIME FUNCTION VELOCITY
TION
0-1s Constant + constant
2-3s At Rest zero zero
3 - 4.5 s Constant - constant
Speeding
4.5 - 7 s Up
+ +

Slowing
7 - 8.5 s Down
+ -

Speeding
8.5 - 10 s Up
- -

Slowing
10 - 12 s Down
- +

E.

NO MOTION SLOW TO FAST

FAST TO SLOW UNIFORM ACCELERATION

CONSTANT SPEED

25
 Unit 3: UCM, Newton’s Laws of Motion, and Sample Problem #1
Frictional Force
A stone tied at the end of a string is whirled from
point A and makes 6 revolutions in 2 seconds.
1. Uniform Circular Motion
Calculate its period and frequency.
2. Centripetal Acceleration
3. Centripetal Force Formula:
4. Newton’s Law of Motion
a. Law of Inertia 1 𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠
b. Law of Acceleration 𝑇= 𝑓
= 𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠
c. Law of Interaction Period
5. Frictional Force Solution:
2𝑠
Lesson 3.1 𝑇= 6 𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠
= 0. 33𝑠
UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION Formula:

1 𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠
Circular Motion 𝑓= 𝑇
= 𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠
Frequency
Solution:
6 𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠
𝑓= 2𝑠
= 3 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠

Sample Problem #2
If a ball takes 20 seconds to make 5 full
revolutions, find its period and frequency.

Formula:

1 𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠
● The motion of the body along a circular path.
𝑇= 𝑓
= 𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠
Period
NOTE: Even though the speed is constant, the Solution:
direction of movement is not linear. The
20 𝑠
direction is always changing. Thus, the 𝑇= = 4𝑠
velocity is not constant and therefore the 5 𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠
object is accelerating. Formula:
Period and Frequency 1 𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠
𝑓= 𝑇
= 𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠
The period (T) is the time it takes Frequency
for a body moving in a circular Solution:
path to make one complete
5 𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠
Period (T) cycle. 𝑓= = 0. 25 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠
20 𝑠
1 𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠
𝑇= 𝑓
= 𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 Tangential Speed and Angular Speed
The frequency (f) is the number
of cycles or revolution per Tangential speed is a linear
second. property measured in meters
Frequency (f) Tangential per second.
1 𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 Speed
𝑓= 𝑇
= 𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠 2π𝑟
𝑉= 𝑇
= 2π𝑟𝑓
NOTE: Period and Frequency are inversely Angular speed is an angular
proportional to each other. The formula only property, which is measured in
shows the relationship between the two. The radians per second or
number 1 means nothing. Angular revolutions per second.
Speed
2π
ω = 𝑇
= 2π𝑓
26
 1
𝑇 =
Uniform Circular Motion 𝑓

Solution:
1
𝑇 = 120 𝑟𝑎𝑑
60 𝑠
60 𝑠
𝑇 = 120 𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝑇 = 0. 5 𝑠

Formula:
2π𝑟
𝑉 = 𝑇
b. Tangential
■ The motion of a body in a circle is at a constant Speed Solution:
2π (0.5 𝑚)
speed. 𝑉= 0.5 𝑠
■ Increase or decrease in an equal interval of
time. 𝑉 = 6. 28 𝑚/𝑠 → 1𝑆𝐹 → 6 𝑚/𝑠
■ It is an example of uniformly accelerated motion
(UAM). Formula:
2π
ω = 𝑇
Which way will the object go?
c. Angular Solution:
An object on a guideline is Speed 2π
in uniform circular motion. 𝑉= 0.5 𝑠
The object is symbolized 𝑉 = 12. 57 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠 → 1𝑆𝐹
by a dot, and at point O it → 10 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠
is released suddenly from
its circular path.
Centripetal Acceleration

If the guideline is cut suddenly, will the object

move along OA or OP?

It will move along OA. Since there is already

no force acting on the body when the guideline
is cut, according to Newton’s First Law of
Motion, it will move in a straight path.

If the motion of a body in a circle is at

constant speed, is there acceleration? ● Centripetal acceleration is the rate of change of
tangential velocity.
Yes, because for an object to be considered ● Centripetal means towards the center.
accelerating, there must be one of the following: 2π𝑟 2
2 ( )
𝑉 𝑇
(1) change in speed ● Its formula is 𝐴 = or 𝐴𝑐 =
(2) change in direction 𝑐 𝑟 𝑟
(3) change in both
Which motion has the largest centripetal
And in a circular motion, the object is changing acceleration? Why?
its direction. Therefore, there is acceleration in
UCM.

Sample Problem #3
A body describing a UCM makes 120
revolutions per minute. If the radius of the circle
is 50 cm, find:
120 𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠
𝑓= 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒/60 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠
Letter B. Because increasing the tangential
𝑟 = 50 𝑐𝑚 velocity will also increase the centripetal
Given a. 𝑇 = ? acceleration.
b. 𝑉 = ?
c. ω = ? Consequently, increasing the radius will
decrease the centripetal acceleration.
a. Period Formula:

27
 Hence, to determine the LARGEST
CENTRIPETAL ACCELERATION, find the 𝑉 = 20. 32 𝑚/𝑠 → 20 𝑚/𝑠
motion with the highest tangential speed and
also has the smallest radius. Sample Problem #5
2 A rock tied to the end of a string moves in a
NOTE: 𝐴𝑐 ∝ 𝑉 means that the centripetal circle of radius 1.2 m with a constant speed of
acceleration is directly proportional to the 3.0 m/s. Calculate the centripetal acceleration of
square of tangential speed. the rock.
1
While 𝐴𝑐 ∝ 𝑟 means that the centripetal 𝑟 = 1. 2𝑚
Given 𝑉 = 3. 0𝑚/𝑠
acceleration is directly proportional to the 𝐴𝑐 = ?
reciprocal of the radius.
Formula:
For example, doubling 𝑉 will quadruple 𝐴𝑐.
2 2 2 2
𝑉 (2𝑉) 4𝑉 𝑉
𝐴𝑐 = 𝑟
→ 𝑟
= 𝑟
= 4𝐴𝑐 𝐴𝑐 = 𝑟
Centripetal
Acceleration Solution:
Check Your Understanding
2
(3.0𝑚/𝑠) 2
𝐴𝑐 = 1.2𝑚
= 7. 5𝑚/𝑠

