Khairuls Primary Teacher Recruitment Guide

LvBiæjÕm cÖv_wgK wkÿK wb‡qvM mnvwqKv evsjv fvlv # 68
c`
 ev‡K¨ eëüZ wefw³hy³ kã I avZz‡K c` e‡j| [11Zg I 20Zg wewmGm]
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. ‡Kvb¸‡jv we‡kl¨ c‡ì D`vniY? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix 07. Ômy›ì gvÎB GKUv AvKl©Y kw³ Av‡Q|Õ ev‡K¨ my›ì
wkÿK (XvKv wefvM) : 02] kãwU †Kvb c`? (cÖv. we`¨v. mn. wkÿK- 2019)
K. meyR gvV, Kv‡jv †gN K. we‡kl¨ L. we‡klY
L. UmU‡m dj, ZKZ‡K †g‡S M. me©bvg N. Ae¨q
M. Avgiv, †Zvgiv e¨vL¨v : GLv‡b Ômy›ìÕ kãwU we‡klY g‡b n‡jI GB
N. Avie mvMi, wek^bex DËi : N ev‡K Zv we‡kl¨ wn‡m‡e eëüZ n‡q‡Q|
02. Kqb (‡kvqvi KvR), Mgb (hvIqvi KvR) wK evPK 08. PvDj, wPwb, cvwb G¸‡jv Kx evPK we‡kl¨? [cÖv_wgK
we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2019]
we‡kl¨? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 95]
K. e¯‘evPK L. mgwóevPK
K. ¸YevPK L. fveevPK M. e¨w³evPK N. RvwZevPK DËi : K
M. `ªeëvPK N. msL¨vevPK DËi : L e¨vL¨v : e¯‘evPK we‡kl¨ - PvDj, wPwb, cvwb BZ¨vw`:
03. wbkx_ iv‡Z ev‡R evuwk- ev‡K¨ Ôwbkx_Õ †Kvb c`? mgwóevPK we‡kl¨- ‣mwbK, cywjk BZ¨vw`, e¨w³evPK
[cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 93] we‡kl¨ - iweevi, Rvbyqvwi, XvKv BZ¨vw`, RvwZevPK
K. ZvovZvwo co L. Lye my›ì eB we‡kl¨- Kwe, cvwL, Wv³vi, wkÿK, ivRv BZ¨vw`|
M. Kv‡jv gyL N. my›ì wkï DËi : K 09. Ô†gNjvÕ wK ai‡Yi kã? [m. cÖv. we`¨v. mn. wkÿK- 2019]
04. Ôm~h© DV‡j Avuavi `~ixf~Z nqÕ - GLv‡b ÔDV‡jÕ †Kvb K. we‡kl¨ L. we‡klY
wµqv c`? [m. cÖv. mn. wkÿK- 2019] M. we‡k‡lï we‡klY N. wµqv we‡klY DËi : L
K. cÖ‡hvR¨ L. AmgvwcKv e¨vL¨v : GLv‡b Ô†gNjvÕ kãwU Øviv AvKv‡ki Ae¯’v
M. cÖ‡hvRK N. mgvwcKv DËi : L †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q| Avgiv Rvwb †Kvb wKQzi †`vl, ¸Y,
e¨vL¨v : †h wµqvi Øviv evK¨ Amgvß †_‡K hvq Zv‡K Ae¯’v, cwigvb BZ¨vw` †evSv‡Z we‡klY c` nq| ZvB
AmgvwcKv wµqv e‡j| †hgb- m~h© DV‡j Avuavi `~ixf~Z GLv‡b Ô†gNjvÕ n‡”Q we‡klY|
nq| GLv‡b ÔDV‡jÕ Øviv evK¨ Am¤ú~Y© †_‡K hvq| 10. Ô†jvKwU `wi`ª wKš‘ mrÕ – G ev‡K¨ ÔwKš‘Õ n‡jv-
05. Avwg, Zzwg I †m- [m. cÖv. we`¨v. mn. wkÿK- 2019] [m.cÖv.mn.wkÿK- 2019]
K. mevB L. Avgiv K. ms‡KvPK Ae¨q L. ms‡hvRK Ae¨q

M. Avgv‡ì N. mK‡j DËi : L M. Abš^qx Ae¨q N. AbyKvi Ae¨q DËi : K
e¨vL¨v : wbZ¨ mgv‡mi †ÿ‡Î mgm¨gvb c‡ì me¸‡jv e¨vL¨v : ms‡KvPK Ae¨q `ywU ev‡Kï g‡a¨ fv‡ei
c`B mgvme× _v‡K| †hgbt Ab¨MÖvg = MÖvgvšÍi, †Kej ms‡KvP mvab K‡i| †hgvb: wKš‘, eis, A_P G kã¸‡jv
`k©b = `k©bgvÎ, Ab¨ MÖn = M„nvšÍi, Kvj (hg) Zzj¨ ms‡KvPK Ae¨q|
mvc = Kvjmvc 11. ÔPviUv evR‡j ¯‥zj QzwU n‡eÕ --- ev‡K¨ ÔevR‡jÕ wK A‡_©
Zzwg Avwg I †m = Avgiv, `yB Ges beŸB = weivbeŸB eëüZ n‡q‡Q? [m. cÖv. mn. wkÿK- 2019]
BZ¨vw`| K. m¤¢ve¨Zv L. Avek¨KZv
M. KviY N. B”Qv DËi : L
06. ÔAvwgÕ, ÔAvgivÕ -G¸‡jv †Kvb me©bvg c`? [cÖv_wgK mnKvix
wkÿK wb‡qvM cixÿv- 2019]
e¨vL¨v : †h wµqvc` Øviv ev‡KÏ cwimgvwß N‡U bv,
e³vi K_v Am¤ú~Y© †_‡K hvq Zv‡K AmgvwcKv wµqv
K. e¨wZnvwiK L. mvKzjëvPK
M. AvZ¥evPK N. e¨w³evPK DËi : N e‡j| GLv‡b ÔevR‡jÕ AmgvwcKv wµqv|
e¨vL¨v : e¨w³evPK me©bvg c` - Avwg, Avgiv, Zzwg, 12. Ôme©RbÕ - Gi we‡klY wK? [m. cÖv. mn. wkÿK- 2019]
†m, Zvnviv, wZwb, Zvuiv BZ¨vw`; e¨wZnvwiK me©bvg K. wekRb L. me©Rbxb
c`- Avcbv Avcwb, ci¯úi BZ¨vw`; mvKzjëvPK me©bvg M. Hk^wiK N. wek^Rbxb DËi : L
c`- me, mKj, mgy`q, Zver BZ¨vw`; AvZ¥evPK e¨vL¨v : K‡qKwU k‡ãi we‡kl¨ †_‡K we‡klY n‡”Q:
me©bvg c`- ¯^qs, wb‡R, †Lv`, Avcwb BZ¨vw` me©Rb -me©Rbxb, †kvK-†kvKvZ© BZ¨vw`
13. Zvi nv‡Zi †jLv Lye fv‡jv-- GLv‡b Lye Kx c`? [m. cÖv. e¨vL¨v: evsjv fvlvq ms‡hvMÁvcK me©bvg n‡jv- †h,
mn. wkÿK- 2019] whwb, hvuiv, hvnviv BZ¨vw`| mvKjëvPK me©bvg- Zver|
K. wµqv L. we‡kl¨ 18. ‡Kvb kãwU we‡kl¨? [cÖv_wgK we`¨ mn. wkÿK (Lyjbv wefvM) : 03]
M. Ae¨q N. we‡klY DËi : N K. PÂj L. PZzi
e¨vL¨v : †h c` ev‡K¨ eëüZ we‡kl¨, me©bvg ev M. PvjvK N. PvZzh© DËi : N
wµqc‡ì †`vl, ¸Y, Ae¯’v, cwigvY †evSvq Zv‡K 19. ÔAeÁvZÕ we‡klYwUi we‡kl¨ wb‡`©k Kiæb| [cÖv_wgK
we‡klY e‡j| GLv‡b ÔLyeÕ n‡”Q we‡klY| we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (Lyjbv wefvM) : 05]
14. Ôevwo wM‡q Zv‡K cvIqv hvqwbÕ - G ev‡K¨ ÔwM‡qÕ †Kvb K. AÁvZ L. Ae‡½I
wµqv? [m. cÖv. mn. wkÿK- 2019] M. AÁvb N. AeÁv DËi : N
20. ‡Kvb kãwU we‡klY c`? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK: 94]
K. AmgvwcKv L. mgvwcKv K. Rxeb L. Rxebx
M. wØKg©K N. cÖ‡hvRK DËi : K M. RxweKv N. RxevYy DËi : L
e¨vL¨v : †h wµqvi Øviv evK¨ Amgvß †_‡K hvq Zv‡K 21. mÜ¨v k‡ãi we‡klY wb‡`©k Kiæb| [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq
AmgvwcKv wµqv e‡j| †hgb- evwo wM‡q Zv‡K cvIqv mnKvix wkÿK : 15]
hvqwb| GLv‡b ÔwM‡qÕ Øviv evK¨ Am¤ú~Y© †_‡K hvq| K. mÜ¨v L. m›`v
15. Ôeveyj c‡oÕ G ev‡K¨ Ôc‡oÕ †Kvb wµqv? [m. cÖv. mn. M. mvÜ¨ N. mvuS DËi : M
wkÿK- 2019] 22. ÔbvÕ †Kvb RvZxq kã? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK : 15]
K. mKg©K L. mgvwcKv K. Ae¨q L. wµqv
M. AmgvwcKv N. AKg©K DËi : M M. we‡klY N. me©bvg DËi : K
e¨vL¨v : †h wµqvi Øviv evK¨ Amgvß †_‡K hvq Zv‡K 23. Ôgwi gwi! wK my›ì cÖfv‡Zi iƒcÕ-ev‡K¨ Ôgwi gwiÕ †Kvb
AmgvwcKv wµqv e‡j| †hgb- eveyj c‡o| GLv‡b Ôc‡oÕ †kÖwYi Ae¨q? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 15]
Øviv evK¨ Am¤ú~Y© †_‡K hvq| K. mgš^qx L. Abš^qx
16. Ôgv †LvKv‡K Pvu` †`Lv‡”QÕ-- G ev‡K¨ Ô†`Lv‡”QÕ †Kvb M. c`vš^qx N. AbyKvi DËi : L
wµqv? [m. cÖv. mn. wkÿK- 2019] 24. ÔhZœ Ki‡j iZœ wg‡jÕ- GLv‡b ÔKi‡jÕ †Kvb wµqvi
K. wØKg©K L. cÖ‡hvRK D`vniY? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (`vwbqye) : 13; cÖv_wgK
we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (ivRkvnx wefvM) : 03]
M. AmgvwcKv N. mgvwcKv DËi : L
K. Aby³ L. wØKg©K
e¨vL¨v : cÖ‡hvRK wµqv n‡”Q GKR‡bi cÖ‡hvRbv ev
M. mgvwcKv N. AmgvwcKv DËi : N
Pvjbvq Ab¨ KZ©„K m¤úvw`Z KvR| †hgb - gv †LvKv‡K
25. ‡KvbwU wbZ¨ m¤^Üxq Ae¨‡qi D`vniY? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq
Pvu` †`Lv‡”Q, GLv‡b Ô†`Lv‡”QÕ n‡”Q cÖ‡hvRK wµqv| cÖavb wkÿK (Wvwjqv) : 12]
17. ms‡hvMÁvcK me©bvg †KvbwU? [m. cÖv. we. mn. wkÿK-18] K. n¨vu Avwg hve L. h_v ag© Z_v Rq
K. wKQz L. ¯^qs M. Avevi †h‡Z n‡e
M. †h N. Zver DËi : M N. AwZ fw³ †Pv‡ii j²Y DËi : L
wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi cixÿvi cÖkœ
01. wb‡Pi †KvbwU we‡kl¨ c`? [36Zg wewmGm] M. wµqv N. we‡klY
K. RvZ L. ‣MwiK e¨vL¨v : ev‡K¨ ‡jvK kãwU we‡kl¨| we‡kl¨ wn‡m‡e
M. D×Z N. M¤¢xh© eëüZ Ô‡jvKÕ kãwU‡K we‡klvwqZ K‡i‡Q Ô‡PbvÕ
e¨vL¨v : ÔM¤¢xiÕ we‡klY Ges ÔM¤¢xh©Õ we‡kl¨| ÔRvZÕ kãwU| ZvB ev‡K¨ Ô‡PbvÕ GKwU we‡klY c‡ì
kãwU A_©‡f‡` we‡kl¨ I we‡klY nq| eY©, eskMZ ev D`vniY|
Rb¥MZ mvgvwRK AwaKvi †evSv‡Z ÔRvZÕ we‡kl¨ c` nq 03. ÔjeYÕ k‡ãi we‡kl¨ †KvbwU? [35Zg wewmGm]
Ges Drcbœ, Rb¥, cÖvK…Z, LvuwU, mÂq Kiv cÖf…wZ K. †bvbZv L. jeYv³
†evSv‡j we‡klY c` nq| Ô‣MwiKÕ kãwUI we‡kl¨ I M. jveY¨ N. jwjZ DËi : ‡bvU
we‡klY nq| †hgb- wMwigvwU, ¯^Y©, †Miæqv iO, †Miæqv e¨vL¨v : we‡kl¨ kã ÔjeYÕ A_©- ÿvihy³ `ªe¨ ev byb|
emb cÖf„wZ †evSv‡Z RvZ we‡kl¨ Ges GKB A‡_©B Gi we‡klY ÔjeYv³Õ| Ack‡b mwVK DËi bvB|
†Kvb †Kvb †ÿ‡Î kãwU‡K we‡klY wn‡m‡e eëüZ n‡Z
†`Lv hvq| 04. ÔG gvwU †mvbvi evovÕ- G D×…wZ‡Z Ô‡mvbvÕ †Kvb A‡_©
eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q?
02. ÔG †h †Pbv †jvKÕ ev‡K¨ Ô‡PbvÕ †Kvb c`? [36Zg wewmGm] K. we‡kl‡Yi AwZkvqb L. Dcv`vbevPK we‡klY
K. we‡kl¨ L. Ae¨q M. iƒcevPK we‡klY N. we‡aq we‡klY
e¨vL¨v : we‡klY c` hLb `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK we‡kl¨ c‡ì nIqv‡K e‡j K…r cÖZ¨q Ges cÖvwZcw`K ev bvgc‡ì
g‡a¨ ¸Y, Ae¯’v, cwigvY cÖf…wZ wel‡q Zzjbvq G‡Ki mv‡_ cÖZ¨q hy³ nIqv‡K e‡j Zw×Z cÖZ¨q|
DrKl© ev AcKl© eywS‡q _v‡K, ZLb Zv‡K we‡kl‡Yi 13. †Kvb evK¨wU Øviv Aby‡iva †evSvq? [18Zg wewmGm]
AwZkvqb e‡j| we¯ÍvwiZ e¨vL¨v g~j Av‡jvPbvq i‡q‡Q| K. ZzB evwo hv L. Kvj GKevi G‡mv
05. Ômy›ì gv‡ÎiB GKUv AvKl©Y kw³ Av‡Q|Õ-G ev‡K¨ M. ÿgv Ki †gvi Aciva N. `~i nI
Ômy›ìÕ kãwU †Kvb c`? [24Zg wewmGm] 14. Ôgwi gwi! wK my›ì cÖfv‡Zi iƒcÕ- ev‡K¨ Ôgwi gwiÕ ‡Kvb
K. we‡kl¨ L. Ae¨q ai‡bi Ae¨q? [18Zg wewmGm]
M. me©bvg N. wµqv K. mgš^qx L. Abš^qx
06. ÔZzwg GZÿY Kx K‡iQ?Õ- GB ev‡K¨ ÔKxÕ †Kvb c`? M. c`vš^qx N. AbyKvi
[24Zg wewmGm] 15. avZzi ci †Kvb cÖZ¨q hy³ K‡i fveevPK we‡kl¨ eySvq?
K. we‡klY L. Ae¨q [18Zg wewmGm]
M. me©bvg N. we‡kl¨ K. Avb L. AvB
M. Avj N. AvI
e¨vL¨v : ÔKxÕ me©bvg, we‡klY I wµqv-we‡klY iƒ‡c 16. ÔB”QvÕ we‡k‡lï we‡klY wb‡`©k Kiæb| [15Zg wewmGm]
e‡m| Aciw`‡K ÔwKÕ Ae¨q wn‡m‡e e‡m| A_©vr ÔKÕ K. B”Qvgq L. Hw”QK
n‡jv cÖkœ‡evaK Ae¨q| ÔwKÕ Gi DËi Ôn¨vuÕ ev ÔbvÕ w`‡q M. B”QzK N. Awb”QzK
†`qv hvq| ÔKxÕ w`‡q cÖkœ Kiv n‡j Gi DËi w`‡Z gyL 17. RvwZevPK we‡k‡lï `„óvšÍ- [14Zg wewmGm]
Lyj‡Z nq Ges ZLb GB ÔKxÕ †K ejv nq cÖkœ‡evaK K. mgvR L. cvwb
me©bvg| M. wgwQj N. b`x
07. ÔZywg bv e‡jwQ‡j AvMvgxKvj Avm‡e?Õ-GB ev‡K¨ ÔbvÕ e¨vL¨v : Ôb`xÕ RvwZevPK we‡k‡lï D`vniY| ÔmgvRÕ I
Gi eënvi Kx A‡_©? [24Zg wewmGm] ÔwgwQjÕ mgwóevPK we‡k‡lï `„óvšÍ| ÔcvwbÕ e¯‘evPK
K. bv-evPK L. n¨vu-evPK we‡k‡lï `„óvšÍ|
M. cÖkœ‡evaK N. we¯§qm~PK
08. ÔjvRÕ †Kvb ai‡bi kã? [24Zg wewmGm (evwZj)] 18. †Kvb ev‡K¨ mgvwcKv wµqv eëüZ n‡q‡Q? [13Zg
wewmGm]
K. we‡kl¨ L. we‡klY K. Avwg fvZ †L‡qwQ L. Avwg `ycy‡i fvZ LvB
M. wµqv-we‡klY N. we‡k‡lï we‡klY M. Avwg fvZ †L‡q ¯‥z‡j hve
09. †h c‡` ev‡Kï wµqvc`wUi ¸Y, cÖK…wZ, ZxeªZv BZ¨vw` N. ZvovZvwo fvZ †L‡q IV
‡evSvq, Zv‡K ejv nq- [23Zg wewmGm (gyw³‡hv×v mšÍvb)]
K. wµqvevPK we‡klY L. wµqvwe‡klY e¨vL¨v : †h wµqv Øviv ev‡Kï †kl nq Ges e³vi
M. wµqvwe‡kl¨RvZ we‡klY g‡bvfve m¤úbœ nq, Zv‡K mgvwcKv wµqv e‡j| cyiæl I
N. wµqvwefw³ Kvj‡f‡` mgvwcKv wµqvi iƒ‡ci cwieZ©b nq| †hgb :
10. wµqvc`- [21Zg wewmGm] †Q‡jiv †Ljv Ki‡Q| G eQi eb¨vq dm‡ji ÿwZ
K. memg‡q ev‡K¨ _vK‡e n‡q‡Q| Avwg `ycy‡i fvZ LvB|
L. ïay AZxZKvj †evSv‡Z ev‡K¨ eëüZ nq 19. ‡Kvb ev‡K¨ mgy”Pqx Ae¨q eëüZ n‡q‡Q? [13Zg wewmGm]
M. KL‡bv KL‡bv ev‡K¨ Dn¨ _vK‡Z cv‡i K. ab A‡cÿv gvb eo
N. Avm‡j we‡klY †_‡K Awfbœ L. †Zvgv‡K w`‡q wKQz n‡e bv
11. wfÿzKUv †h †cQ‡b †j‡MB i‡q‡Q, Kx wec`! G ev‡K¨ M. Xs Xs NÈv ev‡R
ÔKxÕ Gi A_©- [22Zg wewmGm] N. †jLvcov Ki, bZzev †dj Ki‡e
K. fq L. ivM e¨vL¨v : †h Ae¨q c` GKwU ev‡Kï m‡½ Ab¨ GKwU
M. weiw³ N. wec` ev‡Kï A_ev evK¨w¯’Z GKwU c‡ì m‡½ Ab¨ GKwU
12. Ôc`Õ ej‡Z wK †evSvq? [20Zg wewmGm] c‡ì ms‡hvRb, we‡qvRb ev ms‡KvPb NUvq, Zv‡K
K. KweZvi PiY L. †h †Kvb kã mgy”Pqx Ae¨q ev m¤^ÜevPK Ae¨q e‡j| cÖ`Ë
M. cÖZ¨qvšÍ kã ev avZz Ackbmg~‡ni g‡a¨ ÔNÕ mgy”Pqx Ae¨‡qi D`vniY| KviY
N. wefw³hy³ kã ev avZz ev, A_ev, bZzev, bv nq, bq‡Zv kã¸‡jv we‡qvRK
e¨vL¨v : c` ej‡Z wefw³hy³ kã ev avZz‡K †evSvq| Ae¨q|
ev‡K¨ eëüZ cÖ‡Z¨KwU A_©‡evaK kã‡K c` e‡j| 20. wefw³hy³ kã I avZz‡K e‡j- [11Zg wewmGm]
Ab¨w`‡K cÖZ¨q kã ej‡Z avZz ev cÖvwZcw`‡Ki mv‡_ K. kã L. KviK
cÖZ¨q hy³ nIqv‡K ‡evSvq| avZzi mv‡_ cÖZ¨q hy³ M. c` N. wµqvc`
01 (N) 02 (N) 03 (†bvU) 04 (K) 05 (K) 06 (M) 07 (L) 08 (K) 09 (L) 10 (M)
mgvavb 11 (M) 12 (N) 13 (L) 14 (L) 15 (L,N) 16 (L) 17 (N) 18 (L) 19 (N) 20 (M)
me¨q c` we‡kl¨ c` myZivs Ôc`Õ

Pvi cÖKvi| †gvU cvuP cÖKvi|
h_v :
c` we‡klY c` h_v :
cÖavbZ 1. we‡kl¨ c`
`yB cÖKvi| 2. we‡klY c`
h_v : me©bvg c` 3. me©bvg c`
4. Ae¨q c`
Ae¨q c` wµqv c`
5. wµqv c`
`ytmvnmx AwfhvÎxiv
GKwU gvby‡li wPišÍb Kíbvi we‡kl¨ : AwfhvÎx, gvbyl, Kíbv, ivR¨, †`k, g½jMÖn
ev‡K¨ ivR¨ Pvu‡ì †`‡k we‡klY : `ytmvnmx, wPišÍb, cÖ¯‘Z
mKj †cŠu‡Q‡Qb Ges me©bvg : Zvuiv
c` g½jMÖ‡nI hvIqvi Rb¨ wµqvc` : †cŠu‡Q‡Qb, n‡”Qb, hvIqvi (AmgvwcKv wµqv)
wPbyb Zvuiv cÖ¯‘Z n‡”Qb| Ae¨q : Ges, Rb¨
we‡kl¨ c`
‡Kvb wKQzi bvg‡K we‡kl¨ c` e‡j| ev‡K¨ eëüZ †h mg¯Í c` Øviv †Kvb e¨w³, RvwZ, mgwó, e¯‘, ¯’vb, Kvj, fve, Kg© ev
¸‡Yi bvg †evSv‡bv nq Zv‡K we‡kl¨ c` e‡j|
we‡kl¨ c` 01. bvgevPK we‡kl¨ (Proper Noun) 02. RvwZevPK we‡kl¨ (Common Noun)
Qq cÖKvi| 03. e¯‘evPK we‡kl¨ (Material Noun) 04. mgwóevPK we‡kl¨ (Collective Noun)
h_v: 05. fveevPK we‡kl¨ (Verbal Noun) 06. ¸YevPK we‡kl¨ (Abstract Noun)
01. bvgevPK we‡kl¨ : †h c` Øviv †Kvb e¨w³, †f․‡MvwjK ¯’vb ev msÁv Ges MÖš’we‡k‡li bvg weÁvwcZ nq, Zv‡K msÁv ev
bvgevPK we‡kl¨ ejv nq|
e¨w³i bvg bRiæj, KvImvi, kvgxg, Lvqiæj
‡fŠ‡MvwjK ¯’v‡bi bvg XvKv, iscyi, w`wjø, ivwP
‡fŠ‡MvwjK msÁv (b`x, ce©Z, mgy`ª BZ¨vw`), †gNbv, wngvjq, AvUjvw›UK|
MÖ‡š’i bvg MxZvÄwj, AwMœexYv, †`‡k-we‡`‡k, wek^bex, mvZ bixi nvi|
02. RvwZevPK we‡kl¨ : †h c` Øviv †Kvb GKRvZxq cÖvYx ev c`v‡_©i mvaviY bvg †evSvq, Zv‡K RvwZevPK we‡kl¨ e‡j|
†hgb: Miæ, cvwL, gvbyl, MvQ, ce©Z, b`x [14Zg wewmGm], Bs‡iwR|
03. e¯‘evPK we‡k‡l¨ : †h c‡` †Kvb Dcv`vbevPK c`v‡_©i bvg †evSvq, Zv‡K e¯‘evPK ev `ªeëvPK we‡kl¨ e‡j| GB
RvZxq e¯‘i msL¨v I cwigvY wbY©q Kiv hvq| †hgb: eB, LvZv, Kjg, _vjv, evwU, gvwU, Pvj, wPwb, jeY, cvwb, KvV|
04. mgwóevPK we‡kl¨ : ‡h c` †ek wKQz msL¨K e¨w³ ev cÖvYxi mgwó eySvq Zv‡K mgwóevPK we‡kl¨ e‡j| h_v- mfv,
RbZv, mwgwZ, cÂv‡qZ, gvnwdj, SvuK, eni, `j|
05. fveevPK we‡kl¨ : †h we‡kl¨ c‡` †Kv‡bv wµqvi fve ev Kv‡Ri fve cÖKvwkZ nq, Zv‡K fveevPK we‡kl¨ e‡j| h_v-
Mgb (hvIqvi fve ev KvR) [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK: 95], `k©b (‡`Lvi KvR), †fvRb (LvIqvi KvR), kqb (‡kvqvi
KvR) [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK: 95], †`Lv, †kvbv|
06. ¸YevPK we‡kl¨ : †h we‡kl¨ c` Øviv †Kv‡bv e¯‘i †`vl ev ¸‡Yi bvg †evSvq, Zv-B ¸YevPK we‡kl¨| h_v- gayi
wgó‡Z¡i ¸Y- gayiZv [gva¨wgK I D”P wkÿv Awa`ß‡ii cÖ`k©K: 13], Zij `ª‡eï ¸Y- Zvij¨, wZ³ `ª‡eï †`vl ev ¸Y- wZ³Zv
BZ¨vw`| Z`ªæc : †m․if, ¯^v¯’¨, †h․eb, myL, `ytL, PvZzh© [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK: 03], ZviæY [AvBwmweGj Awdmvi: 11;
wnmve wbixÿK I wbqš¿‡Ki Kvh©vj‡qi M‡elYv Kg©KZ©v: 98]|
we‡klY c`
‡h c` we‡kl¨, me©bvg I wµqvc‡ì †`vl, ¸Y, Ae¯’v, msL¨v, cwigvY BZ¨vw` cÖKvk K‡i Zv‡K we‡klY c` e‡j|
PjšÍ Mvwo : we‡kl‡Yi we‡klY KiæYvgq Zzwg : me©bv‡gi we‡klY
`ªæZ Pj : wµqv we‡klY wZbwU eQi : msL¨vevPK we‡klY [AMÖYx e¨vsK wj. wmwbqi Awdmvi: 13; c~evjx e¨vsK wmwb. Awd: 11]
we‡klY c`‡K `yB bvg we‡klY : we‡kwlZ K‡i we‡kl¨ I me©bvg c`‡K|
fvM Kiv hvq| h_v: fve we‡klY : we‡kl¨ I me©bvg wfbœ Ab¨ c`‡K we‡kwlZ K‡i|
bvg we‡klY : †h we‡klY c` †Kvb we‡kl¨ ev me©bvg c`‡K we‡kwlZ K‡i Zv‡K bvg we‡klY e‡j| h_v :
 we‡k‡lï we‡klY : my¯’-mej †`n‡K †K bv fvjev‡m? AwZ fw³ †Pv‡ii jÿY| [Dc‡Rjv wkÿv Awdmvi: 04] wbkx_
iv‡Z evuwk ev‡R| [evsjv‡`k K…wl Dbœqb e¨vsK wmwbqi Awdmvi: 10; Dc‡Rjv cjøx Dbœqb Kg©KZ©v: 09; cÖv_. we`¨v. mn. wk: 93]
 me©bv‡gi we‡klY : ‡m iƒcevb I ¸Yevb|
bvg we‡kl‡Yi cÖKvi‡f`
iƒcevPK bxj AvKvk, meyR gvV, Kv‡jv †gN µgevPK `kg †kÖwY, mËi c„ôv, cÖ_gv Kb¨v
¸YevPK †PŠKm †jvK, `ÿ KvwiMi, VvÛv evZvm Dcv`vbevPK †e‡j gvwU, †g‡U Kjwm, cv_y‡i g~wZ©
Ae¯’vevPK ZvRv gvQ, †ivMv †Q‡j, †Lvuov cv cÖkœevPK KZ`~i c_? †Kgb Ae¯’v?
msL¨vevPK nvRvi †jvK, k UvKv wbw`©óZvÁvcK GB †Q‡j, †mB †Q‡j, QvweŸ‡‡k gvP©|
cwigvYevPK weNv‡UK Rwg, cvuP kZvsk Rwg, nvRvi Ubx RvnvR, GK †KwR Pvj, `y wK‡jvwgUvi iv¯Ív|
AskevPK A‡a©K m¤úwË [Dc‡Rjv mnKvix wkÿv Awdmvi: 99], †lvj Avbv `Lj, wmwK c_
wewfbœ we‡klY MV‡bi c×wZ

wµqvRvZ nviv‡bv m¤úwË, Lvevi cvwb, AbvMZ w`b me©bvg RvZ K‡eKvi K_v, †Kv_vKvi †K, ¯^xq m¤úwË
Ae¨qRvZ Av”Qv gvbyl, Dcwi cvIbv, nVvr eo‡jvK mgvmwm× †eKvi, wbqg-weiæ×, Ávbnviv, †P․Pvjv Ni|
Zw×ZvšÍ RvZxq m¤ú`, •bwZK ej, †g‡Vv c_ DcmM©RvZ wbLyuZ KvR, AcüZ m¤ú`, wbR©jv wg‡_¨|
AbyKvi KbK‡b kxZ, kbk‡b nvIqv, wawKwawK exávg~jK nvwmnvwm gyL, Kvu`Kvu` †Pnviv, WzeyWzey †b․Kv|
Ae¨qRvZ Av¸b| Ae¨qRvZ
we‡`wk bv¯Ívbyey` Ae¯’v, jvIqvwik gvj, jv‡LivR K…`šÍ K…Zx mšÍvb, Rvbv‡kvbv †jvK, cv‡q-Pjv c_,
m¤úwË, ìcËwb ZvjyK| üZ m¤úwË, AZxZ Kvj|
fve we‡kl‡Yi cÖKvi‡f`

