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Chemistry Lab Manual 20.06.2021
Chemistry Lab Manual 20.06.2021
CHEMISTRY
LAB MANUAL
PRACTICAL PROCEDURE
CONTENTS
Ex.No Date Name of the Experiment Teacher’s Initial
VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS
ESTIMATION OF KMnO4 SOLUTION BY USING
1
STANDARD OXALIC ACID
ESTIMATION OF KMnO4 SOLUTION BY USING
2
STANDARD FAS (Ammonium Ferrous Sulphate)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
Simple Procedure :
(i) Burette solution : Potassium Permanganate (KMnO4) solution
(ii) Pipette solution : 20 ml of std. Ferrous Ammonium Sulphate solution
(iii) Indicator : KMnO4 acts as self-Indicator
(iv) Reagent added : 20ml 2N dil. H2SO4
(v) Temperature : Room temperature
(vi) Medium : Acidic Medium
(vii) Mol. mass of KMnO4 : 158 g mol1
(viii) End point : Colourless to permanent pale pink colour
Result :
1. The molarity of the given KMnO4 is ____0.01___ M.
2. The strength of the given KMnO4 is __1.58__ g/L.
PREPARATION OF STANDARD M/20 FAS SOLUTION :
Weigh 4.9 g of FAS and transfer into 250 ml std. flask add 20 ml of dil. H2SO4 (one
test tube full of dil. H2SO4) to check hydrolysis of Ferrous Sulphate dissolve them in
water to prepare 250 ml of M/20 FAS solution in std. flask.
OBSERTVATIONS :
1 Molar FAS contains 392 g/L
M 392 M
FAS contains g/L (i.e., 1000 ml of FAS contains 19.6 g.
20 20 20
M 392 250
250 ml of FAS contains = 4.9 g .
20 20 1000
392 250 1
Weight of FAS = 4.9 g
1000 20
M
Molarity of FAS solution = (OR) 0.05 M.
20
Molecular mass of FAS = 392 g/M.
OBSERVATION TABLE :
Std. FAS Vs KMnO4 Indicator : (KMnO4) self
Volume of FAS Volume of KMnO4 used Titre value
S.No
(ml) Initial (ml) Final (ml) (ml)
1 20 0 20.2
2 20 0 20.0 20.0
3 20 0 20.0
CALCULATIONS :
1 Mole of KMnO4 Reacts with 5 moles of Mohr’s salt.
M1 = Molarity of FAS = M/20. M2 = Molarity of KMnO4 =
V1 = Volume of FAS = 20 ml. V2 = Volume of KMnO4 =
n1 = no. of moles of FAS used = 5 n2 = no. of moles of KMnO4 used = 1
M1V1 M 2V2 0.05 20 M 2 20.0
n1 n2 5 1
1 M1V1 0.05 20 1
M2 M2 0.01 M
5 V2 5 20
The molarity of the given KMnO4 (M2) = 0.01 M
The strength of the given KMnO4 = molarity of KMnO4 GmWt of KMnO4.
0.01M 158 g / mole 1.58 g / mole
RESULT :
The molarity of given KMnO4 is ____0.01___ M.
The strength of the given KMnO4 is __1.58__ g/L.
CONTENT
BASED
EXPERIMENTS
(6M)
PREPARATION OF COLLOIDAL SOL OF STARCH
AIM : TO PREPARE COLLOIDIAL SOLUTION (SOL) OF STARCH
REQUIREMENTS : Beakers (250 ml & 50 ml), glass rod, funnel, fitter paper,
tripod stand, starch (1g) and distilled water.
Principle : Starch forms a lyophilic sol when hot water is used as the
dispersion medium.
Procedure : 1g of starch is added to the 125 ml of distilled water in a 250
ml beaker and heat the beaker so that water starts boiling.
Take 1g of starch in a mortar and a few ml of distilled water
and make it into paste. Pour the paste slowly with stirring
into boiling water in the beaker. Continue boiling for about 2-
3 minutes and then allow the beaker to cool. Filter the
contents of the beaker through a filter-paper, fixed in a
funnel.
Result : With the constant stirring of the contents in the beaker then
the colloidal sol of starch is formed in the beaker.
distilled water.
Procedure : Taken a clean 250ml beaker and boil 100ml of distilled water
in it. The ferric chloride solution is added and heating is done
till a dark brown is obtained.
Result : The colloidal solution of ferric hydroxide is prepared.
