การแยกตัวประกอบพหุนาม...

13

การแยกตัวประกอบพหุนามดีกรีสองโดยทาให้อยู่ในรูปกาลังสองสมบูรณ์
จากที่นักเรียนเคยเรียนมาแล้ว พหุนามที่เป็นกาลังสองสมบูรณ์จะอยู่ในรูป a2 + 2ab + b2
หรือ a2 - 2ab + b2 ซึ่งเราสามารถแยกตัวประกอบได้ดังนี้
a2 + 2ab + b2 = (a + b)2
a2 + 2ab + b2 = (a - b)2
เราจะเอาความรู้ข้างต้นมาใช้ในการแยกตัวประกอบพหุนามที่ไม่ได้อยู่ในรูปกาลังสองสมบูรณ์

ตัวอย่างที่ 1 จงแยกตัวประกอบ x2 + 6x + 1
วิธีทา x2 + 6x + 1 = ………………………………………………..……………………
จากหลักของสมการกาลังสองสมบูรณ์ หน้า2 + 2หน้า.หลัง + หลัง2
x2 + 6x + 1 = ………………………………………………………………………
= ………………………………………………………………………
= ………………………………………………………………………

ตัวอย่างที่ 2 จงแยกตัวประกอบ x2 + 14x + 48

วิธีทา x2 + 14x + 48 = ………………………………………………..……………………
จากหลักของสมการกาลังสองสมบูรณ์ หน้า2 + 2หน้า.หลัง + หลัง2
x2 + 14x + 48 = ………………………………………………………………………
= ………………………………………………………………………
= ………………………………………………………………………
นักเรียนจะพบว่าคาตอบอยู่ในรูปของ A2 – B2 (ผลต่างกาลังสอง)ซึ่ง A2 – B2 = (A - B) (A + B)
นั่นคือ ( x + 7 )2 – 1 = ………………………………………………………………………
= ………………………………………………………………………
= ………………………………………………………………………
สรุป x2 + 14x + 48 = ………………………………………………………………………

ตัวอย่างที่ 3 จงแยกตัวประกอบ x2 + 20x + 96

วิธีทา x2 + 20x + 96 = ………………………………………………..……………………
จากหลักของสมการกาลังสองสมบูรณ์ หน้า2 + 2หน้า.หลัง + หลัง2
x2 + 20x + 96 = ………………………………………………………………………
= ………………………………………………………………………
= ………………………………………………………………………
นักเรียนจะพบว่าคาตอบอยู่ในรูปของ A2 – B2 (ผลต่างกาลังสอง)ซึ่ง A2 – B2 = (A - B) (A + B)
 การแยกตัวประกอบพหุนาม...14

นั่นคือ ( x + 10 )2 – 4 = ………………………………………………………………………
= ………………………………………………………………………
= ………………………………………………………………………
สรุป x2 + 20x + 96 = ………………………………………………………………………

ตัวอย่างที่ 4 จงแยกตัวประกอบ x2 + 6x - 72
วิธีทา x2 + 6x - 72 = ………………………………………………..……………………
จากหลักของสมการกาลังสองสมบูรณ์ หน้า2 + 2หน้า.หลัง + หลัง2
x2 + 6x - 72 = ………………………………………………………………………
= ………………………………………………………………………
= ………………………………………………………………………
นักเรียนจะพบว่าคาตอบอยู่ในรูปของ A2 – B2 (ผลต่างกาลังสอง)ซึ่ง A2 – B2 = (A - B) (A + B)
นั่นคือ …………………………. = ………………………………………………………………………
= ………………………………………………………………………
= ………………………………………………………………………
สรุป x2 + 6x - 72 = ………………………………………………………………………

ตัวอย่างที่ 5 จงแยกตัวประกอบ x2 + x - 3
วิธีทา x2 + x - 3 = ………………………………………………..……………………
จากหลักของสมการกาลังสองสมบูรณ์ หน้า + 2หน้า.หลัง + หลัง2
2

x2 + x - 3 = ………………………………………………………………………
= ………………………………………………………………………
= ………………………………………………………………………
นักเรียนจะพบว่าคาตอบอยู่ในรูปของ A2 – B2 (ผลต่างกาลังสอง)ซึ่ง A2 – B2 = (A - B) (A + B)
นั่นคือ ……………………… = ………………………………………………………………………
= ………………………………………………………………………
= ………………………………………………………………………
สรุป x2 + x - 3 = ………………………………………………………………………
 การแยกตัวประกอบพหุนาม...15