01. wµqv we‡klY 02. we‡kl‡Yi we‡klY 03. Ae¨‡qi we‡klY 04. ev‡Kï we‡klY
01. wµqv we‡klY : †h c` wµqv msMV‡bi fve, Kvj ev iƒc wb‡`©k K‡i, Zv‡K wµqv we‡klY e‡j| h_v : ‡m Lye ZvovZvwo
nvUj| [Dc‡Rjv wbe©vPb Awdmvi: 04] ZvovZvwo co| [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK: 03]
wµqv msMV‡bi fve : ax‡i ax‡i evqy eq| wµqv msMV‡bi Kvj : c‡i GKevi G‡mv|
02. we‡klYxq we‡klY : †h c` bvg we‡klY A_ev wµqv we‡klY‡K we‡kwlZ K‡i, Zv‡K we‡klYxq we‡klY e‡j| h_v :
o bvg we‡kl‡Yi we‡klY : mvgvb¨ GKUz `ya `vI| G e¨vcv‡i AwZkq `ytwLZ| AwZkq [gva¨wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK:
01] g›` K_v|
o wµqv we‡kl‡Yi we‡klY : i‡KU AwZ `ªæZ P‡j| †Nvov Lye `ªæZ P‡j| [‡c‡Uªvevsjvi wnmve mnKvix: 19]
03. Ae¨‡qi we‡klY : †h fve-we‡klY Ae¨q c` A_ev Ae¨q c‡ì A_©‡K we‡klvwqZ K‡i, Zv‡K Ae¨‡qi we‡klY e‡j|
h_v : waK& Zv‡i, kZ waK& wbj©¾ †h Rb|
04. ev‡Kï we‡klY : KL‡bv KL‡bv †Kvb we‡klY c` GKwU m¤ú~Y© evK¨‡K we‡kwlZ Ki‡Z cv‡i, ZLb Zv‡K ev‡Kï
we‡klY ejv nq| h_v :
o `yf©vM¨µ‡g †`k Avevi bvbv mgm¨vRv‡j Ave× n‡q c‡o‡Q|
o ev¯ÍweKB AvR Avgv‡ì KwVb cwikÖ‡gi cÖ‡qvRb|
we‡kl‡Yi AwZkvqb
we‡klY c` hLb `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK we‡kl¨ c‡ì g‡a¨ ¸Y, Ae¯’v, cwigvY cÖf…wZ wel‡q Zzjbvq G‡Ki DrKl© ev AcKl© eywS‡q
_v‡K, ZLb Zv‡K we‡kl‡Yi AwZkvqb e‡j| †hgb :
hgybv GKwU `xN© b`x, cÙv `xN©Zi, wKš‘ †gNbv evsjv‡`‡ki `xN©Zg b`x|
m~h©, c„w_ex I P‡›`ªi g‡a¨ Zzjbvq m~h© e„nËg, c„w_ex P‡›`ªi †P‡q e„nËi Ges P›`ª c„w_ex A‡cÿv ÿz`ªZi|
we‡kl‡Yi AwZkvqb `yB ai‡bi| h_v: 01. evsjv k‡ãi AwZkvqb 02. Zrmg k‡ãi AwZkvqb
01. evsjv k‡ãi AwZkvqb

evsjv k‡ãi AwZkvq‡b `y‡qi g‡a¨ PvB‡Z, †P‡q, nB‡Z, n‡Z, A‡cÿv, †_‡K BZ¨vw` kã eëüZ nq| Gme ‡ÿ‡Î
`y‡qi g‡a¨ ZviZg¨ †evSv‡Z cÖ_g we‡kl¨wU cÖvqB lôx wefw³hy³ n‡q _v‡K Ges g~j we‡kl‡Yi ci †Kv‡bv cwieZ©b
mvwaZ nq bv| h_v : K. Miæi †_‡K †Nvovi `vg †ewk| L. ev‡Ni †_‡K wmsn ejevb|
 eûi g‡a¨ AwZkvqb : A‡b‡Ki g‡a¨ G‡Ki DrKl© ev AcKl© †evSv‡Z g~j we‡kl‡Yi ‡Kv‡bv cwieZ©b nq bv| g~j
we‡kl‡Yi c~‡e© mePvB‡Z, me‡P‡q, me †_‡K, me©v‡cÿv, mev©waK cÖf…wZ kã eënvi nq| h_v :
K. beg †kÖwYi QvÎ‡ì g‡a¨ Kwig me‡P‡q eyw×gvb
L. fvB‡ì g‡a¨ wegjB me©v‡cÿv eyw×gvb|
 `ywU e¯‘i g‡a¨ AwZkvq‡b †Rvi w`‡Z n‡j g~j we‡kl‡Yi Av‡M A‡bK, AwaK, †ewk, Aí, Kg, AwaKZi cÖf…wZ
we‡klYxq we‡klY †hvM Ki‡Z nq| h_v : cÙdyj †Mvjv‡ci PvB‡Z A‡bK my›ì| wN‡qi †P‡q `ya †ewk DcKvix|
 KL‡bv KL‡bv lôx wefw³hy³ k‡ã lôx wefw³B †P‡q, †_‡K cÖf…wZ k‡ãi Kvh©mvab K‡i| †hgb : G gvwU †mvbvi
evov| [27Zg wewmGm]
02. Zrmg k‡ãi AwZkvqb
Zrmg k‡ãi AwZkvq‡b `y‡qi g‡a¨ ÔZiÕ Ges eûi g‡a¨ ÔZgÕ cÖZ¨q hy³ n‡q _v‡K| ‡hgb : ¸iæ-¸iæZi-¸iæZg| `xN©-
`xN©Zi-`xN©Zg|
‡R‡b ivLyb : ÔZiÕ cÖZ¨qhy³ we‡klYwU kÖæwZKUz n‡j ÔZiÕ cÖZ¨q hy³ bv K‡i we‡kl‡Yi c~‡e© ÔAwaKZiÕ kãwU †hvM Ki‡Z nq|
o eûi g‡a¨ AwZkvq‡b Zzjbxq e¯‘i D‡jøL bv K‡iI ÔZgÕ cÖZ¨q hy³ n‡Z cv‡i| ‡hgb :
‡gNbv evsjv‡`‡ki `xN©Zg b`x ‡`k †mevi gnËg eªZB •mwb‡Ki `xÿv
o Zrmg k‡ã AwZkvq‡b `y‡qi g‡a¨ Zzjbxq ÔCqmÕ cÖZ¨q Ges eûi g‡a¨ Zzjbvq ÔBôÕ cÖZ¨q hy³ nq| evsjvq mvaviYZ
ÔCqmÕ cÖZ¨qvšÍ kã¸‡jv eëüZ nq bv| †hgb :
g~j we‡klY `y‡qi Zzjbvq eûi Zzjbvq D`vniY
jNy jwNqvb jwNô wZb fvB‡qi g‡a¨ iwng ‡R¨ô Ges
Aí Kbxqvb (evsjvq eënvi bvB) Kwbô Kwig Kwbô| msL¨v¸‡jvi jwNô mvaviY
e„× R¨vqb ‡R¨ô ¸wYZK †ei Ki|
‡kÖq ‡kÖqvb ‡kÖô
o ÔCqmÕ cÖZ¨qvšÍ †Kvb †Kvb k‡ãi ¯¿xwj½ iƒc evsjvq cÖPwjZ Av‡Q| †hgb : f~qmx cÖksmv|
GKB c‡ì we‡kl¨ I we‡klY iƒ‡c cÖ‡qvM
fv‡jv we‡klY iƒ‡c fv‡jv evwo cvIqv KwVb| we‡kl¨ iƒ‡c Avcb fv‡jv mevB Pvq|
g›` we‡klY iƒ‡c g›` K_v ej‡Z †bB| we‡kl¨ iƒ‡c GLv‡b Kx g›Ùv Zzwg †`L‡j?
my›ì we‡klY iƒ‡c mK‡jB my›ì K_v ej‡Z cv‡i bv| we‡kl¨ iƒ‡c my›ì gv‡ÎiB GKwU AvKl©Y kw³ Av‡Q|
wbkx_ we‡klY iƒ‡c wbkx_ iv‡Z evR‡Q evuwk| we‡kl¨ iƒ‡c Mfxi wbkx‡_ cÖK…wZ myß
kxZ we‡klY iƒ‡c kxZKv‡j Kzqvkv c‡o| we‡kl¨ iƒ‡c kx‡Zi mKv‡j Pviw`K Kzqvkvq AÜKvi|
o avZzi †k‡l ÔAšÍÕ cÖZ¨q †hvM Ki‡j MwVZ nq- we‡klY c`| [`ybx©wZ `gb ey¨‡ivi mnKvix cwi`k©K: 03 I 04] †hgb : √Do& +
AšÍ = DošÍ, √Wze& + AšÍ = WzešÍ|
me©bvg c`
we‡k‡lï cwie‡Z© †h kã eëüZ nq, Zv‡K me©bvg c` e‡j| A_©vr fvlvq me©bv‡gi eënv‡ii D‡Ïk¨- we‡k‡lï cybive„wË `~i
Kiv| [evsjv‡`k e¨vsK mnKvix cwiPvjK: 15] evsjv fvlvq eëüZ me©bvgmg~n‡K K‡qKwU fv‡M fvM Kiv n‡q _v‡K|
e¨w³evPK ev cyiælevPK : Avwg [cÖv_wgK we`¨v. mnKvix wk: 19], Avgiv [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mn. wk: 19], Zzwg, †m [cvwb D. †ev. A. m: 15],
Zvnviv, wZwb, Zvuiv, G, Giv, I, Iiv BZ¨vw`|
AvZ¥evPK : ¯^qs, wb‡R, †Lv`, Avcwb| mgxcëvPK : G, GB, Giv, Bnviv, Bwb BZ¨vw`|
`~iZ¡evPK : H, Hme| mvKzjëvPK : me, mKj, mgy`q, Zver|
cÖkœevPK : ‡K, wK, Kx : †Kvb, Kvi, wK‡m? Awbw`©óZvÁvcK : †Kvb, †Kn, †KD, wKQz|
ms‡hvMÁvcK : †h, whwb, hvuiv, hviv, hvnviv BZ¨vw`| Ab¨vwèvPK : Ab¨, Aci, ci BZ¨vw`|
e¨wZnvwiK : Avcbv Avcwb, wb‡R wb‡R [miKvwi gva¨. we`¨v, m. wk: 08 I 11], Avc‡m, ci¯úi BZ¨vw`|
me©bvg c‡ì cyiæl

ÔcyiælÕ GKwU cvwifvwlK kã| we‡kl¨, me©bvg I wµqviB cyiæl Av‡Q| we‡klY I Ae¨‡qi cyiæl †bB| e¨vKi‡Y cyiæl wZb
cÖKvi|
01. DËg cyiæl : ¯^qs e³vB DËg cyiæl| Avwg, Avgiv, Avgv‡K, Avgv‡ì BZ¨vw` me©bvg kã DËg cyiæl|
02. ga¨g cyiæl : cÖZ¨ÿfv‡e DwÏó e¨w³ ev †kÖvZvB ga¨g cyiæl| Zzwg, †Zvgiv, †Zvgv‡K †Zvgv‡ì †Zvgvw`M‡K, Avcwb,
Avcbviv, Avcbv‡ì cÖf…wZ me©bvg kã ga¨g cyiæl|
03. bvg cyiæl : Abycw¯’Z A_ev c‡ivÿfv‡e DwÏó e¨w³, e¯‘ ev cÖvYxB bvg cyiæl| †m, Zviv, Zvnviv, Zv‡ì, Zvnv‡K, wZwb,
Zvu‡K, Zvuiv, Zvu‡ì cÖf…wZ bvg cyiæl| (mg¯Í we‡kl¨ c`B bvg cyiæl)
me©bv‡gi wewkó cÖ‡qvM

01. webq cÖKv‡k DËg cyiæ‡li GKeP‡b `xb, Aag, ev›`v, †meK, `vm cÖf…wZ eëüZ nq| h_v- ÔAvÁv Ki `v‡m, kvw¯Í
biva‡g, `x‡bi AviR|
02. Q›èÜ KweZvq mvaviYZ ÔAvgivÕ ¯’v‡b gg, ÔAvgv‡ìÕ ¯’v‡b †gv‡ì Ges ÔAvgivÕ ¯’v‡b †gviv eëüZ nq| †hgb- Ô‡K
eywS‡e e¨_v ggÕ| Ô‡gv‡ì Mie, †gv‡ì Avkv, Av gwi! evsjv fvlvÕ| Ôÿz`ª wkï †gviv, Kwi †Zvgvwi e›`bvÕ|
03. Dcv‡mï cÖwZ mvaviYZ ÔAvcwbÕ ¯’v‡b Zzwg cÖhy³ nq| †hgb- (Dcv‡mï cÖwZ f³) ÔcÖfz, Zzwg iÿv Ki G `xb †me‡K|
04. Awfb›`bcÎ iPbvqI A‡bK mgq m¤§vwbZ e¨w³‡K ÔZzwgÕ m‡¤^vab Kiv nq|
05. Zzwg : NwbôRb, AvcbRb ev mgeq¯‥ mv_x‡ì cÖwZ eënvh©|
ZzB : Zz”Qv‡_© eëüZ nq, NwbôZv †evSv‡ZI Avgiv ZyB eënvi Kwi|
Ae¨q c`
b e¨q = Ae¨q| hvi e¨q ev cwieZ©b nq bv, A_©vr hv AcwieZ©bxq ZvB Ae¨q c`| Ae¨q k‡ãi mv‡_ †Kv‡bv wefw³ wPý hy³
nq bv| †m¸‡jvi GKePb ev eûePb nq bv Ges †m¸‡jvi ¯¿x ev cyiælevPKZv wbY©q Kiv hvq bv|
 evsjv Ae¨q kã : Avi, Avevi, I , n¨vu, bv BZ¨vw`|
 Zrmg Ae¨q kã : hw`, h_v, m`v, mnmv, A_©vr, eis, cybð, AvcvZZ, e¯‘Z, BZ¨vw`| ÔGesÕ I ÔmyZivsÕ Zrmg kã
n‡jI evsjvq G¸‡jvi A_© cwiewZ©Z n‡q‡Q| ms¯‥…‡Z ÔGesÕ k‡ãi A_© Ggb, Avi ÔmyZivsÕ A_© AZ¨šÍ, Aek¨| wKš‘
Ges = I (evsjv), myZivs = AZGe (evsjv)|
 we‡`wk Ae¨q kã : AvjeZ, eûZ, Lye, kvevk, Lvmv, gvBwi, gvinvev BZ¨vw`|
Ae¨q c` 01. mgy”Pqx Ae¨q 02. Abš^qx Ae¨q

Pvi cÖKvi| h_v: 03. AbymM© Ae¨q 04. AbyKvi ev aŸb¨vZ¥K Ae¨q
01. mgy”Pqx Ae¨q : †h Ae¨q c` GKwU ev‡Kï m‡½ Ab¨ GKwU ev‡Kï A_ev evK¨w¯’Z GKwU c‡ì m‡½ Ab¨ GKwU c‡ì
ms‡hvRb, we‡qvRb ev ms‡KvPb NUvq, Zv‡K mgy”Pqx Ae¨q ev m¤^ÜevPK Ae¨q e‡j| mgy”Pqx Ae¨q Pvi ai‡bi| h_v-
K. ms‡hvRK Ae¨q L. we‡qvRK Ae¨q M. ms‡KvPK Ae¨q N. AbyMvgx mgy”Pqx Ae¨q
D”Pc` I mvgvwRK gh©v`v mK‡jB Pvq| GLv‡b ÔIÕ Ae¨qwU evK¨w¯’Z `ywU c‡ì ms‡hvRb K‡i‡Q|
K. ms‡hvRK wZwb mr, ZvB mK‡jB Zvu‡K kÖ×v K‡i| GLv‡b ÔZvBÕ Ae¨qwU `ywU ev‡Kï ms‡hvRb
Ae¨q NUv‡”Q| Avi, AwaKš‘, myZivs kã¸‡jv ms‡hvRK Ae¨q|
AvKvk ïay bxj Avi bxj| [cÖevmx Kj¨vY e¨vsK wj. wmwbqi Awdmvi: 14]
K. we‡qvRK Ae¨q nv‡mg wKsev Kv‡mg Gi Rb¨ `vqx| GLv‡b ÔwKsevÕ Ae¨qwU `ywU evK¨vs‡ki we‡qvRK|
Ôg‡š¿i mvab wKsev kixi cvZbÕ| GLv‡b ÔwKsevÕ Ae¨qwU `ywU evK¨vs‡ki we‡qvRK|
Avgiv †Póv K‡iwQ e‡U, wKš‘ K…ZKvh© n‡Z cvwiwb| GLv‡b ÔwKšÍÕ Ae¨q `ywU ev‡Kï we‡qvRK| ev, A_ev,
bZzev, bv nq, bq‡Zv kã¸‡jv we‡qvRK Ae¨q|
M. ms‡KvPK Ae¨q :
o wZwb weØvb, A_P mr e¨w³ bb| [‡mvbvjx I RbZv e¨vs‡Ki wmwbqi Awdmvi: 18] GLv‡b ÔA_PÕ Ae¨qwU `ywU ev‡Kï g‡a¨
fv‡ei ms‡KvPb mvab K‡i‡Q| wKš‘, eis, kã¸‡jvI ms‡KvPK Ae¨q|
o cjvk †`L‡Z my›ì e‡U wKš‘ MÜnxb| [evsjv‡`k Kgvm© e¨vsK wj. Awdmvi: 2000]
o ‡jvKwU `wi`ª wKš‘ mr| [cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK: 19; cvm‡cvU© I Bwg‡MÖkb Awa`ß‡ii mnKvix cwiPvjK: 15; Dc‡Rjv wkÿv Awdmvi: 99]
N. AbyMvgx mgy”Pqx Ae¨q : †h mKj Ae¨q ev‡Kï Ab¨ c‡ì m‡½ †Kv‡bv m¤^Ü bv †i‡L ¯^vaxbfv‡e bvbvwea fve cÖKv‡k
eëüZ nq, Zv‡ì AbyMvgx mgy”Pqx Ae¨q e‡j| †hgb-
wZwb GZ cwikÖg K‡ib †h Zvi ¯^v¯’¨f½ nIqvi Avk¼v Av‡Q|
AvR hw` (kZ© evPK) cvwi, GKevi †mLv‡b hve| Gfv‡e †Póv Ki‡e †hb K…ZKvh© n‡Z cv‡iv|
02. Abš^qx Ae¨q : †h mKj Ae¨q ev‡Kï Ab¨ c‡ì m‡½ †Kvb m¤úK© bv †i‡L ¯^vaxbfv‡e bvbvwea fve cÖKv‡k eëüZ nq,
Zv‡ì Abš^qx Ae¨q e‡j| †hgb-
D”Q¡vm cÖKv‡k : gwi ! gwi ! Kx my›ì cÖfv‡Zi iƒc ! [‡lvok wkÿK wbeÜb (¯‹zj ch©vq): 19; 18Zg wewmGm] GLv‡b Ôgwi gwiÕ Gi
mv‡_ g~j ev‡Kï †Zgb †Kvb m¤úK© †bB| GwU QvovI evK¨wU m¤úbœ n‡e|
m¤§wZ cÖKv‡k : Avwg AvR AvjeZ hve| wbðqB cvie| Aby‡gv`bevPKZvq : Avcwb hLb ej‡Qb, †ek †Zv Avwg hve|
mg_©bm~PK Rev‡e : Avcwb hv Rv‡bb Zv †Zv wVKB e‡U| hš¿Yv cÖKv‡k : D: ! cv‡q eÇ †j‡M‡Q| bv:! G Kó Amn¨|
evK¨vj¼vi Ae¨q K‡qKwU Ae¨q kã wbi_©Kfv‡e eëüZ n‡q ev‡Kï †kvfvea©b K‡i, G‡ì
evK¨vjsKvi Ae¨q e‡j| †hgb-
KZ bv nviv‡bv ¯§„wZ Rv‡M AvRI g‡b| nvq‡i fvM¨, nvq‡i j¾v, †Kv_vq mfv, †Kv_vq m¾v|
03. AbymM© Ae¨q : †h mKj Ae¨q kã we‡kl¨ I me©bvg c‡ì wefw³i b¨vq e‡m KviKevPKZv cÖKvk K‡i, Zv‡ì AbymM©
Ae¨q e‡j| h_v- I‡K w`‡q G KvR n‡e bv (w`‡q AbymM© Ae¨q)| nvwm w`‡q NiwU‡K fwi‡q ivL‡Zv †m| [RbZv e¨vsK wj.
Gw·wKDwUf Awdmvi: 15] AviI wKQz AbymM© Ae¨q- Øviv, w`qv, nB‡Z, †_‡K cÖf…wZ| AbymM© Ae¨q Ôc`vš^qx Ae¨qÕ bv‡gI
cwiwPZ|
AbymM© Ae¨q `yB ai‡bi| h_v: 01. wefw³m~PK Ae¨q Ges 02. wefw³ iƒ‡c eëüZ AbymM©
04. AbyKvi Ae¨q : †h mKj Ae¨q Ae¨³ ie, kã ev aŸwbi AbyKi‡Y MwVZ nq, †m¸‡jv‡K AbyKvi ev aŸbvZ¥K Ae¨q e‡j|
h_v-
‡g‡Ni MR©b- ¸o ¸o evZv‡mi MwZ- kb kb Kv‡Ki WvK- Kv Kv
e„wói Zzgyj kã- Sg Sg wms‡ni MR©b- Mi Mi ï®‥ cvZvi kã- gi gi ‡KvwK‡ji ie- Kzû Kzû
‡¯ªv‡Zi aŸwb- Kj Kj ‡Nvovi WvK- wPuwn wPuwn b~cy‡ii AvIqvR- iæg Szg Pzwoi kã- Uzs Uvs
e‡Rªi aŸwb- Ko Ko [Dc‡Rjv wkÿv Awdmvi: 96] û û K‡i evRv‡i wRwbmc‡Îi `vg evo‡Z‡Q| [cÖevmx Kj¨vY e¨vsK wj. wmwbqi
Awdmvi: 14]
g‡b ivLyb : Natural Dcv‡q †h mKj aŸwb m„wó nq †m¸‡jvB AbyKvi Ae¨q|
wZb ai‡bi Ae¨q m¤ú©‡K Rvbyb| h_v: Ae¨q we‡klY wbZ¨ m¤^Üxq we‡klY cÖZ¨qvšÍ we‡klY
01. Ae¨q we‡klY : KZ¸‡jv Ae¨q ev‡K¨ eëüZ n‡j bvg-we‡klY, wµqv-we‡klY Ges we‡klYxq we‡kl‡Yi A_©evPKZv
cÖKvk K‡i _v‡K| G‡ì Ae¨q we‡klY ejv nq| h_v :
o bvg-we‡klY : AwZ fw³ †Pv‡ii jÿY|
o fve-we‡klY : Avevi †h‡Z n‡e|
o wµqv-we‡klY : Ab¨Î P‡j hvq|
02. wbZ¨ m¤^Üxq Ae¨q : KZ¸‡jv hyM¥kã ci¯ú‡ii Ici wbf©ikxj, †m¸‡jv wbZ¨ m¤^Üxq Ae¨q iƒ‡c cwiwPZ| †hgb : h_v-
Z_v, hZ-ZZ, hLb-ZLb, †hgb-‡Zgb, †hiƒc-‡miƒc BZ¨vw`| D`vniY- h_v ag© Z_v Rq| [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK: 12]
hZ M‡R© ZZ e‡l© bv (Zzjbv)| [RbZv e¨vsK wj. wmwbqi (AvBwU) : 16; gv`K`ªe¨ wbqš¿Y Awa`ß‡ii cwi`k©K: 13] ‡hgb Kg© †Zgb dj| [cÖevmx
Kj¨vY e¨vsK wj. wmwbqi Awdmvi: 14]
03. Z (ms¯‹…Z Zm&) cÖZ¨qvšÍ Ae¨q : G iKg Ae¨q evsjvq eëüZ nq| h_v- ag©Z ejwQ| `yf©vMëkZ cixÿvq †dj
K‡iwQ| ÁvbZ wg_¨v ewjwb|
GKB Ae¨‡qi wK/Kx weiw³ cÖKv‡k : wfÿzKUv †h wcQ‡b †j‡MB i‡q‡Q, Kx wec`| [22Zg wewmGm]
wewfbœ A‡_© ZzB wK KvR Kiwe, bv gvi Lvwe? [ciivóª gš¿Yvj‡qi cÖ. Kg©: 01]
eënvi wRÁvmvq : Zzwg wK Avgvq †Pb? [mnKvix we‡ùviK cwi`k©K: 03]
weiw³ cÖKv‡k : Kx Avc` †jvKUv †h wcQz Qv‡o bv| [evsjv‡`k e¨vsK GwW: 11]
I ms‡hvM A‡_© : kvwgg I dqmvj `yB fvB|
¯^xK…wZ Ávc‡b : Zv‡KI Avm‡Z e‡jwQ| [mnKvix wWªwjs cÖ‡KŠkjx: 98]
wµqv c`
 ‡h c‡ì Øviv †Kvb Kvh© m¤úv`b Kiv †evSvq, Zv‡K wµqvc` e‡j| wµqvc` ev avZzi m‡½ cyiæl Abyhvqx Kvjm~PK
wµqvwefw³ †hvM K‡i wµqvc` MVb Ki‡Z nq|
 evsjv e¨vKi‡Yi wbqgvbymv‡i wµqvc` Qvov evK¨ MVb Kiv hvq bv| [Dc‡Rjv cjøx Dbœqb Kg©KZ©v: 13; mnKvix Dc‡Rjv wkÿv
Awdmvi; 09]
 GKwU ev‡Kï me‡P‡q cÖ‡qvRbxq Ask n‡jv- wµqv| [ciivóª gš¿Yvj‡qi e¨w³MZ Kg©KZ©v : 19]
 ePb‡f‡` wµqvi iƒ‡ci †Kvb cv_©K¨ nq bv| [÷vÛvW© e¨vsK wj: A¨vwm÷¨v›U Awdmvi: 12; evsjv‡`k e¨vsK Awdmvi: 01] †hgb- †Q‡jwU
nv‡m, †Q‡j¸‡jv nv‡m|
 wµqvc` KL‡bv KL‡bv ev‡K¨ Dn¨ _vK‡Z cv‡i| [21Zg wewmGm]
Kg©c` _vKv bv _vKvi fve cÖKv‡ki