IDENTIFICATION OF CARBOHYDRATE, FATS AND PROTIENS IN THE FOOD
STUFF
S.No Experiment Test tube – A Test tube - B Inference
1 Fehling’s test : Reddish No Presence of
Take 2 ml of given Brown characteristic Carbohydrates is
organic sample in a test precipitate is change confirmed
tube and add 2-3 ml obtained
each of Fehling’s solution
A and Fehling’s solution
B. Keep the test tube in
boiling water bath for
10minutes.
2 Tollen’s Test : A shining No Presence of
Take 2 ml of given silver mirror characteristic Carbohydrates is
organic sample in a test is obtained change confirmed
tube and add 2-3 ml of
Tollen’s reagent and
warm the test tube in a
boiling water bath for 10
minutes.
3 MOLISCH Test : A reddish No Presence of
Take little of the given violet ring is characteristic Carbohydrates is
organic sample in a test formed at the change confirmed
tube, add 2 drops of junction of
Molisch reagent (1%
two layers
Napthol) and conc.
H2SO4 along the sides of
the test tube.
4 Biuret Test : No Bluish Violet Presence of
Take little of the given characteristic colour solution proteins is
organic sample in a test change is obtained. confirmed
tube, and add 3 ml of
NaOH solution and then
add 5 drops of 1% CuSO4
solution and warm the
mixture in water bath.
5 Xanthoprotein test : No Yellow Presence of
Take little of the given characteristic precipitate is proteins is
organic sample in a test change obtained. confirmed
tube, and add few drops
of con. HNO3 and warm
the mixture in water bath
6 Ninhydrin test : No Intense blue Presence of
Take little of the given characteristic colouration is proteins is
organic sample in a test change obtained. confirmed
tube, and add 3-4 drops
of ninhydrin solution and
boil the mixture in water
bath.
Result : The given test tube A contains : Reducing Sugar (carbohydrate)
The given test tube B contains : Proteins.
IDENTIFICATION OF FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
S.N
Experiment Test tube – A Test tube - B Inference
o.
1 Fehling’s test : Reddish Brown No Presence of
Take 2 ml of given organic precipitate is characteristic Aldehyde is
sample in a test tube and obtained change confirmed
add 2-3 ml each of
Fehling’s solution A and
Fehling’s solution B. Keep
the test tube in boiling
water bath for 10minutes.
2 Tollen’s Test : A shining silver No Presence of
Take 2 ml of given organic mirror is characteristic Aldehyde is
sample in a test tube and obtained change confirmed
add 2-3 ml of Tollen’s
reagent and warm the test
tube in a boiling water bath
for 10 minutes.
3 Sodiumbicarbonate test : No Brisk Presence of
To the little of the given characteristic effervescence carboxylic
organic sample add sodium change due to acid is
bicarbonate (or) sodium evolution of confirmed.
carbonate solution. CO2.
4 Ester Formation Test : No A ripening Presence of
To the little of the given characteristic fruity smell of carboxylic
organic sample add 5ml of change Ester is formed acid is
ethanol and 3-4 drops of confirmed.
conc. H2SO4 and heat the
reaction mixture in a water
bath for few minutes and
pour the same into
saturated Na2CO3 solution.
5 Reaction with Na Metal : No Brisk Presence of
Take about 1ml of the characteristic effervescence is carboxylic
given organic sample in a change seen due to acid is
dry test tube add a small evolution of H2. confirmed.
piece of sodium metal.
No Canary yellow
Absence of PO34 .
precipitate is formed
To a little of the OS
Presence of Fe3+ is
solution added potassium Blood red colour is seen
confirmed.
sulphocyanide solution
5. Confirmatory test for Zn2+
To a little of the OS White precipitate in excess Presence of Zn2+ is
solution added NaOH of NaOH confirmed
To a little of the OS. Bluish white precipitate is Presence of Zn2+ is
solution added K4[Fe(CN)6] obtained confirmed
6. Confirmatory test for Ni2+
To a little of the OS
solution added NH4OH in A rosy red precipitate is Presence of Ni2+ is
excess and then added obtained confirmed
Dimethyl glyoxime (DMG)
To another part add NaOH
in excess and bromine A black precipitate is Presence of Ni2+ is
water and boil the obtained confirmed
contents.
7. Confirmatory test for Ba2+
To a little of the OS Yellow precipitate is Presence of Ba2+ is
solution added K2CrO4 obtained confirmed
Flame test:-
A pinch of salt is taken is a
watch glass a drop of
concentrated HCl is added Apple green flame is Presence of Ba2+ is
and made into a paste. The observed. confirmed
paste is introduced in the
non luminous flame
8. Confirmatory test for Ca2+
To a little of the OS A white precipitate is Presence of Ca2+ is
solution added ammonium obtained confirmed
oxalate (NH4)2 C2O4.