แบบฝึกทักษะ
1. จงแยกตัวประกอบ x2 + 6x + 5
วิธีทา x2 + 6x + 5 = ………………………………………………..……………………
= ………………………………………………………………………
= ………………………………………………………………………
= ………………………………………………………………………
= ………………………………………………………………………
สรุป x2 + 6x + 5 = ………………………………………………………………………

2. จงแยกตัวประกอบ x2 + 10x + 12
วิธีทา x2 + 10x + 12 = ………………………………………………..……………………
= ………………………………………………………………………
= ………………………………………………………………………
= ………………………………………………………………………
= ………………………………………………………………………
สรุป x2 + 10x + 12 = ………………………………………………………………………

3. จงแยกตัวประกอบ x2 + 10x - 12
วิธีทา x2 + 10x - 12 = ………………………………………………..……………………
= ………………………………………………………………………
= ………………………………………………………………………
= ………………………………………………………………………
= ………………………………………………………………………
สรุป x2 + 10x - 12 = ………………………………………………………………………
4. จงแยกตัวประกอบ x2 - 7x - 1
วิธีทา x2 - 7x - 1 = ………………………………………………..……………………
= ………………………………………………………………………
= ………………………………………………………………………
= ………………………………………………………………………
= ………………………………………………………………………
สรุป x2 - 7x - 1 = ………………………………………………………………………
 การแยกตัวประกอบพหุนาม...16

5. จงแยกตัวประกอบ x2 - 2x - 2
วิธีทา x2 - 2x - 2 = ………………………………………………..……………………
= ………………………………………………………………………
= ………………………………………………………………………
= ………………………………………………………………………
= ………………………………………………………………………
สรุป x2 - 2x - 2 = ………………………………………………………………………

6. จงแยกตัวประกอบ x2 - 6x + 7
วิธีทา x2 - 6x + 7 = ………………………………………………..……………………
= ………………………………………………………………………
= ………………………………………………………………………
= ………………………………………………………………………
= ………………………………………………………………………

สรุป x2 - 6x + 7 = ………………………………………………………………………
7. จงแยกตัวประกอบ x2 - 5x + 3
วิธีทา x2 - 5x + 3 = ………………………………………………..……………………
= ………………………………………………………………………
= ………………………………………………………………………
= ………………………………………………………………………
= ………………………………………………………………………
สรุป x2 - 5x + 3 = ………………………………………………………………………

8. จงแยกตัวประกอบ x2 - 6x - 72
วิธีทา x2 - 6x - 72 = ………………………………………………..……………………
= ………………………………………………………………………
= ………………………………………………………………………
= ………………………………………………………………………
= ………………………………………………………………………
สรุป x2 - 6x - 72 = ………………………………………………………………………
 การแยกตัวประกอบพหุนาม...17

10. จงแยกตัวประกอบ x2 + 4x - 7
วิธีทา x2 + 4x - 7 = ………………………………………………..……………………
= ………………………………………………………………………
= ………………………………………………………………………
= ………………………………………………………………………
= ………………………………………………………………………
สรุป x2 + 4x - 7 = ………………………………………………………………………

11. จงแยกตัวประกอบ 2x2 - 5x - 3

วิธีทา 2x2 - 5x - 3 = ………………………………………………..……………………
= ………………………………………………………………………
= ………………………………………………………………………
= ………………………………………………………………………
= ………………………………………………………………………

สรุป 2x2 - 5x - 3 = ………………………………………………………………………

12. จงแยกตัวประกอบ 5x2 - 2x - 1
วิธีทา 5x2 - 2x - 1 = ………………………………………………..……………………
= ………………………………………………………………………
= ………………………………………………………………………
= ………………………………………………………………………
= ………………………………………………………………………
สรุป 5x2 - 2x - 1 = ………………………………………………………………………

13. จงแยกตัวประกอบ 2x2 + 8x + 5

วิธีทา 2x2 + 8x + 5 = ………………………………………………..……………………
= ………………………………………………………………………
= ………………………………………………………………………
= ………………………………………………………………………
= ………………………………………………………………………
สรุป 2x2 + 8x + 5 = ………………………………………………………………………
 การแยกตัวประกอบพหุนาม...18