Lesson 3.2
CENTRIPETAL FORCE
■ Centripetal force is the net force (summation of
involved forces) causing the centripetal
acceleration of an object in circular motion.
■ Its direction is always inward along the radius
vector, and its magnitude is given by:
The car in the drawing is moving clockwise 2
around a circular section of road at a constant 𝑚𝑉
speed. What are the directions of its velocity and 𝐹𝑐 = 𝑟
𝑜𝑟 𝐹𝑐 = 𝑚(𝐴𝑐)
acceleration at (a) position 1 and (b) position 2?
𝑚
■ The unit is 𝑘𝑔 2 or simply 𝑁.
Velocity Acceleration 𝑠

Position 1 South West

Sample Problem #1
Position 2 West North
An object with a mass of 0.25 kg is whirled in a
circle with a radius of 1.5 m. It makes two
Sample Problem #4 revolutions in 1 second, find its (a) tangential
speed, (b) centripetal acceleration, and (c)
A car is moving with a constant velocity around a centripetal force.
circular path. If the radius of the circular path is
48.2 m and the centripetal acceleration is 𝑚 = 0. 25𝑘𝑔
2
8. 5 𝑚/𝑠 . What is the tangential speed of the 𝑟 = 1. 5𝑚
car? Given 𝑓 = 2 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠
𝑉 = ? 𝐴 𝑐 = ? 𝐹𝑐 = ?
𝑟 = 48. 6𝑚
2
Given 𝐴𝑐 = 8. 5 𝑚/𝑠 Formula:
𝑉 = ? 𝑉 = 2π𝑟𝑓
Tangential
Formula: Speed Solution:
Derived from the formula for 𝐴𝑐
𝑉 = 2π(1. 5 𝑚)(2 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠)
Tangential 𝑉= 𝐴𝑐𝑟 𝑉 = 18. 84 𝑚/𝑠 → 1𝑆𝐹 → 20 𝑚/𝑠
Speed
Solution: Centripetal Formula:
2
Acceleration
𝑉= (8. 5 𝑚/𝑠 )(48. 6𝑚)
28
 2
𝑉 5. The direction of centripetal acceleration is
𝐴𝑐 = 𝑟 away from the center of the circle and is
parallel to the direction of the velocity. FALSE
Solution:
2
Lesson 3.3
𝐴𝑐 =
(18.84 𝑚/𝑠)
1.5 𝑚 NEWTON’S LAW OF MOTION
2 2
𝐴𝑐 = 236. 63 𝑚/𝑠 → 1𝑆𝐹 → 200 𝑚/𝑠
A racing car and a moving van are both
Formula: traveling at 40 km/h. Which of the two
vehicles will require more force to stop?
𝐹𝑐 = 𝑚(𝐴𝑐) Why?

Centripetal The moving van requires more force to stop

Solution: because it has more mass. In this case, they
Force
are moving at the same speed; hence, we
2
𝐹𝑐 = 0. 25𝑘𝑔(236. 63𝑚/𝑠 ) should look at the mass of the objects while
comparing them.
𝐹𝑐 = 59. 16𝑁 → 1𝑆𝐹 → 60𝑁
Which of the two objects moving at the same
speed is difficult to stop – a bowling ball or a
Sample Problem #2 tennis ball?
A skater moves with 15 m/s in a circle of radius 30 The bowling ball, same reasons from above.
m. The ice exerts a central force of 450 N. What is
the mass of the skater? Which of these vehicles moving at the same
𝑟 = 30𝑚 speed has the greatest inertia of rest or of
motion – a bicycle, a jeepney, or a passenger
𝑉 = 15𝑚/𝑠 bus?
Given 𝐹𝑐 = 450𝑁
𝑚 = ? The passenger bus.
Formula: Because the greater the mass, the more the
inertia the object has.
𝐹𝑐𝑟
𝑚= 2
Mass is the amount of matter in an object,
𝑉 and inertia is the tendency of an object to
Mass resist change in motion.
Solution:
Hence, when an object is heavier, the greater its
450𝑁(30𝑚) tendency to not be moved or its motion to not be
𝑚= 2 changed.
(15𝑚/𝑠)
𝑚 = 60 𝑘𝑔
LAW OF INERTIA
CONCEPT CHECK
States that a body at rest will remain at rest and
a body in motion will continue moving in a
1. Motion described by a point or a particle which
straight path unless acted upon by an outside
is moving at constant speed along the
force.
circumference of a circle? UNIFORM
CIRCULAR MOTION
A BODY ACTED ON A ZERO NET FORCE
moves with constant velocity and zero
2. It is the time it takes for a body moving in a
acceleration.
circular path to make one complete cycle.
PERIOD
What happens when the net force on a body
at rest is zero?
3. A race car is traveling in uniform circular
motion around a racetrack. What happens to
Since net force is the summation of all forces
the centripetal acceleration of the car if the
involved in an object, when it is zero, the body
speed is doubled but the radius of the circle
will remain at rest.
remains constant? INCREASES
What if there is zero net force acting on a
4. Objects with uniform circular motion have
body in motion?
constant period (T) and thus, with constant
speed. TRUE
29
The body will continue being in motion while
traveling in a straight line.

IN WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING SITUATIONS

IS THERE ZERO NET FORCE ON THE
BODY?