Flame test
A pinch of salt is taken in a
watch glass a drop of Brick red coloured flame is Presence of Ca2+ is
concentrated HCl is added observed. confirmed
and made into a paste. The
paste is introduced into the
non- luminous flame
9. Confirmatory test for Mg2+
To a little of the OS
solution added dil. HCl and
Presence of Mg2+ is
a few drops of magneson Blue precipitate is obtained
confirmed
reagent
ASH test:-
To a pinch of the salt in the
test tube added
concentrated HNO3 and Pink coloured ash is Presence of Mg2+ is
cobalt nitrate. A filter paper observed. confirmed
is dipped in the solution
and ignited.
10. Confirmatory test for NH 4
To a little of the original A pungent smelling gas is
salt added NaOH and evolved. Dense white fumes
warmed are observed when a glass
rod dipped in conc. HCl is Presence of NH 4 is
brought to mouth of the confirmed
test tube
To a little of the original Reddish brown precipitate
salt solution added is obtained
Nesslers reagent.
********
SALT NO : 02
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Experiment Observation Inference
1. Colour : Absence of Cu 2 , Fe2 ,
Colourless (white)
Noted the colour of the salt Fe3 , Co2 , Ni 2
2. Action of Heat :
Colourless gas which
A pinch of salt is heated in a dry test Presence of CO32
turns lime water milky
tube
3. Flame Test :
A pinch of salt is taken in a watch
glass and a drop of conc. HCl is No characteristic Absence of
added and made it into paste. The flame Cu 2 , Ba 2 , Ca 2
paste is introduced into non
luminous flame
4. Ash – Test :
To a little bit of the slat in the test
Absence of
tube added. Concentrated HNO3 and No characteristic ash
Al 3 , Zn2 , Mg 2
cobalt nitrate solution, a fitter paper
is dipped into mixture and ignited
5. Action of dil. H2SO4 : Brisck effervescence is
seen. Colourless gas Presence of CO32 is
To a little of the salt in the test tube
which turns lime identified
added few drops of dil. H2SO4
water milky
6. Action of Conc. H2SO4 :
No characteristic
To a little of the salt into the test tube Absence of Cl
change
added few drops of conc. H2SO4
7. Potassium Permanganate Test :
To a little of the salt in the test tube KMnO4 is not
Absence of Cl
added 2ml of dil. H2SO4 and then decolourised
KMnO4 solution dropwise
8. Copper Turning Test :
To a little of the salt in the dry test tube No Reddish brown gas Absence of NO3
added few copper turnings and add few is evolved
drops of conc. H2SO4 and warm it.
Preparation of sodium carbonate extract :
A pinch of salt is mixed with double the amount of sodium carbonate salt and is boiled
with distilled water. The suspension obtained is filtered. The filtrate is called sodium
carbonate extract.
9. Ammonium Molybdate Test :
To a little of the slat added 5ml of
No canny yellow
conc. HNO3 till the fumes cease to Absence of PO43
precipitate is formed
evolve and then added ammonium
Molybdate solution
10. Barium Chloride Test : White precipitate is Presence of CO32 is
To a little of the extract added Barium obtained which is
Chloride solution soluble in conc. HCl identified.
Confirmatory Test for Acid Radical :
1. Barium Chloride Test : White precipitate is Presence of CO32 is
To a little of the extract added Barium obtained which is identified.
Chloride solution soluble in conc. HCl
Experiment Observation Inference
2
2. Dilute H2SO4 Test (Test for CO3 Brisck effervescence is
ion) seen. Colourless gas Presence of CO32 is
To a little of the salt in the test tube which turns lime confirmed.
added few drops of dil. H2SO4 water milky
Identification of Basic radical by group analysis
Preparation of original salt solution (O.S.S)
Take a little excess of the given salt in a dry test tube added excess water and
dissolved and labelled as original solution (0.S)
A pungent smelling
gas is evolved. White
dense fumes are Presence of zero
1. To a little of the salt added NaOH
observed when a glass group NH radical
solution and warmed
rod dipped in conc.
