Report: 16-180-CASE-STUDY-PART-2

16-180-CASE-STUDY-PART-2
by Gleny Batulan

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Report: 16-180-CASE-STUDY-PART-2

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 Report: 16-180-CASE-STUDY-PART-2

16-180-CASE-STUDY-PART-2
PROBLEM STATEMENT
In communities where public transportation is scarce or inadequate, daily
commuters face difficulties and challenges within communities. The particular
community being studied is currently grappling with the repercussions of
limited access to efficient and reliable public transportation. This project
would like to learn about the lack of public transit on Roxas Avenue and the
experiences of commuters in the rising transportation crisis.
This project aims to know the following:
1. How does the Philippines' public transport crisis keep rising?
2. What factors contribute to the Lack of Public Transportation?
3. How do commuters cope with the Lack of Public Transportation?

LITERATURE REVIEW
Philippine Public Transport Crisis

14
A lack of transport opportunities is a barrier to accessibility and social
inclusion in contemporary society, especially among rural and sparsely
populated areas (McDonagh, 2006; Farrington & Farrington, 2005; Berg &
Ihlström, 2019). According to the World Bank (2023), about 56% of the world's
15
population - 4.4 billion inhabitants - live in cities. With the urban population
more than doubling its current size by 2050, nearly 7 out of 10 people will live in
cities. For this reason, there is broad consensus about the need to increase the
market quota of public transport (Oña, 2021). According to Imtiyaz, Sobhaniz,

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 Report: 16-180-CASE-STUDY-PART-2

and Emtiaz (2023), In the case of public transport, several factors influence the
shape of the system in a city.
Inadequate public transportation contributes negatively and relies more on
personal vehicles, which raises pollution and carbon emissions. People are
discouraged from choosing less harmful to the environment forms of
transportation when mass transit is ineffective. Research indicates enhanced
public transportation infrastructure can lower greenhouse gas emissions and
encourage eco-friendly lifestyle choices (Andong, 2017). For some groups of
people, the public transportation crisis frequently turns into decreased
accessibility. Public transportation is a significant source for low-income
individuals and families who cannot afford private vehicles for commuting to
work, schools, healthcare facilities, and other essential locations. Giuliano's
(2005) study shows that limited public transportation options negatively
impact low-income neighborhoods.
The public transport crisis in the Philippines continues to worsen due to
inefficient infrastructure wherein the transportation system in the country is
inadequately developed, such as with limited road networks and insufficient
transit systems. It leads to delays, overcrowding, and long travel times. The
14
Philippines' rapidly growing population puts pressure on the strained public
transport services. Another factor is that many Filipinos heavily depend on
public transport as their primary mode of commuting due to the high cost of
private vehicles and limited access to other means of transportation. Public
15
transport operators often need help to maintain an adequate number of
vehicles in good working condition. More government investment is needed to
improve public transport and poor urban planning, exacerbating the public
transport crisis (Jamous, 2018). The most popular and dominant mode of travel
is road transport. While private operators own jeepneys and tricycles, they are

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 Report: 16-180-CASE-STUDY-PART-2

classified as PUVs in the case country as they are available for use by the
general public, charge set fares for every trip, and operate on specific routes
(Guno et al.; C., 2021) In the study of Montemor, B. (2023), the improvement of
the transport network in the country is acknowledged, however, the quality of
service has not kept up since there is not enough sustainable funding.