14. จงแยกตัวประกอบ -2x2 + 3x + 1

วิธีทา -2x2 + 3x + 1 = ………………………………………………..……………………
= ………………………………………………………………………
= ………………………………………………………………………
= ………………………………………………………………………
= ………………………………………………………………………
สรุป -2x2 + 3x + 1 = ………………………………………………………………………

15. จงแยกตัวประกอบ -x2 + x + 3

วิธีทา -x2 + x + 3 = ………………………………………………..……………………
= ………………………………………………………………………
= ………………………………………………………………………
= ………………………………………………………………………
= ………………………………………………………………………

สรุป -x2 + x + 3 = ………………………………………………………………………

16. จงแยกตัวประกอบ 3x2 + 11x + 6
วิธีทา 3x2 + 11x + 6 = ………………………………………………..……………………
= ………………………………………………………………………
= ………………………………………………………………………
= ………………………………………………………………………
= ………………………………………………………………………
สรุป 3x2 + 11x + 6 = ………………………………………………………………………

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 การแยกตัวประกอบพหุนาม...19

โจทย์ปัญหาการแยกตัวประกอบพหุนาม
โดย..คุณครุวุฒิพงษ์ ประทุมมา
1. การแยกโดยการดึงตัวร่วม
1. 12 y 2 z 20 yz = ………………………………………………………
2. 10x 4 = ………………………………………………………
3. 5 y 2 20 y = ………………………………………………………
4. x 2 13x = ………………………………………………………
5. 21x 3 y 2 28x 2 y 3 = ………………………………………………………
6. 24 x 4 z 2 18x 3 z 3 = ………………………………………………………
7. 2x 2 6 = ………………………………………………………
8. 6a 2 8a = ………………………………………………………
9. 6 x 2 y 2 xy 2 = ………………………………………………………
10. 10 x 2 6x = ………………………………………………………
11. 5a 3 10a 2 5 = ………………………………………………………
12. 2a 3 2ab = ………………………………………………………
13. a4 2a 2b a 2b 2 = ………………………………………………………
14. 2a 2 2ab 2 8a = ………………………………………………………
15. ax y bx y = ………………………………………………………
16. 4a b 5x a b = ………………………………………………………
17. xc d c d = ………………………………………………………
18. ab 2ac bc 2c 2 = ………………………………………………………
19. 5x 2 z 3 y 5 yz 3x 2 = ………………………………………………………
20. mr 2 3mp 15np 5nr 2 = ………………………………………………………
21. ax by bx ay = ………………………………………………………
22. 5a 10x ab 2bx = ………………………………………………………
23. na 3b nb 3a = ………………………………………………………
24. xy st xt sy = ………………………………………………………
25. n 2 m n 2 p 8m 8 p = ………………………………………………………
 การแยกตัวประกอบพหุนาม...20

2.การแยกตัวประกอบพหุนาม(ไม่มีสัมประสิทธิ์)
Ex x2 4 x 3x 12 ………………………………………………………
Ex m2 5m 2m 10 ………………………………………………………
Ex m2 10m 24 ………………………………………………………
Ex y 2 14 y 24 ………………………………………………………
Ex x2 23x 132 ………………………………………………………
Ex y 2 7 y 10 ………………………………………………………
Ex x2 5x 6 ………………………………………………………
Ex x2 x 110 ………………………………………………………
Ex x2 5x 24 ………………………………………………………
Ex x2 x 56 ………………………………………………………
แบบฝึกหัด
1. x2 10 x 25 ………………………………………………………
2. x2 12 x 35 ………………………………………………………
3. x2 23x 22 ………………………………………………………
4. x2 23x 132 ………………………………………………………
5. x2 32 x 207 ………………………………………………………
6. x2 4x 3 ………………………………………………………
7. x2 8x 16 ………………………………………………………
8. x2 15x 54 ………………………………………………………
9. x2 15x 26 ………………………………………………………
10. x2 4x 4 ………………………………………………………
11. x2 7 x 12 ………………………………………………………
12. x2 6x 8 ………………………………………………………
13. x2 5x 4 ………………………………………………………
14. x2 7 x 10 ………………………………………………………
15. x2 9x 20 ………………………………………………………
16. 132 23x x 2 =………………………………………………………

17. x2 2 x 63 ………………………………………………………
18. x2 4x 5 ………………………………………………………
 การแยกตัวประกอบพหุนาม...21