4
HCl and brought to
the mouth of test tube
Confirmatory test for Basic Radical :
A pungent smelling
gas is evolved. White
Confirmation test for NH 4 dense fumes are
Presence of NH 4 is
1. To a little of the original salt added observed when a glass
rod dipped in conc. confirmed
NaOH and warmed
HCl and brought to
the mouth of test tube
2. To a little of the original salt Reddish brown Presence of NH 4 is
solution added Nessler’s reagent precipitate is obtained confirmed
********
SALT NO : 03
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Experiment Observation Inference
1. Colour : Absence of Cu 2 , Fe2 ,
Colourless (white)
Noted the colour of the salt Fe3 , Co2 , Ni 2
Decripitation (pop Presence of
2. Action of Heat : sound) is observed Pb NO3 2
A pinch of salt is heated in a dry test on vigorous heating
tube reddish brown gas is Presence of NO3 is
formed identified
3. Flame Test :
A pinch of salt is taken in a watch
glass and a drop of conc. HCl is No characteristic Absence of
added and made it into paste. The flame Cu 2 , Ba 2 , Ca 2
paste is introduced into non
luminous flame
4. Ash – Test :
To a little bit of the slat in the test
Absence of
tube added. Concentrated HNO3 and No characteristic ash
Al 3 , Zn2 , Mg 2
cobalt nitrate solution, a fitter paper
is dipped into mixture and ignited
5. Action of dil. H2SO4 :
No brisck
To a little of the salt in the test tube Absence of CO32
effervescence
added few drops of dil. H2SO4
6. Action of Conc. H2SO4 :
Reddish brown Presence of NO3 is
To a little of the salt into the test tube
vapours are present identified.
added few drops of conc. H2SO4
7. Potassium Permanganate Test :
To a little of the salt in the test tube KMnO4 is not
Absence of Cl
added 2ml of dil. H2SO4 and then decolourised
KMnO4 solution dropwise
8. Copper Turning Test :
To a little of the salt in the dry test tube Reddish brown gas is Presence of NO3 is
added few copper turnings and add few evolved identified
drops of conc. H2SO4 and warm it.
Preparation of sodium carbonate extract :
A pinch of salt is mixed with double the amount of sodium carbonate salt and is boiled with
distilled water. The suspension obtained is filtered. The filtrate is called sodium carbonate
extract.
9. Ammonium Molybdate Test :
To a little of the slat added to 5ml of
No canny yellow
conc. HNO3 till the fumes cease to Absence of PO43
precipitate is formed
evolve and then added ammonium
Molybdate solution
10. Barium Chloride Test :
No white precipitate is
To a little of the extract added Barium Absence of SO42
obtained
Chloride solution
Confirmatory Test for Acid Radical :
1. Copper Turning Test :
To a little of the salt in the dry test tube Reddish brown gas is Presence of NO3 is
added few copper turnings and add 5ml evolved confirmed
of conc. H2SO4 and warm it.
Experiment Observation Inference
2. Brown Ring Test :
To little of the extract added freshly A dark brown ring is
prepared FeSO4 solution and then Presence of NO3 is
formed at the junction
of the two liquids confirmed
added concentrated 2 4 along the
H SO
sides of the test tube
Identification of Basic radical by group analysis
Preparation of original salt solution (O.S.S)
Take a little excess of the given salt in a dry test tube added excess water and
dissolved and labelled as original solution (0.S)
1. To a little of the given salt added No characteristic Absence of zero group
NaOH solution and warmed change NH 4 radical
2. To a little of the original salt White precipitate is Presence of group-1
solution added dilute HCl obtained radical Pb2
Confirmatory test for Basic Radical :
Test with Potassium chromate
(K2CrO4):
1. To a little of the original salt Yellow precipitate is Presence of Pb 2 is
obtained confirmed
solution added K2CrO4 (potassium
chromate)
A yellow precipitate is
obtained when hot
Golden Spangles Test : water is added to the
Presence of Pb 2 is
2. To a little of the original salt precipitate boiled and
confirmed
solution added KI (potassium iodide) cooled under the tap
yellow golden spangles
are obtained
********
SALT NO : 04
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Experiment Observation Inference
1. Colour : Blue colour is
Presence of Cu 2
Noted the colour of the salt observed
2. Action of Heat :
A pinch of salt is heated in a dry test Blue salt turns white Presence of CuSO4
tube
3. Flame Test :
A pinch of salt is taken in a watch
glass and a drop of conc. HCl is Bluish green coloured Presence of Cu 2 is
added and made it into paste. The flame is observed identified.