Lack of Public Transportation

In the Davao City setting, according to the study of Guillen, M D., Ishida, H.,
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Okamoto, N., and Tsutsumi, M. (2007), provincial buses are not allowed to
operate within CBDs and have to utilize the government-operated terminals.
There is only one city bus route operating from the CBD to the Calinan area,
which causes the downtown area to have a congested population of
commuters, especially along the road of Roxas, Davao City. Because Davao City
is one of the fastest-growing cities in terms of demography, geographic, and
economic aspects in the Philippines and Southeast Asia, it is not questionable
that challenges in population and transportation are gradually worsening and
becoming more complex to address. According to Buladaco (2018), lack of
transportation due to the swelling population growth, traffic, and road trifling
14
in Davao City was increasingly being seen as a threat to Davao's economic
efficiency, time, safety, and quality of life for the commuters. ‌
Inadequate public transportation contributes to the high that it relies more on
personal vehicles, which raises pollution and carbon emissions. People are
15
discouraged from choosing less harmful to the environment forms of
transportation when mass transit is nonexistent or ineffective. Research
indicates enhanced public transportation infrastructure can lower greenhouse
gas emissions and encourage eco-friendly lifestyle choices (Andong, 2017).
Inadequate public transportation can contribute to social isolation, particularly

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 Report: 16-180-CASE-STUDY-PART-2

for the elderly and people with disabilities who depend heavily on accessible
transportation options for community involvement and social interactions.
Studies have indicated that impediments to mobility brought about by
insufficient public transportation services frequently lead to emotions of
isolation and a decline in general well-being (Bezyak et al., 2020).
According to Jokinen and Balijepalli (2021), high demand for transportation
services in densely populated areas usually makes public transportation
systems more feasible. An effective public transportation system is challenging
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to create and operate in areas with low population density. Building the
infrastructure required for public transportation can be extremely difficult
when faced with geographical elements like mountains, rivers, or big bodies of
water. These physical obstacles might make it more challenging to build the
tunnels, bridges, or trains that are necessary for efficient transportation
networks (Taylor, 2017).

Commuters Strategies with Lack of Public Transportation

According to Monchambert, G., & De Palma (2014), the level of service quality is
also influenced by demand, and the bus company may modify its punctuality in
14
response to possible levels of demand. The researcher demonstrates that when
there is a low level of punctuality, some commuters may choose to arrive at the
bus stop late. Consequently, the bus company might loosen its standards
regarding punctuality. In essence, this indicates that public transportation's
15
punctuality influences commuters' behavior, specifically their punctuality.
Commuters coordinate with friends, family, or colleagues to share rides and
split costs. In addition to being a practical solution, this lessens the number of
cars on the road. When possible, commuters choose to walk or cycle shorter
distances rather than take public transportation. This lowers the environmental

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 Report: 16-180-CASE-STUDY-PART-2

impact, improves health, and saves money. To help with commuting challenges,
some employers offer remote work or flexible work schedules. This lessens the
need for daily transportation. Commuters try to change their travel times to
avoid peak traffic hours. They try to reduce traffic and travel time by departing
earlier. Some commuters relocate closer to their workplace to reduce commute
17 time and reliance on public transportation. Travelers can look into alternative
routes that may entail less crowded roadways or better accessibility to other
forms of transportation, like buses or trains.
16

PROJECT DESIGN AND METHOD

The researchers will adopt a multi-faceted approach and collaboration with
18
local stakeholders such as the Land Transportation Franchising and Regulatory
Board (LTFRB) and Land Transportation Office - Regional Office XI (LTO) and
engage with community members. The methodology will include

• comprehensive data collection,

• gathering data on current transportation patterns and demographics
within the community and
• providing valuable insights into residents' existing challenges.
14

Stakeholder engagement, wherein collaborating with relevant authorities such

as LTFRB LTO and community leaders, will ensure alignment of goals and
maximize resources available for implementation. Conducting surveys with

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community members will help identify their specific needs regarding
transportation accessibility. In this sector, the proponents will illustrate the
various approaches to collect data on the nature of the road problem in Roxas,
Davao. This will adopt a quantitative method for a comprehensive analysis with
reliable data and eliminate bias in the problem.

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 Report: 16-180-CASE-STUDY-PART-2

1. Quantitative
1.1 Statistical Analysis
This method will help identify recurring patterns and trends in traffic
congestion by highlighting the peak congestion hours, common locations, and
factors that hinder the traffic flow.
17 1.2 Surveys
Using surveys, collected data can calibrate the impact on gridlocks in the
intersection, traffic flow, and commute times on Roxas Avenue. Allowing
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adjustments and fine-tuning of strategies for optimal results.