wfwË‡Z w`K †_‡K
wµqvc‡ì 1. mKg©K wµqv 1. mgvwcKv wµqv
cÖKvi‡f` 2. AKg©K wµqv 2. AmgvwcKv wµqv
wewea A‡_©
wµqvc`‡K fvM
Kiv hvq| KZ©vi mv‡_ wµqvi m¤úK© MV‡bi w`K †_‡K
h_v : wfwË‡Z 1. bvg avZzi wµqv
1. cÖ‡hvRK wµqv 2. ‡hŠwMK wµqv
2. AcÖ‡hvRK wµqv 3. wgkÖ wµqv
 mgvwcKv wµqv : †h wµqv Øviv ev‡Kï †kl nq Ges e³vi g‡bvfve m¤úbœ nq, Zv‡K mgvwcKv wµqv e‡j| A_©vr
ev‡K¨ mgvwcKv wµqv e‡m †k‡l| [gv`K`ªe¨ wbqš¿Y Awa`ß‡ii mnKvix cwiPvjK: 13] cyiæl I Kvj‡f‡` mgvwcKv wµqvi iƒ‡ci
cwieZ©b nq| †hgb : †Q‡jiv †Ljv Ki‡Q| G eQi eb¨vq dm‡ji ÿwZ n‡q‡Q| evev evwo †bB| [mnKvix Dc‡Rjv wkÿv
Awdmvi:05 ]
 AmgvwcKv wµqv : †h wµqvc` Øviv ev‡Kï cwimgvwß N‡U bv, e³vi K_v Am¤ú~Y© †_‡K hvq, Zv‡K AmgvwcKv
wµqv e‡j| †hgb :
o cÖfv‡Z m~h© DV‡j...
o Avgiv nvZ-gyL ay‡q......|
o hZœ Ki‡j iZœ wg‡j| [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wk: 13]
o evwo wM‡q Zv‡K cvIqv hvqwb| [cÖv_. we`¨v. mn. wkÿv: 19]
o m~h© DV‡j Avuavi `~ixf~Z nq| [cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK: 19; cwievi cwiKíbv mnKvix: 18]
o Avwg fvZ †L‡q ¯‥z‡j hve| [13Zg wewmGm]
 mKg©K wµqv : †h wµqvi Kg©c` Av‡Q Zv-B mKg©K wµqv| A_©vr Kg©c`hy³ wµqvB mKg©K wµqv| †hgb :
evev Avgv‡K GKwU eB w`‡q‡Qb| cÖkœ : Kx w`‡q‡Qb? DËi : eB g‡b ivLyb : wµqvc`‡K Kx ev Kv‡K
cÖkœ : Kv‡K w`‡q‡Qb? DËi : Avgv‡K| GLv‡b Ôw`‡q‡QbÕ wµqvc`wUi Kg© c` Øviv cÖkœ Ki‡j †h DËi cvIqv hvq,
_vKvq GwU GKwU mKg©K wµqv| Zv-B wµqvi Kg©c`
 AKg©K wµqv : †h wµqvi Kg©c` †bB Zv-B AKg©K wµqv| †hgb :
‡g‡qwU nv‡m| cÖkœ : Kx nv‡m? DËi : cvIqv hvq bv g‡b ivLyb : wµqvc`‡K ÔKxÕ
cÖkœ : Kv‡K nv‡m? DËi: cvIqv hvq bv ev ÔKv‡KÕ Øviv cÖkœ Ki‡j hw`
GLv‡b Ônv‡mÕ wµqvc`wUi †Kvb Kg© c` bv _vKvq GwU GKwU AKg©K wµqv DËi cvIqv bv hvq, †mwUB
Avwg †Pv‡L †`wL bv| [miKvwi gva¨wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK: 09] AKg©K wµqv|
 wØKg©K wµqv : †h wµqvi `ywU Kg©c` _v‡K, Zv‡K wØKg©K wµqv e‡j| ‡hgb : Rvwn` Avgv‡K (‡M․Y Kg©) GKwU
Kjg (gyL¨ ev cÖavb Kg©) wMdU K‡i‡Q|
g‡b ivLyb : wØKg©K wµqvi e¯‘evPK Kg©c`wU‡K gyL¨ ev cÖavb Kg© Ges e¨w³evPK Kg©c`wU‡K †M․Y Kg© e‡j|
ev‡Kï wµqvc` I Kg©c` GKB ‡KvwPs †m›Uvi¸‡jv †eKvi‡ì wb‡q Avi KZ †Ljv
mgavZzR avZz †_‡K MwVZ n‡j H Kg©c`wU‡K †Lj‡e?
Kg© mgavZzR Kg© ev avZ¡_©K Kg©c` GLv‡b jÿ¨ Kiæb Ô‡LjÕ avZz †_‡K wµqvc`
e‡j| D`vniY jÿ¨ Kiæb : Ô‡Lj‡eÕ Ges Kg©c` Ô‡LjvÕ DfqB MwVZ n‡q‡Q|
MyiæZ¡c~Y© Z_¨ : mgavZzR Kg©c` AKg©K wµqv‡K mKg©K Ki‡Z cv‡i| ‡hgb :
o ‡m †h Pvj †P‡j‡Q Zv‡Z Zv‡K lohš¿Kvix Qvov Avi wKQy ejv hvq bv| [15Zg wewmGm]
o Ggb my‡Li giY †K gi‡Z cv‡i?
o ‡ek Aviv‡gi GK Nyg Nywg‡qwQ| [wmwRwWGd Gi AwWUi: 19; `yb©xwZ `gb Awdmvi: 94]
GLv‡b ÔPvjÕ, ÔgiYÕ Ges ÔNygÕ `ywU mgavZzR Kg©| jÿ¨ K‡ib, evK¨ wZbwU‡Z Ô‡P‡j‡QÕ, Ôgi‡ZÕ Ges ÔNywg‡qwQÕ kã `ywU Avmvq
AKg©K wµqvc`, mKg©K wµqvc‡` iƒcvšÍwiZ n‡q‡Q|
 cÖ‡hvRK (wYRšÍ) wµqv : hLb †Kvb ev‡Kï wµqvi KZ©v Pvjbvq ‡_‡K Ab¨‡K w`‡q wµqv m¤úv`b Kivq, ZLb †mB
wµqvc`‡K cÖ‡hvRK (wYRšÍ) wµqv e‡j| ms¯‹…Z e¨vKi‡Y cÖ‡hvRK wµqv‡K wYRšÍ wµqv ejv nq| †hgb- gv
wkïwU‡K nvmvb| [‡c‡Uªvevsjvi wnmve mnKvix: 19]
cÖ‡hvRK KZ©v cÖ‡hvRK KZ©v cÖ‡hvR¨ KZ©v cÖ‡hvRK wµqv cÖ_g D`vni‡Y, cÖ‡hvRK wµqvi (Pvu`
cÖ‡hvR¨ KZ©v gv wkï‡K Pvu` †`Lv‡”Qb †`Lv‡”Qb) cÖ‡hvRK KZ©v (gv) Pvjbvq †_‡K
cÖ‡hvRK wµqv mvcy‡o mvc ‡Ljvq Ab¨‡K (wkï‡K) w`‡q wµqv m¤úv`b K‡i‡Q|
ZvB ev‡Kï wµqvc`wU cÖ‡hvRK wµqv|
o cÖ‡hvRK KZ©v : †h Pvjbvq †_‡K wµqv m¤úv`b Kivq, Zv‡K cÖ‡hvRK KZ©v ejv nq| †hgb : Dc‡ii
D`vniY `ywU‡Z ÔgvÕ Ges Ômvcy‡oÕ cÖ‡hvRK KZ©v|
o cÖ‡hvR¨ KZ©v : hv‡K w`‡q wµqvwU AbywôZ nq, Zv‡K cÖ‡hvR¨ KZ©v e‡j| Dc‡ii D`vniY `ywU‡Z ÔwkïÕ
Ges ÔmvcÕ cÖ‡hvR¨ KZ©v|
 AcÖ‡hvRK wµqv : †h wµqv KZ©v ¯^qs m¤úbœ K‡i, Zv‡K AcÖ‡hvRK wµqv e‡j| †hgb : Avwg evRvi Kwi|
 bvgavZz I bvgavZzi wµqv : we‡kl¨, we‡klY Ges aŸbvZ¥K Ae¨‡qi c‡i ÔAvÕ cÖZ¨q‡hv‡M †h avZz MwVZ nq,
†m¸‡jv‡K bvgavZz ejv nq| bvgavZzi m‡½ cyiæl ev Kvjm~PK wµqv-wefw³ †hv‡M bvgavZzi wµqvc` MwVZ nq|
‡hgb-
o evuKv (we‡klY) + Av (cÖZ¨q) = evuKv (bvgavZz)| h_v- KwÂwU evuwK‡q ai (bvgavZzi wµqvc`)
o aŸbvZ¥K Ae¨q : Kb Kb - `vuZwU e¨_vq KbKbv‡”Q| †dvum-ARMiwU †dvumv‡”Q|
†R‡b ivLyb : cyiæl ev Kvjm~PK wµqv wefw³ Kx?
‡hme A_©nxb eY© ev eY©¸”Q avZzi †k‡l hy³ n‡q avZz‡K wµqvc` •Zwi K‡i Ges cyiæl wb‡`©k K‡i| †hgb : j, †j,
jvg (Kij, Ki‡j, Kijvg)| G iKg Av‡iv wKQz : e, †e, evg; Q, †Q, †Qb; Z, †Z, Zvg|
 †hŠwMK wµqv : GKwU AmgvwcKv wµqv I GKwU mgvwcKv wµqv hw` GK‡Î GKwU we‡kl ev m¤úªmvwiZ A_© cÖKvk
K‡i, Zv‡K †h․wMK wµqv ejv nq| †hgb : ‡n‡m IVv| [iƒcvwj e¨vsK wj. Awdmvi: 19]
ZvwM` †Ìqv A‡_© : NUbvUv ï‡b ivL| wbišÍiZv A‡_© : wZwb ej‡Z jvM‡jb|
Kvh©mgvwß A‡_© : †Q‡j‡g‡qiv ï‡q coj| Aby‡gv`b A‡_© : GLb †h‡Z cvi|
AvKw¯§KZv A‡_© : mvB‡ib †e‡R DVj| [cjøx mÂq e¨v. K¨v A: 18; cjøx mÂq e¨vs‡Ki K¨vk mnKvix: 18]
 wgkÖ wµqv : we‡kl¨, we‡klY, aŸbvZ¥K Ae¨‡qi m‡½ Ki, n, †`, cv, hv, KvU&, Mv, Qvo, ai&, gvi& cÖf…wZ avZz‡hv‡M
MwVZ wµqvc` we‡kl we‡kl A‡_© wgkÖ wµqv MVb K‡i|
o we‡k‡lï c‡i : Avgiv ZvRgnj `k©b Kijvg|
o we‡kl‡Yi c‡i : †Zvgv‡K †`‡L we‡kl cÖxZ njvg|
o aŸbvZ¥K Ae¨‡qi c‡i : gv_v wSg& wSg& Ki‡Q| Sg& Sg& K‡i e„wó co‡Q|
we‡kl¨ †_‡K we‡klY
[*e‡· meyR Kvwj Øviv wPwýZ kãmg~n weMZ eQ‡i cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK cixÿvq G‡mwQj]
we‡kl¨ we‡klY Awbqg AwbqwgZ AcniY AcüZ
A AbyMÖn AbyMÖvnx Aeavb AewnZ
AwMœ Av‡Mœq A¼zi A¼zwiZ AiY¨ AviY¨K
AaxiZv Aaxi A_© Avw_©K Abyev` Ab~w`Z
Af¨vm Af¨¯’ Aby i vM Aby i ³ Abygvb AbywgZ
AšÍ AwšÍg DrKl© DrK…ó Kvj Kvjxb
AbymiY Abym„Z D`q Dw`Z KveywjIqvjv Kveywj
Acgvb AcgvwbZ D`¨g D`¨Z KvwVb¨ KwVb
Aciva Acivax Drcxob DrcxwoZ ‡K․Z~nj ‡K․Z~nwj
Ask AvswkK D‡Ïk¨ DwÏó KÉ KvÉ¨
Aaybv AvaywbK D‡Øj D‡ØwjZ ÿxYZv ÿxY
Ae‡njv Ae‡nwjZ Db¥xjb Db¥xwjZ ÿz`ªZ¡ ÿz`ª
AeÁv [cÖv. we.m.wk:05] AeÁvZ DwPZ JwPZ¨
Dc‡hvwMZv Dc‡hvMx we‡kl¨ we‡klY
Afve Afvex
Dc‡fvM Dc‡fvM¨ L
Ac©Y Awc©Z Dcw¯’wZ Dcw¯’Z LÐ LwÐZ
we‡kl¨ we‡klY D‡jøL D‡jøL¨/D‡jøwLZ Lyb Lywb
Av Dov DošÍ ‡Lqvj ‡Lqvwj
Av‡µvk Av‡µvkYxq CÿY CwÿZ L‡qi L‡qwi
AvKzj AvKzjZv Cáv Cáy L¨vwZ L¨vZ
AvNvZ AvnZ Cl©v/Cl©¨v Cl©vwš^Z
AvKvk AvKvwk Dw³ D³ we‡kl¨ we‡klY
AvniY AvnwiZ D”PZv D”P M
AvMgb AvMZ D”PviY D”PvwiZ, D”Pvh© ‡Mvcb ‡Mvcbxq
AveiY Ave„Z D”Q…•LjZv D”Q…•Lj ¸Y ¸Yx
AvKl©Y AvKl©Yxq Cgvb Cgvb`vi Mí Mwíq
AvZ¼ AvZw¼Z Dcwb‡ek Jcwb‡ewkK MÖvm MÖ¯Í
AvwZkh¨ AwZkq Mvu ‡Mu‡qv
Avmgvb Avmgvbx we‡kl¨ we‡klY Mv¤¢xh© [36Zg wewmGm] M¤¢xi
Avw` Avw`g/Av`¨ F, G, H, I, J ‡MvÎ ‡MvÎxq
Avev` Avevw` FY FYx MvQ ‡M‡Qv
Avb›` Avbw›`Z GKK/HK¨ GK MÖvg MÖvg¨
Avwe®‥vi Avwe®‥…Z GKvMÖZv GKvMÖ MÖnY M„nxZ
AvkÖq AvwkÖZ HwPZ¨ DwPZ Mvb MxZ
Av‡jvob Av‡jvwoZ HwZn¨ HwZn¨kvjx ‡Mvjvc ‡Mvjvwc
Avjm¨ Ajm J¾¡j¨ D¾¡j MwZ MwZkxj
Av‡jvPbv Av‡jvP¨ J¾¡jZv D¾¡j ¸iæ Mwiô
AvZ¥v AvwZ¥K J`vh© D`vi
Avðh© Avðhv©wš^Z J×Z¨ D×Z we‡kl¨ we‡klY
Avuk Avuk‡U J`vmxb¨/ J`vm¨ D`vmxb N
N„Yv N„Y¨
we‡kl¨ we‡klY we‡kl¨ we‡klY
Ni N‡ivqv
B, C, D, E K
we‡kl¨ we‡klY
BZivwg BZi Kl©Y Kwl©Z
P
Bn‡jvK Bn‡j․wKK K…wl K…wlR
‡Póv ‡PwóZ
BwZnvm HwZnvwmK ‡KvY ‡K․wYK
PgrKvi PgrK…Z
B›`ªRvj H`ªRvwjK Kzmyg KzmywgZ
P›`ª Pv›`ª
B”Qv [15Zg wewmGm] Hw”QK/B”QzK KvMR Kv¸‡R
PwiÎ PvwiwÎK
Ckî Hk^wiK KzÉv KzwÉZ
wPÎ wPwÎZ
D”Q¡vm D”Q¡wmZ Kvu`v Kvu`y‡b
‣PZ ‣PZvwj
Djøvm DjøwmZ Kvq KvwqK
PvZzh© PZzi
D×vi D×…Z KvR ‡K‡Rv
PvjvwK PvjvK
wPšÍv wPwšÍZ ‡`vl `yó e¨MÖZv e¨MÖ
PvKzwi PvKz‡i `xwß `xß e¨_v e¨w_Z
wPý wPwýZ `ya `y‡aj/`yavj ev`j ev`jv
Pÿz Pvÿzm `vbe `vbexq weRq weRqx
Pxb ‣PwbK ‣`b¨ `xb eyw×gËv eyw×gvb
we`¨v weØvb
we‡kl¨ we‡klY we‡kl¨ we‡klY we`viY we`xY©
Q, R, S a, b we‡`k we‡`wk/‣e‡`wkK
‡Q`b ‡Q` ‡a․wZ ‡a․Z e¯‘ ev¯Íe
Q›` Q›è× ab abx f~wg ‡f․wgK
‡Q‡j ‡Q‡jwg ‰ah©/axiZv axi f~Z ‡f․wZK
Rxeb [14Zg wewmGm] Rxebx/RxweZ avb ‡a‡bv f~‡Mvj ‡f․‡MvwjK
Rq ‡Rq b¨vq [GweGj wm. A: 10] b¨vh¨
RvwZ RvZxq ‣btkã wbtkã we‡kl¨ we‡klY
wRÁvmv wRÁvm¨ wb`ªv wb`ªvjy g
SMov SMov‡U g~j ‡g․wjK
So S‡ov we‡kl¨ we‡klY gvwU ‡g‡U
c, d gvayh© gayi
we‡kl¨ we‡klY cÖKvk cÖKvwkZ ‡g‡q ‡g‡qwj
U, V, W, X cÖv_wgK cÖ_g ‡gN ‡gNjv
Wv³vi Wv³vwi cÖvPzh© cÖPzi gyKzj gyKzwjZ
XvKv XvKvB cÖv_©bv cÖvw_©Z gb gvbwmK
WvKvZ WvKvwZ wccvmv wccvwmZ gig gigx
we‡kl¨ we‡klY cÖPjb cÖPwjZ gyL ‡g․wLK
Z, _, ` cÖK…wZ cÖvK…wZK gvsm gvsmj
Z¨vM Z¨vMx cÖwZev` cÖwZev`x gvV ‡g‡Vv
wZ‡ivavb wZ‡ivwnZ cÖYqb cÖYxZ we‡kl¨ we‡klY
wZi¯‥vi wZi¯‥…Z cøveb cøvweZ h, i, j
Zi½ Ziw½Z cÖbvg cÖbZ hš¿ hvwš¿K
Zvij¨ Zij cÖ‡ek cÖweó ivóª ivóªxq
Z›`ª Z›`ªvjy cÖ¯’vb cÖw¯’Z ‡ikg ‡ikwg
‡ZR ‡ZRx/‡ZRw¯…q c„w_ex cvw_©e ‡ivcY ‡ivwcZ
Zxi wZi¯’ cÖmv` cÖmbœ iO iw½b
Zvgv Zvgv‡U cï cvke/cvkweK ‡ivM iæM&Y
`wÿYv `wÿY cÖZxPx cÖvZxP¨ jÿ¨ jwÿZ
`vmZ¡ `vm cÖnvi cÖüZ jvwjgv jvj
‡è ‣è ce©Z cve©Z¨ ‡jvf jyä
‡`k ‡`wk/‡`wkq wckvP ‣ckvwPK jvNe jNy
‡`vl ‡`vlx/`~lYxq cixÿv cixwÿZ jvwjZ¨ ‡jvwjZ
`Ð `wÐZ cÖm½ cÖvmw½K jq jxb
`y‡e©va `y‡ev©a¨ cywjk cywjwk jeY [35Zg wewmGm] jeYv³/‡bvbZv
`k©b `k©bxq/`vk©wbK cvb cvbxq/‡cq ‡jvK ‡j․wKK
`„k¨ `k©bxq dzj dz‡jj jvR [24Zg wewmGm] jvRyK
`xbZv `xb ‡db ‡dwbj jvf jf¨/jä
`vwi`ª¨ `wi`ª j¾v jw¾Z
‣`N¨© `xN© we‡kl¨ we‡klY jeY ‡jvbv
`nb `»/`nbxq e, f
we‡kl¨ we‡klY kqb kvwqZ mgq mvgwqK
k, m k„•Lj k„•LwjZ ‡mŠ›`h© my›ì
kw³ kv³ k¼v kw¼Z mÜ¨v [Dc. g. Kg©: 5] mvÜ¨
kÖeY kÖve¨/kÖæZ mfv mf¨
kvwšÍ kvšÍ me©Rb me©Rbxb we‡kl¨ we‡klY
wkÿv wkwÿZ ¯^”QZv ¯^”Q n
kir kvi`xq ms‡ÿc mswÿß njy` njy‡`
‡kvK ‡kvKvZ© ¯^vZš¿¨ ¯^Zš¿ niY üZ
kixi kvixwiK mgy`ª mvgyw`ªK
wµqvi Kvj
 wµqv m¤úv`‡bi mgq‡K e‡j- Kvj| [mnKvix cwievi cwiKíbv Kg©KZ©v: 16]
wµqvi Kvj
wZb cÖKvi|
h_v- eZ©gvb Kvj AZxZ Kvj fwel¨r Kvj
mvaviY ev wbZë„Ë mvaviY AZxZ mvaviY ev wbZë„Ë
NUgvb eZ©gvb wbZë„Ë AZxZ NUgvb fwel¨r

cyivNwUZ eZ©gvb NUgvb AZxZ cyivNwUZ fwel¨r
cyivNwUZ AZxZ
eZ©gvb Kvj
†h wµqv eZ©gv‡b mvaviYfv‡e N‡U, Zvi Kvj‡K eZ©gvb Kvj e‡j| †hgb- gwbi Lvb Mvb Mvq| Avwg cwo| [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq
mnKvix wkÿK: 03]
 mvaviY ev wbZë„Ë eZ©gvb : ¯^vfvweK ev Af¨¯ÍZv †evSv‡j mvaviY eZ©gvb Kv‡ji wµqv‡K mvaviY ev wbZë„Ë
eZ©gvb Kvj e‡j| †hgb- mKv‡j m~h© I‡V (¯^vfvweKZv) Ges Avwg †ivR mKv‡j nvuU‡Z hvB (Af¨¯ÍZv)|
mvaviY eZ©gvb Kv‡ji D`vniY :
o Miæ Nvm Lvq| [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK: 19]
o evOvwjiv fvZ Lvq| [Dc‡Rjv wkÿv Awdmvi: 05]
wbZë„Ë eZ©gvb Kv‡ji D`vniY :
o m~h© c~e© w`‡K I‡V| [c~evjx e¨vs‡Ki Rywbqi Awdmvi: 18]
o ‡fv‡i m~h© D`q nq| [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK: 95]
o mÜ¨vq m~h© A¯Í hvq| [evsjv‡`k e¨vsK Awdmvi: 2015]
 NUgvb eZ©gvb : ‡h KvR ïiæ n‡q‡Q, wKš‘ †kl nqwb Zv‡K NUgvb eZ©gvb Kvj e‡j| ‡hgb-
o ey‡Ki i‡³ wj‡LwQ GKwU bvg, evsjv‡`k| [evsjv‡`k WvK wefv‡Mi †cv÷vj Acv‡iUi: 19]
o evj‡Kiv ¯‥z‡j hv‡”Q| [‡ijI‡q mnKvix KgvÛ¨v›U: 2000]
 cyivNwUZ eZ©gvb : wµqv c~‡e© †kl n‡jI Zvi dj eZ©gvb _vK‡j cyivNwUZ eZ©gvb Kvj e‡j| [cÖv_wgK we`¨v. mn. wkÿv:
18] †hgb-
o ‡m cyi¯‥vi †c‡q‡Q| [mIR MYc~Z© Awa`ß‡ii Dc-mnKvix cÖ‡KŠkjx (wmwfj): 01]
o ‡m ¯‥z‡j wM‡q‡Q| [Z_¨ gš¿Yvj‡qi Aaxb evsjv‡`k †Uwjwfk‡b Ges weÁvcb AwaKvwiK (‡MÖW-02): 06
o Gevi Avwg cixÿvq DËxY© n‡qwQ| [cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK: 18;`yb©xwZ `gb ey¨‡ivi mn. cwi: 04]
AZxZ Kvj
‡h wµqv c~‡e©B N‡U wM‡q‡Q, Zv‡K AZxZ Kvj e‡j| †hgb- Avgiv †ivR mKv‡j b`x Zx‡i dzUej ‡LjZvg| Kvj mÜ¨vq e„wó
cowQj|
 mvaviY AZxZ : eZ©gvb Kv‡ji Av‡MB †h wµqv m¤úbœ n‡q wM‡q‡Q, Zvi msNUb KvjB mvaviY AZxZ Kvj| ‡hgb-
o cÖ`xc wb‡f †Mj| [evsjv‡`k e¨vsK mnKvix cwiPvjK: 06; cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mn. wkÿK: 99; wc‡KGmGd Gi mnKvix
eë¯’vcK: 19]
o wkKvwi cvwLwU‡K ¸wj Kij|
 wbZë„Ë AZxZ : AZxZ Kv‡j †h wµqv mvaviYZ Af¨¯ÍZv A‡_© eëüZ nq, Zv‡K wbZë„Ë AZxZ Kvj e‡j|
†hgb-
o cÖwZw`b dzj dzUZ| [evsjv‡`k I‡qj, M¨vm I wgbv‡ij K‡c©v‡ikb A¨vwm÷¨v›U g¨v‡bRvi (GWwgb): 11]
o Zzwg hw` †h‡Z, Z‡e fv‡jvB n‡Zv| [`ybx©wZ `gb ey¨‡ivi mnKvix Dc-cwi`k©K: 04]
o Av‡M cÖwZ eQi GLv‡b †Ljv nZ| [gv`K`ªe¨ wbqš¿Y Awa`ß‡ii Dc-cwi`k©K: 18; wcGmwmÕi mnKvix cwiPvjK: 98]
 NUgvb AZxZ Kvj : AZxZ Kv‡j †h KvR PjwQj Ges †h mg‡qi K_v ejv n‡q‡Q, ZL‡bv KvRwU mgvß nqwb,
wµqv msMV‡bi Giƒc fve †evSv‡j wµqvi NUgvb AZxZ Kvj nq|
 cyivNwUZ AZxZ Kvj : ‡h wµqv AZx‡Z eû c~‡e©B msNwUZ n‡q‡Q Ges hvi c‡i Av‡iv wKQz NUbv N‡U‡Q, Zvi
Kvj‡K cyivNwUZ AZxZ Kvj e‡j| †hgb- KvRwU wK Zzwg K‡iwQ‡j?
fwel¨r Kvj
‡h wµqv fwel¨‡Z NU‡e Zvi Kvj‡K fwel¨r Kvj e‡j| †hgb- Avwg ¯‥z‡j hve| mvjv‡giv dzUej †Lj‡e| Kwig iscy‡i fwjej
†Lj‡Z hv‡e|
 mvaviY fwel¨r Kvj : †h wµqv c‡i ev AbvMZ Kv‡j msNwUZ n‡e, Zvi Kvj‡K mvaviY fwel¨r Kvj e‡j| †hgb-
Avgiv evMv‡b dzj Zzj‡Z hve| kxNªB †iv` DV‡e|
 NUgvb fwel¨r Kvj : †h KvR fwel¨r Kv‡j NU‡Z _vK‡e Zvi Kvj‡K fwel¨r Kvj e‡j| †hgb- Avgiv dzUej
†Lj‡Z _vKe|
cyivNwUZ fwel¨r Kvj : ‡h wµqv m¤¢eZ N‡U wM‡q‡Q Ges †mwU †evSv‡Z mvaviY fwel¨r Kvj‡evaK kã eënvi Kiv nq, Ggb
n‡j Zvi Kvj‡K cyivNwUZ fwel¨r Kvj ejv nq| †hgb- Avgiv †mLv‡b wM‡q _vKe|
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. Ô‡fv‡i m~h© D`q nqÕ D`vniYwU †Kvb eZ©gvb Kv‡ji? 05. ‡h wµqv wKQz Av‡M †kl n‡q‡Q wKš‘ Zvi dj GL‡bv
[cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 95] i‡q‡Q Zv‡K e‡j- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 18]
K. mvaviY L. NUgvb K. cyivNwUZ eZ©gvb L. mvaviY AZxZ
M. wbZë„Ë N. cyivNwUZ M. wbZë„Ë AZxZ N. NUgvb eZ©gvb DËi : K
02. ‡Kvb evK¨wU‡Z AbyÁv Av‡Q? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix 06. ÔGevi Avwg cixÿvq DËxY© n‡qwQÕ-evK¨wU †Kvb Kv‡ji?
wkÿK : 95] [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 18]
K. Avevi †Zviv gvbyl n L. gvbyl giYkxj K. NUgvb eZ©gvb L. cyivNwUZ eZ©gvb
M. ‡m eB c‡o N. Kzwóqv eo kni DËi : K M. mvaviY AZxZ N. wbZë„Ë AZxZ DËi : L
03. ‡KvbwU AbyÁv? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (ewikvj 07. cÖ`xc wb‡f †Mj- D`vniYwU †Kvb AZxZ Kv‡ji?
wefvM) : 07] [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 99]
K. Zzwg hvI L. Zzwg wM‡qwQ‡j K. mvaviY L. NUgvb
M. Zzwg hvw”Q‡j N. Zzwg hv”Q DËi : K M. c„yivNwUZ N. wbZë„Ë
04. ‡h KvR GL‡bv Pj‡Q Zv‡K wK e‡j? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq 08. eZ©gvb Kvj †Kvb evK¨wU? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK
mnKvix wkÿK (IDA/ADB Project) : 01] (ewikvj wefvM) : 03]
K. wbZ¨ eZ©gvb L. NUgvb eZ©gvb K. ivby hv‡e L. Avwg c‡owQ
M. cyivNwUZ eZ©gvb N. eZ©gvb AbyÁv DËi : L M. mygx †M‡Q N. Avwg cwo DËi : N
wµqvi fve
wµqvi fve : wµqvi †h Ae¯’v Øviv Kvh© NUvi aib, cÖKvi ev ixwZ cÖKvk cvq, Zv‡K wµqvi fve e‡j| wµqvi fve Pvi cÖKvi|
h_v-
 wb‡`©kK fve : mvaviY NUbv wb‡`©k Ki‡j ev †Kvb wKQz wR‡Ám Ki‡j wµqvc‡ì wb‡`©kK fve nq| †hgb-
o ‡g‡qiv dzj †Zv‡j|
o Avgiv Dcb¨vm cwo|
o Avcwb wK Lv‡eb?
 wµqvi AbyÁv ev AbyÁv fve : Av‡`k, wb‡la, Dc‡`k, Aby‡iva, Avkxe©v` BZ¨vw` m~wPZ n‡j wµqvc‡ì AbyÁv
fve nq| h_v-
Av‡`kvZ¥K wb‡lavZ¥K
o AvgUv LvI| [15Zg wkÿK wbeÜb : 19] o Ab¨vq KvR K‡iv bv|
o m`v mZ¨ ej‡e| o wg_¨v K_v ej‡e bv|
o KvRwU K‡i †dj| Awfkvc
o ILv‡b hvm bv| [wc‡KGmGd Gi mnKvix eë¯’vcK: 19; o gi, cvwcô|
µxov cwi`ß‡ii Awdm mnKvix: 19]
o Zzwg hvI| [21Zg wewmGm]
Aby‡ivam~PK Dc‡`kvZ¥K
o A¼Uv eywS‡q `vI bv| o mZ¨ K_v †Mvcb K‡iv bv|
o Avgvi KvRUv GLb Ki| o gvbyl nI| [`y‡h©vM I ÎvY gš¿Yvj‡qi Awdm mnvqK: 19]
o Kvj GKevi G‡mv| [18Zg wewmGm] o Kov †iv‡` †Nviv‡div Kwim bv|
cÖv_©bvm~PK o cvwZm †b wkjvZ‡j cÙcvZv|
o Avgvi ìLv¯ÍUv co–b| [Lv`¨ cwi`k©K: 2000] o Avevi †Zviv gvbyl n| [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mn. wk: 05]
 mv‡cÿ fve : GKwU wµqvi msNUb Ab¨ GKwU wµqvi Ici wbf©i Ki‡j, wbf©ikxj wµqv‡K mv‡cÿ fv‡ei wµqv
ejv nq| h_v-
o m¤¢vebv †evSv‡Z : PviUv evR‡j ¯‥zj QzwU n‡e| [cÖv_wgK we`¨v. mn. wk: 19]
o D‡Ïk¨ †evSv‡Z : fv‡jv K‡i co‡j mdj n‡e| [miKvwi gva¨wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK: 09]
o B”Qv ev Kvgbvq : AvR evev †eu‡P _vK‡j Avgvi Kó n‡Zv bv| [mnKvix Z_¨ Awdmvi: 05]
 AvKv•ÿv cÖKvkK fve : ‡h wµqvc` mivmwi †Kv‡bv B”Qv ev AvKv•ÿv cÖKvk K‡i, ‡mwUB wµqvi AvKv•ÿv cÖKvk
fve| †hgb-
o Zviv hvK|
o ‡m GKUz nvmyK|
o hv nq †nvK|
KviK I wefw³
 ÔKviKÕ (K…+Y&K) kãwUi A_©- hv wµqv m¤úv`b K‡i| [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK: 13]
 ev‡Kï cÖwZwU k‡ãi mv‡_ Aš^q mva‡bi Rb¨ †h mKj eY© hy³ nq Zv‡ì‡K wefw³ e‡j| [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK:
13; Zzjv Dbœqb †ev‡W©i Kg©KZ©v: 06]
01. cÖkœ : Øviv, w`qv, KZ©„K- evsjv e¨vKiY Abyhvqx †Kvb wefw³? (40Zg wewmGm)
K. Z…Zxqv wefw³ L. cÖ_gv wefw³ M. wØZxqv wefw³ N. k~b¨ wefw³ DËi K
wefw³ cÖavbZ `yB cÖKvi| h_v: bvg ev kã wefw³ wµqv wefw³ evsjv kã- wefw³ 7 cÖKvi| h_v-
wefw³i bvg GKePb eûePb

cÖ_gv 0, A, G, (q), †Z, G‡Z iv, Giv, ¸wj (¸‡jv), MY|
wØZxq ‡K, †i w`‡M, w`M‡K, w`‡M‡i, *‡ì|
Z…Zxqv Øviv, w`qv(w`‡q), KZ©„K w`‡Mi w`qv, †ì w`qv, w`M‡K Øviv, w`M KZ©„K, ¸wji Øviv, ¸wj‡K w`‡q,
*¸‡jv w`‡q, ¸wj KZ…©K, †ì w`‡q|
PZz_©x ‡K, †i* wØZxqvi g‡Zv
cÂgx G (‡q,q), nB‡Z, w`M nB‡Z, ‡ì nB‡Z, w`‡Mi †P‡q, ¸wj nB‡Z, ¸wji †P‡q, *‡ì n‡Z,
†_‡K, †P‡q, n‡Z *‡ì †_‡K, *‡ì †P‡q|
lôx i, Gi *w`‡Mi, †ì, ¸wji, ¸‡Yi, ¸‡jvi|
mßgx G, q, †Z w`‡M, w`‡M‡Z, ¸wj‡Z, M‡Y, ¸wji g‡a¨, ¸‡jv‡Z, ¸‡jvi g‡a¨|
wefw³ †hv‡Mi wbqg :

K. AcÖvwYevPK ev BZi cÖvwYevPK eûeP‡b ÔivÕ hy³ nq bv; ¸wj, ¸‡jv hy³ nq| h_v cv_i¸‡jv, Miæ¸wj|
L. AcÖvwYevPK k‡ãi DËi Ô‡KÕ ev Ô‡iÕ wefw³ nq bv, k~b¨ wefw³ nq| h_v Kjg `vI|
M. ¯îvšÍ k‡ãi DËi ÔGÕ wefw³i iƒc nq ÔqÕ ev Ô‡qÕ| ÔGÕ ¯’v‡b Ô‡ZÕ wefw³I hy³ n‡Z cv‡i| †hgb gv + G =
gv‡q, †Nvov + G = †Nvovq, cvwb + †Z = cvwb‡Z|
N. A-KvivšÍ I e¨ÄbvšÍ k‡ãi DËi cÖvqB ÔivÕ ¯’v‡b ÔGivÕ nq Ges lôx wefw³i ÔiÕ ¯’‡j ÔGiÕ hy³ nq| †hgb †jvK +
iv = †jv‡Kiv| weØvb (e¨ÄbvšÍ) + iv = weØv‡biv| gvbyl + Gi = gvby‡li| †jvK + Gi = †jv‡Ki| wKš‘ A-
KvivšÍ, Av-KvivšÍ Ges G-KvivšÍ LvuwU evsjv k‡ãi lôxi GK eP‡b mvaviY ÔiÕ hy³ nq, ÔGiÕ hy³ nq bv| †hgb
eoi, gvgvi, †Q‡ji BZ¨vw`|
02. ev‡Kï wµqvi mv‡_ Ab¨vb¨ c‡ì †h m¤úK© Zv‡K Kx e‡j? [40Zg wewmGm; Dc‡Rjv cwimsL¨vb Kg©KZ©v : 10; mve-‡iwR÷ªvi: 92]
K. wefw³ L. KviK M. cÖZ¨q N. AbymM© DËi L
evK¨w¯’Z wµqvc‡ì mv‡_ bvg c‡ì †h m¤úK©

Zv‡K KviK e‡j| [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK: 13] K. KZ…©KviK L. Kg© KviK
KviK 06 (Qq) cÖKvi| [miKvwi gva¨. we`¨v. mn. wk: M. KiY KviK N. m¤úª`vb KviK
19] h_v
O. Acv`vb KviK P. AwaKiY KviK
GKwU ev‡K¨ 06 (Qq) wU Kvi‡Ki D`vniY †eMg mv‡nev cÖwZw`b fvuovi †_‡K wbR nv‡Z Mixe‡ì Pvj w`‡Zb|
‡eMg mv‡nev : wµqvi mv‡_ KZ©„m¤^Ü Pvj : wµqvi mv‡_ Kg© m¤^Ü
nv‡Z : wµqvi mv‡_ KiY m¤^Ü Mwie‡ì : wµqvi mv‡_ m¤úª`vb m¤úK©
fvuovi †_‡K : wµqvi mv‡_ Acv`vb m¤úK© cÖwZw`b : wµqvi mv‡_ AwaKiY m¤úK©
KZ©„KviK
evK¨w¯’Z †h we‡kl¨ ev me©bvg c` wµqv m¤úbœ K‡i Zv wµqvi KZ©v ev KZ…©KviK| A_v©r ev‡K¨ wµqvwU hvi Øviv
m¤úbœ nq Zv‡K KZ©„KviK e‡j| AviI mn‡R ejv hvq, †Kvb ev‡Kï AšÍM©Z we‡kl¨ ev me©bvg c` †h wµqv m¤úv`b
K‡i †mB wµqvi KZ©vB n‡jv KZ©KviK|
KZ©„KviK †Pbvi Dcvq †hgb †LvKv eB c‡o| cÖkœ : ‡K c‡o? DËi:

wµqvi m‡½ Ô‡KÕ ev ÔKvivÕ †hvM K‡i cÖkœ †LvKv| GLv‡b Ô‡LvKvÕ n‡jv KZ…©KviK|
Ki‡j †h DËi cvIqv hvq, Zv-B KZ©„KviK| †g‡qiv dzj †Zv‡j| cÖkœ : Kviv †Zv‡j? DËi:
†g‡qiv| GLv‡b Ô‡g‡qivÕ KZ©„KviK|
KZ©„Kvi‡Ki cÖKvi‡f`
K. KZ©„KviK ev‡Kï wµqv m¤úv`‡bi •ewPÎ¨ ev •ewkó¨ Abyhvqx Pvi cÖKv‡ii n‡q _v‡K| h_v
01. gyL¨ KZ©v : †h wb‡R wb‡RB wµqv m¤úv`b K‡i †m gyL¨ KZ©v| †hgb †Q‡jiv dzUej †Lj‡Q| gyljav‡i
e„wó co‡Q|
02. cÖ‡hvRK KZ©v : g~j KZ©v hLb Ab¨‡K †Kv‡bv Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ K‡i Zv m¤úbœ Kivq, ZLb Zv‡K cÖ‡hvRK
KZ©v e‡j| †hgb wkÿK QvÎ‡ì e¨vKiY cov‡”Qb|
03. cÖ‡hvR¨ KZ©v : g~j KZ©vi KiYxq Kvh© hv‡K w`‡q m¤úvw`Z nq, Zv‡K cÖ‡hvR¨ KZ©v ejv nq| Ic‡ii
ev‡K¨ ÔQvÎÕ cÖ‡hvR¨ KZ©v| Z`ªyc, ivLvj (cÖ‡hvRK) Miæ‡K (cÖ‡hvR¨ KZ©v) Nvm LvIqvq| wkÿK
(cÖ‡hvRK) QvÎ‡ì (cÖ‡hvR¨ KZ©v) evsjv cov‡”Qb|
04. e¨wZnvi KZ©v : †Kv‡bv ev‡K¨ †h `y‡Uv KZ©v GK‡Î GKRvZxq wµqv m¤úv`b K‡i, Zv‡ì e¨wZnvi KZ©v
e‡j| †hgb ev‡N-gwn‡l GK Nv‡U Rj Lvq| ivRvq-ivRvq jovB [‡lvok wkÿK wbeÜb cixÿv (K‡jR
ch©vq): 19], DjyLvMovi cÖvYvšÍ|
L. ev‡Kï evP¨ ev cÖKvkfw½ Abymv‡i KZ©v wZb iKg n‡Z cv‡i| †hgb
01. Kg©ev‡Pï KZ©v (Kg©c‡ì cÖvavb¨m~PK ev‡K¨) : cywjk Øviv †Pvi a„Z n‡q‡Q|
02. fveev‡Pï KZ©v (wµqvi cÖavb¨m~PK ev‡K¨) : Avgvi hvIqv n‡e bv|
03. Kg©-KZ©„ev‡Pï KZ©v (ev‡K¨ Kg©c`B KZ©„¯’vbxq) : evuwk ev‡R| KjgUv †j‡L fv‡jv|
KZ©„Kvi‡K wewfbœ wefw³i eënvi