19. x2 4x 8 ………………………………………………………
20. x2 9x 22 ………………………………………………………
21. x2 3x 10 ………………………………………………………
22. x2 9x 22 ………………………………………………………
23. x2 4 x 221 ………………………………………………………
24. x2 7 x 78 ………………………………………………………
25. x 2 22 xy 75 y 2 ………………………………………………………
26. x 2 3xy 54 y 2 ………………………………………………………
27. x2 3x 88 ………………………………………………………
28. x2 10 x 39 ………………………………………………………
29. x2 x 42 ………………………………………………………
30. x2 2 x 195 ………………………………………………………
3.การแยกตัวประกอบพหุนาม(มีสัมประสิทธิ์)
1. 3x 2 8x 4 ………………………………………………………
2. 5x 2 16 x 3 ………………………………………………………
3. 30 x 2 31x 5 ………………………………………………………
4. 2x 2 7x 6 ………………………………………………………
5. 10 x 2 50 x 60 ………………………………………………………
6. 4x 2 12 x 9 ………………………………………………………
7. 9x 2 12 x 4 ………………………………………………………
8. 25x 2 40 x 16 ………………………………………………………
9. 144 x 2 120 x 25 ………………………………………………………
10. 5x 2 11xy 2 y 2 ………………………………………………………
11. 8x 2 22 xy 15 y 2 ………………………………………………………
12. 2x 2 3x 1 ………………………………………………………
13. 3x 2 7x 2 ………………………………………………………
14. 4x 2 37 x 63 ………………………………………………………
15. 121x 2 44 x 4 ………………………………………………………
16. 3x 2 8x 5 ………………………………………………………
17. 30 x 2 70 x 20 ………………………………………………………
 การแยกตัวประกอบพหุนาม...22

18. ax 2 3a 2 2a 3 ………………………………………………………
19. 4x 2 12 x 9 ………………………………………………………
20. 16x 2 8x 1 ………………………………………………………
21. 25x 2 70 x 49 ………………………………………………………
22. 100x 2 20 x 1 ………………………………………………………
23. 15x 2 11x 2 ………………………………………………………
24. 2x 2 17 x 8 ………………………………………………………
25. 15x 2 77 x 10 ………………………………………………………
5.การแยกfactor(ดีกรี2ที่เป็นกาลังสองสมบูรณ์)
การแยกfactor ดีกรี 2 ที่เป็นกาลังสองสมบูรณ์
2
A2 2 AB B2 A B
สูตร 2
A2 2 AB B2 A B
ตัวอย่าง
1. x2 4x 4 ………………………………………………………
2. x2 2ax a 2 ………………………………………………………
3. x2 12 x 36 ………………………………………………………
4. x2 12 x 36 ………………………………………………………
5. x2 60 x 900 ………………………………………………………
6. 36 x 2 84 x 49 ………………………………………………………
7. 9x 2 24 x 16 ………………………………………………………
ฝึกคิดหัดทา
1. x2 8x 16 ………………………………………………………
2. x2 22 x 121 ………………………………………………………
3. x2 40 x 400 ………………………………………………………
4. x2 18x 81 ………………………………………………………
5. x2 20 x 100 ………………………………………………………
6. x2 12 x 36 ………………………………………………………
7. x 2 66x 1,089 ………………………………………………………
8. x 2 2xy y 2 ………………………………………………………
 การแยกตัวประกอบพหุนาม...23

9. 25x 2 20 x 4 ………………………………………………………
10. 4x 2 4x 1 ………………………………………………………
11. 64x 2 240xyx 225 y 2 ………………………………………………………
12. 121 154 x 49 x 2 ………………………………………………………
13. 25 y 2 40 y 16 ………………………………………………………
14. 36 x 2 60 x 25 ………………………………………………………
15. 900 x 2 780 x 169 ………………………………………………………

แยกเป็ นสองวงเล็บ
1) x 2 3x 2 x 1 ............ 2) x2 5x 6 ............ ............

3) x 2 10 x 16 ........... ............ 4) x2 9 x 14 ............ ............

5) x2 4x 3 ............ ............ 6) x 2 9 x 20 ............ ............

7) x2 7 x 10 ........... ............ 8) x2 9 x 18 ............ ............

9) x 2 3x 4 ............ ............ 10) x 2 3x 4 ............ ............

11) x2 7 x 18 ........... ............ 12) x2 x 20 ............ ............

13) x2 x 20 ............ ............ 14) x2 2x 8 ............ ............