paste is introduced into non
luminous flame
4. Ash – Test :
To a little bit of the slat in the test
Absence of
tube added. Concentrated HNO3 and No characteristic ash
Al 3 , Zn2 , Mg 2
cobalt nitrate solution, a fitter paper
is dipped into mixture and ignited
5. Action of dil. H2SO4 : No gas (or) any Absence of CO32 , NO3 ,
To a little of the salt in the test tube vapours are not
Cl , CH 3COO
added few drops of dil. H2SO4 evolved
6. Action of Conc. H2SO4 : No gas (or) any Absence of
To a little of the salt into the test tube vapours are not
Fe2 , C2O42 , Cl
added few drops of conc. H2SO4 evolved
7. Potassium Permanganate Test :
To a little of the salt in the test tube KMnO4 is not
Absence of Cl
added 2ml of dil. H2SO4 and then decolourised
KMnO4 solution dropwise
8. Copper Turning Test :
To a little of the salt in the dry test tube No reddish brown gas
Absence of NO3
added few copper turnings and add few is evolved
drops of conc. H2SO4 and warm it.
Preparation of sodium carbonate extract :
A pinch of salt is mixed with double the amount of sodium carbonate salt and is boiled
with distilled water. The suspension obtained is filtered. The filtrate is called sodium
carbonate extract.
9. Ammonium Molybdate Test :
To a little of the slat added to 5ml of
No canny yellow
conc. HNO3 till the fumes cease to Absence of PO43
precipitate is formed
evolve and then added ammonium
Molybdate solution
10. Barium Chloride Test : A white precipitate is
Presence of SO42 is
To a little of the extract added Barium formed which is
Chloride solution insoluble in conc. HCl identified
Confirmatory Test for Acid Radical :
********
SALT NO : 05
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Experiment Observation Inference
1. Colour : Absence of Cu 2 , Fe2 ,
Colourless (white)
Noted the colour of the salt Fe3 , Co 2 , Ni 2
2. Action of Heat : Absence of NO3 , CO32 ,
No characteristic
A pinch of salt is heated in a dry test
change Zn 2 , Cu 2
tube
3. Flame Test :
A pinch of salt is taken in a watch
glass and a drop of conc. HCl is No characteristic Absence of
added and made it into paste. The flame Cu 2 , Ba 2 , Ca 2
paste is introduced into non
luminous flame
4. Ash – Test :
To a little bit of the slat in the test
tube added. Concentrated HNO3 and Presence of Al 3 is
Blue coloured ash
identified.
cobalt nitrate solution, a fitter paper
is dipped into mixture and ignited
5. Action of dil. H2SO4 : No gas (or) any Absence of CO32 , NO3 ,
To a little of the salt in the test tube vapours are not
Cl , CH 3COO
added few drops of dil. H2SO4 evolved
6. Action of Conc. H2SO4 : No gas (or) any Absence of
To a little of the salt into the test tube vapours are not
Fe2 , C2O42 , Cl
added few drops of conc. H2SO4 evolved
7. Potassium Permanganate Test :
To a little of the salt in the test tube KMnO4 is not
Absence of Cl
added 2ml of dil. H2SO4 and then decolourised
KMnO4 solution dropwise
8. Copper Turning Test :
To a little of the salt in the dry test
No reddish brown gas
tube added few copper turnings and Absence of NO3
is evolved
add few drops of conc. H2SO4 and
warm it.
Preparation of sodium carbonate extract :
A pinch of salt is mixed with double the amount of sodium carbonate salt and is boiled
with distilled water. The suspension obtained is filtered. The filtrate is called sodium
carbonate extract.
9. Ammonium Molybdate Test :
To a little of the slat added to 5ml of
No canny yellow
conc. HNO3 till the fumes cease to Absence of PO43
precipitate is formed
evolve and then added ammonium
Molybdate solution
10. Barium Chloride Test : A white precipitate is
Presence of SO42 is
To a little of the extract added Barium formed which is
Chloride solution insoluble in conc. HCl identified
Confirmatory Test for Acid Radical :
1. Barium Chloride Test :
A white precipitate is Presence of SO42 is
To a little of the extract added Barium
formed which is confirmed.