K. cÖ_gv ev k~b¨ ev A wefw³
o iwng evwo hvq|
o nvwg` eB c‡o| [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK: 12]
o Rj c‡o, cvZv b‡o| [10g †emiKvwi wkÿK wbeÜb (2): 14]
o cixÿv G‡jB Zvi †Pv‡Li Rj S‡i| [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK: 07]
o M„nnxb wPiw`b _v‡K civaxb| [wWwRGdAvB Gi mnKvix cwiPvjK: 19]
o cvwL me K‡i ie ivwZ †cvnvBj| ivLvj Miæi cvj j‡q hvq gv‡V|
L. wØZxqv ev †K wefw³
o ewki‡K †h‡Z n‡e| Zv‡K w`‡q wKQz n‡e bv| [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK: 05]
o mKj‡K gi‡Z n‡e| [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mn. wk: 13; cÖv_wgK we`¨v. mn wk: 06
o Avgv‡K †h‡Z n‡e| [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mn. wk: 13; cÖv_wgK we`¨v. mn. wk: 10]
M. Z…Zxqv ev Øviv wefw³ : †di‡`Šmx KZ©„K kvnbvgv iwPZ n‡q‡Q|
N. lôx ev i wefw³ : Avgvi hvIqv nqwb| †èZvi ab †K hvq wdiv‡q j‡q? [cÖevmx Kj¨vY e¨vsK wj. wmwbqi
Awdmvi: 14]
O. mßgx ev G wefw³
o Mvu‡q gv‡b bv, Avcwb †gvoj|
o †jv‡K e‡j| cvM‡j Kx bv e‡j|
o ‡R‡j fvB gvQ a‡i †g‡Ni Qvqvq| [f~-ZvwË¡K Rwic Awa`ß‡ii mnKvix cwiPvjK: 15]
o ev‡c bv wRÁv‡m, gv‡q bv m¤¢v‡l| cvM‡j Kx bv e‡j, QvM‡j Kx bv Lvq|
o ev‡N-gwn‡l Lvbv GKNv‡U Lv‡e bv| kÖ×vevb j‡f Ávb A‡b¨ Kfz bq|
o Avgv‡i Zzwg iÿv K‡iv| [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK: 12]
o UvKvq UvKv Av‡b| [cÖv_wgK we`¨v. mn. wkÿK: 19]
o `‡k wg‡j Kwi KvR| [‡mvbvjx e¨vsK wj. wmwbqi Awdmvi: 13; AMÖYx e¨vsK wj. wmwbqi Awdmvi: 13; evsjv‡`k e¨vsK
mnKvix cwiPvjK: 09]
P. mßgx ev q wefw³
o †Nvovq Mvwo Uv‡b|
o fvB‡q fvB‡q †ek wgj| [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨v. mn. wk: 13; cÖv_wgK we`¨v. mn. wk:09]
Q. mßgx ev †Z wefw³
o Miæ‡Z `ya †`q|
o eyjeywj‡Z avb †L‡q‡Q LvRbv wè Kx‡m? [‡mvbvjx e¨vsK Awdmvi: 18; cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK: 14; mve-
‡iwR÷ªvi: 03]
Kg© KviK
hv‡K AvkÖq K‡i KZ©v wµqv m¤úbœ K‡i, Zv‡K Kg©KviK e‡j| [cÖv_wgK wkÿv Awa`ß‡ii wnmve mnKvix: 11; WvK I †Uwj‡hvMv‡hvM
gš¿Yvj‡qi wnmveiÿY Kg©KZ©v: 03] wµqvi welq‡K Kg© e‡j| [evsjv‡`k †ijI‡q nvmcvZvjmg~‡ni mnKvix mvR©b: 03]
Kg© `yB cÖKvi| h_v: gyL¨ Kg© ‡hgb- evev Avgv‡K (‡M․Y Kg©) GKwU Kjg (gyL¨ Kg©) wK‡b
‡M․Y Kg© w`‡q‡Qb|
o mvaviYZ gyL¨ Kg© e¯‘evPK I †M․Y Kg© cÖvwYevPK n‡q _v‡K|

o GQvovI mvaviYZ Kg©Kvi‡Ki †M․Y K‡g© wefw³ hy³ nq, gyL¨ K‡g© nq bv|
Kg© KviK †Pbvi Dcvq †hgb Avgvi ¯^cb Av‡av RvMiY| cÖkœ : Avgvi
wµqvi m‡½ ÔwKÕ ev ÔKv‡KÕ †hvM K‡i cÖkœ wK Av‡av RvMiY? DËi: ¯^cb| Ô¯^cbÕ Kg© KviK|
Ki‡j †h DËi cvIqv hvq, Zv-B Kg© KviK| ‡avcv‡K Kvco `vI| cÖkœ : Kv‡K Kvco `vI?
DËi: †avcv‡K| GLv‡b Ô‡avcv‡KÕ Kg© KviK|
Kg©Kvi‡Ki cÖKvi‡f`
K. mKg©K wµqvi Kg© : bvwmgv dzj Zzj‡Q|
L. cÖ‡hvRK wµqvi Kg© : †Q‡jwU‡K weQvbvq †kvqvI|
M. mgavZzR Kg© : Lye GK Nyg Nywg‡qwQ|
N. D‡Ïk¨ I we‡aq : wØKg©K wµqvi `ywU ci¯úi A‡cwÿZ Kg©c` _vK‡j cÖavb Kg©wU‡K ejv D‡Ïk¨ Kg© Ges
A‡cwÿZ Kg©wU‡K ejv nq we‡aq Kg©| †hgb `ya‡K (D‡Ïk¨ Kg©) †gviv `y» (we‡aq Kg©) ewj, njy`‡K (D‡Ïk¨
Kg©) ewj nwi`ªv (we‡aq Kg©)|
Kg©Kvi‡K wewfbœ wefw³i eënvi
o Wv³vi WvK| [RbZv e¨vs‡Ki Gw·wKDwUf Awdmvi: 19; cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK: 18
o Kvb‡b Kzmyg Kwj mKwj dzwUj|
o Ggb †Q‡j Avi †`wLwb| [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK: 15; cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK: 12]
o Avgv‡K GKLvbv eB `vI| (wØKg©K wµqvi gyL¨ Kg©)
o iex›`ªbv_ cojvg, bRiæj cojvg, Gi myivnv Lyu‡R †cjvg bv| (MÖš’ A‡_© wewkó MÖš’Kvi cÖ‡qvM)
o Avgvi Mv‡bi gvjv Avwg Kie Kv‡i `vb| [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK:08]
o Avwg eB cwo| [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK: 09; cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK: 05]
o ïµevi ¯‹zj eÜ _v‡K| [cÖv_wgK we`¨v. mnKvix wkÿK: 10]
o ‡Q‡jiv wµ‡KU †L‡j| [‡iwR÷vW© cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK: 11]
o Lv‡j` eB c‡o| [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK: 12]
o Avgvi fvZ LvIqv nB‡jv bv| [c~evjx e¨vsK wj. Rywbqi Awdmvi: 12]
o ïay we‡N `yB wQj †gvi fzuB| [RvZxq ivR¯^ †ev‡W©i mnKvix ivR¯^ Kg©KZ©v: 12]
o KviK covq ZviK VvKzi|
o cvnv‡oi Xvj †e‡q Rj bvg‡Q| [15Zg wkÿK wbeÜb (¯‹zj): 19]
o me©v‡½ e¨_v, Jla wè †Kv_v| [25Zg wewmGm]
o K‡cvj fvwmqv †Mj bq‡bi R‡j| [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK: 13; cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK: 12]
L. wØZxq ev †K wefw³ :
o Zv‡K ej| wiqv‡K WvK|
o ‡`vlx QvÎwU‡K Rwigvbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| [11Zg †emiKvwi cÖfvlK wbeÜb: 14]
wØZxq ev †i wefw³
o ÔAvgv‡i Zzwg Kwi‡e ÎvY, G b‡n †gvi cÖv_©bvÕ|
o ‡i‡Lv gv `v‡m‡i g‡b| [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK: 13]
M. lôx ev i wefw³
o †Zvgvi †`Lv †cjvg bv|
o Avgv‡ì GKwU Mí ejyb| [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK: 10]
N. mßgxi G wefw³
o ÔwRÁvwm‡e R‡b R‡b| (exávq) [12Zg †emiKvwi wkÿK wbeÜb: 15; cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mn. wk: 08]
o weM‡n jwjZ MxwZ wkLvqv‡Q fvjevwm|
o ¸Ynx‡b Z¨vM Ki| [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK: 12; cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK: 15]
o iwng †avcv‡K Kvco ay‡Z w`j| [gva¨wgK I D”P wkÿv Awa`ß‡ii D”Pgvb mnKvix: 13; mnKvix RR: 08]
o wcÖqR‡b hvnv w`‡Z PvB ZvB wè †èZv‡i| [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mn. wkÿK: 07]
o Kwig‡K iwng MZKvj †g‡i‡Q| G Aax‡b `vwqZ¡fvi Ac©Y Kiæb|
o PÐv‡j emvI Avwb ivRvi Avj‡q| [`y‡hv©M I ÎvY gš¿Yvj‡qi Awdm mnKvix: 19]
o Avgvi Mv‡bi gvjv Avwg Kie Kv‡i `vb| [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK: 09 Ges 12; 15Zg cÖfvlK wbeÜb
(K‡jR): 19]
KiY KviK
 ÔKiYÕ kãwUi A_© : hš¿, mnvqK ev Dcvq| wµqv m¤úv`‡bi hš¿, DcKiY ev mnvqK‡KB KiY KviK ejv nq|
 KZ©v hv Øviv wµqv m¤úv`b K‡ib Zv‡K e‡j KiY KviK| [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK: 13; Zzjv& Dbœqb †ev‡W©i Kg©KZ©v: 97]
†hgb bxiv Kjg w`‡q †j‡L| (DcKiY-Kjg)

KiY KviK †Pbvi Dcvq cÖkœ : Kx Øviv †j‡L? DËi: Kjg| GLv‡b ÔKjgÕ
wµqvi m‡½ ÔKx‡mi ØvivÕ ev ÔKx Dcv‡qÕ Kg© KviK|
†hvM K‡i cÖkœ Ki‡j †h DËi cvIqv hvq, RM‡Z KxwZ©gvb nq mvabvq| (Dcvq-mvabv)
Zv-B KiY KviK| cÖkœ : Kx Dcv‡q? DËi: mvabvq| GLv‡b ÔmvabvqÕ
Kg© KviK|
KiY Kvi‡K wewfbœ wefw³i eënvi

o QvÎiv ej †L‡j| (AKg©K wµqv)
o ‡Q‡jiv gv‡V ej †L‡j| [evsjv‡`k WvK wefv‡Mi †cv÷vj Acv‡iUi: 19]
o WvKv‡Ziv M„n¯^vgxi gv_vq jvwV †g‡i‡Q| (mKg©K wµqv)
o ‡Nvov‡K PveyK gvi| [12Zg wewmGm]
o eyw× LvwU‡q KvR Ki| [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK : 12]
o bxj AvKv‡ki wb‡P Avwg iv¯Ív P‡jwQ GKv| [mvaviY exgv K‡c©v‡ik‡bi Rywbqi Awdmvi: 19; cÖv_wgK we`¨v. mn. wk: 10]
o Zvn‡j Zzwg jvwV †Lj‡Z Rvb bv| [miKvwi gva¨wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK: 06; cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wk: 93]
o e¸ovi wPwbcvZv `B my¯^v`y| [wbivc` Lv`¨ Awa`ßi: 19; RbZv e¨vsK wj. Gw·wKDwUf Awdmvi: 15; cjøx Dbœqb †ev‡W©i
Dc‡Rjv cjøx Dbœqb Kg©KZ©v: 15]
o An¼vi cZ‡bi g~j| [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK: 12; cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK: 10]
L. Z…Zxqv ev Øviv wefw³ : jv½j Øviv Rwg Pvl Kiv nq|
Z…Zxqv ev w`qv wefw³ : gb w`qv Ki m‡e we`¨v DcvR©b|
M. cÂgx wefw³ : G cÖv_©bv n‡Z cvc `~i n‡e bv|
N. Ki‡Y lôx ev i wefw³ :
o hLb co‡e bv †gvi cv‡qi wPý| [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK: 08]
o Kj‡gi †LvuPv wÌ bv|
o jvwVi Nv‡q mvcwU gviv coj| [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK: 07]
o Kvwji `vM `vI| [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK: 09; cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK: 15]
O. mßgx wefw³ ev G wefw³ :
o dz‡j dz‡j Ni f‡i‡Q| [13Zg wkÿK wbeÜb cixÿv (¯‹zj 2): 16; 12Zg †emiKvwi wkÿK wbeÜb: 15]
o wkKvwi weovj †Mvu‡d †Pbv hvq| [Dc‡Rjv/_vbv wkÿv Awdmvi: 96]
o e¨qv‡g kixi fvj _v‡K| [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK: 12]
o Avkvi Qj‡b fzwj wK dj jwfby nq| [M„nvqY I MYc~Z© gš¿Yvj‡q mnKvix cÖ‡KŠkjx: 99; mnKvix cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb
wkÿK: 97]
o wZwb †Pv‡L †`‡Lb bv| [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK: 01; evsjv‡`k e¨vsK Awdmvi: 01]
o Aí †kv‡K KvZi| [‡iwR÷vW© cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK: 11]
o G mvev‡b Kvco KvPv Pj‡e bv| [‡mvbvjx e¨vsK wj. Awdmvi (K¨vk): 13; `ybx©wZ `g ey¨‡ivi mnKvix Dc-cwi`k©K: 04]
o G †cwÝ‡j fvj †jLv nq| [cvwb Dbœqb †ev‡W©i Awdm mnKvix: 19]
o RM‡Z KxwZ©gvb nI mvabvq| [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK: 14]
‡Z wefw³
o ÔGZ kVZv, GZ †h e¨_v,/ Zey †hb Zv gay‡Z gv_v|Õ-bRiæj| [cvm‡cvU© I Bwg‡MÖkb Awa`ß‡ii mnKvix cwiPvjK:
14; 7g we‡RGm: 12]
o †jvKUv RvwZ‡Z •eòe|
q wefw³
o UvKvq Amva¨ mvab nq| [evsjv‡`k ‡Uwjwfk‡bi AwW‡qÝ wimvP© Awdmvi: 06; cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK: 05]
o UvKvq meB nq| [c~evwj e¨vsK Rywbqi Awdmvi: 19]
o UvKvq wK bv nq| [gva¨wgK I D”P gva¨wgK Awa`ß‡ii wnmve mnKvix: 13; cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK: 10]
o ‡bŠKvq b`x cvi njvg| [cÖv_wgK we`¨v mn. wkÿK: 19]
o Av‡jvq Avuavi Kv‡U| [÷vÛW© e¨vsK wj. A¨vwm÷¨v›U Awdmvi: 12; cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK: 12]
m¤úª`vb KviK
 hv‡K ¯^Z¡ Z¨vM K‡i `vb, AP©bv, mvnvh¨ BZ¨vw` Kiv nq, Zv‡K (ms¯‥…Z e¨vKiY Abyhvqx) m¤úª`vb KviK e‡j|
†hgb- wfÿv `vI `yqv‡i `vuov‡q wfÿzK|
 e¯‘ bq e¨w³B m¤úª`vb KviK|
 A‡bK •eqvKiY evsjv e¨vKi‡Y m¤úª`vb KviK ¯^xKvi K‡ib bv, KviY, Kg©KviK ØvivB m¤úª`vb Kvi‡Ki KvR
m¤úv`b Kiv hvq|
†hgb Abœnx‡b Abœ `vI|
m¤úª`vb KviK †Pbvi Dcvq cÖkœ : Kv‡K Abœ `vI? DËi: Abœnx‡b| GLv‡b
wµqvc`‡K ÔKv‡KÕ ev ÔKvi Rb¨Õ Øviv cÖkœ ÔAbœnx‡bÕ m¤úª`vb KviK|
Ki‡j †h DËi cvIqv hvq, Zv-B m¤úª`vb ‡`‡ki Rb¨ cÖvY `vI|
KviK| hw` ¯^Z¡ (gvwjKvbv) Z¨vM K‡i †evSvq| cÖkœ : Kvi Rb¨ cÖvY `vI? DËi: ‡`‡ki| GLv‡b
Ô‡`‡kiÕ m¤úª`vb KviK|
m¤úª`vb Kvi‡K wewfbœ wefw³i eënvi

K. cÖ_gv ev k~b¨ wefw³
o wè †Zvgv kÖ×vfw³| Av‡jv PvB, Abœ PvB, PvB gy³evqy|
o wfÿv `vI `yqv‡i `vuov‡q wfÿzK|
L. PZz_©x ev †K wefw³
o wfLvwi‡K wfÿv `vI| [‡lvok wkÿK wbeÜb cixÿv: 19; 12Zg †emiKvwi wkÿK wbeÜb (2): 15; cjøx Kg©mnvqK
dvD‡Ûk‡bi mnKvix eë¯’vcK: 09] (¯^Z¡Z¨vM K‡i bv w`‡j Kg©KviK n‡e| †hgb- †avcv‡K Kvco `vI|)
†avcv‡K Kvco w`‡j †avcv Zv cwi®‥vi K‡i †diZ ‡`q, wfÿzK‡K wfÿv w`‡j Zv wfÿzK‡K †diZ w`‡Z
nq bv|
o ‡Zvgvi cZvKv hv‡i `vI, Zv‡i ewnev‡i `vI kw³|
o ‡`‡ki Rb¨ cÖvY `vI|
M. lôx ev i wefw³
o ‡Zvgvi c~Rvi Q‡j †Zvgvq fz‡jB _vwK| [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK: 12]
N. mßgx ev G wefw³
o mrcv‡Î Kb¨v `vb Ki| mwgwZ‡Z Pvu`v `vI| M„nnx‡b M„n `vI|
o ¸iæR‡b fw³ Ki| [cÖavbgš¿xi Kvh©vj‡qi mnKvix cwiPvjK: 13; evsjv‡`k e¨vsK Awdmvi (K¨vk): 11]
o cjvZK `v‡m `vI ¯^vaxbZv| [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK: 13; `yb©xwZ `gb ey¨‡ivi cwi`k©K: 03]
o ÔAÜR‡b †`n Av‡jvÕ| [10g ‡emiKvwi wkÿK wbeÜb (2): 14; evsjv‡`k e¨vsK mnKvix cwiPvjK: 13]
o ÔAÜR‡b `qv KiÕ| [ciivóª gš¿Yvj‡qi e¨w³MZ Kg©KZ©v: 19]
ÁvZe¨ : wbwgËv‡_© Ô‡KÕ wefw³ hy³ n‡j †mLv‡b PZz_©x wefw³ nq| †hgb- Ô‡ejv †h c‡o Gj, Rj‡K Pj|Õ [‡cv÷vj
Acv‡iUi: 16]
Acv`vb KviK
hv †_‡K wKQz wePz¨Z, M„nxZ, RvZ, weiZ, Avi¤¢, `~ixf~Z I iwÿZ nq Ges hv †`‡L †KD fxZ nq, Zv‡KB Acv`vb KviK
e‡j| †hgb
wePz¨Z : MvQ †_‡K cvZv c‡o | Kv‡jv ‡gN †_‡K e„wó c‡o| [Zzjv Dbœqb †ev‡W©i Kg©KZ©v: 06]
M„nxZ : ïw³ †_‡K gy‡³v †g‡j| `ya †_‡K `B nq| wSbyK †_‡K gy‡³v †g‡j| [cÖv_wgK mn. wkÿK: 19]
RvZ : Rwg †_‡K dmj cvB| ‡LRyi i‡m ¸o nq|
weiZ : cv‡c weiZ nI|
`~ixf~Z : †`k †_‡K c½cvj P‡j †M‡Q|
iwÿZ : wec` †_‡K evuPvI|
Avi¤¢ : ‡mvgevi †_‡K cixÿvi ïiæ|
fxZ : evN‡K fq cvq bv †K? ÔAvwg wK WivB mwL wfLvwi ivN‡e?Õ
†hgb Qv` ‡_‡K cvwb c‡o|

Acv`vb KviK †Pbvi Dcvq cÖkœ : ‡Kv_v n‡Z c‡Z? DËi: Qv` n‡Z| GLv‡b
wµqvc`‡K ÔwK n‡ZÕ ev Ô‡Kv_v n‡ZÕ ev ÔQv`Õ Acv`vb KviK|
ÔwK‡mi n‡ZÕ Øviv cÖkœ Ki‡j †h DËi wZ‡j ‣Zj nq|
cvIqv hvq, Zv-B Acv`vb KviK| cÖkœ : Kx n‡Z? DËi: wZj| GLv‡b ÔwZjÕ
Acv`vb KviK|
 Acv`vb Kvi‡K wewfbœ wefw³ QvovI nB‡Z, n‡Z, †_‡K, w`qv, w`‡q BZ¨vw` AbymM© eëüZ nq|
Acv`vb Kvi‡K wewfbœ wefw³i cÖ‡qvM

o Ôg‡b c‡o †mB •R¨ô `ycy‡i cvVkvjv cjvqb|Õ [iƒcvjx e¨vsK wj. wmwbqi Awdmvi: 18]
o ¯‹zj cvwj‡q iex›`ªbv_ nIqv hvq bv| [Kviv Awa`ß‡ii Kviv ZË¡veavqK: 13]
o Mvwo/‡Uªb ‡÷kb Qv‡o/Qvoj| [12Zg †emiKvwi cÖfvlK wbeÜb: 15; 10g †emiKvwi cÖfvlK wbeÜb: 14]
L. wØZxqv ev †K wefw³
o evev‡K eÇ fq cvB| [evsjv‡`k †cv÷vj Acv‡iUi: 19]
o f~Z‡K Avevi wK‡mi fq| [miKvwi gva¨wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK: 08]
M. Z…Zxqv wefw³ : Zvi †PvL w`‡q cvwb c‡o| [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK: 10 I 13]
N. lôx ev Gi wefw³ :
o †hLv‡b ev‡Ni fq †mLv‡b m‡Ü¨ nq| [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK: 08]
o ‡mLv‡b ev‡Ni fq †bB| [cÖ_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK: 09; cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mn. wkÿK: 06]
O. mßgx ev G wefw³
o wec‡` †gv‡i Kwi‡e ÎvY, G b‡n †gvi cÖv_©bv| †jvKgy‡L ï‡bwQ|
o ‡g‡N e„wó nq| [RvZxq †fv³v AwaKvi msiÿY Awa`ß‡i e¨w³MZ mnKvix: 13; Zzjv Dbœqb †ev‡W©i Kg©KZ©v: 06]
o mv`v †g‡N e„wó nq bv| [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK: 13; gva¨wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK: 01]
o civR‡q W‡i bv exi| [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK: 13; cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK: 12]
o Avwg wK WivB mwL wfLvix ivN‡e? [13Zg †emiKvwi wkÿK wbeÜb cixÿv (¯‹zj-2): 16; cÖv_wgK we`¨v. mn.wk: 12]
o wec‡` †gv‡i iÿv Ki G b‡n †gvi cÖv_©bv| [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK: 07]
o ‡jv‡f cvc, cv‡c g„Zz¨| [10g †emiKvwi cÖfvlK wbeÜb: 14]
o cv‡c weiZ nI| [gwnjv I wkï welqK gš¿Yvj‡qi Dc‡Rjv gwnjv welqK Kg©KZ©v: 16; 13Zg †emiKvwi cÖ. wb: 16]
o me wSby‡K gy³v wg‡j bv| [gv`K`ªe¨ wbqš¿Y Awa`ß‡ii Dc-cwi`k©K: 18]
o wZ‡j •Zj nq| [‡lvok wkÿK wbeÜb (¯‹zj ch©vq) : 19; cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mn. wk: 19; mIR Awa. Dc-mn cÖ: 03]
P. mßgx ev ÔqÕ wefw³ : UvKvq UvKv nq| [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK: 13; cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK: 08]
wewfbœ A‡_© Acv`v‡bi eënvi

K. ¯’vbevPK : wZwb PÆMÖvg †_‡K G‡m‡Qb|
L. `~iZ¡ÁvcK : XvKv †_‡K PÆMÖvg `y‡kv wK‡jvwgUv‡iiI †ewk|
M. wb‡ÿc : wegvb †_‡K †evgv †djv n‡q‡Q|
AwaKiY KviK
wµqv m¤úv`‡bi Kvj (mgq) Ges Avavi‡K AwaKiY KviK e‡j| AwaKiY Kvi‡K mßgx A_©vr ÔGÕ ÔqÕ Ô‡ZÕ BZ¨vw` wefw³ hy³
nq| h_v-
o Avavi (¯’vb) : Avgiv †ivR ¯‹z‡j hvB| G evwo‡Z †KD †bB| Avqy †hb cÙ cvZvq bxi| [ciivóª gš¿Yvj‡qi Aaxb
cÖkvmwbK Kg©KZ©v: 01; †iwR÷vW© cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mn. wk: 11]
o Kvj (mgq) : cÖfv‡Z m~h© I‡V| AvR‡K bM` Kvj‡K avi|
†hgb AvKv‡k Pvu` D‡V‡Q|

AwaKiY KviK †Pbvi Dcvq cÖkœ : ‡Kv_vq Pvu` D‡V‡Q? DËi: AvKv‡k|
wµqvc‡ì mv‡_ Ô‡Kv_vqÕ ev ÔKLbÕ ev GLv‡b ÔAvKv‡kÕ AwaKiY KviK|
ÔwK‡mÕ ‡hv‡M cÖkœ Ki‡j †h DËi cvIqv hvq, G †`‡n cÖvY †bB|
Zv-B AwaKiY KviK| cÖkœ : wK‡m cÖvY †bB? DËi: ‡`‡n| GLv‡b
Ô‡`‡nÕ AwaKiY KviK|
AwaKiY KviK wZb cÖKvi| h_v: KvjvwaKiY AvavivwaKiY fvevwaKiY
 KvjvwaKiY KviK : †h AwaKiY Kvi‡K wµqvi Kvj †evSv‡bv nq, Zv‡K KvjvwaKiY KviK e‡j| †hgb-
o em‡šÍ dzj †dv‡U| iv‡Z Zviv †`Lv hvq| [GbGmAvB-Gi mnKvix cwiPvjK: 19]
o AvR‡K bM` Kvj‡K avi| [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK: 19; cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK: 13]
 AvavivwaKiY KviK : AvavivwaKiY Kvi‡Ki cÖKvi‡f` wb¤œiƒc-
AvavivwaKiY KviK wZb cÖKvi| h_v: HK‡`wkK Awfe¨vcK ‣elwqK
01. HK‡`wkK : wekvj ¯’v‡bi †h †Kvb As‡k wµqv msNwUZ n‡j Zv‡K HK‡`wkK AvavivwaKiY e‡j| †hgb
o cyKz‡i gvQ Av‡Q| (cyKz‡ii †h †Kvb GK¯’v‡b) [‡lvok wkÿK wbeÜb cixÿv (¯‹zj ch©vq) : 19; MYgva¨g BÝwUwUDU Gi
mnKvix cwiPvjK: 03]
o e‡b evN Av‡Q| (e‡bi †h †Kvb GK As‡k)
mgxc¨ A‡_©I HK‡`wkK AwaKiY nq| †hgb
o Nv‡U †b․Kv evuav Av‡Q (Nv‡Ui Kv‡Q)|
o Ô`yqv‡i `vuov‡q cÖv_©x, wfÿv †`n Zv‡i (`yqv‡ii Kv‡Q)|
o ivRvi `yqv‡i nvwZ evuav| [RvZxq ivR¯^ †ev‡W©i †Mv‡q›`v ms¯’v mnKvix cwiPvjK: 15]
02. Awfe¨vcK : DwÏó e¯‘ hw` mgMÖ Avavi e¨vß K‡i weivR K‡i weivRgvb _v‡K, Z‡e Zv‡K Awfe¨vcK AvavivwaKiY e‡j|
†hgb
o wZ‡j •Zj Av‡Q| (wZ‡ji mviv Aske¨vcx) [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK: 13]
o b`x‡Z cvwb Av‡Q| (b`xi mg¯Í Ask e¨vß K‡i)
03. ‣elwqK : welq we‡k‡l ev †Kv‡bv we‡kl ¸‡Y KviI †Kv‡bv `ÿZv ev ÿgZv _vK‡j †mLv‡b •elwqK AwaKiY nq|
†hgb ivwKe A‡¼ KvuPv, wKš‘ e¨vKi‡Y fv‡jv| Avgv‡ì †mvbvi †Q‡jiv mvn‡m `yR©q, hy‡× Aciv‡Rq|
AwaKiY Kvi‡K Ab¨vb¨ wefw³
K. cÖ_gv ev k~b¨ wefw³ : Avwg XvKv hve| evev evwo †bB|
L. Z…Zxqv wefw³ : wLwjcvb (Gi wfZ‡i) w`‡q Ilya Lv‡e|
M. cÂgx wefw³ : evwo †_‡K b`x ‡`Lv hvq|
N. mßgx ev †Z wefw³ : G evwo‡Z †KD †bB| G †`‡n cÖvY †bB|
 AwaKi‡Y Abym‡M©i eënvi : N‡ii g‡a¨ †K †i? ‡Zvgvi Avmb cvwZe nv‡Ui gv‡S|
 fvevwaKiY KviK : hw` †Kvb wµqvevPK we‡kl¨ Ab¨ wµqvi †Kv‡bviƒc fv‡ei Awfe¨w³ cÖKvk K‡i, Z‡e Zv‡K
fvevwaKiY e‡j| fvevwaKi‡Y me©`vB mßgx wefw³i cÖ‡qvM nq e‡j G‡K fv‡e mßgx ejv nq| [cÖavbgš¿xi Kvh©vj‡qi
Aaxb mnKvix cwiPvjK: 19] †hgb
o m~‡hv©`‡q AÜKvi `~ixf~Z nq|
o Kvbœvq †kvK g›`xf~Z nq| [Rb¯^v¯’¨ cÖ‡KŠkj Awa`ß‡ii Dc-mn cÖ‡KŠkjx: 15; cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mn wkÿK: 14]
o P›`ª`v‡q Kzgyw`bx weKwkZ nq| [‡lvok wkÿK wbeÜb (¯‹zj ch©vq) : 19]
AwaKiY Kvi‡K wewfbœ wefw³i cÖ‡qvM
K. cÖ_gv ev k~b¨ wefw³
o evev evwo †bB| [‡cv÷vj Acv‡iUi: 16; ciivóª gš¿Yvj‡qi mycvwib‡Ub‡W›U]
o ‡iveevi ¯‥zj eÜ|
o AvMvgxKvj evwo hve| [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK: 12]
L. wØZxq wefw³
o AvR‡K †Zvgvq †`L‡Z Gjvg, RMr Av‡jv b~iRvnvb| [mvaviY exgv K‡c©v‡ik‡bi D”Pgvb mnKvix: 19]
o ü`q Avgvi bv‡P‡i AvwR‡K| [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK: 05; cÖv_wgK we`¨vjd cÖavb wk: 08]
M. Z…Zxqv wefw³
o wLwjcvb w`‡q Jla Lv‡e|
N. cÂgx wefw³ :
o Qv` †_‡K Pvu` †`Lv hvq| [‡mvbvjx I RbZv e¨vs‡Ki wmwbqi Awdmvi (AvBwU): 18]
o evwo †_‡K b`x †`Lv hvq| [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK: 09; cÖv_wgK mn. wkÿK: 18; cjøx mÂqb e¨vs‡Ki K¨vk
mnKvix: 18]
O. lôx ev i wefw³
o Avgiv ¯^vaxb evsjv‡`‡ki bvMwiK| [Kviv ZË¡veavqK : 10]
o b`xi gvQ Lye my¯^v`y| [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK: 13; cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK: 09]
P. mßgx ev G, q, †Z wefw³
o AvKv‡k Pvu` D‡V‡Q| [12Zg †emiKvwi wkÿK wbeÜb: 15; cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK: 19]
o Avlv‡p e„wó bv‡g| [‡iwR÷vW cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK: 11; cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK: 10]
o ‡bnvj A‡¼ Lye KvuPv| [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK: 12]
o Kvb‡b Kzmyg Kwj mKwj dzwUj| [evsjv‡`k e¨vsK mnKvix cwiPvjK: 16]
o wZwb e¨vKi‡Y cwÐZ| [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK: 13 I 14]
o iwng weÁv‡b fvj| [c~evjx e¨vsK wj. wmwbqi Awdmvi: 11]
o cvZvq cvZvq c‡o wbwki wkwki| [evsjv‡`k e¨vsK mnKvix cwiPvjK: 09; †iwR÷vW© miKvwi cÖv. we`¨v. mn. wk: 11]
o Lwb‡Z †mvbv cvIqv hvq| [cÖv_wgK we`¨v. mn. wkÿK: 12]
o c„w_ex‡Z †K Kvnvi? [`ybx©wZ `gb ey¨‡ivi mnKvix cwi`k©K: 04; AvBwmwe e¨vsK wj. Awdmvi: 11]
o wkïMY ‡`q gb wbR wbR cv‡V| [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK: 08; cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mn. wk: 09 I 19]
o m~h`© ‡q AÜKvi `~ixf~Z nq| [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK: 89]
o me©v‡½ e¨_v, Jla wè †Kv_v? [cvm‡cvm© I Bwg‡MÖkb Awa`ß‡ii mnKvix cwiPvjK: 07; cÖv_. mn wk: 18]
o a‡g© †Zvgvi gwZ †nvK| [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mn. wkÿK: 01]
o covq Avgvi gb e‡m bv| [13Zg †emiKvwi cÖfvlK wbeÜb: 16]
o AvKv‡k †Zv Avwg ivwL bvB †gvi gwievi BwZnvm| [24Zg wewmGm]
o ‡fvi‡ejv mwR‡ei Nyg †f‡½ †Mj| [weGwWwm wnmve mnKvix: 19]
o cov‡kvbvq gb `vI| [A_© gš¿Yvj‡qi †mvk¨vj †W‡fjc‡g›U dvD‡Ûk‡bi K¬v÷vi AvBwU A¨vwm÷¨v›U: 12
m¤^Ü c`
wµqvc‡ì m‡½ m¤úK© bv †i‡L †h bvgc` evK¨w¯’Z Ab¨ c‡` m‡½ m¤úK©hy³ nq, Zv‡K m¤^Ü c` e‡j| †hgb- gwZ‡bi fvB
evwo hv‡e| GLv‡b ÔgwZ‡biÕ m‡½ ÔfvBÕ- Gi m¤úK© Av‡Q, wKš‘ Ôhv‡eÕ wµqvi mv‡_ m¤^Ü †bB|
ÁvZe¨ : wµqvi m‡½ m¤^Ü c‡ì m¤^Ü †bB e‡j m¤^Ü c`‡K KviK ejv nq bv|
m¤^Ü c‡ì wefw³