A. An airplane flying due north at a steady

120 m/s and at a constant altitude
B. A car driving straight up a hill with a 30
degrees slope at a constant 90 km/hr
C. A hawk circling at a constant 20 km/h at a
constant height of 15 m above an open field

A and B demonstrate constant velocity since the

objects move at a steady magnitude and
constant direction. According to the Law of
Inertia, objects with constant velocity have
no external net force acting upon them.
LAW OF ACCELERATION
When is Newton’s first law valid?
Newton’s first law is valid only in States that the acceleration of an object is
non-accelerating inertial frames. directly proportional to the magnitude of the
net force and inversely proportional to the
(a) Initially, you and the vehicle are at rest. mass of the object.
When it moves, you tend to remain at rest
as the vehicle accelerates around you. → →
𝐹
(b) Initially, you and the vehicle are in 𝑎= 𝑚
motion. When it moves, you tend to
continue moving with constant velocity as
the vehicle slows down around you. Why is it difficult for a person to run if he or
(c) The vehicle rounds a turn at constant she is fat?
speed. You tend to continue moving in a
straight line as the vehicle turns. Because they have more mass, and a person
with more mass needs to have more force to
speed up.

NOTE: The acceleration of an object is

inversely proportional to the object’s mass if
the net force remains fixed.

NOTE: The acceleration of an object is directly

proportional to the net force acting on it, and
inversely proportional to the mass of the
object.

Mass and Force

What happens when the net force is not
zero? Mass Weight
If the net force on an object is not zero, it Mass is the amount of Weight is the amount
causes the object to accelerate. matter in a particular of gravitational force
body. acting on the mass.

The international Since weight is a

standard unit of mass, measure of force, the
or the SI unit, is the SI unit of weight is
Kilogram (Kg) Newton.
→ →
𝑊 = 𝑚𝑔

30
 →
Force (c) Tension Force 𝑇
○ A pulling force exerted on an object by
● Force is the push or pull that causes a a rope, cord, etc.
change in the motion of an object.
● A force is a vector quantity, with magnitude
and direction.
● A larger net force acting on an object
causes a larger acceleration, and objects
with larger mass require more force to
accelerate.
→
(d) Weight 𝑤
One newton is the ○ The pull of gravity on an object is a
→ → amount of net force long-range force (a force that acts over
𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎 that gives an a distance).
= 1𝑘𝑔 × 𝑚/𝑠
2 acceleration of 1
meter per second
= 𝑁𝑒𝑤𝑡𝑜𝑛
squared to a body with
a mass of 1 kilogram.

Units of Force Superposition of Forces

System Mass Acceleration Force States that any number of forces applied at a
point on a body have the same effect as a
2
2 𝑘𝑔 𝑚/𝑠 single force equal to the vector sum of the
MKS Kg 𝑚/𝑠
Newton forces.
2
CGS g 2 𝑔 𝑐𝑚/𝑠 Alt: Superposition of Forces simply means that
𝑐𝑚/𝑠 the net force, or the summation of all forces
dyne
2
involved in a body, is equal to the vector sum
FPS slug 2 𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔 𝑓𝑡/𝑠 or the resultant of the forces.
𝑓𝑡/𝑠
pound
→ →
(a) Component vectors: 𝐹 and 𝐹
𝑥 𝑦
Four Common Types of Force
𝐹𝑥 = 𝐹𝑐𝑜𝑠θ and 𝐹𝑦 = 𝐹𝑠𝑖𝑛θ
→
(a) Normal Force 𝑛 → →
○ When an object rests or pushes on a together
(b) Component vectors 𝐹 and 𝐹
𝑥 𝑦
surface, the surface exerts a push on
it that is directed perpendicular to the have the same effect as original
→
surface. force 𝐹.

→
(b) Frictional Force 𝑓
○ In addition to the normal force, a surface
may exert a frictional force on an NOTE: In finding the direction (degrees), there
object, directed parallel to the surface. is no need to find the least significant figure.
Just round it off to two (2) decimal places.

NOTE: When using the Pythagorean Theorem,

ALWAYS use the x-axis, East or West, as the
basis.

31
 Sample Problem #1 −1 79.66𝑁
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛 || −100.45𝑁 ||
= 38. 42° 𝑁 𝑜𝑓 𝑊
= 141. 58° 𝐶𝐶𝑊 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐸
*as x is negative while y is positive, it’s on Quadrant 2;
therefore, N of W*
→
𝐹𝑛 = 100𝑁, 38. 42° 𝑁 𝑜𝑓 𝑊

OR
→
𝐹𝑛 = 100𝑁, 141. 58° 𝐶𝐶𝑊 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐸
Three professional wrestlers are fighting over a
champion’s belt. The forces given by each
wrestler are shown in the given figure with Sample Problem #2
magnitudes: 𝐹1 = 250𝑁, 𝐹2 = 50𝑁, 𝐹3 = 120𝑁.
Find the x- and y-components of the net force on What acceleration will result when a 12 N net
the belt, and find its magnitude and direction. force is applied to a 3 kg object?
Given: 𝐹 = 12𝑁
𝐹1 = 250𝑁, 53° 𝑁 𝑜𝑓 𝑊/127° 𝐶𝐶𝑊 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐸 Given
𝑚 = 3 𝑘𝑔
𝐹2 = 50𝑁, 𝐸
Formula:
𝐹3 = 120𝑁, 𝑆
𝐹
Get the x and y components
𝑎= 𝑚
Acceleration
𝐹1𝑥 = 250𝑁𝑐𝑜𝑠127° 𝐹1𝑦 = 250𝑁𝑠𝑖𝑛127° Solution:
𝐹1𝑥 =− 150. 45𝑁 𝐹1𝑦 = 199. 66𝑁 12𝑁 2
𝑎= 3𝑘𝑔
= 4𝑚/𝑠
1 𝐹2𝑥 = 50𝑁 𝑐𝑜𝑠0° 𝐹2𝑦 = 50𝑁𝑠𝑖𝑛0°
𝐹2𝑥 = 50𝑁 𝐹2𝑦 = 0 Sample Problem #3
A net force of 16 N causes a mass to accelerate at
2
𝐹3𝑥 = 120𝑁 𝑐𝑜𝑠270° 𝐹3𝑦 = 120𝑁𝑠𝑖𝑛270° a rate of 5𝑚/𝑠 . Determine the mass.
𝐹3𝑥 = 0 𝐹3𝑦 =− 120𝑁 𝐹 = 16𝑁
Given 2
𝑎 = 5𝑚/𝑠
Get the summation of x and y
components Formula:
x y 𝐹
𝑚= 𝑎
2 𝐹1𝑥 =− 150. 45𝑁 𝐹1𝑦 = 199. 66𝑁
Mass Solution:
𝐹2𝑥 = 50𝑁 𝐹2𝑦 = 0
𝐹3𝑥 = 0 𝐹3𝑦 =− 120𝑁 𝑚=
16 𝑁
= 3. 2𝑘𝑔
2
5𝑚/𝑠
Σ𝑥 =− 100. 45𝑁 Σ𝑦 = 79. 66𝑁 = 3 𝑘𝑔
Calculate the magnitude of R using
Pythagorean LAW OF INTERACTION
2 2 States that for every action, there is an equal
3 𝑅= (Σ𝑥) + (Σ𝑦)
and opposite reaction.
2 2
= (− 100. 45𝑁) + (79. 66𝑁)
= 128. 20𝑁 → 1𝑆𝐹 → 100𝑁 If body A exerts a force on body B (an “action”),
*get the least significant figure from the given: 1* then body B exerts a force on body A (a
“reaction”).
Calculate the direction
4 “An action-reaction pair.”
−1 𝑦
θ = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 || 𝑥 ||
These two forces have the same magnitude but
are opposite in direction.
32
These two forces act on different bodies.

