Republic of the Philippines

BAC O LO D C ITY C O LL
EGE
Taculing Road, Bacolod City, 6100, Email:a.bacolodcitycollege@yahoo.com
Taculing Campus, (034)707-7469, Sum-ag Campus,(034) 704-5843,
Fortune Towne Campus,(034) 704-5844 Tel #: (034) 707-7469

Teacher Education Department

First Semester /S.Y. 2020-2021
COURSE SYLLABUS
(11th Module)
Week 12
COURSE CODE: GE 3 (CONTEMPORARY WORLD)
TOPIC: GLOBAL MIGRATION

I. INTRODUCTION

Over the history of the human race, people have migrated to the far reaches of the globe.
Because of adaptability to climatic and geographic barriers, humans have dispersed to more areas of the
globe than any other species. Global migration is the flow or movement of people from one place to
another around the world.

II. OBJECTIVES

At the end of the lesson, the students will be able to:

1. Demonstrate an understanding of the global migration.
2. Discuss the causes and effects of global migration
3. Analyze political, economic, cultural and social factors underlying the global movements of
people.

III. CONTENT
Migration means crossing the boundary of a political or administrative unit for a certain
minimum period. It is classified as either internal migration which refers to a movement from one area
(a province, district or municipality) to another within one country. International migration which
means crossing the frontiers which separate one of the world’s approximately 200 states from another.
( Mendoza, et al, pp. 87)
The PUSH-PULL THEORY points out that some people are pushed from their original locations by
wars, plagues, famine, political or religious conflicts, economic crises, or other factors, and pulled to new
locations by economic opportunities or political or religious tolerance. Most people do not leave a
location unless they have been either forced out, or they have a viable alternative in the new location
and the benefits of moving outweigh the cost.
Another reasons of migration is disparity in levels of income, employment and social well-being
between differing areas. For better understanding, the migrants come now with different criterion. (
Stephen Castles, 2000)
 1. Temporary labor migrants, are popularly known as overseas contract workers who migrate
for a limited period in order to work and send remittances to their families left at home.
2. Highly skilled and business migrants – they are the people with special skill and qualification
who seek employment through international labor markets for scarce skills.
3. Irregular migrants (also known as undocumented or illegal migrants): people who enter a
country, usually in search of employment, without the necessary documents and permits.
4. Refugees – is a person residing outside his or her country of nationality, who is unable or
unwilling to return because of a ‘well-founded fear of persecution on account of race,
religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion’ (1951
United Nations Convention relating to the Status of Refugees)
5. Asylum seekers - people who move across borders in search of protection.
6. Forced migration – this includes not only refugees and asylum-seekers but also people
forced to move by environmental catastrophes or developmental projects.
7. Family members - (also known as family reunion or family reunification migrants) migration
to join people who have already entered an immigration country under one of the above
categories.
8. Return migrants – people who return to their countries of origin after a period in another
country.

Is global migration negative or positive?

These channels have both positive and negative static and dynamic effects. One negative static
effect of migration is that migration directly reduces the available supply of labor, particularly skilled
labor, but there are positive static effects such as through return migration and remittances.

One of the disadvantage brought by migration is the “brain drain.” Brain drain is a problem for
many poor countries losing skilled workers to richer countries. The most skilled and most talented
workers of a certain less developed country are bound to look for better job opportunities or
employment in a developed countries considering work guarantee and better living conditions for
himself and that of his family.
Many of the emigrants has stories to tell when it deals with abuses, cruelty and violence. If the
government will be able to implement the policies and laws, it will guarantee the safety and well- being
of its citizens. The government must provide assistance in cases of death, illness, accidents and other
similar cases of same nature to its citizens. It is in a way to show the gratitude of the government as to
the help these emigrants are doing for the economic growing of the country. (Mendoza et al, pp. 89)

How does migration affects people’s lives?

For a sending country, migration and the resulting remittances lead to increased incomes and
poverty reduction, improve health and educational outcomes, and promote productivity and access to
finance. Although individual variation exists, the economic impact is primarily and substantially positive.
The money acquired or have been saved from work abroad is used as an investment for a new
business or enterprise. However, many countries don’t have policies to assist returning migrants to start
anew in their own country. Usually they are left on their initiative on how to manage their own affairs.
Some successful but majority suffers from a major setbacks. Thus eventually some will decide to go
back abroad and leave again their families.
 The government should institutionalize a plan of action that will benefit the returning emigrants,
for them to be given better options in staying in their country than going back abroad.