K. m¤^Ü c‡` ÔiÕ ev ÔGiÕ wefw³ hy³ n‡q _v‡K| [‡lvok wkÿK wbeÜb (¯‹zj ch©vq): 19] h_v: Avwg + i = Avgvi (fvB),
Lvwj` + Gi = Lvwj‡ì (eB)|
L. mgqevPK A‡_© m¤^Ü c‡` Kvi ‡Ki wefw³ hy³ nq| h_v AvwR + Kvi = AvwRKvi AvR‡Ki (KvMR)|
c~‡e© + Kvi = c~‡e©Kvi (NUbv)| Kvwj + Kvi = KvwjKvi KvjKvi Kvj‡Ki (‡Q‡j)|
wKš‘ ÔKvjÕ k‡ãi c‡i ïay ÔGiÕ wefw³B hy³ nq| †hgb : Kvj + Gi = Kv‡ji| evK¨ : †m KZ Kv‡ji K_v|
m¤^Ü c‡ì cÖKvi‡f`

m¤^Ü c` eû cÖKv‡ii n‡Z cv‡i| †hgb-
 AwaKvi m¤^Ü : ivRvi ivR¨, cÖRvi Rwg|  µg m¤^Ü : cvu‡Pi c„ôv, mv‡Zi Ni|
 Rb¥-RbK m¤^Ü : Mv‡Qi dj, cyKy‡ii gvQ|  Ask m¤^Ü : nvwZi `vuZ, gv_vi Pzj|
 Kvh©KiY m¤^Ü : AwMœi DËvc, †iv‡Mi Kó|  eëmvq m¤^Ü : cv‡Ui ¸`vg, Av`vi e¨vcvwi|
 Dcv`vb m¤^Ü : iƒcvi _vjv, †mvbvi evwU|  fMœvsk ¯^¤^Ü : G‡Ki wZb, mv‡Zi cvuP|
 ¸Y m¤^Ü : gayi wgóZv, wb‡gi wZ³Zv|  K…wZ m¤^Ü : bRiæ‡ji ÔAwMœexYvÕ gvB‡K‡ji
 †nZz m¤^Ü : a‡bi AnsKvi, iƒ‡ci †`gvM| Ô‡gNbvèa Kve¨Õ|
 e¨vwß m¤^Ü : †ivRvi QzwU, ki‡Zi AvKvk|  Avavi-Av‡aq : evwUi `ya, wkwki Ilya|
 Dcgvb-Dc‡gq m¤^Ü : mevi †miv, mevi †QvU|  A‡f` m¤^Ü : Áv‡bi Av‡jvK, `yt‡Li `nb|
KviK m¤^Ü
.KZ©„ m¤^Ü - ivRvi ûKzg| Kg© m¤^Ü : cÖfzi †mev, mvayi `k©b KiY m¤^Ü : †Pv‡Li †`Lv, nv‡Zi jvwV
Acv`vb m¤^Ü : ev‡Ni fq, e„wói cvwb| AwaKiY m¤^Ü : †ÿ‡Zi avb, †`‡ki †jvK|
m‡¤^vab c`
Ôm‡¤^vabÕ kãwUi A_© AvnŸvb| hv‡K AvnŸvb K‡i wKQz ejv nq, Zv‡K m‡¤^vab c` e‡j| †hgb- I‡n gvwS, Avgv‡K cvi K‡iv|
mygb, GLv‡b G‡mv| civM, eBwU w`‡q hvI| [miKvwi gva¨wgK we`¨v. mn. wkÿK: 19]
ÁvZe¨ : m‡¤^vab c` ev‡Kï Ask| wKš‘ evK¨w¯’Z wµqvc‡ì m‡½ †Kv‡bv m¤^Ü _v‡K bv e‡j m‡¤^vab c` KviK bq|
01. A‡bK mgq m‡¤^vab c‡ì c~‡e© I‡Mv, I‡i, I‡Mv, Awq cÖf…wZ Ae¨qevPK kã e‡m m‡¤^va‡bi m~Pbv K‡i| †hgb-
ÔI‡Mv, †Zviv RqaŸwb Ki|Õ ÔI‡i, AvR †Zviv hvm †b N‡ii evwn‡i|Õ ÔAwq wbigj Elv, †K †Zvgv‡K wbiwgj?Õ
02. A‡bK mgq m¤^Üm~PK Ae¨qwU †Kej m‡¤^vab c‡ì KvR K‡i _v‡K|
03. m‡¤^vab c‡ì c‡i A‡bK we¯§qm~PK wPý †Ìqv nq| GB ai‡bi we¯§qm~PK wPý‡K m‡¤^vab wPý ejv n‡q _v‡K|
wKš‘ AvaywbK wbq‡g m‡¤^vab wPý ¯’v‡b Kgv (,) wP‡ýi cÖ‡qvMB †ewk nq| [‡lvok wkÿK wbeÜb (¯‥zj ch©vq): 19] †hgb- I‡i
†LvKv, hvevi mg‡q GKUv K_v ï‡b hvm&|
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. ÔKviKÕ kãwUi A_©- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (`vRjv) : 13]
K. hv c`‡K m¤úv`b K‡i L. hv c` I mgvm‡K m¤úv`b K‡i
M. hv wµqv m¤úv`b K‡i N. hv mgvm m¤úv`b K‡i DËi : M
02. evK¨w¯’Z wµqvc‡ì mv‡_ †Kvb c‡ì m¤úK©‡K KviK e‡j? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (‡nvqvs‡nv) : 13]
K. we‡klY c‡ì L. Ae¨q c‡ì M. bvg c‡ì N. wµqv we‡klY c‡ì DËi : M
03. ev‡Kï cÖwZwU k‡ãi mv‡_ Aš^q mva‡bi Rb¨ †h mKj eY© hy³ nq Zv‡ì Kx e‡j? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (wSjvg) : 13]
K. KviK L. wefw³ M. mgvm N. m¤^Ü c` DËi : L
04. ÔAnsKvi cZ‡bi g~jÕ ev‡K¨ wb¤œ‡iL kãwU †Kvb Kvi‡K †Kvb wefw³? [cÖv.mn.wk. wb. cix-2012]
K. K‡g© k~b¨ L. Ki‡Y k~b¨ M. Acv`v‡b k~b¨ N. AwaKi‡Y k~b¨ DËi : L
05. Ô†bnvj A‡¼ Lye KvuPvÕ- ev‡K¨ wb¤œ‡iL kãwU †Kvb Kvi‡K †Kvb wefw³? [cÖv.mn.wk. wb. cix-2012]
K. K‡g© 7gx L. Ki‡Y 7gx M. Acv`v‡b 7gx N. AwaKi‡Y 7gx DËi : N
06. Av‡jvq Avavi Kv‡UÕ | wb¤œ‡iL c`wU †Kvb Kvi‡K †Kvb wefw³? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2019]
K.AwaKi‡Y mßgx L. Ki‡Y mßgx M. Acv`v‡b mßgx N. KZ©vq mßgx DËi : L
e¨vL¨v: Av‡jvq Avavi Kv‡UÕ| wb¤œ‡iL c`wU n‡”Q- Ki‡Y mßgxi (G,q †Z) D`vniY| KiY KviK: KZ©v hv‡K ev hvi
mvnvh¨ wb‡q wµqv m¤úbœ K‡i Zv‡K KiY KviK e‡j| KiY gv‡b Dcvq, hš¿| wPwbevi Dcvq: Kx‡mi Øviv, Kx Dcv‡q cÖkœ
Ki‡j †h DËi cvIqv hvq Zv‡K KiY KviK e‡j| wK‡m Auvavi Kv‡U? DËi- Av‡jvq| ÔRM‡Z KxwZ©gvb nq mvabvq |
wKfv‡e? DËi- mvabvq (Dcvq ev gva¨g)|
07. Ô¸Ynx‡b Z¨vM KiÕ ev‡K¨ †iLvw¼Z kãwU †Kvb Kvi‡K †Kvb wefw³? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK : 15]
K. K†g© 7gx L. AwaKi‡Y 7gx M. m¤úª`v‡b 7gx N. Acv`v‡b 7gx DËi : K
e¨vL¨v: Ô¸Ynx‡b Z¨vM KiÕ ev‡K¨ †iLvw¼Z kãwU- Kg©Kvi‡K 7gx wefw³i D`vniY| Kg©KviK -hv‡K AvkÖq K‡i KZ©vi
wµqv m¤úbœ ev †kl nq| jÿ¨ Kwi- ev‡K¨ ejv n‡q‡Q ¸Ynx‡b (hvi ¸Y bvB) Z¨vM Ki| KZ©vi/ e¨w³i welq, DcKiY
n‡e Kg© KviK| Kv‡K w`‡q cÖkœ Ki‡j †h DËi (¸Ynxb‡K) cvIqv hvq †mwUI Kg©KviK| kU©Kv‡U †Pbvi Dcvq: KZ©vi
welq, gva¨g I DcKiY n‡e, A‡bK mgq Av‡`k myPK evK¨ n‡e + KZ©v wb‡R Dn¨ _vK‡e| †hgb-Wv³vi WvK,
†Q‡jwU‡K weQvbvq †kvqvI|
08. Ôevwo †_‡K b`x †`Lv hvqÕ GLv‡b Ôevwo †_‡KÕ †Kvb Kvi‡K †Kvb wefw³? [m. cÖv. we. mn. wkÿK-18]
K. AwaKi‡Y 7gx L. AwaKi‡Y 5gx M. Acv`v‡b 5gx N. AwaKi‡Y 3qv DËi : L
e¨vL¨v: Acv`vb: hv †_‡K M„nxZ, iwÿZ, wePy¨Z, weiZ, RvZ, Avi¤¢, `~ixf‚Z nq Zv‡K Acv`vb KviK e‡j| c&ª‡kœ
DwjøwLZ Ôevwo †_‡KÕ GKwU ¯’vb/ RvqMv eySv‡”Q| myZivs GwU AwaKi‡Y 5gx (nB‡Z, †_‡K, †P‡q) Gi D`vniY|
09. ÔWv³vi WvKÕ evK¨wU‡Z Wv³vi †Kvb Kvi‡K †Kvb wefw³? [m. cÖv. we. mn. wkÿK-18]
K. Acv`v‡b 3qv L. KZ©©„Kvi‡K k~b¨ M. Kg©Kvi‡K k~b¨ N. Kg©Kvi‡K 7gx DËi : M
e¨vL¨v: hv‡K AvkÖq K‡i KZ©v wµqv m¤úv`b K‡i Zv‡K Kg©KviK e‡j| Av‡iv mnRfv‡e ejv hvq, Kv‡K Øviv cÖkœ Ki‡j
†h DËi cvIqv hvq ZvB Kg©KviK| †hgb-
Wv³vi WvK| Kv‡K WvK‡Z ej‡Z‡Q? DËi Wv³vi †K, G ev‡K¨ KZ©v Dn¨ †_‡K Av‡`k Ki‡Z‡Q| myZivs Wv³vi n‡jv
Kg©Kvi‡K k~b¨ wefw³| AvcvZ `„wó‡Z Wv³vi Gi i †K 6ôx wefw³ g‡b n‡Z cv‡i, wKš‘ g~j kã n‡jv Wv³vi, ZvB †Kvb
wefw³ bv _vKvq GwU k~b¨ wefw³|
10. ÔwZ‡j •Zj nqÕ- †Kvb Kvi‡K †Kvb wefw³? [m. cÖv. mn. wkÿK- 2019]
K. m¤úª`vb Kvi‡K PZz_© L. KZ©„Kvi‡K cÖ_gv
M. AwaKiY Kvi‡K mßgx N. Acv`vb Ki‡K mßgx DËi : N
e¨vL¨v : †Kvb wKQz †_‡K M„nxZ, wePÿZ, RvZ, weiZ, `~ixf~Z , fxZ n‡j Zv‡K Acv`vb KviK e‡j| †hgb Ñ wZ‡j •Zj
nq, †g‡N e„wó nq, AÜKv‡i Wi nq BZ¨vw`|
11. Ô†b․Kvq b`x cvi njvgÕ - †b․Kvq †Kvb Kvi‡K †Kvb wefw³? [m. cÖv. mn. wkÿK- 2019]
K. K‡g© 7gx L. Ki‡Y 7gx M. AwaKi‡Y 5gx N. m¤úª`v‡b 4_©x DËi : L
e¨vL¨v : ev‡K¨ wµqv m¤úv`‡bi gva¨g, hš¿, mnvqK ev Dcvq‡K KiY KviK e‡j| Dc‡iv³ ev‡K¨ Ô†b․KvqÕ Øviv gva¨g
†evSv‡”Q| ZvB KiY KviK n‡e| Ab¨w`‡K k‡ãi †k‡l ÔqÕ Gi eënvi n‡j 7gx wefw³ nq|
12. ÔUvKvq UvKv Av‡bÕ- GLv‡b UvKvq †Kvb Kvi‡K wK wefw³? [m. cÖv. mn. wkÿK- 2019]
K. KZ©„Kvi‡K 7gx L. Kg©Kvi‡K 7gx M. Acv`v‡b 7gx N. KiY Kvi‡K 7gx DËi : K
e¨vL¨v : evK¨w¯’Z †h me©bvg ev wµqvc` wµqv m¤úv`b K‡i Zv‡K KZ©„KviK e‡j| GLv‡b ÔUvKvqÕ n‡”Q KZ©„Kvi‡K 7gx
wefw³|
13. Ôwkï‡ì †`q gb wbR wbR cv‡VÕ - ev‡K¨ Ôcv‡VÕ kãwU †Kvb Kvi‡K †Kvb wefw³? [m. cÖv. mn. wkÿK- 2019]
K. K‡g© mßgx L. AwaKi‡Y mßgx M. Acv`v‡b mßgx N. Ki‡Y mßgx DËi : L
e¨vL¨v : wµqvi m¤úv`‡bi Kvj ev mgq, ¯’vb wKsev welq _vK‡j AwaKiY KviK nq| Ab¨w`‡K ÔGÕ n‡jv mßgx wefw³|
myZivs G‡ÿ‡Î Ôcv‡VÕ n‡”Q AwaKi‡Y mßgx|
14. ÔwSbyK †_‡K gy³v †g‡jÕ GLv‡b ÔwSbyKÕ †Kvb KviK? [m. cÖv. mn. wkÿK- 2019]
K. m¤úª`vb KviK L. Kg© KviK M. AwaKiY KviK N. Acv`vb KviK DËi : N
e¨vL¨v : †Kvb wKQz †_‡K M„nxZ, wePÿZ, RvZ, weiZ, `~ixf~Z , fxZ n‡j Zv‡K Acv`vb KviK e‡j| †hgb Ñ wZ‡j •Zj
nq, †g‡N e„wó nq, AÜKv‡i Wi nq, wSbyK †_‡K gy³v †g‡j BZ¨vw`|
15. ÔBU-cv_‡ii `vjvbÕ GLv‡b ÔBU-cv_‡iiÕ †Kvb Kvi‡K †Kvb wefw³? [m. cÖv. mn. wkÿK- 2019]
K. K‡g© mßgx L. KZ©„Kvi‡K lôx M. Ki‡Y lôx N. Ki‡Y mßgx DËi : M
e¨vL¨v : wµqvi m¤úv`‡bi hš¿, DcKiY ev mnvqK‡K KiY KviK ejv nq| Ab¨w`‡K Ô†iÕ n‡jv lôx wefw³| myZivs
G‡ÿ‡Î ÔBU -cv_‡iiÕ n‡”Q Ki‡Y lôx|
16. ÔAvR‡K bM` Kvj‡K aviÕ GLv‡b ÔAvR‡KÕ †Kvb KviK? [m. cÖv. mn. wkÿK- 19; cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK(hgybv, kxZjÿ¨v) : 13]
K. KZ©vq 2qv L. Ki‡Y 2qv M. AwaKi‡Y 2qv N. K‡g© 2qv DËi : M
e¨vL¨v : wµqvi m¤úv`‡bi Kvj ev mgq, ¯’vb wKsev welq _vK‡j AwaKiY KviK nq| Ab¨w`‡K Ô†KÕ n‡jv 2q wefw³|
myZivs G‡ÿ‡Î Ôcv‡VÕ n‡”Q AwaKi‡Y 2qv|
17. ÔAvKv‡k Pvu` D‡V‡QÕ GLv‡b ÔAvKv‡kÕ †Kvb Kvi‡K †Kvb wefw³? [m. cÖv. mn. wkÿK- 2019]
K. Ki‡Y lôx L. K‡g© k~b¨ M. AwaKi‡Y mßgx N. m¤úª`v‡b PZz_©x DËi : M
e¨vL¨v : wµqvi m¤úv`‡bi Kvj ev mgq, ¯’vb wKsev welq _vK‡j AwaKiY KviK nq| Ab¨w`‡K ÔGÕ n‡jv mßgx wefw³|
myZivs G‡ÿ‡Î ÔAvKv‡kÕ n‡”Q AwaKi‡Y mßgx|
18. Ô‡`‡ki Rb¨ †mev Ki|Õ ev‡K¨ Ô†`‡kiÕ †Kvb Kvi‡K †Kvb wefw³? [m. cÖv. mn. wkÿK-18]
K. KZ©vq kb¨ L. K‡g© k~b¨ M. K‡g© lôx N. m¤úª`v‡b lôx DËi : N
e¨vL¨v : m¤úª`vb k‡ãi wfZ‡iB `vb K_vwU Av‡Q, m¤úª`vb gv‡bB n‡”Q wbt¯^v_©fv‡e w`‡q †`qv wPiZ‡ii Rb¨ hv †diZ
†bqvi †Kvb my‡hvM bvB ev A‡diZ‡hvM¨| hv‡K ¯^Z¡ ev AwaKvi Z¨vM K‡i †Kvb wKQz `vb Kiv nq Zv‡K m¤úª`vb KviK
e‡j| ¯^Z¡ Z¨vM bv n‡j n‡e Kg© KviK| wfLvix‡K wfÿv `vI, mrcv‡Î Kb¨v `vb Ki (m¤úª`vb)|
‡avcv‡K Kvco `vI, (Kg© KviK) GLv‡b Kvco ¸‡jv wPiZ‡i †`qvi Rb¨ ejv nqwb, †a․ZKi‡Yi Rb¨ mvgwqK †`qvi
K_v ejv n‡q‡Q| myZivs GwU Kg© KviK, m¤úª`vb KviK bq|
19. me©v‡½ e¨v_v, Jlya wè †Kv_vÕ GLvv‡b Ôme©v‡½Õ †Kvb Kvi‡K †Kvb Kvi‡K †Kvb wefw³? [m. cÖv. we. mn. wkÿK-18]
K. AwaKi‡Y Z…Zxqv L. AwaKi‡Y mßgx M. KZ©vq mßgx N. Acv`v‡b Z„Zxqv DËi : L
e¨vL¨v: wµqv m¤úv`‡bi mgq (Kvj) I Avavi‡K ejv nq AwaKiY KviK| mnR K_v, AwaKi‡Y Aek¨B ¯’vb/ Kvj
eySv‡eB| mvaviYZ AwaKiY Kvi‡K mßgx (G, q, †Z) hy³ nq| Dc‡i DwjøwLZ ev‡K¨ Ômev©‡½Õ n‡jv gvby‡li kixi
eySv‡”Q| myZivs GwU AwaKi‡Y mßgx|
20. Ôme wSby‡K gy³v †g‡j bvÕ GB ev‡K¨ ÔwSby‡KÕ †Kvb Kvi‡K †Kvb wefw³? [m. cÖv. we. mn. wkÿK-18]
K. Acv`v‡b mßgx L. AwaKi‡Y mßgx M. KZ©vq wØZxqv N. K‡g© wØZxqv DËi : K
e¨vL¨v: hv †_‡K M„nxZ, iwÿZ, wePy¨Z, weiZ, RvZ, Avi¤¢, `~ixf‚Z nq Zv‡K Acv`vb KviK e‡j| DwjøwLZ ev‡K¨ ÔwSbyKÕ
n‡”Q GKwU Dcv`v‡bi bvg hv w`‡q gy³v ev Ab¨vb¨ wRwbm ‣Zwi nq| evK¨wUi A_© n‡”Q-me wSbyK †_‡K gy³v ‣Zwi nq
bv| GLv‡b RvZ ev Drcbœ eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q|
21. ÔKjmwU Kvbvq Kvbvq c~Y©Õ †Kvb Kvi‡K †Kvb wefw³? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK wb‡qvM cixÿv- 2015]
K. Acv`v‡b mßgx L. ¯’vbvwaKi‡Y mßgx M. fvevwaKi‡Y mßgx N. KvjvwaKi‡Y mßgx DËi: M
e¨vL¨v: wµqv msNU‡bi Kvj I Avavi‡K AwaKiY KviK e‡j| Bnv 3 cÖKvi| fvevwaKiY- †h AwaKiY Kvi‡K fv‡ei
cÖKvk cvq Zv‡K fvevwaKiY KviK e‡j| †hgb- KjmwU Kvbvq Kvbvq c~Y©, Kvbœvq †kvK g›`xf~Z nq| fvevwaKi‡Y
me©`vB mßgx wefw³ nq|
22. Ô¸Ynx‡b Z¨vM KiÕ- ev‡K¨ wb¤œ‡iL kãwU †Kvb Kvi‡K †Kvb wefw³? [cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK- 2012]
K. K‡g© 7gx L. AwaKi‡Y 7gx M. m¤úª`v‡b 7gx N. Acv`v‡b 7gx DËi : L
e¨vL¨v: Ô¸Ynx‡b Z¨vM KiÕ ev‡K¨ †iLvw¼Z kãwU- Kg©Kvi‡K 7gx wefw³i D`vniY| Kg©KviK -hv‡K AvkÖq K‡i KZ©vi
wµqv m¤úbœ ev †kl nq| jÿ¨ Kwi- ev‡K¨ ejv n‡q‡Q ¸Ynx‡b (hvi ¸Y bvB) Z¨vM Ki| KZ©vi/ e¨w³i welq, DcKiY
n‡e Kg© KviK| Kv‡K w`‡q cÖkœ Ki‡j †h DËi (¸Ynxb‡K) cvIqv hvq †mwUI Kg©KviK| kU©Kv‡U †Pbvi Dcvq: KZ©vi
welq, gva¨g I DcKiY n‡e, A‡bK mgq Av‡`k myPK evK¨ n‡e + KZ©v wb‡R Dn¨ _vK‡e| †hgb-Wv³vi WvK,
†Q‡jwU‡K weQvbvq †kvqvI|
23. Avwg wK WivB mwL wfLvix ivN‡e? ev‡K¨ wb¤œ‡iL kãwU †Kvb Kvi‡K †Kvb wefw³? [cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK- 2012]
K. K‡g© wØZxqv L. Acv`v‡b 7gx M. Ki‡Y 7gx N. Acv`v‡b 5gx DËi : L
e¨vL¨v: wb¤œ‡iL c`wU Acv`v‡b mßgx| Acv`vb KviK: hv †_‡K M„nxZ, iwÿZ, wePy¨Z, weiZ, RvZ, Avi¤¢, `~ixf‚Z nq
Zv‡K Acv`vb KviK e‡j| DwjøwLZ ev‡K¨ fxZ/ k¼v A‡_© eëüZ n‡q‡Q| evN‡K fq cvq bv †K? †mg D`vniY|
wPwbwevi Dcvq- ev‡K¨ †Kv_v n‡Z/ †_‡K w`‡q cÖkœ Ki‡j ‡h DËi Av‡m ZvB Acv`vb KviK| wewfbœ wefw³ QvovI AbymM©
wn‡m‡e nB‡Z, n‡Z, †_‡K, w`‡q, w`qv eëüZ nq|
24. KZ©„Kvi‡K k~b¨ wefw³i D`vniY †KvbwU? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (bvMwj½g) : 12]
K. QvM‡j wKbv Lvq L. UvKvq UvKv Av‡b M. Av‡id eB c‡o N. Wv³vi WvK DËi : M
25. ‡KvbwU KZ©„Kvi‡K mßgx wefw³i D`vniY? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (wµmvbw_gvg) : 12]
K. †Kv`v‡j gvwU KvUe L. RvnvR PÆMÖvg Qvoj
M. mv‡ci nvwm †e‡`q ‡P‡b N. Avgv‡i Zzwg iÿv K‡iv DËi : M
26. Kg© Kvi‡Ki D`vniY †KvbwU? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (`vRjv) : 13]
K. †Zvgv‡K †mw`b †`‡LwQjvg L. †Zvgv‡K AvRB †h‡Z n‡e
M. evev‡K eo fq K‡i N. †Zvgv‡K A‡bK K_v ïb‡Z n‡e DËi : K, N
27. wb‡Pi †Kvb evK¨wU‡Z wb¤œ‡iL k‡ã Kg©Kvi‡K cÖ_gv wefw³ i‡q‡Q? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (ivBb) : 13]
K. evev‡K eÇ fq cvB L. evuwk ev‡R
M. d‡j e„‡ÿi cwiPq N. cv‡c weiZ nI DËi : ‡bvU
e¨vL¨v : evev‡K-Acv`v‡b wØZxq; evuwk- KZ©vq k~b¨; d‡j- Ki‡Y mßgx; cv‡c- Acv`v‡b mßgx|
28. KZ©v hv Øviv wµqv m¤úv`b K‡i Zv‡K e‡j- [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (fjMv) : 13]
K. KiY KviK L. Kg© KviK M. Acv`vb KviK N. KZ©„ KviK DËi : K
29. KiY Kvi‡K k~b¨ wefw³i D`vniY †KvbwU mwVK? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 89]
K. QvÎiv ej †L‡j L. Wv³vi WvK M. nvwg` eB c‡o N. e„wó c‡o DËi : K
30. ‡KvbwU KiY Kvi‡Ki mßgx wefw³i D`vniY? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨jq mnKvix wkÿK (wSjvg) : 13]
K. evj‡Kiv dzUej †L‡j L. Zvm †Ljv fvj bq
M. Kv‡Pi wRwbm mn‡R fv‡O N. UvKvq wK bv nq DËi : N
31. KiY Kvi‡K mßgx wefw³i D`vniY †KvbwU mwVK? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 90]
K. G evwo‡Z †KD †bB L. ev‡N gwn‡l jovB evuwa‡q‡Q
M. G Kj‡g fv‡jv †jLv nq N. †jvK gy‡L ïwbqvwQ DËi : M
33. Õ‡bnvj A‡¼ Lye KuvPvÕ-ev‡K¨ wb¤œ‡iL kãwU †Kvb Kvi‡K †Kvb wefw³? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK(myigv) : 12]
K. K‡g© 7gx L. Ki‡Y 7gx M. Ac`v‡b 7gx N. AwaKi‡Y 7gx DËi: N
34. ÔAn¼vi cZ‡bi g~jÕ-ev‡K¨ wb¤œ‡iL kãwU †Kvb Kvi‡K †Kvb wefw³? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK(myigv) : 12]
K. K‡g© k~b¨ L. Ki‡Y k~b¨ M. Ac`v‡b k~b¨ N. AwaKi‡Y k~b¨ DËi: L
35. Ôü`q Avgvi bv‡P‡i AvwR‡KÕ -ev‡K¨ wb¤œ‡iL kãwU †Kvb Kvi‡K †Kvb wefw³? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (ewikvj wefvM) : 08]
K. Acv`v‡b 7gx L. AwaKi‡Y 2qv M. K‡g© lôx N. Ki‡Y 2qv DËi: L
36. ÔAvgv‡ì GKwU Mí ejybÕ-ev‡K¨ wb¤œ‡iL kãwU †Kvb Kvi‡K †Kvb wefw³? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK(Ki‡Zvqv) : 10]
K. K‡g© lôx L. K‡g© 2qv M. Acv`v‡b 5gx N. m¤úª`v‡b lôx DËi : K
37. ÔAvgv‡K ‡h‡Z n‡e-ev‡K¨ wb¤œ‡iL kãwU †Kvb Kvi‡K †Kvb wefw³? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK(wSjvg) : 08]
K. KZ…Kvi‡K 2qv L. K‡g© 2qv M. Ki‡Y 2qv N. Acv`v‡b 2qv DËi: K
38. ÔAv‡jvq Auvavi Kv‡UÕ-ev‡K¨ wb¤œ‡iL kãwU †Kvb Kvi‡K †Kvb wefw³? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK(Ki‡Zvqv) : 12]
K. AwaKi‡Y 7gx L. Ki‡Y 7gx M. Acv`v‡b 7gx N. KZ©vq 7gx DËi: L
39. ÔAv‡jvq Auvavi `~i nq-ev‡K¨ ÔAv‡jvqÕ kãwU †Kvb Kvi‡Ki D`vniY? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK(Ki‡Zvqv) : 13]
K. Acv`vb L. KiY M. m¤úª`vb N. AwaKiY DËi: N
40. ÔAvlv‡p e„wó bv‡gÕ-ev‡K¨ wb¤œ‡iL kãwU †Kvb Kvi‡K †Kvb wefw³? [‡iwR÷vW© cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK(wkDjx) : 11]
K. KZ©vq 7gx L. K‡g© 7gx M. Acv`v‡b 7gx N. AwaKi‡Y 7gx DËi: N
41. ev‡K¨ wb¤œ‡iL kãwU †Kvb Kvi‡K †Kvb wefw³? ÔK‡cvj fvwmqv †Mj bq‡bi R‡j|Õ [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK(cÙv) : 13]
K. K‡g© k~b¨ L. Ki‡Y 3qv M. AwaKi‡Y k~b¨ N. K‡g© 2q DËi: K
42. ÔKjmwU Kvbvq Kvbvq c~Y©Õ- †Kvb Kvi‡K †Kvb wefw³? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK(gyw³‡hv×v) : 16]
K. ¯’vbvwaKi‡Y mßgx L. fvevwaKi‡Y mßgx M. KvjvwaKi‡Y mßgx N. Acv`v‡b mßgx DËi: †bvU
mwVK DËi-Awfe¨vcK AvavivwaKi‡Y mßgx wefw³|
43. ÔKvb‡b Kzmyg Kwj mKwj dzwUj-ev‡K¨ wb¤œ‡iL kãwU †Kvb Kvi‡K †Kvb wefw³? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK(Ki‡Zvqv) : 13]
K. K‡g© mßgx L. AwaKi‡Y mßgx M. Acv`v‡b mßgx N. Ki‡Y k~b¨ DËi: L
44. ÔKvwji `vM `vI-ev‡K¨ wb¤œ‡iL kãwU †Kvb Kvi‡K †Kvb wefw³? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK(‡WjUv) : 14]
K. AwaKi‡Y k~b¨ L. Acv`v‡b k~b¨ M. Ki‡Y lôx N. K‡g© 2qv DËi: M
45. ÔKvbœvq †kvK K‡gÕ-ev‡K¨ ÔKvbœvqÕ †Kvb Kvi‡K †Kvb wefw³? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK(Avjdv) : 14]
K. KiY KviK L. Acv`vb KviK M. m¤úª`vb KviK N. AwaKiY KviK DËi: N
46. ÔAvgvi Mv‡bi gvjv Avwg Kie Kv‡i `vbÕ ev‡K¨ ÔKv‡iÕ kãwUi KviK I wefw³ ‡KvbwU? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (‡gNbv): 13]
K. Ki‡Y mßgx L. Acv`v‡b mßgx M. K‡g© mßgx N. KZ©vq mßgx DËi: M
47. ‡Q‡jiv wµ‡KU †L‡j- ev‡K¨ wb¤œ‡iL kãwU †Kvb Kvi‡K ‡Kvb wefw³ ? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (‡gNbv): 13]
K. K‡g© k~b¨ L. Ki‡Y k~b¨ M. Acv`v‡b k~b¨ N. AwaKi‡Y k~b¨ DËi: K
48. Lwb‡Z †mvbv cvIqv hvq-ev‡K¨ wb¤œ‡iL kãwU †Kvb Kvi‡K ‡Kvb wefw³ ? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (‡gNbv): 13]
K. Ki‡Y 7gx L. Acv`v‡b 7gx M. AwaKi‡Y 7gx N. KZ©vq 7gx DËi: M
49. M„nnx‡b M„n `vI| ÔM„nnx‡bÕ †Kvb Kvi‡K ‡Kvb wefw³? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 90]
K. KZ©„Kvi‡K G wefw³ L. Kg©Kvi‡K G wefw³ M. m¤úª`v‡b 7gx N. AwaKi‡Y 7gx DËi: M
50. Ôcixÿv G‡jB Zvi †Pv‡L Rj S‡iÕ-ev‡K¨ wb¤œ‡iL kãwU †Kvb Kvi‡K ‡Kvb wefw³? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK(ewikvj
wefvM) : 07]
K. K‡g© k~b¨ L. KZ©vq k~b¨ M. Acv`v‡b cÂgx N. AwaKi‡Y lôx DËi:
mwVK DËi: Acv`v‡b 7gx|
51. ÔZvi †PvL w`‡q cvwb c‡oÕ-ev‡K¨ wb¤œ‡iL kãwU †Kvb Kvi‡K ‡Kvb wefw³? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK (eywoM½v): 13]
K. K‡g© 3qv L. Ki‡Y 3qv M. Acv`v‡b 3qv N. AwaKi‡Y 3qv DËi: M
52. ÔGgb †Q‡j Avi †`wLwbÕ ev‡K¨ wb¤œ‡iL kãwU †Kvb Kvi‡K ‡Kvb wefw³? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK: 15]
K. KZ©vq k~b¨ L. K‡g© k~b¨ M. Acv`v‡b k~b¨ N. AwaKi‡Y k~b¨ DËi: L
53. ÔwRÁvwme R‡b R‡bÕ ev‡K¨ wb¤œ‡iL kãwU †Kvb Kvi‡K ‡Kvb wefw³? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK(òvUbv) : 08]
K. Acv`v‡b mßgx L. K‡g© mßgx M. Ki‡Y cÂgx N. KZ©vq mßgx DËi: L
54. ÔRj c‡o, cvZv b‡oÕ GLv‡b Rj I cvZv †Kvb Kvi‡K ‡Kvb wefw³? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 93]
K. KZ©vq cÖ_gv L. KZ©vq mßgx M. KZ©vq PZz_©x N. KZ©vq 3qv DËi: K
55. Ôme wSby‡K gy³v wg‡j bvÕ ev‡K¨ wb¤œ‡iL kãwU †Kvb Kvi‡K ‡Kvb wefw³? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 18]
K. KZ©vq 2qv L. Acv`v‡b 7gx M. K‡g© 2qv N. AwaKi‡Y 7gx DËi: L
56. ÔUvKvq wK bv nq? ev‡K¨ wb¤œ‡iL kãwU †Kvb Kvi‡K ‡Kvb wefw³? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (XvKv wefvM): 05]
K. Acv`v‡b 7gx L. K‡g© k~b¨ M. Ki‡Y 7gx N. KZ©vq 2qv DËi: M
57. ÔUvKvq Amva¨ mvab nq-ev‡K¨ wb¤œ‡iL kãwU †Kvb Kvi‡K ‡Kvb wefw³ ? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (‡ngšÍ): 05]
K. Kg©Kvi‡K 7gx L. KiY Kvi‡K 7gx M. AwaKiY Kvi‡K 7gx N. Acv`vb Kvi‡K 7gx DËi: L
58. ÔUvKvq UvKv nq-ev‡K¨ wb¤œ‡iL kãwU †Kvb Kvi‡K ‡Kvb wefw³? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK (kxZjÿ¨v): 13]
K. KZ©vq 7gx L. Ki‡Y 7gx M. Acv`v‡b 7gx N. AwaKi‡Y 7gx DËi: M
59. ÔWv³vi WvKÕ ev‡K¨ wb¤œ‡iL kãwU †Kvb Kvi‡K ‡Kvb wefw³? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (XvKv wefvM): 05]
K. KZ…©Kvi‡K k~b¨ L. KZ…©Kvi‡K 2qv M. Kg©Kvi‡K k~b¨ N. Acv`vb Kvi‡K k~b¨ DËi: M
60. ÕZv‡K w`‡q wKQz n‡e bvÕ-ev‡K¨ wb¤œ‡iL kãwU †Kvb Kvi‡K †Kvb wefw³? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK : 05]
K. KZ…©Kvi‡K wØZxqv L. K‡g© wØZxqv M. Ki‡Y wØZxqv N. AwaKvi‡Y wØZxqv DËi: K
61. wb‡Pi ev‡Kï wb¤œ‡iL kãwU †Kvb Kvi‡K †Kvb wefw³? Zvm †L‡j KZ †Q‡j cov bó K‡i| [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK
(‡gNbv): 13]
K. Ki‡Y k~b¨ L. K‡g© wØZxqv M. Ki‡Y wØZxqv N. AwaKvi‡Y wØZxqv DËi: K
62. Õ‡m †Zvgv‡K fq cvqÕ ev‡K¨ wb¤œ‡iL kãwU †Kvb Kvi‡K †Kvb wefw³? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (‡gNbv): 12]
K. K‡g© k~b¨ L. AwaKvi‡Y wØZxqv M. Acv`v‡b wØZxqv N. Acv`v‡b Z…Zxqv DËi: M
63. Ô‡Zvgvi c~Rvi Q‡j †Zvgvq fy‡jB _vwKÕ- ev‡K¨ wb¤œ‡iL kãwU †Kvb Kvi‡K †Kvb wefw³? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (‡gNbv): 12]
K. m¤úª`v‡b 6ôx L. K‡g© 7gx M. m¤úª`v‡b 7gx N. Acv`v‡b 6ôx DËi: K
64. `‡k wg‡j Kwi KvR— ev‡K¨ Õ`‡kÕ kãwU †Kvb Kvi‡K †Kvb wefw³? [‡iwR÷vW© cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (‡Mvjvc): 11]
K. KZ…©Kvi‡K 2qv L. m¤úª`vb Kvi‡K 7gx M. KZ…©Kvi‡K 7gx N. KZ…©Kvi‡K 4_©x DËi: M
65. Õ‡i‡Lv gv `v‡m‡i g‡bÕ ev‡K¨ wb¤œ‡iL kãwU †Kvb Kvi‡K †Kvb wefw³? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK (hgybv): 13]
K. Ki‡Y 2qv L. K‡g© 2qv M. Acv`v‡b 3qv N. AwaKvi‡Y 2qv DËi: L
66. ÔcjvZK `v‡m `vI ¯^vaxbZvÕ| GLv‡b Ô`v‡mÕ †Kvb Kvi‡K †Kvb wefw³? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK (fjMv): 13]
K. Ki‡Y mßgx L. K‡g© mßgx M. AwaKi‡Y cÂgx N. m¤úª`v‡b mßgx DËi: N
67. Ôab nB‡Z myL nq bvÕ ev‡K¨ wb¤œ‡iL kãwU †Kvb Kvi‡K †Kvb wefw³? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (K¨v‡gwjqv): 12]
K. K‡g© 5gx L. Ki‡Y 3qv M. Acv`v‡b 5gx N. KZ©vq 7gx DËi: M
68. Ôa‡g© †Zvgvi gwZ ‡nvKÕ-ev‡K¨ wb¤œ‡iL kãwU †Kvb Kvi‡K †Kvb wefw³? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK: 01]
K. KZ©Kvi‡K mßgx L. K‡g© mßgx M. Ki‡Y mßgx N. AwaKi‡Y mßgx DËi: N
69. wb¤œ‡iL kãwU †Kvb Kvi‡K †Kvb wefw³? ‡Zvgvi Mv‡q b‡Li AuvPoI jvM‡e bv| [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK (cÙv): 13]
K. K‡g© k~b¨ L. Acv`v‡b 6ôx M. Ki‡Y 5gx N. Ki‡Y 6ôx DËi: N
70. ÔGB b`xi gvQ eoÕ-ev‡K¨ wb¤œ‡iL kãwU †Kvb Kvi‡K †Kvb wefw³? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (cÙv): 12]
K. AwaKi‡Y 2qv L. Acv`v‡b 7gx M. Ki‡Y 7gx N. AwaKi‡Y 6ôx DËi: N
71. Ôb`xi gvQ my¯^v`yÕ-ev‡K¨ wb¤œ‡iL kãwU †Kvb Kvi‡K †Kvb wefw³? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK (myigv): 13]
K. KZ©vq 6ôx L. K‡g© 6ôx M. Acv`v‡b 6ôx N. AwaKi‡Y 6ôx DËi: N
72. Ô‡bŠKvq b`x cvi njvgÕ-ev‡K¨ wb¤œ‡iL kãwU †Kvb Kvi‡K †Kvb wefw³? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (kir): 10]
K. Ki‡Y 7gx L. m¤úª`v‡b 4_©x M. Acv`v‡b 5gx N. AwaKi‡Y 7gx DËi: K
73. ÔAvqy †hb cÙ cvZvq bxiÕ-ev‡K¨ ÔcÙ cvZvqÕ †Kvb Kvi‡K †Kvb wefw³? [‡iwR÷vW© cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (UMi): 11]
K. Kg© KviK L. KiY KviK M. Acv`vb KviK N. AwaKiY KviK DËi: N
74. wb‡Pi ev‡K¨ wb¤œ‡iL kãwU †Kvb Kvi‡K †Kvb wefw³? ciR‡q W‡i bv exi| [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (‡gNbv): 13]
K. K‡g© 2qv L. Ki‡Y 7gx M. Acv`vb 5gx N. Acv`v‡b 7gx DËi: N
75. ÔcvM‡j wKbv e‡jÕ-ev‡K¨ wb¤œ‡iL kãwU †Kvb Kvi‡K †Kvb wefw³? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (cÙv): 12]
K. KZ©vq 6ôx L. KZ©vq 2qv M. KZ©vq 7gx N. KZ©vq k~b¨ DËi: M
76. ÔwkïMY †`q gb wbR wbR cv‡V|Õ-ev‡K¨ wb¤œ‡iL kãwU †Kvb Kvi‡K †Kvb wefw³? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (‡ejx): 09]
K. AwaKi‡Y 7gx L. Acv`v‡b 5gx M. K‡g© 7gx N. AwaKi‡Y 5gx DËi: K
77. ÔAvcb cv‡V‡Z gb Kin wb‡ekÕ-ev‡K¨ wb¤œ‡iL kãwU †Kvb Kvi‡K †Kvb wefw³? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (avbwmuwo): 08]
K. Kg©Kvi‡K Z…Zxqv L. KiY Kvi‡K cÂgx M. Acv`vb Kvi‡K mßgx N. AwaKiY Kvi‡K mßgx DËi: N
78. cvZvq cvZvq c‡o wbwki wkwki-ÔcvZvq cvZvqÕ †Kvb Kvi‡K †Kvb wefw³? [‡iwR÷vW© cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (‡Mvjvc): 11]
K. AwaKi‡Y lôx L. AwaKi‡Y 7gx M. Acv`v‡b lôx N. Acv`v‡b 7gx DËi: L
79. Ôcv‡c weiZ nIÕ-ev‡K¨ wb¤œ‡iL kãwU †Kvb Kvi‡K †Kvb wefw³? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (òvUbv): 08]
K. Kg©Kvi‡K Z…Zxqv L. Acv`vb Kvi‡K k~b¨ M. Acv`vb Kvi‡K mßgx N. AwaKiY Kvi‡K mßgx DËi: M
80. ÔhLb co‡e bv †gvi cv‡qi wPý|Õ-ev‡K¨ wb¤œ‡iL kãwU †Kvb Kvi‡K †Kvb wefw³? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (Pwe): 08]
K. Kg©Kvi‡K wØZxqv L. KiY Kvi‡K lôx M. Acv`vb Kvi‡K lôx N. AwaKiY Kvi‡K lôx DËi: L
81. cov‡kvbvq gb `vI-ev‡K¨ wb¤œ‡iL kãwU †Kvb Kvi‡K †Kvb wefw³? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (‡ngšÍ): 10]
K. KZ©vq 7gx L. K‡g© 7gx M. Acv`v‡b 7gx N. AwaKi‡Y 7gx DËi: N
82. ÔcÖfv‡Z DwVj iwe †jvwnZ eiYÕ-ev‡K¨ wb¤œ‡iL kãwU †Kvb Kvi‡K †Kvb wefw³? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (‡ngšÍ): 10]
K. AwaKi‡Y 7gx L. Acv`v‡b 7gx M. Ki‡Y 3qv N. KZ©vq 7gx DËi: K
83. ÔwcÖqR‡b hvnv w`‡Z PvB w`B †èZv‡iÕ-ev‡K¨ wb¤œ‡iL kãwU †Kvb Kvi‡K †Kvb wefw³? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (XvKv
wefvM): 07]
K. AwaKi‡Y cÖ_gv L. K‡g© mßgx M. Acv`v‡b mßgx N. m¤úª`v‡b mßgx DËi: L
84. ÔAv‡id eB c‡o|Õ ev‡K¨ wb¤œ‡iL kãwU †Kvb Kvi‡K †Kvb wefw³? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (XvKv wefvM): 08]
K. Kg©Kvi‡K k~b¨ L. KiY Kvi‡K k~b¨ M. m¤úª`vb Kvi‡K k~b¨ N. AwaKiY Kvi‡K k~b¨ DËi: K
85. ÔAvwg eB cwo|Õ ev‡K¨ wb¤œ‡iL kãwU †Kvb Kvi‡K †Kvb wefw³? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (‡Mvjvc): 09]
K. K‡g© 1gv L. K‡g© k~b¨ M. Acv`v‡b 1gv N. AwaKi‡Y 5gx DËi: L
86. ÔLv‡j` eB c‡o|Õ ev‡K¨ wb¤œ‡iL kãwU †Kvb Kvi‡K †Kvb wefw³? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (KY©dzjx): 12]
K. Ki‡Y k~b¨ L. AwaKi‡Y k~b¨ M. K‡g© k~b¨ N. Acv`v‡b k~b¨ DËi: M
87. Ôe‡Rª ‡Zvgvi ev‡R euvwk| †Kvb Kvi‡K †Kvb wefw³? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK : 15]
K. Acv`v‡b 7gx L. AwaKi‡Y 7gx M. Ki‡Y 7gx N. KZ©vq k~b¨ DËi: K
88. ÔQvÎiv ej ‡L‡jÕ-ev‡K¨ wb¤œ‡iL kãwU †Kvb Kvi‡K †Kvb wefw³? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (XvKv wefvM): 06]
K. K‡g© k~b¨ L. Ki‡Y k~b¨ M. Acv`v‡b cÂgx N. m¤úª`v‡b mßgx DËi: L
89. Ô‡mLv‡b ev‡Ni fq †bBÕ-ev‡K¨ wb¤œ‡iL kãwU †Kvb Kvi‡K †Kvb wefw³? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (‡Mvjvc): 09]
K. KZ©Kvi‡K 6ôx L. K‡g© 6ôx M. Acv`v‡b 6ôx N. AwaKi‡Y 6ôx DËi: M
90. Ô‡hLv‡b ev‡Ni fq †mLv‡b mÜ¨v nqÕ-ev‡K¨ wb¤œ‡iL kãwU †Kvb Kvi‡K †Kvb wefw³? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (cÙv): 08]
K. Acv`v‡b 6ôx L. K‡g© 6ôx M. Acv`v‡b mßgx N. Ki‡Y k~b¨ DËi: K
91. Ôevox Ny‡i GmÕ-ev‡K¨ wb¤œ‡iL kãwU †Kvb Kvi‡K †Kvb wefw³? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (Ki‡Zvqv): 10]
K. K‡g© 2qv L. Ki‡Y 3qv M. Acv`v‡b 1gv N. AwaKi‡Y 1gv DËi: M
92. wZwb evox Av‡Qb| ev‡K¨ wb¤œ‡iL kãwU †Kvb Kvi‡K †Kvb wefw³? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (XvKv wefvM): 07]
K. Kg©Kvi‡K k~b¨ L. KiY Kvi‡K k~b¨ M. Acv`vb Kvi‡K k~b¨ N. AwaKiY Kvi‡K k~b¨ DËi: N
93. evwo †_‡K b`x †`Lv hvq-ev‡K¨ wb¤œ‡iL kãwU †Kvb Kvi‡K †Kvb wefw³? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK: 18]
K. KZ©vq mßgx L. AwaKi‡Y cÂgx M. K‡g© wØZxqv N. Acv`v‡b k~b¨ DËi: L
06. cÖZ¨ÿ †Kvb e¯‘i mv‡_ c‡ivÿ †Kv‡bv e¯‘i Zzjbv Ki‡j 10. ÔjvVvjvwVÕ kãwUi mgvm- [17Zg I 26Zg wewmGm]
cÖZ¨ÿ e¯‘wU‡K ejv nq- [27Zg wewmGm cÖevmx Kj¨vY e¨vsK, K. cÖvw` L. e¨wZnvi eûeªxwn
Gw·wKDwUf Awdmvi (K¨vk): 19] M. Zrcyiæl N. Kg©aviq
K. DcwgZ L. Dcgvb
M. Dc‡gq N. iƒcK 11. eûeªxwn mgvme× c` †KvbwU? [36Zg wewmGm]
K. RbkÖæwZ L. Abgbxq
07. ÔPvu`gyLÕ Gi e¨vmevK¨ n‡jv- [25Zg wewmGm] M. Lvmgnj N. Z‡cveb
K. Pvu` gy‡Li b¨vq L. Pvu‡ì gZ gyL 12. ‡h mgv‡mi c~e©c` msL¨vevPK Ges mg¯Í c‡ì Øviv
M. Pvu` gyL hvi N. Pvu` iƒc gyL mgvnvi †evSvq Zv‡K e‡j- [25Zg wewmGm]
08. Ôwe¯§qvcbœÕ mg¯Í c`wUi mwVK e¨vmevK¨ †KvbwU? [37Zg K. Ø›Ø mgvm L. eûeªxwn mgvm
wewmGm] M. iƒcK N. wØ¸
K. we¯§q Øviv Avcbœ L. we¯§‡q Avcbœ 13. ‡h mgv‡mi e¨vmevK¨ nq bv wKsev Ki‡Z †M‡j Ab¨
M. we¯§q‡K Avcbœ N. we¯§‡q †h Avcbœ c‡ì mvnvh¨ wb‡Z nq, Zv‡K ejv nq- [23Zg wewmGm]
09. Ôcy®ú‡mŠifÕ †Kvb mgv‡mi D`vniY? [38Zg wewmGm] K. Ø›Ø mgvm L. Ae¨qxfve mgvm
K. Zrcyiæl L. Kg©aviq M. wbZ¨ mgvm N. Kg©aviq mgvm
M. Ae¨qxfve N. eûeªxwn
mgvavb 01 (M) 02 (L) 03 (M) 04 (L) 05 (N) 06 (M) 07 (L, N)