An unfortunate bug hits the windshield of a

speeding truck. At the moment of collision,
what can you say about the force that they
exert on each other?

The amount of force they exert is equal.

Since the bug hit the windshield, the windshield
exerts the same amount of force the bug
exerted when they collided.

Lesson 3.4
FRICTIONAL FORCE
■ This force is always directed opposite the
direction of motion of the object and parallel
to the surface in contact. The illustration below shows two similar
objects of different orientations. Which
Types of Frictional Force experiences greater friction?

(a) Static Friction

○ Static friction is the frictional force exerted
by one surface on another where there is
no relative motion of the two surfaces.
○ The strongest frictional force.

(b) Kinetic/Sliding Friction

○ It is the frictional force exerted by one
surface on another when one surface
slides over the other.
○ In between static and rolling friction in
terms of intensity.
(c) Rolling Friction
○ It is the force resisting the motion when a
body (such as a ball, tire, or wheel) rolls on
a surface.
○ The weakest frictional force.
(d) Fluid Friction
○ Fluid friction is friction that acts on objects
that are moving through a fluid.
Properties of Frictional Force
1. Frictional force is parallel to the contact in
the surface.
2. Frictional force is proportional to the normal
force between the two surfaces in contact.
3. The direction of frictional force is always
opposite to the direction of motion.
4. The magnitude of frictional force depends
upon the nature of materials and condition
of the surfaces in contact (smooth, rough,
wet, dry).
5. Frictional force is independent of the surface
area of contact between the two materials.
The objects experience equal amounts of
friction. As stated in the fifth property of friction,
the surface area of contact does not affect the
amount of friction experienced by the object.
CONCEPT CHECK
1. When no net force acts on a body, the body
either remains at rest or moves with constant
velocity in a straight line. TRUE
2. Mass is the measure of inertia. Weight is the
measure of force. TRUE
3. It’s impossible for a body to affect its own
motion by exerting a force on itself. TRUE
- A body cannot exert a net force on itself
because of Newton’s Second Law.
- If you apply a force F on your body using
your own body, your body will exert a force F
on your hands that is equal and opposite.
- Thus the net force acting on your body is
zero. This applies to all bodies. Hence an
object cannot apply a net force on itself.
4. One newton is the amount of net force that
gives an acceleration of 1 meter per second to
a body with a mass of 1 kilogram. FALSE
5. Frictional force is always parallel to the normal
force between the two surfaces in contact.
FALSE

33
 ADDITIONAL CONCEPTS FROM QUIZ #3 Unit 4: Work, Power, and Energy

Unbanked surface means flat curved surface;

thus, centripetal and gravitational forces act on 1. Work
it. 2. Work Energy Theorem
3. Energy
The direction of motion is the same as the 4. Law of Conservation of Mechanical Energy
direction of applied force, while the direction of 5. Power
frictional force is opposite to the applied force
and parallel to the surface.
Lesson 4.1
According to the 1st Law of Motion, when a net
force is applied, there is no constant velocity WORK
and there is acceleration. ■ Work is a quantity that exists whenever a force
acting on an object causes a displacement.
Centripetal acceleration allows an object to stay ■ It is the product of force (vector) and
in a curved path inwards. displacement (vector) which makes it a scalar
quantity.
An object in motion does not need a net force 2 2
to stay in motion. According to the 1st Law of ■ SI unit is J or Joules from 1𝑁𝑚 = 1𝑘𝑔 𝑚 /𝑠
Motion, a body will stay in motion unless an →→
outside force acts upon it. 𝑊 = 𝐹𝑑
Do the following demonstrate work?
Use at your own discretion. Thank you JD !!!!!

https://www.slideserve.com/santos/chapter-4
https://web.njit.edu/~tyson/P111_chapter4.pdf?fbcl
id=IwAR0XjUAimtZXvWXxJR2y3R_V9JujQzxKk2
UqNT5YsEHaWY2_Vf6yHLiG-XM

Picture 1 shows no work because the

applied and gravitational forces caused the
same magnitude of force to the barbell, hence
canceling each other out.
Picture 2 shows no work because the normal
force and gravitational force are not
responsible for the movement of the wooden
box.
Picture 3 shows work because the force
applied caused the trolley to move.

Work on an Angled Surface

→ →
𝑊 = 𝐹𝑐𝑜𝑠θ𝑑
This is the formula for angled surfaces. θ is the
measure of the angle of the surface.

34
 Free-Body Diagram Work Done by a Constant Force

A free-body diagram shows an illustration of all the

forces involved and acting upon an object. [1] As long as the person does
not lift or lower the bag of
groceries, he is doing no work
on it. The force he exerts has
no component in the direction
of motion.

The force must be exerted in

the direction of motion for
work to be done.