Is migration necessary for developing countries?

Migration may impose a high cost for developing countries by leaving the country without the
human capital necessary to achieve long-term economic growth. ... However, the expected income gap
between developed and developing countries is a strong incentive for people to migrate.

How does migration affect rural development?

Many individuals and families migrate from rural areas for economic reasons as they see no
viable option for moving out of poverty within their own communities. ... Migrants can be agents
of development, contribute to economic growth and improve food security and rural livelihoods.

What are the problems of rural urban migration?

Settlements and slums and puts severe strain on the urban utility systems. Problems of urban
congestion, social disorders and crimes are often attributed to the phenomenon of migration from rural
areas. urban areas to take care of the natural growth of urban population.

What can be done to reduce rural urban migration?

Rural-urban migration may be reduced by interventions which increase cultivatable land,
equalize land or income distribution, or decrease fertility.

IV. EVALUATION
Discuss thoroughly the following items.
1. If you are an OFW and if given the choice, would you like to leave the country for the second
time? Why and why not?
2. How can our government stop intellectual migration or “brain drain”.

V. REFERENCES

* Ballantine, Jeanne H. and Roberts, Keith A. Our Social World: An Introduction to

Sociology. 2007. Pine Forge Press, Thousand Oaks, California.
* Ariola, Dr. Mariano M. The Contemporary World. 2018. Unlimited Books Pub. Inc.
Intramuros, Manila, Phl.
* Aldama, Prince K.R. The Contemporary World. 1st Edition. 2018. Rex Book Store Inc.,
Manila, Phil.
*Bello, Walden F. “The Multiple Crises of Global Capitalism”. In Deglobalization: Ideas
for a New World Economy. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press, 2006.
* Lobo,ambida, Maliban, Mesinas. The Contemporary World. 2019. Books Atpb.
Publishing Corp. Mandaluyong City. Phl.
* Mendoza, Cheryl C. Tebajen, Rhene C. Tomas Era anjelika U. and Austria, Reginald B.
Worktext in The Contemporary World. 2019. Nieme Publishing House Co. Ltd.
 Republic of the Philippines
BAC O LO D C ITY C O LL
EGE
Taculing Road, Bacolod City, 6100, Email:a.bacolodcitycollege@yahoo.com
Taculing Campus, (034)707-7469, Sum-ag Campus,(034) 704-5843,
Fortune Towne Campus,(034) 704-5844 Tel #: (034) 707-7469

Teacher Education Department

First Semester /S.Y. 2020-2021
COURSE SYLLABUS
(12th Module)
Week 13
COURSE CODE: GE 3 (CONTEMPORARY WORLD)
TOPIC: SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

I. INTRODUCTION
Sustainable development may simply means search for progress in quality of life, development
of services, enough provision of supply and goods. (Mendoza et al, pp. 93) It also refers to the organizing
principle for meeting human development goals while at the same time sustaining of natural systems to
provide the natural resources and ecosystem services. (Ariola, pp. 81)
The Sustainable Development Goals, also known as the Global Goals, are a call from the United
Nations to all countries around the world to address the great challenges that humanity faces and to
ensure that all people have the same opportunities to live a better life without compromising our
planet.

II. OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:

1. Differentiate stability from sustainability.

2. Articulate models of global sustainable development.

III. CONTENT
The Brundtland Commission defined Sustainable Development in 1987 as; Sustainable
Development is a development that meets the needs of the present without compromising future
generations “ability to meet their own needs.”
Sustainability can be defined as the practice of keeping productivity processes indefinitely –
natural or manufactured – by replacing resources used with resources of equal or greater value without
degrading or endangering natural biotic systems.
Sustainability is widely accepted that we need to balance economic, environmental and social
factors in equal harmony to achieve sustainability. However, a sustained development may be reach
only if there is permanence to its status of development but with no unmanageable economic
movement, high inflation and most importantly the destruction of our environment that causes climate
change and similar catastrophes.
 To achieve true sustainability we need to balance economic, social and environmental
sustainability factors in equal harmony. These may be defined as:
1. Environmental Sustainability. Environmental sustainability means we live within our natural
resources. We need to ensure that we consume our natural resources at a sustainable rate to
live in true environmental sustainability, such as materials, energy fuels, land, water, and the
like. Some resources are more abundant than others, so we need to consider the material
scarcity and environmental damage caused by the extraction of these materials.
2. Economic Sustainability. Economic sustainability requires a business or country to make
efficient and responsible use of its resources so that it can operate sustainably to generate
operational profit consistently. A business can not sustain its activities without an operational
profit. A company will not be able to sustain its activities in the long term without acting
responsibly and using its resources efficiently.
3. Social Sustainability. It is the ability of society or any social system to achieve a good social well-
being on an ongoing basis. Achieving social sustainability ensures the long-term preservation of
social well-being of a country, an organization or a community.