Chloride solution
insoluble in conc. HCl
Experiment Observation Inference
2. Lead Acetate Test :
A white precipitate is Presence of SO42 is
To a little of the extract added dil.
obtained confirmed
Acetic acid and lead acetate solution
Identification of Basic radical by group analysis
Preparation of original salt solution (O.S.S)
Take a little excess of the given salt in a dry test tube added excess water and
dissolved and labelled as original solution (0.S)
1. To a little of the salt added NaOH No characteristic Absence of zero group
solution and warmed change NH 4 radical
2. To a little of the original salt No characteristic Absence of group-1
solution added dilute HCl change Pb2 radical
3. To a little of the original salt
solution added dil. HCl and then No characteristic Absence of group-II
passed H2S gas (or) yellow ammonium change Cu 2 radical
sulphide NH4 2 S solution
4. To a little of the original salt A gelatinous white Presence of group-III
solution added NH 4Cl and NH 4OH precipitate is obtained radical Al 3
Confirmatory test for Basic Radical :
A white precipitate is
Confirmation test for Al3+
obtained which Presence of Al 3 is
1. To a little of the original salt
dissolves in excess of confirmed
solution added NaOH
NaOH
2. To a little of the original salt Bright red lake is Presence of Al 3 is
solution added Aluminon reagent obtained confirmed
********
SALT NO : 06
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Experiment Observation Inference
1. Colour : Absence of Cu 2 , Fe2 ,
Colourless
Noted the colour of the salt Fe3 , Co2 , Ni 2
2. Action of Heat : Absence of NO3 , CO32 ,
No characteristic
A pinch of salt is heated in a dry test
change Cu 2
tube
3. Flame Test :
A pinch of salt is taken in a watch
glass and a drop of conc. HCl is No characteristic Absence of
added and made it into paste. The change Cu 2 , Ba 2 , Ca 2
paste is introduced into non
luminous flame
4. Ash – Test :
To a little bit of the slat in the test
tube added. Concentrated HNO3 and Presence of Zn2 is
Green coloured ash
identified.
cobalt nitrate solution, a fitter paper
is dipped into mixture and ignited
5. Action of dil. H2SO4 : No gas (or) any Absence of CO32 , NO3 ,
To a little of the salt in the test tube vapours are not
Cl , CH 3COO
added few drops of dil. H2SO4 evolved
6. Action of Conc. H2SO4 : No gas (or) any Absence of
To a little of the salt into the test tube vapours are not
Fe2 , C2O42 , Cl
added few drops of conc. H2SO4 evolved
7. Potassium Permanganate Test :
To a little of the salt in the test tube KMnO4 is not
Absence of Cl
added 2ml of dil. H2SO4 and then decolourised
KMnO4 solution dropwise
8. Copper Turning Test :
To a little of the salt in the dry test
No reddish brown gas
tube added few copper turnings and Absence of NO3
is evolved
add few drops of conc. H2SO4 and
warm it.
Preparation of sodium carbonate extract :
A pinch of salt is mixed with double the amount of sodium carbonate salt and is boiled
with distilled water. The suspension obtained is filtered. The filtrate is called sodium
carbonate extract.
9. Ammonium Molybdate Test :
To a little of the slat added to 5ml of
No canny yellow
conc. HNO3 till the fumes cease to Absence of PO43
precipitate is formed
evolve and then added ammonium
Molybdate solution
10. Barium Chloride Test : A white precipitate is
Presence of SO42 is
To a little of the extract added Barium formed which is
Chloride solution insoluble in conc. HCl identified
Confirmatory Test for Acid Radical :
1. Barium Chloride Test : A white precipitate is Presence of SO42 is
To a little of the extract added Barium formed which is confirmed
Chloride solution insoluble in conc. HCl
Experiment Observation Inference
2. Lead Acetate Test :
A white precipitate is Presence of SO42 is
To a little of the extract added dil.