Positive, Negative, and Zero Work
The work is said to be positive
Positive
when the force acts in the
Work
direction of displacement.
The work is said to be negative
Negative when the force acts in the
Work opposite direction of
displacement.
When no displacement occurs,
the work on the object is zero.
When the displacement or
motion of the object is
perpendicular to force/s acting
on it.
[2] The work done by a constant force is defined
as the distance moved multiplied by the
component of the force in the direction of
displacement.
[3] Work done by forces
that oppose the direction
of motion, such as
friction, will be negative.
Centripetal forces do no
work, as they are always
perpendicular to the
direction of motion.
Work can be Positive or Negative

In the figure, the In relation to the illustration above, is the work

prisoner is exerting a positive or negative when lifting the box?
force but there is no POSITIVE because the displacement is the
motion, so there is no same as the force applied by the person.
work done.
Is the work positive or negative when lowering the
Zero/No A man carries a box? NEGATIVE because the displacement is
Work bucket of water opposite to the force applied by the person.
horizontally at
constant
velocity.

The force does

no work on the
bucket.

Displacement is
horizontal.

Force is
vertical.

cos 90° = 0

35
 How do we calculate work when several 𝑊𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑊𝐹 + 𝑊𝑓
forces act on a body? 𝑎
𝑊𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 500𝐽 − 300𝐽
If more than one force acts on an object, then
the total work is equal to the algebraic sum of 𝑊𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 200𝐽
the work done by the individual forces which is
the net force.
(b) Let’s say you lift the trash can with a
Sample Problem displacement of 2m. What is the total work
done?
(a) Starting from rest, a trash can with a mass of
4kg was dragged with a force of 50 N. The
force of kinetic friction while on slide is 30 N.
The trash can slide across the ground for a
distance of 10 m. What is the total work acting
on the trash can?

Given:
𝑚 = 4𝑘𝑔
𝑑 = 2𝑚

Equations:
Given: 𝑊𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑊𝐹 + 𝑊𝑤
𝑎
𝑚 = 4𝑘𝑔
𝐹𝑎 = 50𝑁
𝑊 = 𝑚𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠θ 𝑑
*Since the magnitudes of the forces are not given, use
𝑓 = 30𝑁 the formula for force, 𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎, and substitute it to the
𝑑 = 10𝑚 formula for work.*

Equations: Solution and Answer:

𝑊𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑊𝐹 + 𝑊𝑓 𝑊𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠θ 𝑑
𝑎
𝑎 2
*the total work is equals to the sum of all the work done 𝑊𝐹 = (4𝑘𝑔)(9. 8𝑚/𝑠 )(𝑐𝑜𝑠 0°)(2𝑚)
by all the forces* 𝑎
*the angle is 0° because the applied force is 0° from the
direction of motion*
2
𝑊 = 𝐹𝑐𝑜𝑠θ𝑑 *the acceleration is 9. 8𝑚/𝑠 in relation to the
*this equation will be used because even if the surface is acceleration due to gravity*
flat, the forces are acting on different directions*
2
Solution and Answer:
𝑊𝐹 = 78. 4𝑘𝑔 𝑚/𝑠 = 78. 4𝑁𝑚 = 78. 4𝐽
𝑎
𝑊𝐹 = 𝐹𝑐𝑜𝑠θ𝑑
𝑎
𝑊𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠θ 𝑑
𝑊𝐹 = (50𝑁)(𝑐𝑜𝑠 0°)(10𝑚) 𝑎
𝑎 2
*the angle is 0° because the applied force is 0° from the 𝑊𝐹 = (4𝑘𝑔)(9. 8𝑚/𝑠 )(𝑐𝑜𝑠 180°)(2𝑚)
direction of motion* 𝑎
*the angle is 180° because the weight is 180° from the
direction of motion*
𝑊𝐹 = 500𝑁𝑚 = 500𝐽
𝑎 2
𝑊𝐹 =− 78. 4𝑘𝑔 𝑚/𝑠 =− 78. 4𝑁𝑚 =− 78. 4𝐽
𝑎
𝑊𝑓 = 𝐹𝑐𝑜𝑠θ𝑑
𝑊𝑓 = (30𝑁)(𝑐𝑜𝑠 180°)(10𝑚) 𝑊𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑊𝐹 + 𝑊𝑓
𝑎
*the angle is 180° because the friction force is 180° from 𝑊𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 78. 4𝐽 − 78. 4𝐽
the direction of motion*
𝑊𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 0
𝑊𝐹 =− 300𝑁𝑚 =− 300𝐽
𝑎

36
Lesson 4.2 When total work is positive, negative and
WORK ENERGY THEOREM zero, what happens to the kinetic energy?

■ When forces act on a particle while it undergoes
a displacement, the particle’s kinetic energy
changes by an amount equal to the total
work done on the particle by all the forces.
■ The work done by the net force on a particle
equals the change in the particle’s kinetic
energy:
𝑊𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = ∆𝐾𝐸
𝑊𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝐾𝐸𝑓 − 𝐾𝐸𝑖
When the total work is positive, the kinetic
energy is increasing.
(Final KE is greater than Initial KE)
When the total work is negative, the kinetic
energy is decreasing.
(Initial KE is greater than Final KE)
When the total work is zero, the kinetic energy
is constant or also zero.
(Initial KE is equal to Final KE)

2 2 Work and Motion

𝑚𝑣𝑓 𝑚𝑣𝑖
𝑊𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 2
− 2
A block slides on a frictionless force.

(a) To the Right

Sample Problem

Starting from rest, a trash can with a mass of 4kg

was dragged with a force of 50 N. The force of
kinetic friction while on slide is 30 N. The trash can
slide across the ground for a distance of 10 m.
What is the velocity of the trash can?