Sustainability versus Stability

Sustainability is the utilization of resources without compromising the other, of the future
generation. It’s a broader normative term. Sustainability can hardly be used as solely ecological feature
without considering human perception and impact. Stability is a way to characterize a system behavior
and is quite well bounded to certain method in dynamic system analysis.

What is the role of Sustainable Development in today’s world?

Sustainable development encourages us to conserve and enhance our resource base, by
gradually changing the ways in which we develop and use technologies. Countries must be allowed to
meet their basic needs of employment, food, energy, water and sanitation. The aim of sustainable
development is to balance our economic, environmental and social needs, allowing prosperity for now
and future generations.
The five key elements of sustainable development: People, Planet, Prosperity, Peace and
Partnership.

What are the advantages or the benefits of Sustainable Development?

1. Cost reduction (in all endeavor, e.g. construction of roads, buildings, etc.)
2. Increased productivity. Environmentally friendly workspaces help employees perform better
while reducing absenteeism. The better the environment, the easier it is to concentrate and
work effectively toward the completion of tasks.
3. Improved health. The use of sustainable materials can help with the purification of the air.
Building and furnishing materials, such as paints, cleaning products and carpets, can be
dangerous for human health. Green buildings can be beneficial to health.
4. Waste minimization. Proper disposal of waste materials. The use of degradable or recyclable
materials instead of plastic or toxic materials.
5. Better use of materials.
6. Environmental protection.
7. Reduction of noise, air and water pollution.
8. Better quality of life.
9. A new market is emerging (unlocked new possibilities)
10. More room for experimentation.
What are the Sustainable Development Goals?

1. End Poverty. Economic growth must be inclusive to provide sustainable jobs and promote
equality.
2. Zero hunger. The food and agriculture sector offers key solutions for development, and is
central for hunger and poverty eradication.
3. Good Health and Well-Being. Ensuring healthy lives and promoting the well-being for all at all
ages is essential to sustainable development.
4. Quality Education. Obtaining a quality education is the foundation to improving people’s lives
and sustainable development.
5. Gender equality. Gender equality is not only a fundamental human right, but a necessary
foundation for a peaceful, prosperous and sustainable world.
6. Clean water and Sanitation. Clean, accessible water for all is an essential part of the world we
want to live in.
7. Affordable and Clean Energy.
8. Decent Work and Economic Growth.
9. Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure.
10. Reduce Inequalities.
11. Sustainable Cities and Communities.
12. Responsible Consumption and Production.
13. Climate Action.
14. Life Below the Sea and Ocean
15. Life on Land
16. Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions
17. Partnerships with the Goals.

Poverty is more than the lack of income and resources to ensure a sustainable livelihood. Its
manifestations include hunger and malnutrition, limited access to education and other basic services,
social discrimination and exclusion as well as the lack of participation in decision-making. Economic
growth must be inclusive to provide sustainable jobs and promote equality.

It is time to rethink how we grow, share and consume our food. If done right, agriculture, forestry and
fisheries can provide nutritious food for all and generate decent incomes, while supporting people-
centered rural development and protecting the environment.

Right now, our soils, freshwater, oceans, forests and biodiversity are being rapidly degraded. Climate
change is putting even more pressure on the resources we depend on, increasing risks associated with
disasters such as droughts and floods. Many rural women and men can no longer make ends meet on
their land, forcing them to migrate to cities in search of opportunities.

A profound change of the global food and agriculture system is needed if we are to nourish today’s 795
million hungry and the additional 2 billion people expected by 2050.

IV. EVALUATION
Discuss the following items.
1. Why is sustainable development important?
 2. In your own little way, how would you practice sustainable development?