08 (M) 09 (K) 10 (L) 11 (L) 12 (N) 13 (M)
 mgvm gv‡b ms‡ÿcY [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK : 13 6ô †emiKvwi cÖfvlK wbeÜb: 10 evsjv‡`k e¨vsK Awdmvi: 01] [ev‡K¨ k‡ãi
eënvi Kgv‡bvi Rb¨ mgvm eënvi Kiv nq], wgjb, GKvwaK c‡ì GKc`xKiY|
 A_©m¤^Ü Av‡Q Ggb GKvwaK k‡ãi GK m‡½ hy³ n‡q GKwU bZzb kã MVb cÖwµqv‡K mgvm e‡j|
 mgvm Øviv `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK k‡ãi mgš^‡q bZzb A_©‡evaK c` m„wó nq| c‡ì wefw³ †jvc cvq|
 mgv‡mi ixwZ ms¯‹…Z †_‡K evsjvq G‡m‡Q| [Dc‡Rjv gva¨wgK wkÿv Kg©KZ©v : 15 11Zg wkÿK wbeÜb :14, cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK : 14]
Z‡e LvuwU evsjv mgv‡mi `„óvšÍI cÖPzi cvIqv hvq|
 mvaviYZ mgv‡m we‡kl¨ c‡` KviK-wefw³ _v‡K| [KjKviLvbv I cÖwZôvb cwi`ß‡ii mnKvix cwi`k©K : 05]
r
mwÜ I mgv‡mi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨

mwÜ mgvm
cvkvcvwk Aew¯’Z `yBwU aŸwbi wgjb| †hgb- wng + Avjq GKvwaK k‡ã wgjb N‡U| †hgb- ‡`‡ki †mev =
= wngvjq| GLv‡b cÖ_g c‡ì ÔAÕ aŸwbi mv‡_ wØZxq †`k‡mev| GLv‡b `yBwU kã‡K ms‡ÿc K‡i GK
c‡ì cÖ_‡gi ÔAvÕ aŸwbi wgjb n‡q Av-Kvi (v ) n‡q‡Q| c‡` iæcvšÍwiZ Kiv n‡q‡Q|
mgv‡mi cÖZxZx cvuP cÖKvi| h_v: mg¯Í c` mgm¨gvb c` c~e©c` cic` e¨vmevK¨
 mg¯Í c` : mgv‡mi cÖwµqvq mgvme× ev mgvmwb®úbœ c`wUi bvg mg¯Í c` [mgwš^Z 8 e¨vsK wmwbqi Awdmvi: 18 7g †emiKvwi cÖfvlK
wbeÜb: 11 Dc‡Rjv †cv÷gv÷vi : 10 Zzjv Dbœqb †ev‡W©i Kg©KZ©v : 06]| ‡hgb : wmsn wPwýZ Avmb = wmsnvmb| GLv‡b ÔwmsnvmbÕ mg¯Í
c`| mgvme× c‡ì Ask¸‡jv wew”Qbœ K‡i †`Lvevi Rb¨ nvB‡db eënvi Kiv nq|
 mgm¨gvb c` : mg¯Í c` ev mgvme× c`wUi AšÍM©Z c`¸‡jv‡K mgm¨gvb c` e‡j A_©vr †h †h c‡` mgvm nq Zv‡ì
cÖ‡Z¨KwUi bvg mgm¨gvb c` [8g †emiKvwi cÖfvlK wbeÜb : 12 ÷vÛvW© e¨vsK wj. A¨vwm÷¨v›U Awdmvi: 12]| Dc‡ii D`vni‡Y wmsn,
Avmb cÖ‡Z¨KUvB Avjv`v Avjv`v mgm¨gvb c`|
 c~e©c` I cic` : mgvmhy³ c‡ì cÖ_g Ask-‡K c~e©c` Ges cieZx© Ask-‡K DËic` ev cic` e‡j [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK
mnKvix wkÿK : 13 I 14]| †hgb : †`‡ki †mev= †`k‡mev| GLv‡b Ô‡`‡kiÕ nj c~e©c` Ges Ô‡mevÕ nj cic` ev DËic`|
 mgvmevK¨/e¨vmevK¨/weMÖnevK¨ : mg¯Í c`‡K †f‡O †h evK¨vsk Kiv nq, Zvi bvg mgvmevK¨, e¨vmevK¨ ev
weMÖnevK¨| †hgb- gyL P‡›`ªi b¨vq = gyLP›`ª| GLv‡b ÔgyL P‡›`ªi b¨vqÕ nj e¨vmevK¨ ev mgvmevK¨ ev weMÖnevK¨ [12Zg
†emiKvwi wkÿK wbeÜb : 15]|
r
‡R‡b ivLyb : GKB mg¯Í c` K‡qKfv‡e †f‡O K‡qKwU e¨vmevK¨ ˆZwi ˆZwi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| G‡ÿ‡Î mwVK
e¨vmevKÏ K‡qKwU n‡Z cv‡i| †m‡ÿ‡Î e¨vmevK¨ Abyhvqx †mwU †Kvb mgvm Zv wbY©q Ki‡Z n‡e| Z‡e †Lqvj
ivL‡Z n‡e, e¨vmev‡Kï m‡½ mg¯Í c‡ì A_©m½wZ †hb wVK _v‡K| †hgb- wec‡` Avcbœ = wec`vcbœ| GB
mgvmwU‡K Gfv‡e fvO‡j Zv fzj n‡e| GUv Ki‡Z n‡e, wec`‡K Avcbœ = wec`vcbœ|
r
mgv‡mi cÖKvi‡f`
mgvm 06 cÖKvi| [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 10 WvK I †Uwj‡hvMv‡hvM gš¿Yvj‡q wnmveiÿY Kg©KZ©v : 03]
Ø›Ø mgvm Kg©aviq mgvm

Zrcyiæl mgvm eûeªxwn mgvm
wØ¸ mgvm Ae¨qxfve mgvm
A‡bK e¨vKiYwe` wØ¸ mgvm‡K Kg©aviq mgv‡mi AšÍfz©³ K‡i _v‡Kb| Avevi A‡bK e¨vKiYwe` Kg©aviq mgvm‡K
Zrcyiæl mgv‡mi AšÍf©y³ K‡i _v‡Kb| mgm¨gvb c‡ì A_© we‡ePbv K‡i GB gZ w`‡q _v‡Kb| mgm¨gvb c` ev c~e©c`-
cic‡ì A_© we‡ePbv Ki‡j g~jZ mgvm Pvi (4) cÖKvi| h_v- Ø›Ø mgvm, Zrcyiæl mgvm, eûeªxwn mgvm Ges Ae¨qxfve mgvm|
GQvovI wKQz AcÖavb mgvm i‡q‡Q- cÖvw` mgvm, wbZ¨ mgvm, AjyK mgvm cÖf…wZ|
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A_© cÖvav‡bï wfwË‡Z (mgvm †Pbvi Dcvq)

c~e©c‡ì A_© cÖvavb¨ cic‡ì A_© cÖvavb¨ mgvm
Av‡Q Av‡Q Ø›Ø
bvB Av‡Q Kg©aviq, Zrcyiæl, wØ¸
Av‡Q bvB Ae¨qxfve
bvB bvB eûeªxwn
e¨vmevK¨ †`‡L †Pbvi Dcvq

e¨vmev‡K¨ _vK‡j mgvm n‡e e¨vmev‡K¨ _vK‡j mgvm n‡e
Ges, I, Avi Ø›Ø mgvm mgvnvi _vK‡j wØ¸
‡h, whwb, †hwU Kg©aviq hvi, hv‡Z eûeªxwn
wefw³ †jvc †c‡j Zrcyiæl wefw³ †jvc bv †c‡j AjyK
Ø›Ø mgvm
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†h mgv‡m cÖ‡Z¨KwU o GKB ai‡bi wefw³ Zv‡K Ø›Ø mgvm e‡j| †hgb- Zvj
mgm¨gvb c‡`- o GKB c` I Zgvj = Zvj-Zgvj, †`vqvZ I
o Dfq As‡ki A‡_©i cÖavb¨ (c~Y© A_©) Kjg = †`vqvZ-Kjg|
_v‡K
 Ø›Ø ej‡Z †evSvq †Rvov| [wbe©vPb Kwgkb mwPevj‡qi cÖkvmwbK Kg©KZ©v : 06]
 Ø›Ø mgv‡mi Dfq c` we‡kl¨| [9g cÖfvlK wbeÜb : 13]
Ø›Ø mgvm K‡qK cÖKv‡i mvwaZ nq

