ASSIGNMENT

Discuss in detail the objectives, experiments and applications of

apparatuses given:

1) Toughness Testing Apparatus

2) Deflection of Beams Apparatus
3) Fatigue Testing Apparatus
4) Spring Testing Apparatus
5) Torsion Testing Apparatus
6) Shearing Force and Bending Moment Apparatus
7) Combined Bending and Torsion Apparatus
8) Hardness Testing Apparatus
9) Bench Top Tensile Testing Machine
10) Universal Testing Machine
11) Thin Walled Cylinder
12) Thick Walled Cylinder

Toughness Testing Apparatus:

OBJECTIVE
To measure the amount of energy a material
can absorb before fracturing. They are used
to evaluate the resistance of a material to impact
loading, which may cause cracks or fractures.

EXPERIMENTS
1) Fracture toughness testing: This experiment is designed to measure the strength of a
material in the presence of cracks, which is called fracture toughness. The specimen
is pre-cracked and subjected to an impact load.
2) Impact and hardness testing: This experiment is designed to compare the hardness
and impact energy of different materials. Hardness is a measure of the resistance of a
material to indentation or abrasion.
 3) Tensile, compression, shear, and bending testing: These experiments are designed
to measure the stress-strain behavior of different materials under various loading
conditions. Tensile testing involves stretching a material until it breaks, compression
testing involves squeezing a material until it fails, shear testing involves applying a
force parallel to the surface of a material until it slides, and bending testing involves
applying a force perpendicular to the surface of a material until it bends or breaks.
4) Column buckling and photo elasticity: These experiments are designed to study the
stability and stress distribution of slender structures under compressive loading.
Column buckling occurs when a slender structure loses its equilibrium and bends
under a compressive load.

APPLICATIONS
1) Material selection and design: Toughness testing can help engineers and
designers choose the most suitable materials for different applications, such as
aerospace, automotive, construction.
2) Quality control and inspection: Toughness testing can help manufacturers and
inspectors ensure the quality and reliability of their products and materials.
3) Failure analysis and research: Toughness testing can help researchers and
analysts understand the causes and mechanisms of failure in materials and
structures.

Deflection Of Beams Apparatus

OBJECTIVE
To measure the amount of displacement or bending of
a beam when a load is applied to it. They are used to
study the mechanical properties and behavior of different
materials and structures under various loading conditions.

EXPERIMENTS
1) Deflection and load relationship: This experiment is designed to measure the
deflection at one or more points on a beam when a point load or a distributed load is
applied to it.
 2) Effect of span and width on deflection: This experiment is designed to investigate
how the span and width of a beam affect its deflection. The span is the distance
between the supports of a beam.
3) Modulus of elasticity and material identification: This experiment is designed to
determine the modulus of elasticity of a beam and identify its material using the beam
deflection theory. The modulus of elasticity is a measure of the stiffness or rigidity of
a material.

APPLICATIONS
1) Prototyping: Engineers and product designers can use the apparatus to prototype and
test the behavior of new structural components before full scale production.
2) Structural Analysis: Engineers and researchers use the apparatus to validate
theoretical calculations and computer simulations related to structural analysis.
3) Quality Control: Industries that produce beams or beam-like structures (such as
those used in construction) can employ the apparatus for quality control purposes.
4) Design Optimization: Engineers use the data obtained from the deflection of beams
experiments to optimize the design of various structures.

FATIGUE TESTING APPARATUS

OBJECTIVE
The objective of a fatigue testing apparatus is to assess

the fatigue life of materials. It produces cyclic loads that

simulate the conditions of service and measures their

effect on a specimen.

EXPERIMENTS
1) Constant amplitude fatigue test: This experiment involves applying a repeated load of
constant magnitude and frequency to a specimen until it fails.
2) Variable amplitude fatigue test: This experiment involves applying a load that varies in
magnitude and frequency to a specimen until it fails.
3) Fatigue crack growth test: This experiment involves measuring the rate of crack growth
in a specimen under cyclic loading.
4) Low cycle fatigue test: This experiment involves applying a high strain load to a
specimen until it fails. The load is usually applied at a low frequency and causes plastic
deformation in the specimen.

APPLICATIONS
1) Automotive industry: Fatigue testing is used to test the strength and endurance of
turbochargers, tires, wheels, engine parts, suspension systems, and other components.
2) Aerospace industry: Fatigue testing is used to test the resistance and safety of jet
engine components, turbine rotors, wing materials, landing gears, and other parts that
are exposed to high temperatures, pressures.
3) Construction industry: Fatigue testing is used to test the stability and longevity of
bolts, fasteners, reinforcement bars, concrete, steel, and other materials and structures
that are used to build bridges, buildings, dams, and other infrastructures that are
subjected to cyclic loading and environmental factors.
4) Medical industry: Fatigue testing is used to test the biocompatibility and
functionality of prosthetics, implants, surgical instruments.