Given: If you push to the right on The total work done

𝑣𝑖 = 0 the moving block, the net on the block during a
𝑚 = 4𝑘𝑔 force on the block is to the displacement 𝑑→
𝑊𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 200𝐽 right. →
(instead of 𝑠) is
*The answer earlier.* positive: 𝑊 >0
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙
Equation:
The block speeds up.
2𝑊𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙
𝑣𝑓 = 𝑚 (b) To the Left
2 2
𝑚𝑣𝑓 𝑚𝑣𝑖
*Derived from 𝑊 = − , since
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 2 2
𝑣𝑖 is 0, cancel it out.*
Solution and Answer:
2𝑊𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙
𝑣𝑓 = 𝑚

2(200𝐽)
𝑣𝑓 = 4𝑘𝑔
400𝐽
𝑣𝑓 = 4𝑘𝑔 If you push to the left on The total work done
the moving block, the net on the block during a
2 2
400𝑘𝑔 𝑚 /𝑠 force on the block is to the displacement 𝑑→
𝑣𝑓 = 4𝑘𝑔 left. →
(instead of 𝑠) is
2 2
𝑣𝑓 = 100𝑚 /𝑠 negative: 𝑊 <0
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙
𝑣𝑓 = 10𝑚/𝑠 The block slows
down.

37
(c) Pushed Straight Down 2 2
20000𝑘𝑔 𝑚 /𝑠 2 2
𝑣𝑓 = 1500𝑘𝑔
+ 4. 0𝑚 /𝑠
𝑣𝑓 = 4. 16𝑚/𝑠 → 1𝑆𝐹 → 4𝑚/𝑠

How will you show work done using a

graph?

The work done is shown using a force vs.

position graph. The area under the graph is
the total work done.

If you push straight down The total work done Work Done by Varying Force /
on the moving block, the on the block during a Work as Area Under Curve
→
net force on the block is displacement 𝑑
zero. →
(instead of 𝑠) is zero: To get the area of a
𝑊𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 0 rectangle, use 𝑦𝑥.
In this case, 𝐹𝑥.
The block’s speed
stays the same. 𝑊 = 𝐹𝑥
𝑊 = (4𝑁)(4𝑚)
In summary, when a box is pushed on a flat 𝑊 = 16𝑁𝑚 = 16𝐽
floor, for example…
● The normal force and gravity do no work since To get the area of a
they are perpendicular to the direction of 1
motion. triangle, use 2 𝑦𝑥.
● The person pushing the box does positive 1
work since she is pushing in the direction of In this case, 2
𝐹𝑥.
motion.
● Friction does negative work since it points 𝑊=
1
𝐹𝑥
opposite the direction of motion. 2
1
𝑊= 2
(4𝑁)(4𝑚)
Sample Problem 𝑊 = 8𝑁𝑚 = 8𝐽
Suppose a 1500 kg sled with a total work done of In this case, add the
10000 J has an initial speed is 2.0 m/s, what is the area of the two
speed of the sled after it moves 20 m? triangles.

Given: 𝑊=
1
𝐹𝑥 +
1
𝐹𝑥
2 2
𝑣𝑖 = 2. 0𝑚/𝑠 1
𝑊= (− 4𝑁)(4𝑚)
𝑚 = 1500𝑘𝑔 2
1
𝑊𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 10000𝐽 + 2
(4𝑁)(4𝑚)
𝑑 = 20𝑚 𝑊= 0

Equation: Lesson 4.3

𝑣𝑓 =
2𝑊𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙
𝑚
+ 𝑣𝑖
2 ENERGY
2 2 ■ Energy is the capacity to do work.
𝑚𝑣𝑓 𝑚𝑣𝑖 ■ It is a quantity that can be transformed from
*Derived from 𝑊 = 2
− 2
* one form to another.
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙
■ Energy is a scalar quantity.
Solution and Answer:
The law of conservation of energy states that
2𝑊𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 2 energy can neither be created nor destroyed
𝑣𝑓 = 𝑚
+ 𝑣𝑖 – only converted from one form of energy to
another. This means that a system always has
2(10000𝐽) 2 the same amount of energy unless it's added
𝑣𝑓 = 1500𝑘𝑔
+ (2. 0𝑚/𝑠) from the outside.
20000𝐽 2 2
𝑣𝑓 = 1500𝑘𝑔
+ 4. 0𝑚 /𝑠
38
 Kinetic Energy
● Kinetic energy is an energy which is in
motion.
● It is a scalar quantity.
1 2
𝐾𝐸 = 2
𝑚𝑣
(a) Same mass, same speed, different
directions of motion: same kinetic energy
(b) Twice the mass, same speed: twice the
kinetic energy
(c) Same mass, twice the speed: four times the
kinetic energy
Therefore, 𝐾𝐸 ∝ 𝑚, where increasing the mass
of an object will also increase its 𝐾𝐸 with the
same magnitude.
2
Additionally, 𝐾𝐸∝ 𝑣 , where increasing the
velocity of an object will also increase its 𝐾𝐸
with the square of the magnitude.
EXAMPLE
A falling hollow block has a mass of 1.5 kg and is
moving straight downward with a speed of 5 m/s.
A 1.5-kg textbook is sliding across the floor with a
speed of 5 m/s. A 1.5-kg watermelon is traveling
with a horizontal speed of 3 m/s to the right
combined with a vertical speed of 4 m/s upward.
a. Do these objects have the same velocity?
- The objects have different velocities. Even if
their speeds are the same, their directions
vary from each other.
b. Do these objects have the same kinetic
energy?
- Although they have different velocities, the
objects have the same kinetic energy. Since
𝐾𝐸 is a scalar quantity, the directions of
the objects do not matter.
- If these objects have the same mass and
speed, they have the same 𝐾𝐸.
Work and Energy (Mechanical Energy)
● Work changes mechanical energy!
○ If an applied force does a positive work
on a system, it tries to increase mechanical
energy.
○ If an applied force does negative work, it
tries to decrease mechanical energy.
● Mechanical energy exists in two forms,
gravitational potential energy and kinetic energy.
Potential Energy
● Potential energy is an energy which is stored
and measured by the amount of work done.
● It is commonly known as energy in position or
energy at rest.
● Potential energy can become kinetic energy if
the object is dropped.
Conservative Force and
Non-Conservative Force
Forms of Potential Energy
1) Gravitational Potential Energy
○ GPE is the potential energy possessed by
an object due to its position.
○ It is determined by the height of an object
above the earth’s center of gravity.
○ Gravitational potential energy is the energy
of position and can be thought of as stored
energy due to the conservative nature of
the gravitational force field.
○ The higher the position is above the ground,
the more gravitational potential energy it
has.
○ Changes in gravitational PE depend only on
change in vertical height and not on the
path taken.
𝐺𝑃𝐸 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ
2) Chemical Energy
○ Chemical energy is the energy possessed by
particles of matter and is released or
changed into other forms when the
substance undergoes chemical reaction.
39
3) Elastic Potential Energy
○ Elastic potential energy is the energy Pendulum
possessed by an object like a spring or any
other elastic material due to its condition.
○ Elasticity is the property of an object to
retain its original form once a distorting
influence acts upon it or go back to its
original form once the distorting influence is
removed.