15) x2 8x 20 ........... ............ 16) x2 2 x 24 ............ ............

17) x2 x 12 ............ ............ 18) x2 x 12 ............ ............

19) x2 x 42 ........... ............ 20) x 2 3x 40 ............ ............

21) x2 4 x 45 ............ ............ 22)

x2 2 x 63 ............ ............

23) x2 4 x 21 ............ ............ 24) x2 2 x 35 ............ ............

25) x 2 8x 20 ............ ............ 26) x 2 6 x 16 ............ ............

27) x2 x 30 ............ ............ 28) x2 x 56 ............ ............

 การแยกตัวประกอบพหุนาม...24

29) 2x2 5x 2 2 x 1 ............ 30) 2x2 5x 3 ............ ............

31) 3x2 2x 5 ............ ............ 32) 2x2 5x 3 ............ ............

33) 2x2 x 1 ............ ............ 34) 3x2 4 x 15 ............ ............

35) 4x2 4 x 15 ............ ............ 36) 6x2 13x 15 ............ ............

37) 4x2 8x 3 ............ ............ 38) 6 x2 13x 6 ............ ............

39) 8x2 10 x 3 ............ ............ 40) 12x2 x 6 ............ ............

ความซื่อสัตย์ในความคิดของนักเรียนคือ ?

มีพุทธภาษิตบทหนึ่งกล่าวไว้ว่า
“ สจฺเจน กิตฺตี ปปฺโปติ ”
แปลว่า “ คนเราจะบรรลุถึงเกียรติได้เพราะความสัตย์ ”
 การแยกตัวประกอบพหุนาม...25

การแยกตัวประกอบพหุนามดีกรีสูงกว่าสองทีม่ ีสัมประสิทธิ์เป็นจานวนเต็ม
การแยกตัวประกอบของผลบวกและผลต่างกาลังสาม
พิจารณาผลคูณของพหุนามต่อไปนี้
( x + a )( x2 - ax + a2 ) = ………………………………………………………………………………………………..
= ………………………………………………………………………………………………..
( x - a )( x2 + ax + a2 ) = ………………………………………………………………………………………………..
= ………………………………………………………………………………………………..
นั่นคือ x + a = ( x + a )( x - ax + a2 )
3 3 2

x3 - a3 = ( x - a )( x2 + ax + a2 )
ตัวอย่าง 1. (3a)3 - b3
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
ตัวอย่าง 2. 8x3 - 27
.............................................................................................................................................................................
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ตัวอย่าง 3. 8 + c3
.................................................................................................................................................... .........................
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ตัวอย่าง 4. 2b3 + 2
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จงแสดงวิธีการแยกตัวประกอบพหุนามต่อไปนี้
1. จงแยกตัวประกอบของ 8a3 - 27b3
วิธีทา....................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. ...............................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
 การแยกตัวประกอบพหุนาม...26

2. จงแยกตัวประกอบของ 125x3 + 1
วิธีทา............................................................................................................................. .......................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
3. จงแยกตัวประกอบของ a6 - 1
วิธีทา................................................................................................................................................................... .
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................. ...........
....................................................................................................................... ......................................................
4. จงแยกตัวประกอบของ x3 + (ax - x)3
วิธีทา............................................................................................................................. .......................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
5. จงแยกตัวประกอบของ 250p3 + 2
วิธีทา........................................................................................................................................................ ............
.............................................................................................................................................................................
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6. จงแยกตัวประกอบของ 2x6y9 - 16a12
วิธีทา............................................................................................................................. .......................................
................................................................................................................................................................... ..........
.............................................................................................................................................................................
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7. จงแยกตัวประกอบของ x4 - 8x
วิธีทา............................................................................................................................. .......................................
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 การแยกตัวประกอบพหุนาม...27

8. จงแยกตัวประกอบของ x3 – y3 – x2 + y2
วิธีทา............................................................................................................................. .......................................
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9. จงแยกตัวประกอบของ x4 + x3 – x - 1
วิธีทา............................................................................................................................. .......................................
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10. จงแยกตัวประกอบของ 1 – a3
วิธีทา............................................................................................................................. .......................................
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11. จงแยกตัวประกอบของ x6 - 7x3 - 8
วิธีทา............................................................................................................................. .......................................
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12. จงแยกตัวประกอบของ 125x3y6 – 1
วิธีทา....................................................................................................................................................................
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13. จงแยกตัวประกอบของ 3m4 - 3m
วิธีทา............................................................................................................................. .......................................
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 การแยกตัวประกอบพหุนาม...28