SPRING TESTING APPARATUS

OBJECTIVE
To measure the stiffness, strength,
and durability of springs under
different loading conditions.

EXPERIMENTS
1) Hooke’s law experiment: This experiment involves applying a known weight to
a spring and measuring its extension or compression. The force applied by the
spring is proportional to its displacement, according to Hooke’s law: F = kx
2) Oscillation experiment: This experiment involves setting a spring-mass system
into oscillatory motion and measuring its period and frequency.
3) Fatigue test experiment: This experiment involves subjecting a spring to
repeated cycles of loading and unloading until it fails or reaches a specified
number of cycles. The fatigue test measures the endurance limit of the spring,
which is the maximum stress that it can withstand without breaking.
 4) Stress relaxation experiment: This experiment involves applying a constant load
to a spring and measuring how its length changes over time.

APPLICATIONS
1) Car seats: Spring testing is used to test the comfort and safety of car seats,
which use springs to support and cushion the passengers. Spring testing can
measure the spring rate, load, displacement, and fatigue life of the seat
springs.
2) Engine hoods: Spring testing is used to test the performance and reliability of
engine hoods, which use springs to open and close the hood.
3) Fuel panels: Spring testing is used to test the functionality and efficiency of
fuel panels, which use springs to regulate the fuel flow and pressure.
4) Car trunks: Spring testing is used to test the convenience and security of car
trunks, which use springs to lift and lower the trunk lid.
5) Pumps: Spring testing is used to test the functionality and efficiency of
pumps, which use springs to control the flow and pressure of fluids.

TORSION TESTING APPARATUS

OBJECTIVE
To measure the stiffness, strength,
and durability of materials
under twisting loads.

EXPERIMENTS
1) Stress relaxation experiment: This experiment involves applying a constant torque to a
specimen and measuring how its angle of twist changes over time. The stress relaxation
test measures how much the specimen loses its elasticity due to prolonged loading.
2) Hooke’s law experiment: This experiment involves applying a known torque to a
cylindrical specimen and measuring its angle of twist. The torque applied by the
specimen is proportional to its angle of twist, according to Hooke’s law: T = JG(θ/L)
3) Oscillation experiment: This experiment involves setting a spring-mass system into
oscillatory motion and measuring its period and frequency. The period of oscillation is
the time it takes for one complete cycle of motion, and the frequency is the number of
cycles per second.
4) Fatigue test experiment: This experiment involves subjecting a specimen to repeated
cycles of twisting and untwisting until it fails or reaches a specified number of cycles.

APPLICATIONS
1) Automotive industry: Torsion testing is used to test the torsional strength and fatigue
life of drive shafts, camshafts, crankshafts, gears, clutches, and other parts that
experience complex combined loading in vehicles.
2) Aerospace industry: Torsion testing is used to test the stability and accuracy of
satellite systems, which use springs to deploy and retract the solar panels and
antennas.
3) Medical industry: Torsion testing is used to test the functionality and
biocompatibility of medical devices such as bone screws, Luer lock connections, pen
injectors, and syringe components.
4) Construction industry: Torsion testing is used to test the stability and longevity of
bolts, fasteners, reinforcement bars, concrete, steel, and other materials and structures
that are used to build bridges, buildings, dams, and other infrastructures that are
subjected to torsional loading.

SHEARING FORCE & BENDING MOMENT APPARATUS

OBJECTIVE
A device that can be used to demonstrate and
measure the shear force and bending moment
at any cross-section of a beam under
different loading conditions.

EXPERIMENTS
1) Determine reactions at supports: Determine reaction at supports of simply
supported, cantilever, and overhanging beams.
2) Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams for Simply Supporte d
Beam: Plot shear force and bending moment diagrams for a simply supported
beam under various loading conditions.
3) Cantilever Beam with Couple Moment: Effect of Point Load on Shear Force
and Bending Moment: Study the effect of adding a concentrated point load on
shear force and bending moment diagrams.
 4) Cantilever Beam with UDL Partially Overlapping the Free End: Analyze a
cantilever beam with a portion of the span subjected to a UDL, and determine the
shear force and bending moment diagrams.
5) Cantilever Beam with Couple Moment: Analyze the effect of a couple moment
applied to a cantilever beam and observe changes in shear force and bending
moment diagrams.