obtained confirmed
Acetic acid and lead acetate solution
Identification of Basic radical by group analysis
Preparation of original salt solution (O.S.S)
Take a little excess of the given salt in a dry test tube added excess water and
dissolved and labelled as original solution (0.S)
1. To a little of the salt added NaOH No characteristic Absence of zero group
solution and warmed change NH 4 radical
2. To a little of the original salt No characteristic Absence of group-1
solution added dilute HCl change Pb2 radical
3. To a little of the original salt
solution added dil. HCl and then No characteristic Absence of group-II
passed H2S gas (or) yellow ammonium change Cu 2 radical
sulphide NH4 2 S solution
Absence of group-III
4. To a little of the original salt No characteristic
solution added NH 4Cl and NH 4OH change
Fe2 , Fe3 , Al 3
radicals
5. To a little of the original salt
solution added NH 4Cl and NH 4OH White precipitate is Presence of group-IV
and pass H 2 S gas (or) yellow formed radical Zn2
ammonium sulphide NH4 2 s solution
Confirmatory test for Basic Radical :
Confirmation test for Zn2+ A white precipitate is
Presence of Zn2 is
1. To a little of the original salt formed in excess
confirmed
solution added NaOH adding of NaOH
2. To a little of the original salt Bluish white Presence of Zn2 is
solution added K4 Fe CN 6 precipitate is obtained confirmed
********
SALT NO : 07
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Experiment Observation Inference
1. Colour : Absence of Cu 2 , Fe2 ,
Noted the colour of the salt Colourless (white)
Fe3 , Mn2 , Co2 , Ni 2
2. Action of Heat : No characteristic Absence of NO3 , CO32 ,
A pinch of salt is heated in a dry test
tube change CuSO4
3. Flame Test :
A pinch of salt is taken in a watch
glass and a drop of conc. HCl is Apple green coloured Presence of Ba 2 is
added and made it into paste. The flame is observed identified
paste is introduced into non
luminous flame
4. Ash – Test :
To a little bit of the slat in the test Absence of
tube added. Concentrated HNO3 and No characteristic ash
Al 3 , Zn2 , Mg 2
cobalt nitrate solution, a fitter paper
is dipped into mixture and ignited
5. Action of dil. H2SO4 :
No characteristic
To a little of the salt in the test tube Absence of CO32
added few drops of dil. H2SO4 change
Colourless gas with
6. Action of Conc. H2SO4 : pungent smell which Presence of Cl is
To a little of the salt into the test tube
gives white precipitate identified
added few drops of conc. H2SO4
with AgNO3 solution
7. Potassium Permanganate Test : KMnO4 is
To a little of the salt in the test tube decolourised with Presence of Cl is
added 2ml of dil. H2SO4 and then identified
KMnO4 solution dropwise evolution of Cl2 gas
8. Copper Turning Test :
To a little of the salt in the dry test tube No reddish brown gas
added few copper turnings and add few
Absence of NO3
is evolved
drops of conc. H2SO4 and warm it.
Preparation of sodium carbonate extract :
A pinch of salt is mixed with double the amount of sodium carbonate salt and is boiled
with distilled water. The suspension obtained is filtered. The filtrate is called sodium
carbonate extract.
9. Ammonium Molybdate Test :
To a little of the slat added to 5ml of No canny yellow
conc. HNO3 till the fumes cease to Absence of PO43
evolve and then added ammonium precipitate is formed
Molybdate solution
10. Barium Chloride Test : A white precipitate is
To a little of the extract added Barium formed which is Absence of SO42
Chloride solution insoluble in conc. HCl
Confirmatory Test for Acid Radical :
1. Chromyl Chloride Test :
To a little bit of the salt is heated with Reddish orange
potassium dichromate crystals and vapours are formed
conc. H2SO4
Pass these vapours into another test Presence of Cl is
Yellow solution is confirmed
tube which contains NaOH solution
or lime water. obtained
Lead acetate is added to the above Yellow precipitate is
yellow solution formed
Experiment Observation Inference
A curdy white
2. Silver Nitrate Test :
precipitate is formed Presence of Cl is
To little of the extract added dil. HNO3
which is soluble in confirmed.
and silver nitrate solution
NH4OH
Identification of Basic radical by group analysis
Preparation of original salt solution (O.S.S)
Take a little excess of the given salt in a dry test tube added excess water and
dissolved and labelled as original solution (0.S)
1. To a little of the salt added NaOH No characteristic Absence of zero group
solution and warmed change NH 4 radical
2. To a little of the original salt No characteristic Absence of group-1
solution added dilute HCl change Pb2 radical
3. To a little of the original salt
solution added dil. HCl and then No characteristic Absence of group-II
passed H2S gas (or) yellow ammonium change Cu 2 radical
sulphide NH4 2 S solution
Absence of group-III
4. To a little of the original salt No characteristic
solution added NH 4Cl and NH 4OH change
Fe2 , Fe3 , Al 3
radicals
5. To a little of the original salt
solution added NH 4Cl and NH 4OH Absence of group-IV
No characteristic
and pass H 2 S gas (or) yellow change
Zn2 , Ni 2 , Co2
radicals
ammonium sulphide NH4 2 s solution
6. To a little of the original salt Presence of group-V
A white precipitate is
solution added NH 4Cl , NH 4OH and
obtained
Ca2 , Ba2 , Sr 2
NH4 2 CO3 radicals
Confirmatory test for Basic Radical :
1. Confirmation test for Ba2+
To a little of the original salt solution Yellow precipitate is Presence of Ba 2 is
obtained confirmed
added K2CrO4 (potassium chromate)
2. Flame Test :
A pinch of salt is taken in a watch
glass and a drop of conc. HCl is Apple green coloured Presence of Ba 2 is
added and made it into paste. The flame is observed confirmed.