Republic of the Philippines

BAC O LO D C ITY C O LL
EGE
Taculing Road, Bacolod City, 6100, Email:a.bacolodcitycollege@yahoo.com
Taculing Campus, (034)707-7469, Sum-ag Campus,(034) 704-5843,
Fortune Towne Campus,(034) 704-5844 Tel #: (034) 707-7469

Teacher Education Department

First Semester /S.Y. 2020-2021
COURSE SYLLABUS
(13th Module)
Week 14
COURSE CODE: GE 3 (CONTEMPORARY WORLD)
TOPIC: GLOBAL FOOD SECURITY

I. INTRODUCTION

Food security, as defined by the United Nations' Committee on World Food Security, means
that all people, at all times, have physical, social, and economic access to sufficient, safe, and
nutritious food that meets their food preferences and dietary needs for an active and healthy life.

According to the Website of World Population Projections, the planet’s occupants would have
reached 7,714,576,923 by the year 2019. With an estimated 1.07% growth in population from 2018,
another grave issue is threatening the human populace – hunger. (Mendoza et al. pp.103)

II. OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson, students will be able to:
1. Define global food security and its elements.
2. Analyze how climate change and other factors distresses global food security.

III. CONTENT

According to the Food and Agriculture Organization, “food security exists when all people, at all
times, have physical and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary
needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life”. Basing on FAO’s definition, food security is
not only about filling the stomach with food, but an important element of it involves having nutritionally
adequate and safe foods.

Is Food Security a Global Issue?

 Food security is a global need that is continually affected by changes to the natural and human
environments around the world. century is a resource for middle school students that investigates
the issue of food security, equity and sustainability.

Global challenges in Food Security

Malnutrition affects all countries in the world. Malnutrition, including over-and under-nutrition
and micro-nutrient deficiencies is the top contributor to global disease burden. Globally, 800 million
people are under-nourished, 2 billion are overweight or obese and 2 billion are micronutrient deficient.
Micronutrient deficiency is defined as a lack of essential vitamins and minerals required in small
amounts by the body for proper growth and development.
Vast majority of the world’s hungry live in developing countries. Southeast Asia faces greatest
hunger burden, with about 281 million undernourished people. In sub-Saharan Africa, the current rate
of undernourishment is currently around 23%. Recent food production increases, nutritious foods
remain unaffordable for many. The consequences are severe; poor nutrition causes nearly half the
deaths in children under five.
Numerous contemporary issues are plaguing the world today, we will look into some factors
that contribute largely to issues pertaining to world hunger and food security;

1. Global Water Crisis

With the demand for clean and safe water growing rapidly each day, water table
reserves are drying out in countries such as Northern China, parts of USA, and India
caused over by irrigation and over-pumping. Several underwater reserves, and bodies
of water are also subject to undergoing massive pollution brought about by
irresponsible chemical waste disposals of factories and other manufacturing agencies.
2. Climate Change
The frequent changes in climate patterns and remarkable increases in temperatures
tend to have a catastrophic effect on the harvested crops, supplementary land and
water resources. Typhoons and similar catastrophes flood rice fields washing away most
of the crops and rendering them inedible for the human populace. Massive fish kills,
poultry, seafood and other forms of livestock cannot escape the crutches of drought
caused by climate change. Food supplies move at a downward spiral motion but the
demand for it continues to rise.
3. Land Degradation
Innovation, ingenuity, technology and intensive farming modernization processes
promising high yields became the new trend for food production. But success comes
with a price. Fertile lands become exhausted because of an unending cycle of
production. The use of gallons after gallons of chemical pesticides poison the land while
making the crops dependent on chemicals. Mankind has mastered the art of exploiting
the land for maximum profit without talk a step back and asking themselves what is the
true cost for all these advancements.
4. Greedy Land Deals
Corporations purchase millions of acres of agricultural lands and convert them into
commercial establishments such as shopping malls, gasoline stations, fast food
restaurants , access roads and subdivisions. Agrarian lots allocated for food production
are replaced with concrete structures rendering farmers powerless to use the land for
its original purpose. Urbanization is an impossible force to slow down targeting farm and
pastoral lands-alike.
 Sustainable Agriculture is the foundation of food security and has a potential to secure
livelihoods. Agriculture is the largest source of income and jobs for poor rural households. Better use of
agricultural biodiversity can contribute to more nutritious diets, enhanced livelihoods for farming
communities and more resilient and sustainable farming system. Agricultural biodiversity also performs
ecosystem services such as soil and water conservation, maintenance of soil fertility, conservation of
biota and pollination of plants, all of which are essential for food production and for human survival.

What are the four Pillars of Global Food Security?

The four pillars of food security are availability, access, utilization and stability.

IV. EVALUATION
Discuss the following items, for ten points each.
1. Why should agriculture be sustained?
2. Is global food security achievable?