14. จงแยกตัวประกอบของ 27r3t – 125t4

วิธีทา........................................................................................................................................................... .........
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15. จงแยกตัวประกอบของ 216x6 + y6
วิธีทา....................................................................................................................................................................
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16. จงแยกตัวประกอบของ A6 + B6
วิธีทา............................................................................................................................. .......................................
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17. จงแยกตัวประกอบของ x3 – y3 - x2y + xy2
วิธีทา............................................................................................................................. .......................................
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18. จงแยกตัวประกอบของ x3 – 6x2 + 12x - 8

วิธีทา.................................................................................................................................................... ................
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 การแยกตัวประกอบพหุนาม...29

การแยกตัวประกอบพหุนามแบบการใช้การหารสังเคราะห์
ใช้กับพหุนามดีกรีสูงๆ
ง่ายสนุก
ได้ใช้เรื่อยๆ
1. จงแยกตัวประกอบของ x3 – 3x2 - x + 3
วิธีทา............................................................................................................................. .......................................
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2. จงแยกตัวประกอบของ x3 + 3x2 - 9x - 27
วิธีทา............................................................................................................................. .......................................
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3. จงแยกตัวประกอบของ x3 + 4x2 + 5x + 2
วิธีทา............................................................................................................................. .......................................
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4. จงแยกตัวประกอบของ x3 + 4x2 + x - 6
วิธีทา............................................................................................................................. .......................................
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 การแยกตัวประกอบพหุนาม...30

5. จงแยกตัวประกอบของ x3 - 6x2 - 47x - 60

วิธีทา............................................................................................................................. .......................................
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6. จงแยกตัวประกอบของ x3 - 3x2 - x + 3
วิธีทา............................................................................................................................. .......................................
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7. จงแยกตัวประกอบของ x3 + 7x2 + 14x + 8
วิธีทา...................................................................................................................................................... ..............
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8. จงแยกตัวประกอบของ x3 + 2x2 - 4x - 8
วิธีทา............................................................................................................................. .......................................
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9. จงแยกตัวประกอบของ x3 - 8x2 + 19x - 12
วิธีทา............................................................................................................................. .......................................
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 การแยกตัวประกอบพหุนาม...31

10. จงแยกตัวประกอบของ x3 + 2x2 - 16x - 32

วิธีทา....................................................................................................................................................................
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11. จงแยกตัวประกอบของ x3 - 19x - 30
วิธีทา....................................................................................................................................................................
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12. จงแยกตัวประกอบของ x3 + 2x2 - 9x - 18
วิธีทา............................................................................................................................. .......................................
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13. จงแยกตัวประกอบของ 6x3 + 11x2 + 6x + 1
วิธีทา............................................................................................................................. .......................................
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14. จงแยกตัวประกอบของ 4x3 - 8x2 - 7x + 9
วิธีทา............................................................................................................................. .......................................
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 การแยกตัวประกอบพหุนาม...32

15. จงแยกตัวประกอบของ x3 + 4x2 - 11x - 30

วิธีทา............................................................................................................................. .......................................
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16. จงแยกตัวประกอบของ x3 – x2 – x + 1
วิธีทา............................................................................................................................. .......................................
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17. จงแยกตัวประกอบของ x3 - 11x2 + 21x + 45
วิธีทา............................................................................................................................. .......................................
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18. จงแยกตัวประกอบของ 6x3 - x2 - 4x - 1
วิธีทา............................................................................................................................. .......................................
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19. จงแยกตัวประกอบของ x3 + x2 - 17x - 20
วิธีทา............................................................................................................................. .......................................
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 การแยกตัวประกอบพหุนาม...33

การแยกตัวประกอบโดยวิธีกาลังสามสมบูรณ์

(a + b)3 = a3 + 3a2b + 3ab2 + b3

(a - b)3 = a3 - 3a2b + 3ab2 - b3

แบบฝึกทักษะ
1. x3 + 3x2 + 3x+ 1
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2. 8x3 - 12x2y + 6x - 1
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3. 8x3 + 12x2y + 6xy2 + y3
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4. 8x3 + 12x2y + 6x + 1
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5. 8x3 - 6x2 + 3 x – 1
2 8
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 การแยกตัวประกอบพหุนาม...34