paste is introduced into non
luminous flame
********
SALT NO : 08
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Experiment Observation Inference
1. Colour : Absence of Cu 2 , Fe2 ,
Colourless
Noted the colour of the salt Fe3 , Co 2 , Ni 2
2. Action of Heat : Absence of NO3 , CO32 ,
No characteristic
A pinch of salt is heated in a dry test
change Zn2 , Cu 2
tube
3. Flame Test :
A pinch of salt is taken in a watch
glass and a drop of conc. HCl is Brick red coloured
Presence of Ca 2
added and made it into paste. The flame is observed
paste is introduced into non
luminous flame
4. Ash – Test :
To a little bit of the slat in the test
Absence of
tube added. Concentrated HNO3 and No characteristic ash
Al 3 , Zn2 , Mg 2
cobalt nitrate solution, a fitter paper
is dipped into mixture and ignited
5. Action of dil. H2SO4 : No gas (or) any Absence of CO32 , NO3
To a little of the salt in the test tube vapours are not
, Cl , CH 3COO
added few drops of dil. H2SO4 evolved
6. Action of Conc. H2SO4 : No gas (or) any Absence of
To a little of the salt into the test tube vapours are not
Fe2 , C2O42 , Cl
added few drops of conc. H2SO4 evolved
7. Potassium Permanganate Test :
To a little of the salt in the test tube KMnO4 is not
Absence of Cl
added 2ml of dil. H2SO4 and then decolourised
KMnO4 solution dropwise
8. Copper Turning Test :
To a little of the salt in the dry test
No reddish brown gas
tube added few copper turnings and Absence of NO3
is evolved
add few drops of conc. H2SO4 and
warm it.
Preparation of sodium carbonate extract :
A pinch of salt is mixed with double the amount of sodium carbonate salt and is boiled
with distilled water. The suspension obtained is filtered. The filtrate is called sodium
carbonate extract.
9. Ammonium Molybdate Test :
To a little of the slat added to 5ml of
No canny yellow
conc. HNO3 till the fumes cease to Absence of PO43
precipitate is formed
evolve and then added ammonium
Molybdate solution
10. Barium Chloride Test : A white precipitate is
Presence of SO42 is
To a little of the extract added Barium formed which is
Chloride solution insoluble in conc. HCl identified
Confirmatory Test for Acid Radical :
1. Barium Chloride Test :
A white precipitate is Presence of SO42 is
To a little of the extract added Barium
formed which is confirmed.
Chloride solution
insoluble in conc. HCl
Experiment Observation Inference
2. Lead Acetate Test :
A white precipitate is Presence of SO42 is
To a little of the extract added dil.
obtained confirmed
Acetic acid and lead acetate solution
Identification of Basic radical by group analysis
Preparation of original salt solution (O.S.S)
Take a little excess of the given salt in a dry test tube added excess water and
dissolved and labelled as original solution (0.S)
1. To a little of the salt added NaOH No characteristic Absence of zero group
solution and warmed change
NH 4 radical
2. To a little of the original salt No characteristic Absence of group-1
solution added dilute HCl change
Pb2 radical
3. To a little of the original salt
solution added dil. HCl and then No characteristic Absence of group-II
passed H2S gas (or) yellow ammonium change
Cu 2 radical
sulphide NH4 2 S solution
Absence of group-III
4. To a little of the original salt
solution added NH 4Cl and NH 4OH
No characteristic
change
Fe2 , Fe3 , Al 3
radicals
5. To a little of the original salt
solution added NH 4Cl and NH 4OH Absence of group-IV
and pass H 2 S gas (or) yellow
No characteristic
change
Zn2 , Ni 2 , Co2
ammonium sulphide NH4 2 s radicals
solution
6. To a little of the original salt Presence of group-V
solution added NH 4Cl , NH 4OH and A white precipitate is
formed
Ca 2 , Ba 2 , Sr 2
NH4 2 CO3 radicals
Confirmatory test for Basic Radical :
1. Confirmation test for Ca2+
To a little of the original salt solution A white precipitate is Presence of Ca 2 is
added NH4 2 C2O4 (Ammonium obtained confirmed
oxalate)
2. Flame Test :
A pinch of salt is taken in a watch
glass and a drop of conc. HCl is Brick red coloured Presence of Ca 2 is
added and made it into paste. The flame is observed confirmed.
paste is introduced into non
luminous flame
********