o wgjbv_©K kã‡hv‡M : gv I evc = gv-evc, fvB-‡evb (20Zg wewmGm), Rvqv-cwZ = `¤úwZ [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK: 15
RvZxq †fv³v AwaKvi msiÿY Awa`ß‡ii e¨w³MZ mnKvix: 13 cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK: 12 RvZxq ivR¯^ †ev‡W©i BÝ‡c±i: 10 cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix
wkÿK: 15 `yb©xwZ `gb ey¨‡ivi mnKvix Dc-cwi`k©K: 04], gvwm-wcwm, wR¦b-cix, Pv-we¯‹zU BZ¨vw`|
o we‡ivav_©K kã‡hv‡M : `v I Kzgov = `v-Kzgov, Awn I bKzj = Awn-bKzj [wcwUAvB Gi BÝUªv±i: 19 gv`K`ªe¨ wbqš¿Y Awa`ß‡ii
cwi`k©K: 13 cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK: 06], ¯^M©-biK BZ¨vw`|
o wecixZv_©K kã‡hv‡M : Avq I e¨q = Avq-e¨q, Rgv-LiP [AvenvIqv Awa`ß‡ii mnKvix AvenvIqvwe` : 2000], †QvU-eo, †Q‡j-
ey‡ov, jvf-‡jvKmvb BZ¨vw`|
o A½evPK kã‡hv‡M : nvZ-cv, bvK-Kvb, eyK-wcV, gv_v-gyÐz, bvK-gyL BZ¨vw`|
o msL¨vevPK kã‡hv‡M : mvZ-cvuP, bq-Qq, mvZ-m‡Zi, Dwbk-wek BZ¨vw`|
o mgv_©K kã‡hv‡M : nvU-evRvi [‡iwR÷vW© cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK: 11 evsjv‡`k e¨vsK mnKvix cwiPvjK: 01], Ni-`yqvi, Kj-
KviLvbv, †gvjøv-‡gŠjwf, LvZv-cÎ BZ¨vw`|
o cÖvq mgv_©K I mnPi : Kvco-‡Pvco, †cvKv-gvKo, `qv-gvqv, a~wZ-Pvì BZ¨vw`|
o `ywU me©bvg‡hv‡M : hv-Zv, ‡h-‡m, h_v-Z_v, Zzwg-Avwg, GLv‡b-‡mLv‡b BZ¨vw`|
o `ywU wµqv‡hv‡M : †`Lv-‡kvbv, hvIqv-Avmv, Pjv-‡div, †Ìqv-LvIqv BZ¨vw`|
o `ywU wµqv we‡klY‡hv‡M : ax‡i-my‡¯’, Av‡M-cv‡Q, AvKv‡i-Bw½‡Z BZ¨vw`|
o `ywU we‡klY‡hv‡M : fvj-g›`, Kg-‡ewk, Avmj-bKj, evwK-e‡Kqv BZ¨vw`|
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AjyK Ø›Ø †h `¦›Ø mgv‡m †Kvb `y‡a-fv‡Z [10g wkÿK wbeÜb : 14] N‡i-evB‡i [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK : 09]
mgm¨gvb c‡ì wefw³ R‡j-¯’‡j [37Zg wewmGm] †`‡k-we‡`‡k nv‡Z-Kj‡g
mg¯Í c‡` †jvc cvq bv, mv‡c I †bD‡j = mv‡c-†bD‡j [hye Dbœqb Awa`ß‡ii mnKvix cwiPvjK: 94]
Zv‡K AjyK Ø›Ø e‡j| c‡_-cÖvšÍ‡i [K‡›Uªvjvi †Rbv‡ij wW‡dÝ dvBbvÝ Gi Kvh©vj‡qi Aaxb Rywbqi AWUi: 14]|
†hgbÑ gv‡q-wS‡q [Avbmvi A¨vWRy‡U›U : 15] †f‡e-wP‡šÍ nv‡Z-cv‡q
 GK‡kl Ø›Ø : e¨vmev‡Kï GKvwaK kã GKc‡` jyß nq, †kl c` Abymv‡i k‡ãi iƒc wba©vwiZ nq Ges eûePb nq| †hgb
: gvbyl gvbyl gvbyl = eûgvbyl|
 eûc`x Ø›Ø : wZb ev eû c‡` Ø›Ø mgvm n‡j Zv‡K eûc`x Ø›Ø mgvm e‡j| A_©vr GLv‡bI Ø›Ø mgv‡mi ‰ewkó¨mg~n [Dfq
c` GKB n‡e, GKB wefw³ _vK‡e Ges Dfq c‡ì A‡_©i cÖavb¨ _vK‡e] _vK‡e wKš‘ c‡ì msL¨v wZb ev Z‡ZvwaK
n‡e| †hgb : mv‡ne-wewe-‡Mvjvg, AvM-cvQ-Zjv, †Zj-byb-jvKwo, nvZ-cv-bvK-gyL-‡PvL, bvP-Mvb-evRbv, iƒc-im-
MÜ, ¯^M©-gZ©¨-cvZvj, jvj-bxj-njy` BZ¨vw`|
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Kg©aviq mgvm
†hLv‡b we‡klY ev we‡klYfvevcbœ cic‡ì A_©B cÖavb iƒ‡c cÖZxqgvb nq Zv‡K Kg©aviq mgvm
c‡ì mv‡_ we‡kl¨ ev [16Zg cÖfvm wbeÜb : 19 [‡lvok wkÿK wbeÜb cixÿv e‡j| †hgb-
(K‡jR ch©vq) : 19 WvK wefv‡Mi †cv÷vj Acv‡iUi :
we‡kl¨fvevcbœ c‡ì mgvm nq Ges 19 cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK : 13]
bxj †h AvKvk = bxjvKvk [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK: 15 gv`K`ªe¨ bxj †h A¤î = bxjv¤î [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK: 14 Dc‡Rjv
wbqš¿b Awa`ß‡ii cwi`k©K : 13 cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK: 13] cwimsL¨vb Kg©KZ©v : 10 wcGmwmÕi 12wU c`: 01]
j¼v †h evUv = j¼vevUv [8g cÖfvlK wbeÜb: 12] Lvm †h gnj = Lvmgnj [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK: 13]
ivRwl© [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK: 12 cÖv_wgK wkÿv Awa`ß‡ii KvuPv A_P wgVv = KvuPvwgVv [cjøx Dbœqb I mgevq wefv‡Mi Dc
wnmve mnKvix: 11] AvÂwjK eë¯’vcK: 13 wewmAviwm]
nvwi‡q‡Q †h gwY = nvivgwY [A_© gš¿Yvj‡qi †mvk¨vj †W‡fjc‡g›U ÿzwaZcvlvY [cÖevmx Kj¨vY e¨vs‡Ki Awdmvi : 19 cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix
dvD‡Ûk‡bi K¬v÷vi AvBwU A¨vwm÷¨v›U : 12] wkÿK: 13 gnv wnmve wbixÿK Kvh©vj‡qi AwWUi: 11]
bxj †h cÙ = bxjcÙ kvšÍ A_P wkó = kvšÍwkó
whwb Fwl wZb Kwe = Fwl Kwe hv KvuPv ZvB wgVv = KvuPvwgVv
‡h PvjvK †mB PZzi = PvjvK-PZzi hv wgVv ZvB Kov = wgVvKov
GiƒcÑ ‡k^Ze¯¿ [cÖv_wgK we`¨vj‡qi cÖavb wkÿK: 09], bevbœ, KPzi g‡Zv KvUv = KPzKvUv, KvuPKjv [cjøx mÂq e¨vs‡Ki K¨vk mnKvix : 18],
BnKvj [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK: 10]| D‡ovRvnvR, K`_©, Kvcyiæl, bicy½i, c~Y¨f~wg, f`ªgwnjv, gnvKve¨, my›ìjZv
BZ¨vw`|
`yBwU welq g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e| h_v: cic‡ì A_© cÖvavb¨ _vK‡e| [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 12] Zzjbv
‡Kgb n‡Z cv‡i Kg©aviq mgvm?

`yBwU we‡klY GKwU ‡h PvjvK †m PZzi = PvjvK-PZzi| jÿ¨ Kiæb, ÔPvjvKÕ I ÔPZziÕ kã `y‡Uv (we‡klY) GKwU
we‡kl¨‡K wb‡`©k K‡i- e¨w³‡K (we‡kl¨) wb‡`©k Ki‡Q| ZvB GwU Kg©aviq mgvm| GiƒcÑ †h kvšÍ †mB wkó = kvšÍ-wkó|
`yBwU we‡kl¨ c` whwb RR wZwbB mv‡ne = RR mv‡ne [35Zg wewmGm]| jÿ¨ Kiæb, ÔRRÕ I Ômv‡neÕ `y‡Uv we‡kl¨ c`
GKwU e¨w³‡K wb‡`©k GKwU e¨w³‡KB wb‡`©k Ki‡Q| ZvB GwU Kg©aviq mgvm| GiƒcÑ whwb ivRv wZwbB Fwl = ivRwl©,
K‡i- whwb ivRv wZwbB evnv`yi = ivRevnv`yi|
`ywU K…`šÍ c‡ì Av‡M †avqv c‡i †gvQv = †avqv‡gvQv| ci¤úiv †evSv‡bvi †ÿ‡Î `ywU K…`šÍ c‡ì ms‡hvM n‡j
ms‡hvM †mwU‡K Kg©aviq mgvm ejv nq|
c~e©c‡` ¯¿xevPK → my›ìx †h jZv = my›ìjZv| e¨vmev‡Kï c~e©c‡ì ¯¿xevPK kã Ômy›ìxÕ mg¯Íc‡` cyiælevPK
mg¯Íc‡` cyiælevPK nq (my›ì) n‡q‡Q|
gnr I gnvb → gnv gnr †h Ávb = gnvÁvbz gnvb †h bex = gnvbex [‡c‡Uªvevsjvi wnmve mnKvix : 19 †mvbvjx e¨vsK wj. Awdmvi: 98]|
ÔgnrÕ I ÔgnvbÕ kã `y‡Uv mg¯Íc‡` ÔgnvÕ n‡q‡Q| ZvB GwU GKwU Kg©aviq mgv‡mi D`vniY|
Kz + ¯î aŸwb → Kr Kz †h AvPvi = K`vPvi| [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK : 09]
ivRv → ivR gnvb †h ivRv = gnvivR| ivRv mvwaZ n‡q ivR nq|
we‡kl¨ Av‡M Ges Aag †h bi = bivag [gnv wnmve wbixÿK I wbqš¿‡Ki Kvh©vj‡qi Rywbqi AwWUi: 14], wm× †h Avjy = Avjywm×|
we‡klY c‡i- mg¯Íc‡` we‡kl¨ (bi, Avjy) Av‡M Ges (Aag, wm×)|
Dc‡ii me¸‡jv K¨vUvMwi‡Z D`vniYmg~‡ni Ôcic‡ì A_© cÖvavb¨Õ †c‡q‡Q Ges GKwU ÔZzjbvÕ †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q|
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Kg©aviq mgv‡mi cÖKvi‡f` : 04 cÖKvi
ga¨c`‡jvcx Kg©aviq DcwgZ Kg©aviq

Dcgvb mgvm iƒcK Kg©aviq
ga¨c`‡jvcx Kg©aviq
†h Kg©aviq mgv‡m e¨vmev‡Kï ga¨c‡ì †jvc cvq, Zv‡K ga¨c`‡jvcx Kg©aviq mgvm e‡j| h_v-
wmsn wPwýZ Avmb = wmsnvmb [‡lvok wkÿK wbeÜb cixÿv (¯‹zj †gŠ msMÖnKvix gvwQ = †gŠgvwQ [13Zg †emiKvwi wkÿK wbeÜb: 16
ch©vq) : 19 evsjv‡`k K…wl Dbœqb e¨vsK wmwbqi Awdmvi: 10 Dc‡Rjv cjøx cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK: 12 8g cÖfvlK wbeÜb: 12]
Dbœqb Kg©KZ©v : 09 mnKvix Dc‡Rjv wkÿv Awdmvi: 10]
cÖvY hvIqvi fq = cÖvYfq [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK: 10 nvwm gvLv gyL = nvwmgyL [13Zg wewmGm cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix
wmwRwWGd Gi AwWUi: 19] wkÿK: 10]
Rxebbv‡ki Avk¼vq †h exgv = Rxebexgv [mvaviY exgv †Mve‡i wbwg©Z M‡Yk = †MveiM‡Yk [Z_¨ gš¿Yvj‡qi Aaxb mnKvix
K‡cv©‡ik‡bi Rywbqi Awdmvi: 19] cwiPvjK (‡MÖWÑ2): 03]
†R¨vr¯œv †kvwfZ ivZ = †R¨vr¯œvivZ [30Zg wewmGm] be †h c„w_ex = bec„w_ex [7g cÖfvlK wbeÜb: 11]
†i‡ji Dci P‡j †h Mvwo = †ijMvwo [weGwWwmÕi wnmve mnKvix: 19] G‡Ki AwaK `k = GKv`k [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK: 12]
msev` hy³ cÎ = msev`cÎ [RbZv e¨vsK wj. Awdmvi: 15 Dc‡Rjv cjøx Dbœqb Kg©KZ©v: 15]
cj wgwkÖZ Abœ = cjvbœ (wewiqvwbi mgv_©K kã) cvbv fiv cyKzi = cvbv fiv cyKzi
wkÿv welqK gš¿x = wkÿvgš¿x PvjKzgov [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK: 10]
Giƒc- CMjcvwL, cÖxwZ‡fvR, MYZš¿, †eŠfvZ, Mvoxeviv›`v, weRqcZvKv, †Mvjvcdzj, ag©NU, mvwnZ¨mfv, wkÿvgš¿x ,
ivbœvNi, PvjKzgov, QvocÎ, †gvgevwZ, gyw³hy×, RqcZvKv, mvwnZ¨mfv, ¯§„wZ‡mŠa, NiRvgvB, Svjgywo
cÖ‡Z¨KwU mg¯Íc‡` e¨vmev‡Kï gv‡Si c`wU wejyß n‡q ‡M‡Q|
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Dcgvb I DcwgZ Kg©aviq mgvm
wZbwU welq Dcgvb : c‡ivÿ Zzjbv Kivi Dc‡gq : cªZ¨ÿ e¨w³ ev e¯‘ (‡h e¯‘i Zzjbv Kiv nq) A_©vr cÖZ¨ÿ
g‡b ivL‡Z e¯‘ (hvi mv‡_ Rb¨ e¯‘i †Kv‡bv e¯‘i mv‡_ c‡ivÿ †Kv‡bv e¯‘i Zzjbv Ki‡j cÖZ¨ÿ e¯‘wU‡K ejv
n‡eÑ Zzjbv Kiv nq) mvaviY ag© nqÑ Dc‡gq| [27Zg wewmGm, cÖevmx KjŸ e¨vs‡Ki (K¨vk): 19 cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK : 14]
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Dcgvb Kg©aviq
Dcgvb A_© Zzjbxq cÖZ¨ÿ †Kvb e¯‘i mv‡_ c‡ivÿ †Kv‡bv e¯‘i Dcgvb I Dc‡g‡qi
e¯‘| Zzjbv Ki‡j cÖZ¨ÿ e¯ÍywU‡K Dc‡gq, Avi hvi GKwU mvaviY ag©
mv‡_ Zzjbv Kiv n‡q‡Q Zv‡K ejv nq Dcgvb| _vK‡e| †hgb-
åg‡ii b¨vq K…ò †Kk = ågiK…ò‡Kk| GLv‡b ågi Dcgvb Ges †Kk Dc‡gq| K…òZ¡ n‡jv mvaviY ag©| mvaviY ag©evPK
c‡ì mv‡_ DcgvbevPK c‡ì †h mgvm nq Zv‡K Dcgvb Kg©aviq mgvm e‡j| h_v- Zzlv‡ii b¨vq ïå = Zzlviïå [Kg©ms¯’vb e¨vsK
A¨vwm÷¨v›U Awdmvi (K¨vk): 12], Aiæ‡Yi b¨vq ivOv = AiæYivOv [15Zg wkÿK wbeÜb: 19], e‡Ki b¨vq avwg©K = eKavwg©K, KvR‡ji b¨vq
Kv‡jv = KvRjKv‡jv [evsjv‡`k cjøx we`y¨Zvqb †ev‡W©i mnKvix cwiPvjK: 19 cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK: 19]| Zzlviaej, weovjZc¯^x, wgkKv‡jv,
i³jvj, kk‡Ki b¨vq e¨¯Í = kke¨¯Í [cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK: 19], n¯Íxg~L© cÖf…wZ|
DcwgZ Kg©aviq
mvaviY ¸‡Yi D‡jøL bv K‡i Dc‡gq c‡ì mv‡_ Dcgv‡bi †h mgvm nq, Zv‡K DcwgZ Kg©aviq mgvm e‡j| (G ‡ÿ‡Î mvaviY
¸YwU‡K Abygvb K‡i †bIqv nq) G mgv‡m Dc‡gq c`wU c~‡e© e‡m| †hgb- gyL P‡›`ªi b¨vq = P›`ªgyL, cyiæl wms‡ni b¨vq =
wmsncyiæl [13Zg wkÿK wbeÜb : 16], Aai cjø‡ei b¨vq [†mvbvjx e¨vsK wj. Awdmvi: 19], Kzgvix dz‡ji b¨vq = dzjKzgvix [evsjv‡`k WvK wefv‡Mi
†gBj Acv‡iUi: 19]| GiƒcÑ K_vg„Z, PiYKgj, biwmsn, exiwmsn cÖf…wZ|
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Dcgv‡bi mv‡_ Dc‡gqi wgjb n‡j Ges mvaviY ag©evPK gyL (Dc‡gq) P‡›`ªi (Dcgvb) b¨vq =
¸Y AbywgZ n‡j Zv‡K DcwgZ Kg©aviq mgvm e‡j| gyLP›`ª| cyiæl (Dc‡gq) wms‡ni
D‡jøL¨ Dc‡gq c`wU Av‡M e‡m| †hgbÑ (Dcgvb) b¨vq = cyiælwmsn|
kU©KvU
mZ¨ welq n‡j n‡e ÔDcgvb Kg©aviq mgvmÕ|
AmZ¨ welq n‡j n‡e ÔDcwgZ Kg©aviq mgvmÕ|
o Zzlv‡ii b¨vq ïå = Zzlviïå (welqUv mZ¨)
o gyL P‡›`ªi b¨vq = gyLP›`ª (welqUv AmZ¨, ïay Zzjbvi Rb¨ eëüZ n‡q‡Q| ZvB GwU DcwgZ Kg©aviq|
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iƒcK Kg©aviq
Dcgvb I Dc‡g‡qi g‡a¨ AwfbœZv Kíbv G mgv‡m Dc‡gq c` c~‡e© e‡m Ges Dcgvb c` c‡i e‡m
Kiv n‡j iƒcK Kg©aviq mgvm nq| Ges mgm¨gvb c‡` ÔiƒcÕ A_ev ÔBÕ †hvM K‡i e¨vmevK¨
MVb Kiv nq| †hgb-
welv` iƒc wmÜz = welv`wmÜz [c~evjx e¨vsK wj. mnKvix Awdmvi: 19] fe iƒc b`x = feb`x [wcGmwmÕi mnKvix cwiPvjK: 06]
gb iƒc gvwS = gbgvwS [miKvwi gva¨wgK we`¨vj‡qi mnKvix wkÿK: 19 iƒcvwj e¨vsK wj. wmwbqi Awdmvi: 19]
Kvj iƒc †¯ªvZ = Kvj-‡¯ªvZ [16Zg wkÿK wbeÜb: 19] †µva iƒc Abj = †µvavbj
GiƒcÑ †hŠebeb, ÿzavbj, RxebcÖ`xc, †kvKvbj, RxebZix, Ávbe„ÿ, civbcvwL, we`¨vab, †hŠebm~h©, myLmvMi,
ü`qgw›ì, w`j`wiqv, †gvnwb`ªv cÖf…wZ|
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kU©KvU
hw` c~e©c` †`Lv, aiv, †Qvuqv bv hvqz hw` ïay Abyfe Kiv hvq Zvn‡j †mwU‡K ejv nq iƒcK Kg©aviq mgvm|
‡hgb: Dc‡ii D`vniYmg~‡n Ô‡µvaÕ, Ôwelv`Õ, ÔgbÕ cÖfw… Z ïay Abyfe Kiv hvq| e¨wZµg : Pvu` iƒc gyL|
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Zrcyiæl mgvm
c~e©c‡ì wefw³i †jv‡c †h mgvm †h mgv‡m cic‡ì [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK: 13 wec`‡K Avcbœ = wec`vcbœ,
nq [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK: 12 XvKv A_© cÖavbfv‡e †evSvq
cÖvK-cÖv_wgK cÖavb wkÿK: 12] eB‡K cov = eB cov [cÖvK-
cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK: 13 evsjv‡`k
wek^we`¨vjq (M BDwbU) : 14-15] Ges Zv‡K Zrcyiæl mgvm e‡j| †hgb- †Uwjwfkb Ges weÁvcb AwaKvwiK: 06]
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wewfbœ cÖKvi Zrcyiæl mgv‡mi D`vniY
wØZxqv Zrcyiæl c~e©c‡ì wefw³ (‡K, ‡i) BZ¨vw` †jvc n‡q †h GQvov e¨vwß A‡_©I wØZxqv
mgvm mgvm nq, Zv‡K wØZxqv Zrcyiæl mgvm e‡j| Zrcyiæl mgvm nq| h_v-
`ytL‡K cÖvß = `ytLcÖvß [wc‡KGmGdi Gi mnKvix eë¯’vcK: 19] wec`‡K Avcbœ = wec`vcbœ
eB‡K cov = eB-cov ‡è‡K `Ë = †è`Ë we¯§q‡K Avcbœ= we¯§qvcbœ [37Zg wewmGm]
ÿYKvj e¨vwcqv ¯’vqx = ÿY¯’vqx i_‡`Lv [mvaviY exgv K‡c©v‡ik‡bi mnKvix eë¯’vcK : 19]
wPiKvj e¨vwcqv myLx = wPimyLx [evsjv‡`k nvDm wewìs wdb¨vÝ K‡cv©‡ik‡bi Awdmvi : 11 evsjv‡`k Kgvm© e¨vsK wj. Awdmvi (‡MÖWÑ3) : 00]
GiKg : Mv-XvKv, exR‡evbv, fvZivuav, †Q‡j-fzjv‡bv (Qov), b‡fj-cov, Avg-Kzov‡bv, `ytLvZxZ, †`kZ¨vM, c„ôcÖ`k©b,
f~uB‡dvuo, ¯^M©cÖvß, njyèvUv, ci‡jvKMZ BZ¨vw`|
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c~e©c‡` Z…Zxqv wefw³i (Øviv, w`qv, KZ©K

„ BZ¨vw`) †jv‡c
Z…Zxqv Zrcyiæl mgvm †h mgvm nq, Zv‡K Z…Zxqv Zrcyiæl mgvm e‡j| h_v :
†gN Øviv k~b¨ = †gNk~b¨ [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK: 13] †Zj w`‡q fvRv = †Z‡jfvRv [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK: 09 I 10]
evK& Øviv `Ëv = evM`Ëv [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK: 12 cjøx Dbœqb †ev‡W©i wnmve mnKvix : 14]
gay w`‡q gvLv = gaygvLv [13Zg †emiKvwi cÖfvlK wbeÜb: 16 cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK: 14 GjwRBwWÕi mnKvix cwiPvjK: 05]
gb w`‡q Mov = gbMov a‡b AvX¨ kÖg Øviv jä = kÖgjä GK Øviv Eb = G‡Kvb
Rb Øviv AvKxY© = RbvKxY© cvu P Øviv Kg = cvu P Kg (GKk) cy®ú w`qv AÄwj = cy®úvÄwj Ávb Øiv k~b¨ = Ávbk~b¨
Giƒc- ¸Ygy», wPwbcvZv, QvBPvcv, Ávbk~b¨, Z…òvZ©, eb¨vZ©, evK-weZÐv, we`¨vnxb, eyw×`xß, gbMov, b¨vqm½Z,
¯^Y©gwÐZ, gš¿gy», imvwfwl³, wkwkiwm³, wfÿvjä, nxiKLwPZ, iZœ‡kvwfZ|
c~e©c‡` wefw³i †jvc ‡c‡j nq, AjyK Z…Zxqv| †hgbÑ †Z‡jfvRv, K‡jQvuUv, Zv‡Z‡evbv, gv‡q‡L`v‡bv, nv‡ZKvUv|
r
c~e©c‡` PZz_©x wefw³ (‡K, Rb¨, wbwgË BZ¨vw`) †jv‡c †h

PZz_x© Zrcyiæl mgvm mgvm nq, Zv‡K PZz_©x Zrcyiæl mgvm e‡j| h_v-
¸iæ‡K fw³ = ¸iæfw³ Wv‡Ki Rb¨ gvïj = WvKgvïj Aviv‡gi Rb¨ †K`viv= Avivg‡K`viv
em‡Zi wbwgË evwo = emZevwo we‡qi Rb¨ cvMjv = we‡qcvMj
Z‡ci wbwgË eb = Z‡cveb n‡R¦i Rb¨ hvÎv = nR¦hvÎv [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK: 10]
†è‡K `Ë = †è`Ë [ciivóª gš¿Yvj‡qi cÖkvmwbK Kg©KZv© 19] g‡i‡Q Rb¨ Kvbœv = givKvbœv
wkï‡ì Rb¨ wefvM = wkïwefvM mÜ¨vi wbwg‡Ë cÖ`xc = mÜ¨vcÖ`xc
Giƒc- gvj¸`vg, QvÎvevm, †PvlKvMR, wkïg½j, gymvwdiLvbv, ivbœvNi, gvcKvwV, evwjKv-we`¨vjq, cvMjvMvi` BZ¨vw`|
r
c~e©c‡` cÂgx wefw³ (n‡Z, †_‡K BZ¨vw`) †jv‡c †h

cÂgx Zrcyiæl mgvm Zrcyiæl mgvm nq, Zv‡K cÂgx Zrcyiæl mgvm e‡j| h_v-
cvc n‡Z gy³ = cvcgy³ [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK: 10] LvuPv †_‡K Qvov = LvuPvQvov
wejvZ ‡_‡K †diZ = wejvZ‡diZ civ‡bi †P‡q wcÖq = civbwcÖq
f`ª n‡Z BZi = f‡`ªZi ¯‹zj †_‡K cvjv‡bv = ¯‹zjcvjv‡bv ‡ivM n‡Z gy³ = †ivMgy³
me© n‡Z †kÖô = me©‡kÖô ‡evuUv †_‡K Lmv = †evuUvLmv c` †_‡K Pz¨Z = c`Pz¨Z
gvbe A‡cÿv BZi = gvb‡eZi ‡Rj †_‡K Lvjvm = †RjLvjvm Ni †_‡K Qvov = NiQvov
BwZ n‡Z Avw` = BZ¨vw` [cwievi Kj¨vY cwi`wk©Kv cÖwkÿYv_©x: 15 cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK: 12]
Giƒc- gyLåó, AvMv‡Mvov, ag©åó, ‡gNgy³, †Rjgy³, `jQzU BZ¨vw`|
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c~e©c‡` lôx wefw³i (i, Gi) †jvc n‡q †h mgvm nq,

lôx Zrcyiæl mgvm Zv‡K lôx Zrcyiæl mgvm e‡j| h_v-
†Lqvi NvU = †LqvNvU cv‡Ui †ÿZ = cvU‡ÿZ ivRvi ivYx = ivRivbx

Pv‡qi evMvb = PvevMvb wcZvi ab = wcZ…ab c‡_i ivRv = ivRc_ [10g wkÿK wbeÜb : 14]
ivRvi cyÎ = ivRcyÎ [wewfbœ gš¿Yvj‡qi cÖkvmwbK Kg©KZ©v : 19 mgwš^ 8 e¨vs‡Ki wmwbqi Awdmvi : 18]
we‡kî Kwe = wek^Kwe [Kg©ms¯’vb e¨vsK WvUv Gw›Uª Awdmvi: 11 †iwR÷vW© cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK: 14]
Pv‡qi evMvb = PvevMvb [µxov cwi`ß‡ii Awdm mnKvix : 19] An‡bi ga¨ = ga¨vý [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK: 13]
A‡ýi Aci ev †kl fvM = Acivnè wek^we`¨vi Avjq = wek^we`¨vjq
av‡bi †ÿZ = avb‡ÿZ [11Zg cÖfvlK wbeÜb : 14] g„Mxi wkï = g„Mwkï [cjøx we`y¨. †ev‡W©i mn. mwPe/ mn. cwi: 13]
nsmxi wW¤^ = nsmwW¤^ [evsjv‡`k †eZv‡ii mn-m¤úv`K: 19] cy‡®úi †mŠif = cy®ú‡mŠif [38Zg wewmGm ]
‡cŠi‡ì mfv = †cŠimfv [evsjv‡`k e¨vsK mnKvix cwiPvjK: 12] M‡Yi Zš¿ = MYZš¿
mÜ¨vi cÖ`xc = mÜ¨v cÖ`xc gvZvi †mev = gvZ…‡mev gvb‡ei ü`q = gvbeü`q
Giƒc- QvÎmgvR, †`k‡mev, Aa©P›`ª, mvwnZ¨PP©v, Aa©c_, w`jøxkî, evuìbvP, QweNi, †Nvo‡`Šo, Mí‡cÖwgK, ¸YMÖvg,
QvM`y», †fvUvwaKvi, bvZRvgvB, weovjQvbv, mvwnZ¨wekvi`, c~RvN©, KY©Kzni, g‡bv‡hvM, c~e©vý, ivRnvum, gvSb`x,
Kwe¸iæ, k^ïievwo, n¯Íxh~_, we`¨vmvMi, e„n¯úwZ, QvÎe„›`, †LqvNvU, cyÎeay, M„nKgx©, nvZNwo, So-SvcUv BZ¨vw`|
r
†Nvovi wWg, gvwUi gvbyl, nv‡Zi cvuP, gvgvi evwo, mv‡ci

AjyK lôx Zrcyiæl cv, g‡bi gvbyl, K‡ji Mvb, wN‡q fvRv BZ¨vw`| wKš‘,
åvZvi cyÎ = åvZz®úyÎ (wbcvZ‡b wm×)
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c~e©c‡` mßgx wefw³ (G, q, †Z) ‡jvc †c‡q †h Zrcyiæl

mßgx Zrcyiæl mgvm mgvm nq, Zv‡K mßgx Zrcyiæl mgvm e‡j| †hgb-
i‡½ fiv = i½fiv c~‡e© AkÖæZ = AkÖæZc~e©

c~‡e© A`„ó = A`„óc~e© AKv‡j cK¡ = AKvjcK¡
Qvqv‡Z kxZj = QvqvkxZj [A_©gš¿Yvj‡qi WvUv Gw›Uª Acv‡iUi: 12 †iwR÷vW© cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK: 11]
Zv‡j Kvbv = ZvjKvbv msL¨vjNy [mnKvix _vbv wkÿv Awdmvi: 10 5g we‡RGm cÖv_wgK cixÿv : 10]
Giƒc- bivag, RjgMœ, wèvwb`ªv, ÿgZvkxj, f~Zc~e©, ivZKvbv, gv_ve¨_v, MvQcvKv, ebevm, `vbexi|
r
bv evPK bT Ae¨q (bv, †bB, bvB, bq) c~‡e© e‡m †h

bT Zrcyiæl mgvm Zrcyiæl mgvm nq, Zv‡K bT& Zrcyiæl mgvm e‡j| h_v-
bq Kvuov = AvKvuov [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK: 93] b AvPvi = AbvPvi b myi = Amyi
b KvZi = AKvZi b †jŠwKK = A‡jŠwKK b †Kkv = A‡Kkv
bq ag© = Aag© [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK: 13] b AwZ `xN© = bvwZ`xN© b gvbyl = Agvbyl
bq GK = A‡bK [15Zg wkÿK wbeÜb (K‡jR) : 19] b wek^vm = Awek^vm
bq fv½v = Afv½v b Kvj = AKvj ev AvKvj
bq AvwkÖZ = AbvwkÖZ bq MvQ = AvMvQv
Giƒc- Abvì [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK: 06], bvwZLe©, bvwZkx‡Zvò [GbGmAvB-Gi mnKvix cwiPvjK: 19], Afve, †eZvj,
†eAvBbx [10g †emiKvwi cÖfvlK wbeÜb: 14], Aw¯’i, AmyL, Abkb, AbywPZ [cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK: 19 cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK:
09], A‡Pbv, †eZwgR, AKvj, Awbó, bvwZ`~i, A‰bK, Abve„wó, Am½Z, Af`ª, Abb¨, AMg¨ BZ¨vw`|
LvuwU evsjv fvlvq A, Av, bv wKsev Abv nq| †hgb- b Kvj = AKvj ev AvKvj| Z`ªƒc- Av‡avqv, bvgÄyi, A‡K‡Rv, ARvbv,
A‡Pbv, Avjywb, bv‡Qvo, Abvev`x, bvevjK BZ¨vw`|
r
†h c‡ì cieZx© wµqvg~‡ji m‡½ K…r-cÖZ¨q hy³ nq †m c`‡K Dcc` e‡j|

Dcc` Zrcyiæl mgvm K…`šÍ c‡ì m‡½ Dcc‡ì †h mgvm nq, Zv‡K e‡j Dcc` Zrcyiæl mgvm|
[wewmAvBwmÕi mnKvix eë¯’vcK (cÖkvmb): 7g †emiKvwi cÖfvlK wbeÜb: 11] †hgb-
R‡j P‡i hv = RjPi evwR K‡i †h = evwRKi Rj †`q †h = Rj`

c‡¼ R‡b¥ hv = c¼R wMwi‡Z ‡h Ae¯’vb K‡i = wMixk
L (AvKvk) P‡i †h = †LPi [cvm‡cvU© I Bwg‡MÖkb Awa`ß‡ii mnKvix cwiPvjK : 07]
wcÖq K_v e‡j †h bvix = wcÖqse`v [mnKvix cjøx Dbœqb Kg©KZ©v : 12]
R‡j gMœ = RjgMœ Kz¤¢ (Pzwi) K‡i †h = Kz¤¢Kvi avgv a‡i †h = avgvaiv
cÖwkÿY cÖvß †h = cÖwkwÿZ ‡Q‡q a‡i †h = †Q‡jaiv [6ô cÖfvlK wbeÜb: 10]
c‡KU gv‡i †h = c‡KUgvi [6ô cÖfvlK wbeÜb : 10 cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK: 13]
Giƒc- ni‡ejv [RbZv e¨vsK wj. Awdmvi 17 Z_¨ gš¿Yvj‡qi mnKvix cwiPvjK: 01], M„n¯’, B›`ªwRr, cvZvPvUv, nvofv½v, gvwQgviv,
Qvi‡cvKv, Ni‡cvov, eY©‡Pviv, MjvKvUv, †eZbfzMx [‡mvbvjx I RbZv e¨vs‡Ki wmwbqi Awdmvi (AvBwU): 18], gayc [mgwš^Z e¨vsK
Awdmvi: 18], k¥kvPvix, cv-PvUv, cvov‡eovwb, Qv-‡cvlv, Mv‡qcov, mZëv`x BZ¨vw`|
kU©KvU
kU©KvU : K…`šÍ c‡ì mv‡_ Dcc‡ì mgvm| cÖ_‡g Dcc` Ges c‡i K…`šÍ c`| ‡hgb- ev¯‘ + √nvi& + Av = ev¯‘nviv
K…`šÍ = K…r cÖZ¨q mvwaZ c`| wµqvg~j ev avZzi mv‡_ cÖZ¨q hy³ nq K…r cÖZ¨q| ‡hgbÑ √co + Dqv = cWyqv|
AviI mn‡R g‡b ivLyb : AwaKvsk †ÿ‡Î e¨w³‡K †evSv‡e I evK¨ ms‡KvPb nq|
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†h Zrcyiæl mgv‡m c~e©c‡ì wefw³ †jvc nq bv, Zv‡K

