Universidad de Dagupan

SCHOOL OF PROFESSIONAL STUDIES

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
MAJOR IN EDUCATIONAL LEADERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT
ACTIVITY 1

INSTRUCTION:
 Give a detailed response to the following questions. Your answers should be coherent essays
demonstrating a mastery of the subject matter. Answer only the subjects you enrolled this semester.

DELM 215 - INSTRUCTIONAL MODELS FOR IMPROVING STUDENT ACHIEVEMENT

1. What is student achievement? Explain the various ways of measuring student achievement.
Student achievement refers to the extent to which a learner has attained their short or long-term
educational goals. Individual differences in academic performance are strongly correlated with
differences in personality and intelligence. As well, learners’ levels of self-efficacy, self-control and
motivation also impact levels of achievement. Methods of measuring student learning are often
characterized as summative or formative assessments. Summative assessments - tests, quizzes, and other
graded course activities that are used to measure student performance. They are cumulative and often
reveal what learners have learned at the end of a unit or the end of a course. Within a course, summative
assessment includes the system for calculating individual learner grades. While, Formative assessment
- any means by which learners receive input and guiding feedback on their relative performance to help
them improve. It can be provided face-to-face in office hours, in written comments on assignments,
through rubrics, and through emails.

2. How do teachers teach critical thinking skills Elaborate and cite an example.

Critical thinking is a process in which someone evaluates an issue from multiple perspectives to be
critical and logical in their evaluation. In critical thinking, one asks critical questions that lead to developing
a critical understanding of a problem. When herd mentality is becoming increasingly and frighteningly
common, critical thinking is becoming rarer and more sought after than ever. Being able to think critically
means that you can take your beliefs through the filters of logic. It also means that you are capable of
constant introspection, clarity, and an independent mindset. Critical thinking allows us to methodically
resolve issues, filter our unnecessary and irrelevant ideas, comprehend the logical reasoning behind
concepts, identify logical gaps in reasonings, establish watertight arguments, and analyse others’ arguments.
For Example, the age-old proverb, “Give a man a fish, and you feed him for a day. Teach a man to fish, and
you feed him for a lifetime”. As teachers, there is a lot that we must explain in a sort of “this is what it
is” manner, but what we do not do enough is teach them to question. The world is becoming increasingly
easily influenced. We need more and more individuals who can look at themselves and the world around
them with a critical pair of eyes and who have their own opinions instead of just following the herd.