PE to KE to Work

● At every point in the motion of the pendulum the

The massive ball of a demolition machine
possesses mechanical energy – the ability to do
work.
When held at a height, it possessed mechanical
energy in the form of potential energy.
As it falls, it exhibits mechanical energy in the form
of kinetic energy.
As it striked the structure to be demolished, it
applies a force to displace the structure – i.e., it
does work upon the structure.
total mechanical energy is conserved.
● The sum of the gravitational potential energy
and the kinetic energy, at each point of the
motion, is a constant, which is the total
mechanical energy.
● The highest points of the motion are called
the end points of the swing and at these points
the total mechanical energy is all in the form of
gravitational potential energy.
● The lowest point of its motion is referred to as
the equilibrium point and at this point the total
mechanical energy is all in the form of kinetic
energy.

What happens when a body falls without air How will you relate law conservation to
resistance? mechanical energy of free-falling bodies?

It is a free-falling body.

Lesson 4.4
LAW OF CONSERVATION OF
MECHANICAL ENERGY
■ States that the sum of kinetic energy and
potential energy in a conservative system is
constant and equal to the mechanical energy
of the system.
A body of mass is raised to height h.
𝑇𝑀𝐸 = 𝑃𝐸 + 𝐾𝐸
1 2 At A its potential energy is maximum and
ℎ = 𝑚𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 − 2 𝑔𝑡 kinetic energy is zero as it is stationary.
→
𝑣 = 𝑔𝑡 When the body is allowed to free fall and it
𝑃𝐸 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ reaches at B, h decreases hence potential
1 2 energy decreases and V increases hence
𝐾𝐸 = 2 𝑚𝑣 kinetic energy increases.

If no mechanical energy is lost due to friction, If it is at exactly half of the height, then KE=PE.
then..
When the body is about to reach the ground
∆𝐾𝐸 =− ∆𝑃𝐸 level, h = 0, v will be maximum hence kinetic
𝐾𝐸𝑖 + 𝑃𝐸𝑖 = 𝐾𝐸𝑓 + 𝑃𝐸𝑓 energy > potential energy.
1 2 1 2 When the body lands on the ground, the PE is
𝑚𝑣 + 𝑚𝑔ℎ𝑖 = 𝑚𝑣 + 𝑚𝑔ℎ𝑓
2
𝑖
2
𝑓 zero and KE is at its maximum.

40
 𝑇𝑀𝐸 = 14700𝐽 + 9800. 01𝐽 = 24500. 01𝐽
Therefore, the decrease in potential energy is → 1𝑆𝐹 → 20000𝐽
equal to the increase in kinetic energy.
Station C
Sample Problem 𝑃𝐸 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ
2
𝑃𝐸 = (50𝑘𝑔)(9. 8𝑚/𝑠 )(0𝑚)
Compute the mechanical energy of a 50 kg roller 2 2
𝑃𝐸 = 0𝑘𝑔 𝑚 /𝑠 = 0𝐽
coaster cart in different stations.
1 2
𝐾𝐸 = 2
𝑚𝑣
1 2
𝐾𝐸 = 2
(50𝑘𝑔)(31. 305𝑚/𝑠)
2 2
𝐾𝐸 = 24500. 08𝑘𝑔 𝑚 /𝑠 = 24500. 08𝐽

𝑇𝑀𝐸 = 𝑃𝐸 + 𝐾𝐸
𝑇𝑀𝐸 = 0𝐽 + 24500. 08𝐽 = 24500. 08𝐽
→ 1𝑆𝐹 → 20000𝐽

Given: Station D
𝑚 = 50𝑘𝑔 𝑃𝐸 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ
2
𝑣𝐴 = 0𝑚/𝑠; ℎ𝐴 = 50𝑚 𝑃𝐸 = (50𝑘𝑔)(9. 8𝑚/𝑠 )(25𝑚)
2 2
𝑣𝐵 = 19. 799𝑚/𝑠; ℎ𝐵 = 30𝑚 𝑃𝐸 = 12250𝑘𝑔 𝑚 /𝑠 = 12250𝐽
𝑣𝐶 = 31. 305𝑚/𝑠; ℎ𝐶 = 0𝑚 1 2
𝐾𝐸 = 2
𝑚𝑣
𝑣𝐷 = 22. 136𝑚/𝑠; ℎ𝐷 = 25𝑚 1 2
𝐾𝐸 = (50𝑘𝑔)(22. 136𝑚/𝑠)
𝑣𝐸 = 28𝑚/𝑠; ℎ𝐸 = 10𝑚 2
2 2
𝑣𝐹 = 14𝑚/𝑠; ℎ𝐹 = 40𝑚 𝐾𝐸 = 12250. 06𝑘𝑔 𝑚 /𝑠 = 12250. 06𝐽
𝑇𝑀𝐸 = 𝑃𝐸 + 𝐾𝐸
𝑇𝑀𝐸 = 12250𝐽 + 12250. 06𝐽 = 24500. 06𝐽
Equations: → 1𝑆𝐹 → 20000𝐽
𝑃𝐸 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ
1 2 Station E
𝐾𝐸 = 2
𝑚𝑣 𝑃𝐸 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ
2
𝑇𝑀𝐸 = 𝑃𝐸 + 𝐾𝐸 𝑃𝐸 = (50𝑘𝑔)(9. 8𝑚/𝑠 )(10𝑚)
Solution and Answer: 2 2
𝑃𝐸 = 4900𝑘𝑔 𝑚 /𝑠 = 4900𝐽
Station A
𝑃𝐸 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ 1 2
2
𝑃𝐸 = (50𝑘𝑔)(9. 8𝑚/𝑠 )(50𝑚)
𝐾𝐸 = 2
𝑚𝑣
2 2 1 2
𝑃𝐸 = 24500𝑘𝑔 𝑚 /𝑠 = 24500𝐽 𝐾𝐸 = 2
(50𝑘𝑔)(28𝑚/𝑠)
2 2
1 2 𝐾𝐸 = 19600𝑘𝑔 𝑚 /𝑠 = 19600𝐽
𝐾𝐸 = 2
𝑚𝑣
1 2 𝑇𝑀𝐸 = 𝑃𝐸 + 𝐾𝐸
𝐾𝐸 = 2
(50𝑘𝑔)(0𝑚/𝑠)
2 2
𝑇𝑀𝐸 = 4900𝐽 + 19600𝐽 = 24500𝐽
𝐾𝐸 = 0𝑘𝑔 𝑚 /𝑠 = 0𝐽 → 1𝑆𝐹 → 20000𝐽