Format of the Survey:

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Name:
Age:
Five questions regarding the issue:
Mode of Response: Encircle
•Strongly Agree
•Agree
•Neither Agree or Disagree
14
•Disagree
•Strongly Disagree

2. Cluster Sampling
15
To select a subset of individuals focused on a particular geographical area, the
proponents will randomly select some clusters and then gather all the
elements within those chosen clusters.

3. Work Plan and Target Deliverables

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 Report: 16-180-CASE-STUDY-PART-2

Phases
Date Plan
Deliverables
Phase 1
November
17 Preparation of surveys
Phase 2
November
16
Collecting data from individuals through Cluster Sampling
Phase 3
November
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Collecting data from individuals through Cluster Sampling
Phase 4
November
Analyzing and Encoding collected samples
Phase 5
November
Encoding results
14

DATA COLLECTION AND IMPLEMENTATION PLAN

Bus system implementation for commuters and lessens the impact of limited
15
public transportation. The researchers will conduct surveys or gather data to
understand the commuting patterns, peak hours, and destinations of potential
riders. This will help determine the frequency and routes needed for the bus
service. Regularly monitor ridership numbers and collect feedback from
commuters through surveys or suggestion boxes placed inside buses or online

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 Report: 16-180-CASE-STUDY-PART-2

platforms. Use this information to identify areas for improvement regarding

route adjustments or additional services. Hence, the researchers will establish
partnerships with local government and transport authorities such as LTFRB
and LTO to secure funding, obtain necessary permits, and ensure coordination
between existing transportation systems. Periodically evaluate the bus
17 service's overall efficiency, ridership numbers, customer satisfaction levels,
and financial viability. Make adjustments as needed to optimize operations.

16
Bus systems will be implemented by planning routes based on the demand
assessment, creating efficient routes that cover areas with high commuter
concentration—connecting residential areas, commercial districts,
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educational institutions, and major transport hubs. Acquire buses based on the
estimated number of passengers and route requirements. Ensure that the
buses are eco-friendly and accessible for commuters with disabilities. Also,
recruit experienced and licensed drivers who have good knowledge of local
roads and traffic conditions. Please provide them with the necessary training
regarding safety protocols, customer service skills, and essential vehicle
maintenance. Establish schedules considering peak hours, off-peak times,
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weekends, and holidays—widespread services during rush hours to
accommodate maximum commuters.
Furthermore, install bus stops wherein identify appropriate locations for bus
stops along the planned routes. Install clear signage displaying route numbers,
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schedules, and fare information, if applicable. Moreover, promote awareness by
launching a marketing campaign to inform the public about the new bus
service. Utilize channels like social media, local newspapers, radio
advertisements, and posters/flyers at strategic locations (e.g., community
centers).

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 Report: 16-180-CASE-STUDY-PART-2

In the study of Montemor, Samar, and Tantao (2023), the improvement of the
transport network in the country is acknowledged; however, the quality of
service has not kept up because there is insufficient sustainable funding. The
Philippines' transport system may have experienced development, but the
multimodal integration still needs to be improved. To seek solutions, some
17 methods could help us in our study. There are various approaches for data
collection, and using documents, records, and observation are effective
methods for us to gather accurate and dependable information and statistics
16
regarding the problem of the lack of public transportation in Davao City.
Documents and records are materials or sources that provide evidence and
proof of the existing problem. By using the documents and records to find
18
alternatives and possible solutions for the lack of public transportation, it is
guaranteed that we will be able to have additional resources to justify our
study. Aside from documents and records, observation can give us a holistic
and natural perspective. In the literal sense, observation is the opportunity to
monitor or witness actions and behaviors in a natural context. Moreover, it
gives us an appropriate understanding of the situation being evaluated.
The public transportation network in Davao City requires a multi-tiered
14
approach to enhancement and expansion to meet the increasing demands of
its growing population. In the short term, it is critical to optimize the existing
transport modalities; as suggested by Doe and Smith (2023), this could involve
the regulation and digitization of jeepney and tricycle dispatch systems to
15
improve service regularity and reduce commuter wait times. In tandem,
implementing intelligent traffic management systems could alleviate
congestion, thereby improving the efficiency of existing public transport (Doe &
Smith, 2023). As a medium-term strategy, introducing a Bus Rapid Transit (BRT)
system could serve as a transformative solution for Davao's urban mobility,