6. 2x3 - 6x2 + 6x - 2
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7. 1 - 9x + 27x2 - 27x3
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8. x3 - 2x2y + 4 xy2 - 8 3
y
3 27
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9. 27x3 - 135x2y + 225xy2 - 125y3
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8 x 3 12 x 2 6 x 1
10. จงหาค่าของ
2x 1
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11.จงหาค่าของ (x - 1)3 + 3(x - 1)2 + 3(x - 1) + 1
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 การแยกตัวประกอบพหุนาม...35

(a + b)3 = a3 + 3a2b + 3ab2 + b3

(a - b)3 = a3 - 3a2b + 3ab2 - b3

แบบฝึกทักษะ(2)
1. (x + 1)3
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2. (2x - 1)3
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3. (x + y)3
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4. (2x - y)3
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5. (x - 1/2)3
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6. (a – 3b)3
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 การแยกตัวประกอบพหุนาม...36

7. (6 + a)3
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8. (12 - b)3
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9. (5 + y)3
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10. (a2 – y2)3
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11. (x3 – y3)3
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12. (3a – 3b)3
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 การแยกตัวประกอบพหุนาม...37

13. (1/2a2 + 1/2)3

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14. (1/3x – 1/2y)3
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15. (r2 + 2q)3
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16. (3 - 3 )3
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17. (x - 3 )3
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18. (a – 3b)3
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19. (3r + 1/3)3
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20. (10 – 5y)3
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 การแยกตัวประกอบพหุนาม...38

จากสามเหลี่ยมปาสคาล....เรายังสามารถแยกตัวประกอบของพหุนามที่สมบูรณ์ได้มากมาย

เรียงดีกรี a จากมากไปหาน้อย มีเท่าจานวนสัมประสิทธิ์

เรียงดีกรี b จากน้อยไปหามาก มีเท่าจานวนสัมประสิทธิ์
ซึ่งเราก็สามารถเขียนได้....เช่น
1. ( 2a + 3b )2
=…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
=…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. ( 2a + 3b )3
=…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
=…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. ( 2a + 3b )4
=…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
=…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
4. ( a + b )5
=…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
=…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
5. ( a + b )6
=…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
=…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
6. ( x + y )4
=…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
=…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
7. ( 1/2x + y )5
=…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
=…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
 การแยกตัวประกอบพหุนาม...39

การแยกตัวประกอบพหุนามที่มีสัมประสิทธิ์เป็นจานวนเต็มโดยใช้ทฤษฎีเศษเหลือ
พิจารณาการหารพหุนาม x2 + 2x – 4 ด้วยพหุนาม x – 2
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จากการหารข้างต้น จะได้ว่าเมื่อหารพหุนาม x2 + 2x – 4 ด้วยพหุนาม x – 2 จะได้เศษเท่ากับ ..............
ให้ P(x) แทนพหุนาม x2 + 2x – 4
นั่นคือ P(x) = x2 + 2x – 4 เมื่อแทนค่า x จะได้
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ทฤษฎีบทเศษเหลือ
ถ้าหาร P(x) ด้วยพหุนาม x – a ที่ a เป็นค่าคงตัว แล้วจะได้เศษเหลือเป็น P(a)

ตัวอย่างที่ 1 จงใช้ทฤษฎีบทเศษเหลือหาเศษที่ได้จากการหาร 2x2 – 5x + 6 ด้วย x - 3

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ตัวอย่างที่ 2 จงใช้ทฤษฎีบทเศษเหลือหาเศษที่ได้จากการหาร -5x3 + x - 7 ด้วย x - 4
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 การแยกตัวประกอบพหุนาม...40

ตัวอย่างที่ 3 จงใช้ทฤษฎีบทเศษเหลือหาเศษที่ได้จากการหาร x3 + 4x2 – 11x - 30 ด้วย x - 3

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จากตัวอย่างที่ 3 จะเห็นว่า เมื่อ หาร x3 + 4x2 – 11x - 30 ด้วย x – 3 จะเหลือเศษเท่ากับ 0 แสดงว่า x – 3
หาร x3 + 4x2 – 11x - 30 ได้ลงตัว ดังนั้น x – 3 เป็นตัวประกอบของ x3 + 4x2 – 11x – 30