𝑇𝑀𝐸 = 𝑃𝐸 + 𝐾𝐸 Station F
𝑇𝑀𝐸 = 24500𝐽 + 0𝐽 = 24500𝐽 → 1𝑆𝐹 → 20000𝐽 𝑃𝐸 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ
2
𝑃𝐸 = (50𝑘𝑔)(9. 8𝑚/𝑠 )(40𝑚)
Station B 2 2
𝑃𝐸 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ 𝑃𝐸 = 19600𝑘𝑔 𝑚 /𝑠 = 19600𝐽
2
𝑃𝐸 = (50𝑘𝑔)(9. 8𝑚/𝑠 )(30𝑚) 1 2
2 2
𝑃𝐸 = 14700𝑘𝑔 𝑚 /𝑠 = 14700𝐽
𝐾𝐸 = 2
𝑚𝑣
1 2
1 2
𝐾𝐸 = 2
(50𝑘𝑔)(14𝑚/𝑠)
𝐾𝐸 = 2
𝑚𝑣 2 2
1 2 𝐾𝐸 = 4900𝑘𝑔 𝑚 /𝑠 = 4900𝐽
𝐾𝐸 = 2
(50𝑘𝑔)(19. 799𝑚/𝑠)
2 2 𝑇𝑀𝐸 = 𝑃𝐸 + 𝐾𝐸
𝐾𝐸 = 9800. 01𝑘𝑔 𝑚 /𝑠 = 9800. 01𝐽 𝑇𝑀𝐸 = 19600𝐽 + 4900𝐽 = 24500𝐽
→ 1𝑆𝐹 → 20000𝐽
𝑇𝑀𝐸 = 𝑃𝐸 + 𝐾𝐸
41
Lesson 4.5
POWER Sample Problem

■ Power is the rate of doing work.
A 50.0kg marathon runner runs up the stairs to the
top of Chicago’s 443m-tall Willis Tower, the tallest
building in the United States. To lift herself to the
top in 15.0 minutes, what must be her average
power output? Express your answer in watts, in
kilowatts, and in horsepower.

Given:
𝑚 = 50. 0𝑘𝑔
ℎ = 443𝑚
𝑡 = 15. 0𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 900𝑠

Equation:
𝑚𝑔ℎ
Girl A walks upstairs; hence, a longer time period. 𝑃= 𝑡
t is large so P is small.
Solution and Answer:
Girl B runs upstairs; hence, a shorter time period. 𝑚𝑔ℎ
t is small so P is big. 𝑃= 𝑡
2
1 (50.0𝑘𝑔)(9.8𝑚/𝑠 )(443𝑚)
This explains the 𝑃 ∝ 𝑡 which means that power 𝑃=
is directly proportional to the reciprocal of 900𝑠
time. 𝑃 = 241. 19𝑊 → 3𝑆𝐹 → 241𝑊
1𝑘𝑊
𝑃 = 241. 19𝑊 × 1000𝑊 = 0. 241𝑘𝑊
1ℎ𝑝
→→ 𝑃 = 241. 19𝑊 × 746𝑊
= 0. 323ℎ𝑝
𝑊 𝐹𝑑 →→
𝑃= 𝑡 𝑃= 𝑃 = 𝐹𝑣
𝑡
Use this when
Use this when force, Use this when force
total work and displacement, and velocity are
time are given. and time are given.
given.
→ →
𝐹𝑐𝑜𝑠θ𝑑 𝑚𝑔ℎ
𝑃= 𝑃= 𝑡
𝑡
Use this when
Use this when force, angled
mass, height, and
displacement, and time are given.
time are given.

Can the concept of power help us describe

how objects move?

Yes, because power simply measures velocity

together with force. It measures how fast an
object covers a distance in relation to the force Use at your own discretion. Thank you JOHN
acting upon it. DHEY CRUZ.

https://slideplayer.com/slide/14966779/
Units of Power https://web.njit.edu/~binchen/phys111/LectureNote
s/Physics111_lecture06.pdf?fbclid=IwAR0_op-O15
1 𝐽/𝑠 BHGWv1jXDD3D2OQNPdMpINaoKjZoEJEAYVla
Watt (W) SI unit of power 2 3 v0_NgSpWHiCWA
1𝑘𝑔 𝑚 /𝑠 https://slideplayer.com/slide/14336069/
unit of power in https://www.slideserve.com/dennis-mcclain/work-p
Horsepower the Us ower-and-energy
(hp) Customary
1 ℎ𝑝 = 746 𝑊
system
Electrical power
Kilowatt (kW) 1 𝑘𝑊 = 1000 𝑊
company

42