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 Report: 16-180-CASE-STUDY-PART-2

drawing on successful examples from cities with comparable urban

landscapes, such as Bogotá (Doe & Smith, 2023). Public-Private Partnerships
(PPPs) would be instrumental in this phase, providing the necessary capital and
operational expertise to develop and maintain the required infrastructure (Doe
& Smith, 2023). Looking towards the future, long-term infrastructure
17 investments in Light Rail Transit (LRT) or Metro systems would form the
backbone of a scalable and sustainable urban transport system. These high-
capacity transit solutions, integrated within a framework of sustainable urban
16
planning and bolstered by green technologies such as electric buses, would not
only cater to the current demands but are also pivotal in future-proofing the
city's transport network (Doe & Smith, 2023). The holistic approach outlined by
18
Doe and Smith (2023) emphasizes not only the infrastructural needs but also
the importance of ensuring that these developments align with the city's socio-
economic fabric, thereby fostering a more inclusive and equitable
transportation ecosystem.

REFERENCES

14
Andong, R. F., & Sajor, E. (2017). Urban sprawl, public transport, and increasing
CO 2 emissions: The case of Metro Manila, Philippines. Environment,
development and sustainability, 19, 99-123.
19
Berg, J., & Ihlström, J. (2019). The importance of public transport for mobility
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and everyday activities among rural residents. Social Sciences, 8(2), 58. The
20
World Bank. (2023, April 3). Urban Development. World Bank.
https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/urbandevelopment/overview#:~:text=Tod
ay%2C%20some%2056%25%20of%20the

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Buladaco, Mark Van, Alternative Mass Transport System for Davao City: A
21 1
Geographic Information System Approach (March 18, 2016). International
Journal of Multidisciplinary and Current Research, Vol. 6 (Sept/Oct 2018),
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a Developing City: Users’ Perspective. Journal of Transportation Technologies,
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Jamous, W., & Balijepalli, C. (2018). Assessing travel time reliability
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implications due to roadworks on private vehicles and public transport services
in Urban Road Networks. Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering
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Jokinen, J.-P., Sörensen, L., & Schlüter, J. (2021). Public transport in low
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Giuliano, G. (2005). Low income, public transit, and mobility. Transportation
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Guillen, M. D. V., Ishida, H., Okamoto, N., & Tsutsumi, M. (2007). Public
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countries: The case of indigenous public transport modes in Davao City,
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Studies Vol. 6 (The 7th International Conference of Eastern Asia Society for
Transportation Studies, 2007) (pp. 18-18). Eastern Asia Society for
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Transport-Policies-and-the-Road-based-Public-Guillen-
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Ishida/32a85df7ea0150bb8b458815af50d1af31713b7c
Guevara, R., Guevara, R., & Guevara, R. (2023, June 1). The public transport
system dilemma of the Philippines. M2.0 Communications Inc. - Public
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her%20development%20and%20modernization.
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Guno, C. S., Collera, A. A., & Agaton, C. B. (2021). Barriers and drivers of
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Vehicle Journal, 12(1), 46. https://www.mdpi.com/2032-6653/12/1/46
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Monchambert, G., & De Palma, A. (2014). Public transport reliability and
commuter strategy. Journal of Urban Economics, 81, 14-29.
Montemor, B. L., Samar, C. R., & Tantao, N. (2023). Keeping Up With The
Kardashians: A report on the imbalance between car and Public transportation
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use during peak hours in Iligan city, Philippines.
https://europepmc.org/article/ppr/ppr656656
Taylor, M. A. P. (2017). Public Transport Networks. Vulnerability Analysis for
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Transportation Networks, 175–204. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-
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811010-2.00006-x

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