ถ้านา x – 3 ไปหารโดยวิธีการตั้งหาร จะได้

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จะเห็นว่าถ้านา x - 3 ไปหาร x3 + 4x2 – 11x – 30 จะได้ผลหารเป็น...............................................................
และเหลือเศษเป็น.............................
จากความสัมพันธ์ของตัวตั้ง ตัวหาร ผลหาร และเศษเหลือเป็นดังนี้

ตัวตั้ง = (ตัวหาร)(ผลหาร) + เศษเหลือ

จะได้ว่า x3 + 4x2 – 11x – 30 = …………………………………………………………………………………………………

หรือ x3 + 4x2 – 11x – 30 = …………………………………………………………………………………………………

ลายมือที่ดี..คือลายมือที่ผู้อื่นสามารถอ่านได้
 การแยกตัวประกอบพหุนาม...41

แบบฝึกทักษะ
1)กาหนดให้ P(x) และ a มีค่าในแต่ละข้อต่อไปนี้ ให้นักเรียนหา P(a)
1. P(x) = x3 – x2 + 10x – 8 และ a = 3
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2. P(x) = x3 + 3x2 - 6x – 5 และ a = -4
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3. P(x) = 2x3 - 4x2 - 7x + 1 และ a = 0
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4. P(x) = 3x4+ 5x3 + 9x2 - 6 และ a = -2
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5. P(x) = -x4 - 8x3 + 4x + 12 และ a = 2
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6. P(x) = -2x5 - 9x4 + 19x3 + 51x2 - 89x + 30 และ a = -3
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7. P(x) = 5x3 - 3x2 + 2x – 4 และ a = 1
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3 2
8. จงใช้ทฤษฎีบทเศษเหลือแสดงว่า x + 2 หาร x - 2x - 2x + 12 ลงตัว
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4 2
9. จงใช้ทฤษฎีบทเศษเหลือแสดงว่า x – 4 เป็นตัวประกอบของ x - 23x + 18x + 40
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2)จงหาเศษเหลือที่ได้จากการหารต่อไปนี้
1. x3 + 4x2 - x - 3 หารด้วย x - 4
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2. 5x3 - 3x2 + 7x + 6 หารด้วย x + 2
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3. 2x4 - 5x2 + 6x – 14 หารด้วย x + 3
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4. 2x4 - 2x3 – 5x2 + 3x + 4 หารด้วย x + 1

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5. -2x5 + 4x4 – 3x3 + 8x + 7 หารด้วย x - 1
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6. 4x5 + 3x4 + 2x3 + 9x2 – 29x + 2 หารด้วย x + 2
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3)จงแยกตัวประกอบพหุนามต่อไปนี้ โดยใช้ทฤษฎีเศษเหลือ
1. x3 - 8x2 + 19x - 12
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2. x3 - 2x2 - 2x + 12
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3. x3 - 19x – 30
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4. x3 + 4x2 - 11x + 6
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5. x3 + 2x2 - 16x - 32
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6. x3 – x2 – 11x - 4
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7. x4 + 2x3 – 11x2 – 12x + 36
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8. x4 - 5x3 – 17x2 + 129x - 180

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9. x4– 34x2 + 225
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10. x5– 23x3 - 6x2 + 112x + 96
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4) จงหาค่า k ที่ทาให้พหุนามเป็นไปตามเงื่อนไขในแต่ละข้อต่อไปนี้
1. x – 5 หาร x3- 3x2 + kx – 20 ลงตัว
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2. x + 7 เป็นตัวประกอบของ x4+ 9x3+ 5x2 - kx + 28

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3. x - 6 หาร x3- 8x2 + 19x + k แล้วได้เศษเหลือเป็น 15

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3. x + 3 หาร x3+ x2 - 4x - k แล้วได้เศษเหลือเป็น 0
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แนวข้อสอบการแยกตัวประกอบ
จงแสดงวิธีคิด.......โดยใช้วิธีแยกตัวประกอบแบบใดก็ได้
1. จงแยกตัวประกอบพหุนามของ ad – 5c – 3bd + 15bc
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2. จงแยกตัวประกอบพหุนามของ a2 – 2b – 5a3 + 10ab
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3. จงแยกตัวประกอบพหุนามของ 12a4 – 2bc + 4a3c – 6ab
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4. จงแยกตัวประกอบพหุนามของ 3p – 4px – 3q + 4qx + 3 – 4x
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5. จงแยกตัวประกอบพหุนามของ (x – 2) 2 - 5
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6. จงแยกตัวประกอบพหุนามของ 16a4 – 81b4
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