APPLICATIONS
1) Structural analysis and design: This apparatus can help engineers to verify
the theoretical calculations of shear force and bending moment diagrams for
various types of beams and loads, which are essential for designing and
testing the strength and stiffness of beams for various engineering
applications, such as bridges, buildings, cranes.
2) Material testing: This apparatus can also be used to observe the failure
modes of beams under different types of loads, such as shear failure, flexural
failure, or buckling failure, and to study the relationship between shear force,
bending moment, and deflection of beams.
3) Engineering education: This apparatus is often used in mechanical
engineering laboratories to teach students the concepts of shear force, bending
moment, and their diagrams for various types of beams and loads.

COMBINED BENDING & TORSION APPARATUS

OBJECTIVE
The objective of combined bending and
torsion apparatus is to investigate the
stresses and strains that occur in the
wall of a cylindrical specimen when it
is subjected to both bending and torsion simultaneously.

Experiments
1) Determination of elastic failure: of a specimen subjected to several ratios of
bending and torsion simultaneously .
 2) Drawing the shear force and bending moment diagrams: for a specimen
subjected to combined bending and torsion .
3) Determination of torsional stiffness and modulus of rigidity : of a specimen
subjected to pure torsion. The experiment involves applying a known torque at
one end of a circular specimen made from round bar.
4) Drawing the shear force and bending moment diagrams: for a specimen
subjected to combined bending and torsion. The experiment involves applying a
known load at a specific position on a circular loading plate that is attached to a
necked specimen made from round bar.

APPLICATIONS
1) To determine elastic failure of a specimen subjected to several ratios of bending
and torsion simultaneously and to compare the results with the established
theories of failure, such as maximum shear stress theory, maximum normal stress
theory, maximum strain energy theory, etc.
2) To draw the shear force and bending moment diagrams for a specimen
subjected to combined bending and torsion and to verify the theoretical
calculations of shear force and bending moment for various types of beams and
loads.
3) To determine torsional stiffness and modulus of rigidity of a specimen
subjected to pure torsion and to study the relationship between torque, angle of
twist, length, and polar moment of inertia.

HARDNESS TESTING APPARATUS

OBJECTIVE
The objective of hardness testing apparatus
is to measure the resistance of a material to
deformation by applying a force on its surface.

EXPERIMENTS
1) Experiment Six (6) Hardness Testing: This experiment involves the study and
evaluation of surface hardness of different materials using micro-hardness testing
equipment, Vickers’s methods.
2) PRACTICAL HARDNESS TESTING MADE SIMPLE: This booklet intends to stress
the significance of Hardness Testing and to dispel a few common misconceptions
attributing to it inappropriate meanings and implications.
 3) Experiment: Mechanical Testing- Impact & Hardness Testing: This experiment
involves testing the impact and hardness of materials. The apparatus required for this
experiment includes a Charpy impact testing machine, a Rockwell hardness tester, a
Brinell hardness tester, and a Vickers hardness tester.

APPLICATIONS
1) Material comparison and selection: Hardness testing can help to determine the
suitability of a material for a specific purpose, such as cutting, grinding, or shock
absorption.
2) Quality control of manufacturing or hardening processes: Hardness testing can
help to monitor and verify the quality of a material during or after production.
3) Bench Top Tensile Testing Machine: This experiment involves testing the tensile
properties of different metals, such as upper and lower yield strengths, tensile strength
and overall extension.

BENCH TOP TENSILE TESTING MACHINE

OBJECTIVE
The objective of a bench top tensile testing machine

is to perform simple tensile tests on metal specimens

up to a maximum load of 20 kN.

EXPERIMENTS
1) Bench Top Tensile Testing Machine: This experiment involves testing the tensile
properties of different metals, such as upper and lower yield strengths, tensile strength
and overall extension.
2) Materials Testing and Properties: This experiment module includes various tests such
as Brinell Indenter, Coil Spring, Beam and Leaf Spring, Cupping Test, Double Shear
Test, and Disc Springs.
3) Experiment One (1) Tensile Stress Testing: This experiment involves applying a
tensile force to a test specimen until the specimen is pulled to failure.
4) Tensile and Universal Testing Machines: This experiment involves testing the tensile
and compressive properties of different materials using different types of testing
 machines, such as bench top tensile testing machine, Brinell hardness test set, universal
testing machine, and torsion testing machine.

APPLICATIONS
1) To identify material behavior under load: By testing the tensile properties of the
material samples under different loading conditions, such as tension, compression,
bending, shear, etc.
2) Comparison of properties of new materials or processes: By testing the tensile
properties of the material samples that have undergone new treatments or processes, such
as heat treatment, annealing, quenching, etc.
3) Material selection for engineering applications: By testing the tensile strength,
elongation, modulus, yield strength, and other characteristics of different materials,
engineers can choose the most suitable material for their design and purpose.
4) Material quality assurance: By testing the tensile properties of the material samples
before or after production, manufacturers can ensure the quality and consistency of their
products and avoid defects or failures.

UNIVERSAL TESTING MACHINE

OBJECTIVE
To test the mechanical properties of materials, components,

and products by applying a controlled force or stress and

measuring the resulting deformation or response.

EXPERIMENTS
1) Tensile test: This experiment involves applying a tensile force to a test specimen until
the specimen is pulled to failure.
2) Compression test: This experiment involves applying a compressive force to a test
specimen until the specimen is crushed or fractured.
3) Adhesion test: This experiment involves measuring the force required to separate two
bonded surfaces or layers of a material.
4) Pull-out test: This experiment involves measuring the force required to pull out a
fastener or an embedded element from a material.
5) Bending test: This experiment involves applying a bending force to a test specimen until
the specimen is bent or broken.

APPLICATIONS
 1) Materials science: UTMs are used to evaluate the mechanical properties of materials,
including strength, ductility, and elasticity.
2) Quality control: UTMs are used to test the quality and consistency of products and
components, ensuring they meet specified standards and regulations.
3) Research and development: UTMs are used in research and development to test new
materials and designs, and to understand the behavior of materials under different
conditions.
4) Manufacturing: UTMs are used in production settings to test the strength and durability
of products and components, ensuring they are safe and reliable.

THIN WALLED CYLINDER

OBJECTIVE
To investigate the stresses and strains that occur

in the wall of a thin cylinder when it is subjected

to internal pressure.

EXPERIMENTS
1) VESSEL EXPERIMENT: This experiment involves testing the performance of a thin-
walled pressure vessel in orbit.
2) Thin-Walled Circular Cylinders: This experiment involves analyzing the stress and
deformation of thin-walled circular cylinders under internal and external pressure, axial
force, bending moment, and torsion.
3) Thin-Walled Circular Cylinders Under Internal and External Pressure : This
experiment involves deriving the analytical solutions for the stress and deformation of
thin-walled circular cylinders under internal and external pressure.

APPLICATIONS
1) Boiler shells, pressure tanks, and pipes: Thin-walled cylinders can withstand internal
or external pressure and prevent leakage or rupture of fluids or gases.
2) Aerospace and automotive components: Thin-walled cylinders can reduce the weight
and increase the strength of structures such as rocket casings, fuel tanks, and engine
cylinders.
3) Biological systems: Thin-walled cylinders can model the behavior of cellular organisms,
arteries, and blood vessels under pressure and stress.
4) Industrial containers: Thin-walled cylinders can store and transport liquids and gases in
large-scale applications such as oil and gas pipelines, water tanks, and chemical reactors.
THICK WALLED CYLINDER

OBJECTIVE
To investigate the stresses and strains that occur

in the wall of a thick cylinder when it is subjected

to internal or external pressure.

EXPERIMENTS
1) STRESS ANALYSIS OF THICK WALLED CYLINDER: This experiment involves
analyzing the stress distribution in thick-walled cylinders under internal pressure using
analytical and numerical methods.
2) Collapse of thick-walled cylinders under external pressure: This experiment involves
testing the performance of thick-walled cylinders under external pressure and comparing
the results with finite-element predictions.
3) Thick-Walled Cylinder: This experiment involves understanding the characteristics of a
thick-walled cylindrical pressure vessel due to application of load. The experiment also
involves performing a detailed study of a uniaxial load case and a bi-axial load case on
the thick wall cylinder.

APPLICATIONS
1) High pressure reactor vessels: Thick-walled cylinders can withstand high internal
pressure and temperature, and prevent leakage or rupture of fluids or gases.
2) Air compressor units: Thick-walled cylinders can store and compress air or other gases
for various purposes, such as pneumatic tools, refrigeration, or power generation.
3) Hydraulic tanks: Thick-walled cylinders can store and transmit hydraulic fluid under
pressure for various applications, such as hydraulic brakes, lifts, or presses.
4) Storage for gases: Thick-walled cylinders can safely store and transport gases such as
butane, LPG, oxygen, or hydrogen.