AjyK Zrcyiæl mgvm AjyK Zrcyiæl mgvm e‡j| †hgb-
Mv‡q cov = Mv‡qcov †mvbvi Zix [GbGmAvB-Gi mnKvix cwiPvjK: 19]

Kjyi ej` [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK: 13 cÖwZiÿv gš¿Yvj‡qi Aaxb mvBdvi Awdmvi: 99]
†Pv‡Li evwj = †Pv‡Li-evwj wN‡q fvRv = wN‡q-fvRv
K‡j QvuUv [Gwe e¨vsK wj. A¨vwm÷¨v›U Awdmvi: 14 `yb©xwZ `gb Kwgk‡bi mnKvix cwiPvjK: 13]
Giƒc- K‡ji Mvb, Miæi Mvwo, Pz‡j-KvuUv [cÖevmx Kj¨vY e¨vsK Awdmvi: 14] BZ¨vw`|
eûeªxwn mgvm
r
‡h mgv‡m mgm¨gvb c`¸‡jvi eû eªxwn (avb) Av‡Q hvi = eûeªxwn [GwUBI: 15 dv÷© wmwKDwiwU Bmjvwg e¨vsK wj. Awdmvi
†KvbwUi A_© bv eywS‡q, Ab¨ †Kvb | GLv‡b ÔeûÕ wKsev ÔeªxwnÕ †KvbwUiB
14 mgvR‡mev Awa. cÖ. A: 13 †Rjv cÖv. wk.A: 05]
c`‡K †evSvq, Zv‡K eûeªxwn mgvm A‡_©i cÖvavb¨ ‡bB, hvi eû avb Av‡Q Ggb †jvK‡K †evSv‡”Q| ‡hgb-
e‡j|
AvqZ †jvPb hvi = AvqZ‡jvPb (¯¿x) gnvb AvZ¥v hvi = gnvZ¥v [hye Dbœqb Awa`ßi mn. cwi: 94]
web‡qi m‡½ eZ©gvb = mwebq evÜemn eZ©gvb = mevÜe [7g we‡RGm cÖv_wgK cixÿv : 12]
¯¿xi m‡½ (mwnZ) eZ©gvb = m¯¿xK [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mn. wk: 93] g„‡Mi bq‡bi b¨vq bqb hvi = g„Mbqbv
wePwjZ gb hvi = wegbv `vg (iwk¥) Dì hvi = `v‡gvì
w`K A¤î hvi = w`M¤î b`x gvZv (gvZ…) hvi = b`xgvZ…K [6ô we‡RGm cixÿv : 11]
M„‡n w¯’wZ hvi = Mvn©¯’ cÙ bvfx‡Z hvi = cÙbvf
we (weMZ) n‡q‡Q cZœx hvi = wecZœxK [`y`K cwi`k©K: 04] i‡³i b¨vq †bÎ hvi = i³‡bÎ
mgvb Zx_© hvi = mZx_© [RbZv e¨vsK wj. A¨v. Gw·. Awd: 15] my eY© hvi = myeY© [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK: 12]
mgvb Dì hvi = m‡nvì [wm‡jU M¨vm wdì wj. A¨vwm÷¨v›U g¨v‡bRvi (‡Rbv‡ij) : 13 cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mn. wk: 13]
bvB †eva hvi = A‡eva [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK: 07 cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK: 11]
‡bB ag© hvi = Aag© [kni mgvR‡mev Awdmvi : 07 Dc‡Rjv gwnjv Kg©KZ©v : 05]
bvB myL hvi = AmyL [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 12] K…Z n‡q‡Q hvi we`¨v = K…Zwe`¨v [16Zg cÖfvlK wbeÜb: 19]
Giƒc- ¯^”Qmwjjv, bxjembv, w¯’icÖwZÁ, axieyw×, AícÖvY, g›`fvM¨, DØvû, grm¨MÜv, K…Zwe`¨v, hyeRvwb, RbkÖæwZ, mRj |
eûeªxwn mgv‡mi cÖKvi‡f`

eûeªxwn mgvm 08 cÖKvi| [cÖwZ‡hvwMZv Kwgk‡bi e¨w³MZ mnKvix: 19]
mgvbvwaKiY eûeªxwn bT eûeªxwn
e¨vwaKiY eûeªxwn ga¨c`‡jvcx eûeªxwn
e¨wZnvi eûeªxwn cÖZ¨qvšÍ eûeªxwn
AjyK eûeªxwn msL¨vevPK eûeªxwn
mgvbvwaKiY eûeªxwn
c~e©c` we‡klY I cic` we‡kl¨ n‡j mgvbvwaKiY eûeªxwn mgvm nq| [6ô wkÿK wbeÜb: 10] A_ev, c~e©c` we‡kl¨ I cic`
we‡klY nq| †hgb-
nZ n‡q‡Q kÖx hvi = nZkªx †Lvk †gRvR hvi = †Lvk‡gRvR [evsjv‡`k e¨vsK Awdmvi: 18]
bxj A¤î hvi = bxjv¤î [‡iwR÷vW© cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 11] K_v me©¯^ hvi = K_vme©¯^
K…Z we`¨v hvi = K…Zwe`¨v bxj KÉ hvi = bxjKÉ
GK w`‡K †ivL hvi = GK‡ivLv Kvb KvUv hvi = KvbKvUv (we‡kl¨ + we‡klY)
‡VvuU KvUv hvi = †VvuUKvUv ‡cU †gvUv hvi = †cU‡gvUv
Giƒc- üZme©¯^, D”Pwki, cxZv¤î, Rei`w¯Í, mykxj, mykÖx, eèL&Z, KgeL&Z, `y KvbKvUv, †evuUvLmv BZ¨vw`|
e¨vwaKiY eûeªxwn
eûeªxwn mgv‡mi c~e©c` Ges cic` †KvbwUB hw` we‡klY bv nq A_©vr †h eûeªxwn mgv‡mi c~e©c` Ges cic` DfqB we‡kl¨ nq
[‡ijI‡q nvmcvZv‡ji mnKvix mvR©b: 05], Z‡e Zv‡K e‡j e¨vwaKiY eûeªxwn| †hgb-
K_v me©¯^ hvi = K_vme©¯^ [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK: 13] `yKvb KvUv hvi = `y KvbKvUv ‡evuUv L‡m‡Q hvi = †evuUvLmv
Avkx‡Z (`vu‡Z) wel hvi = Avkxwel [8g †emiKvwi wkÿK wbeÜb: 12 †iwR÷vW© cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK: 11]
exYvcvwY [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK: 13 _vbv wbe©vPb Awdmvi: 04 16Zg wkÿK wbeÜb: 19 gv`K`ªe¨ wbqš¿Y Awa`ß‡ii Dc-cwi`k©K: 19
12Zg †emiKvwi cÖfvlK wbeÜb: 15]
e¨wZnvi eûeªxwn
wµqvi cvi¯úwiK A‡_© e¨wZnvi eûeªxwn nq| h_v :
nv‡Z nv‡Z †h hy× = nvZvnvwZ [cÖevmx Kj¨vY e¨vs‡Ki Awdmvi (K¨vk) : 19 cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK: 12 mve-‡iwR÷ªvi: 03]
Kv‡b Kv‡b †h K_v = KvbvKvwb [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK: 09 kÖg Awa`ß‡i †iwR÷ªvi: 2000 Rb¯^v¯’¨ Awa`ß‡i Dc-mnKvix cÖ‡KŠkjx (wmwfj): 15]
‡Kv‡j †Kv‡j †h wgjb = †Kvjv‡Kvwj nvm‡Z nvm‡Z †h wµqv = nvmvnvwm
jvwV‡Z jvwV‡Z †h jovB = jvVvjvwV [17Zg I 26Zg wewmGm] PyjvPzwj [cªv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK: 19]
Ggwb fv‡e- KvovKvwo, MvjvMvwj, †`Lv‡`wL, ¸uZv¸uwZ, NylvNywl, i³viw³ BZ¨vw`|
bT eûeªxwn
c~e©c‡` bvevPK Ae¨q eëüZ nq| bT_©K ev bvevPK Ae¨q¸‡jv n‡jvÑ bv, ‡bB, bvB, bq| h_vÑ
b (bvB) Ávb hvi = AÁvb †e (bvB) †nW hvi = †e‡nW
bv (bvB) Pviv (Dcvq) hvi = bvPvi wb (bvB) fzj hvi = wbf©yj
bv (bq) Rvbv hv = bvRvbv/ARvbv b Ávb hvi = AÁvb
bvB Zvi hvi = †eZvi wb fzj hvi = wbf©yj
‡bB Avè hvi = †eqvè| GiKg- bvnK, wbiæcvq, wbS©ÅvU, AeyS, A‡K‡Rv, †ec‡ivqv, †eûuk, Abgbxq BZ¨vw`|
ga¨c`‡jvcx eûeªxwn
ga¨c` †jvc cvq| h_vÑ
P‡›`ªi b¨vq my›ì hvi gyL = P›`ªgyL [`ybx©wZ `gb ey¨‡ivi mnKvix cwi`k©K: 04]
weov‡ji †Pv‡Li b¨vq †PvL †h bvixi = weovj‡PvLx nv‡Z Lwo †`qv nq †h Abyôv‡b = nv‡ZLwo
gx‡bi g‡Zv Awÿ hvi = gxbvÿx [miKvwi gva¨wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK: 06]
‡Mvu‡d †LRyi cwoqv _vwK‡jI Lvq bv †h = †Mvud-‡LRy‡i [ciivóª gš¿Yvj‡qi mycvwib‡Ub‡W›U : 19 WvK Awa`ß‡i †cv÷vj Acv‡iUi: 16]
†mvbvi g‡Zv D¾¡j gyL hvi = †mvbvgyLx [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK: 13 evsjv‡`k †Uwjwfkb Ges weÁvcb AwaKvwiK (‡MÖWÑ2): 06]
†g‡Ni g‡Zv bv` hvi = †gNbv` [÷¨vÛvW© e¨vsK wj. A¨vwm÷¨v›U Awdmvi: 12]
Ggwb fv‡e- N‡i AvwkÖZ RvgvB = NiRvgvB, Mv‡qnjy` [SESIP M‡elYv Kg©KZ©v: 15 cÖevmx Kj¨vY e¨vsK wj. Awdmvi: 14 6ô
†emiKvwi cÖfvlK wbeÜb: 10], †gwbgy‡Lv, BZ¨vw`|
cÖZ¨qvšÍ eûeªxwn
‡h eûeªxwn mgv‡mi mg¯Íc‡` Av, G, I BZ¨vw` cÖZ¨q hy³ nq Zv‡K ejv nq cÖZ¨qvšÍ eûeªxwn| h_v-
GK w`‡K †PvL (`„wó) hvi = GK‡PvLv (†PvL + Av) N‡ii w`‡K gyL hvi = Nigy‡Lv (gyL +I)
wbt (‡bB) LiP hvi = wb-Li‡P (LiP + G) [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK: 10]
GiKg- †`vUvbv, †`vgbv, GK¸u‡q, A‡K‡Rv, GKN‡i, †`vbjv, †`vZjv, EbcvuRy‡i [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK: 10 ¯‹zj wkÿK
wbeÜb I cÖZ¨vqb cixÿv : 10] BZ¨vw`|
AjyK eûeªxwn
†h eûeªxwn mgv‡m c~e© ev cic‡ì †Kvb cwieZ©b nq bv, Zv‡K AjyK eûeªxwn e‡j| [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK: 89] AjyK
eûeªxwn mgv‡m mg¯Í c`wU we‡klY nq Ges c~e©c‡` wefw³ †jvc cvq bv| h_v :
gv_vq cvMwo hvi = gv_vqcvMwo N‡ii w`‡K gyL hvi = Nigy‡Lv (gyL +I)
gy‡L fvZ (wkï‡K) †`qv nq †h Abyôv‡b = gy‡L-fvZ [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK: 13]
Giƒc- nv‡Z-Qwo, Kv‡b-Kjg, Mv‡q-cov, nv‡Z-‡ewo, gv_vq-QvZv, Kv‡b-Lv‡Uv, Mv‡qnjy`, nv‡ZLwo BZ¨vw`|
msL¨vevPK eûeªxwn
c~e©c` msL¨vevPK Ges cic` we‡kl¨ n‡j Ges mgmÍc`wU we‡klY †evSv‡j Zv‡K msL¨vevPK eûeªxwn ejv nq| G mgv‡m
mg¯Íc‡` ÔAvÕ ÔBÕ hy³ nq| h_v-
`k Avbb hvi = `kvbb [K…wl m¤úªmviY Awa`ß‡ii Dc-mnKvix K…wl Kg©KZ©v: 14 Z_¨ gš¿Yvj‡qi Aax‡b †Uwjwfkb cÖ‡KŠkjx: 04 †iwR÷vW©
cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK: 11 †mbvjx e¨vsK wj. wmwbqi Awdmvi: 10 evsjv‡`k e¨vsK mnKvix cwiPvjK: 13 I 11]
`k MR cwigvY hvi = `kMwR †PŠ (Pvi) Pvj †h N‡ii = †PŠPvjv [11Zg wkÿK wbeÜb: 14]
Giƒc- GK¸‡q, mvZbwi, PZz‡®‹vY, GKZviv, †mZvi, w`Pµ, wÎk~j, Pvi‡c‡q, `knvwZ, kZg~jx, PvinvwZ, †Zcvqv
BZ¨vw`|
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kU©KvU
hvi mg¯Í c` we‡klY n‡e Ges c~e©c` msL¨vevPK Zv‡K msL¨vevPK eûeªxwn e‡j|
wØ¸ mgv‡m mg¯Í c` nq we‡kl¨|
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`y w`‡K Ac hvi = Øxc, AšÍM©Z Ac hvi = AšÍixc, bivKv‡ii cï †h =

wbcvZ‡b wm× mgvm bicï, RxweZ †_‡KI †h g„Z = Rxeb¥„Z [evsjv‡`k e¨vsK mnKvix cwiPvjK: 13],
cwÐZ n‡qI †h g~L© = cwÐZg~L© [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK: 90] BZ¨vw`|
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wØ¸ mgvm
mgvnvi (mgwó) ev wgjb A‡_© msL¨vevPK k‡ãi m‡½ we‡kl¨ c‡ì wØ¸ mgv‡m mgvmwb®úbœ
†h mgvm nq, Zv‡K wØ¸ mgvm e‡j| [25Zg wewmGm cÖevmx Kj¨vY e¨vsK wj. c`wU we‡kl¨ c` nq|
Awdmvi: 19 8g †emiKvwi cÖfvlK wbeÜb: 12 ivRkvnx K…wl Dbœqb e¨vsK Awdmvi: 11] †hgb-
wZb Kv‡ji mgvnvi = wÎKvj †PŠiv¯Ívi mgvnvi= †PŠiv¯Ív [cªv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK: 11]
wZb gv_vi mgvnvi = †Zgv_v cÂe‡Ui mgvnvi- cÂeUx
kZ A‡ãi mgvnvi = kZvãx [cwievi cwiKíbv Awa`ß‡i cwieviKj¨vY cwi`wk©Kv cÖwkÿYv_©x: 13 cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK: 13]
wZb cÖvšÍ‡ii mgvnvi = †ZcvšÍi [cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK: 19 cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK: 13]
wÎ (wZb) c‡ì mgvnvi = wÎc`x
Giƒc- cÂb` [mnKvix Dc‡Rjv/_vbv wkÿv Awdmvi: 10 MYgva¨g Bbw÷D‡Ui mnKvix cwiPvjK: 03], AóavZz, wÎfzR [gva¨wgK I D”P gva¨wgK
Awa`ß‡ii D”Pgvb mnKvix: 13 _vbv wbe©vPb Awdmvi: 08], mßvn [13Zg ‡emiKvwi cÖfvlK wbeÜb cixÿv: 16], mßwl© [cªv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK: 09],
PZzfz©R, PZzi½, wÎ‡gvwnbx, †Zib`x, cÂf~Z, mvZmgy`ª [7g wkÿK wbeÜb: 11] BZ¨vw`|
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kU©KvU
hvi mg¯Í c` we‡kl¨ n‡e Ges c~e©c` msL¨vevPK n‡e Zv‡K wØ¸ mgvm e‡j|
msL¨vevPK eûeªxwn‡Z mg¯Íc` nq Ôwe‡klYÕ|
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Ae¨qxfve mgvm
o Ôc~e©c‡`Õ Ae¨q‡hv‡M wb®úbœ mgvm|
c~e©c‡` Ae¨q‡hv‡M wb®úbœ mgv‡m o ÔAe¨qÕ ej‡Z †evSvq, Ggb wKQz kã hv‡Z wefw³ †hvM Kiv hvq bv,
hw` Ae¨‡qiB A‡_©i cÖvavb¨ _v‡K, cyiæl ev gwnjvevPK Kiv hvq bv, GKePb ev eûePb Kiv hvq bv|
Zv‡K Ae¨qxfve mgvm e‡j| o ÔAe¨qÕ c‡ì A_© cÖavb _v‡K| [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK : 12]
kU©KvU
GKwU evK¨ g‡b ivLyb : Avnv wbivciva †ewe‡ì DcKv‡ii cÖwZ h_v_© Drmvn AbyMÖn _vKv DwPZ|
[hw` †Kvb mgv‡mi cÖ_g eY© ev eY© `y‡Uv ÔAvÕ, ÔnvÕ, ÔwbiÕ, Ô†eÕ, ÔweÕ, ÔDcÕ, ÔcÖÕ, ÔcÖwZÕ, Ôh_vÕ, ÔDrÕ
ÔAbyÕ cÖfw… Z nq, Zvn‡j ‡mB mgvmwU Ae¨qxfve nq|]
wb‡Pi D`vniY¸‡jv‡Z Ae¨qxfve mgvm †`Lv‡bv n‡jv

ch©šÍ (Av) mgy`ª †_‡K wngvPj ch©šÍ = Avmgy`ªwngvPj [evsjv‡`k K…wl e¨vsK Awdmvi: 07]
cv †_‡K gv_v ch©šÍ = Avcv`g¯ÍK [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK: 10]
AvMv †_‡K cvQ I Zjv ch©šÍ = AvMvcvQZjv giY ch©šÍ = AvgiY [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK: 12]
Rxeb ch©šÍ = AvRxeb ˆkk‡ei m~Pbv †_‡K †kl ch©šÍ = Av‰kke
Avg~j = g~j ch©šÍ [K‡›Uªvjvi ‡Rbv‡ij wW‡dÝ dvBb¨vÝ Gi AwWUi: 19]
Clr (Av) Clr bZ = AvbZ [31Zg wewmGm] e¨wZµg : Clr j¤^v = j¤^v‡U
Clr iw³g = Aviw³g [iƒcvjx e¨vsK wj. wmwbqi Awdmvi: 19 cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK: 13 iƒcvjx e¨vsK wj. Rywbqi Awdmvi: 13]
Afve (nv) fv‡Zi Afve = nv-fv‡Z|
Afve Avwg‡li Afve = wbivwgl [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK: 13] fvebvi Afve = wbf©vebv
(wbt = wbi) R‡ji Afve = wbR©j Drmv‡ni Afve = wbiærmvn
Afve (‡e) gvbv‡bi Afve = †egvbvb [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK: nvqvi Afve = †envqv [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK
10] (IDA/ADB Project) : 01
mvgxc¨ (Dc) K‡Éi mgx‡c = DcKÉ [‡emiKvwi wkÿK wbeÜb (cÖfvlK): 17]
K~‡ji mgx‡c = DcK~j [we‡RGm: 09 cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK: 06 K‡›Uªvjvi †Rbv‡ij wW‡dÝ dvBbvj Gi
Rywbqi AwWUi: 14]
mv`„k¨ (Dc) MÖ‡ni Zzj¨ = DcMÖn e‡bi m`„k = Dceb
kn‡ii m`„k = Dckni [hye Dbœqb Awa`ß‡ii mnKvix cwiPvjK: 94]
K_vi m`„k = DcK_v b`xi m`„k = Dcb`x
†Rjvi m`„k = Dc‡Rjv [evsjv‡`k Kgvm© e¨vsK Awdmvi: 2000] [e¨wZµg : we‡¤î m`„k = cÖwZwe¤^]
AvPv‡h©i m`„k = DcvPvh© fvlvi m`„k = Dcfvlv [10g wkÿK wbeÜb (2): 14]
ÿz`ª A‡_© DcK_v [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK : 13 cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK: 09 cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix : 06]
(Dc) DcMÖn Dcb`x
`~ieZx© A‡_© (cÖ, ci) Awÿi A‡MvP‡i = c‡ivÿ Giƒc- cÖwcZvgn
cÖwZwbwa A‡_© (cÖwZ) cÖwZ”Qvqv cÖwZ”Qwe cÖwZwe¤^
cÖwZØ›Øx A‡_© (cÖwZ) weiæ× cÿ = cÖwZcÿ weiæ× K~j = cÖwZK~j cÖZz¨Ëi
wec&mv (Aby, w`b w`b = cÖwZ w`b [Z_¨ Awdmvi : 05] ÿ‡Y ÿ‡Y = cÖwZÿ‡Y
cÖwZ, wd, ÿY ÿY = AbyÿY nßv nßv = wdnßv
ni) †ivR †ivR = ni‡ivR
we‡iva (cÖwZ) weiæ× ev` = cÖwZev`, weiæ× K~j = cÖwZK~j
AbwZµg¨Zv ixwZ‡K AwZµg bv K‡i = h_vixwZ mva¨‡K AwZµg bv K‡i = h_vmva¨
(h_v) A_©‡K AwZµg bv K‡i = h_v_© Bó‡K AwZµg bv K‡i = h‡_ô
B”Qv‡K AwZµg bv K‡i = h‡_”Qv Giƒc- h_vwewa, h_v‡hvM¨ BZ¨vw`
AwZµvšÍ †ejv‡K AwZµvšÍ = D‡Øj k„•Ljv‡K AwZµvšÍ = D”Q…•Lj
(Dr) †eM‡K AwZµvšÍ = D`&‡eM e¨wZµg : gvÎv‡K AwZµvšÍ = AwZgvÎv
cðvr (Aby) cðvr Mgb = AbyMgb cðvr aveb = Abyaveb
Aby‡Z †h Zvc = AbyZvc [MYc~Z© Awa`ß‡ii mnKvix cÖ‡KŠkjx: 05, cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK: 10 cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK: 11]
Zv‡ci cðvr = AbyZvc gv‡bi cðvr = Abygvb
c~Y© ev mgMÖ A‡_© cwic~Y© (m¤ú~Y©)
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c~e©c‡` DcmM© e‡m †h mgvm nq, Zv‡K e‡j cÖvw` mgvm| [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix
cÖvw` mgvm wkÿK: 13 Zzjv Dbœqb †ev‡W©i Kg©KZ©v: 97] cÖ, cÖwZ, Aby cÖfw… Z Ae¨‡qi m‡½ hw` K…r
cÖZ¨q mvwaZ we‡k‡lï mgvm nq, Z‡e Zv‡K cÖvw` mgvm e‡j| h_v-
cwi (PZzw`©‡K) †h ågY = cwiågY Aby‡Z (cðv‡Z) †h Zvc = AbyZvc

cÖ (cÖKó… iƒ‡c) fvZ (Av‡jvwKZ) = cÖfvZ cÖ (cÖKó… iƒ‡c) MwZ = cÖMwZ [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK: 19]
cÖ (cÖKó… ) †h ePb = cÖePb [evsjv‡`k eb Dbœqb K‡c©v‡ik‡bi mnKvix eë¯’vcK: 13]
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†h mgv‡m mgm¨gvb c`¸‡jv wbZ¨ mgvme× _v‡K [hye Dbœqb Awa`ß‡i mnKvix cwiPvjK: 99] ,
wbZ¨ mgvm e¨vmev‡Kï ìKvi nq bv, e¨vmevK¨ Ki‡Z ‡M‡j Ab¨ c‡ì mvnvh¨ wb‡Z nq, Zv‡K
wbZ¨mgvm e‡j| [23Zg wewmGm cwievi cwiKíbv Aa`ßi: 14] Z`_©KevPK e¨vL¨vg~jK kã ev
evK¨vsk †hv‡M G¸‡jvi wek` Ki‡Z nq| †hgbÑ
mn‡R g‡b ivLyb
mg¯Í c‡` ÔAšÍiÕ I ÔgvÎÕ kã `y‡Uv jyKv‡bv _vK‡j †mwU‡K ejv nq wbZ¨mgvm| GLv‡b AšÍi = Ab¨ Ges gvÎ = †Kej|
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wbZ¨ mgv‡mi D`vniY

mg¯Í c‡` ÔAšÍiÕ Ab¨ MÖvg = MÖvgvšÍi [‡mvbvjx I RbZv e¨vsK Awdmvi (AvBwU) : 19 13Zg †emiKvwi wkÿK wbeÜb : 16 cÖv_wgK
kãwU jyKvwqZ mnKvix wkÿK: 19], Ab¨ MÖn = M„nvšÍi, Ab¨ fvlv = fvlvšÍi, Ab¨ †`k = †`kvšÍi [11Zg
_vK‡j †emiKvwi wkÿK wbeÜb: 14 †iwR÷vW© cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK: 11]|
mg¯Í c‡` ÔgvÎÕ †Kej `k©b = `k©bgvÎ [miKvwi cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK: 08],
kãwU jyKvwqZ †Kej †`Lv = ‡`LvgvÎ, †Kej †kvbv = †kvbvgvÎ, †Kej ejv = ejvgvÎ|
_vK‡j
Ab¨vb¨ wbZ¨ mgvm Zzwg Avwg I †m = Avgiv [‡lvok wkÿK wbeÜb (¯‹zj ch©vq) : 19]
`yB Ges beŸB = weivbeŸB [evsjv‡`k cjøx we`y¨Zvqb †evW© Gi mnKvix cwiPvjK: 16]
Kvj (hg) Zzj¨ mvc = Kvjmvc [GbGmAvB-Gi mnKvix cwiPvjK: 19]
cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK cixÿvq Avmv mgvmmg~n (¸iæZ¡c~Y©)

mv‡ne, wewe I †Mvjvg = mv‡ne-wewe-‡Mvjvg (eûc`x Ø›Ø)
Ø›Ø mgvm
R‡j I ¯’‡j = R‡j-¯’‡j (AjyK Ø›Ø) [37Zg wewmGm]
abx I `wi`ª = abx-`wi`ª (wecixZv_©K Ø›Ø)
‡Z‡j I †e¸‡b = †Z‡j-‡e¸‡b (AjyK Ø›Ø)
nvU I evRvi = nvU-evRvi (mgv_©K Ø›Ø)
ev‡N I gwn‡l = ev‡N-gwn‡l (AjyK Ø›Ø) e‡Ki b¨vq avwg©K = eKavwg©K (Dcgvb Kg©aviq)
`y‡a I fv‡Z = `y‡a-fv‡Z (AjyK Ø›Ø) bi wms‡ni b¨vq = biwmsn (DcwgZ Kg©aviq)
N‡i I evB‡i = N‡i-evB‡i (AjyK Ø›Ø) exi wms‡ni b¨vq = exiwmsn (DcwgZ Kg©aviq)
nv‡Z I cv‡q = nv‡Z-cv‡q (AjyK Ø›Ø) gyL P‡›`ªi b¨vq = gyLP›`ª (DcwgZ Kg©aviq)
gv‡q I wS‡q = gv‡q-wS‡q (AjyK Ø›Ø) gb iƒc gvwS = gbgvwS (iƒcK Kg©aviq)
Kg©aviq Rxeb iƒc cÖ`xc = RxebcÖ`xc (iƒcK Kg©aviq)
whwb Fwl wZwbB Kwe = FwlKwe (Kg©aviq) welv` iƒc wmÜz = welv`wmÜz (iƒcK Kg©aviq)
gnvb †h bex = gnvbex (Kg©aviq) ÿzav iƒc Abj = ÿyavbj (iƒcK Kg©aviq)
gnZx †h KxwZ© = gnvKxwZ© wØ¸ mgvm
hv KvuPv Zv-B wgVv = KvuPvwgVv (Kg©aviq) mß A‡ni mgvnvi = mßvn (wØ¸ mgvm)
‡Mvjvc bv‡gi dzj = †Mvjvcdzj (ga¨c`‡jvcx Kg©aviq) ‡PŠ iv¯Ívi mgvnvi = †PŠiv¯Ív (wØ¸ mgvm)
Qv‡oi Rb¨ †h cÎ = QvocÎ (ga¨c`‡jvcx Kg©aviq) mvZ mgy‡`ªi mgvnvi = mvZmgy`ª (wØ¸ mgvm)
be †h c„w_ex = bec„w_ex (ga¨c`‡jvcx Kg©aviq) ‡Z gv_vi mgvnvi = †Zgv_v (wØMy mgvm)
gnv †h b`x = gnvb`x (Kg©aviq) eûeªxwn mgvm
gnZx †h KxwZ© = gnvKxwZ© (Kg©aviq) Eb cuvRi hvi = EbcuvRy‡i (cÖZ¨qvšÍ eûeªxwn)
whwb ivRv wZwbB Fwl = ivRwl© (Kg©aviq) gnvb AvZ¥v hvi = gnvZ¥v (eûeªxwn)
j¼v †h evUv = j¼vevUv (Kg©aviq) `k Avbb hvi = `kvbb (msL¨vevPK eûeªxwn)
my›ìx †h jZv = my›ìjZv (Kg©aviq) ‡bB ag© hvi = Aag© (bT eûeªxwn)
Mvox ivLvi Rb¨ eviv›`v = Mvoxeviv›`v (ga¨c`‡jvcx Kg©aviq) my eY© hvi = myeY© (eûeªxwn)
MY wbqwš¿Z Zš¿ = MYZš¿ (ga¨c`‡jvcx Kg©aviq) ¯¿xi mwnZ eZ©gvb = m¯¿xK (eûeªxwn)
Pv‡j a‡i †h Kzgov = PvjKzgov (ga¨c`‡jvcx Kg©aviq) nv‡Z nv‡Z †h Ø›Ø = nvZvnvwZ (e¨wZnvi eûeªxwn)
‡gŠ msMÖnKvix gvwQ = †gŠgvwQ (ga¨c`‡jvcx Kg©aviq) hyeZx Rvqv hvi = hyeRvwb (eûeªxwn)
nvwm gvLv gyL = nvwmgyL (ga¨c`‡jvcx Kg©aviq) RxweZ †_‡KI g„Z = Rxeb¥„Z (eûeªxwn)
cj wgwkÖZ Abœ = cjvbœ (ga¨c`‡jvcx Kg©aviq) Zrcyiæl mgvm
ivbœv Kivi Ni = ivbœvNi (ga¨c`‡jvcx Kg©aviq) wPiKvj e¨vwcqv myLx = wPimyLx (wØZxqv Zrcyiæl)
Rxeb iÿvi exgv = Rxebexgv (ga¨c`‡jvcx Kg©aviq) ‡Zj w`‡q fvRv = †Z‡jfvRv (Z…Zxqv Zrcyiæl)
gyw³ jv‡fi Rb¨ †h hy&× = gyw³hy× (ga¨c`‡jvcx Kg©aviq) n‡R¦i wbwgË hvÎv = nR¦hvÎv (PZz_©x Zrcyiæl)
Svj wgwkÖZ gywo = Svjgywo (ga¨c`‡jvcx Kg©aviq) `j †_‡K Qvov = `jQvov (cÂgx Zrcyiæl)
wmsn wPwýZ Avmb = wmsnvmb (ga¨c`‡jvcx Kg©aviq) Ae¨qxfve mgvm
Zzlv‡ii b¨vq ïå = Zzlviïå (Dcgvb Kg©aviq) K~‡ji mgx‡c = DcK~j (mvgxc¨)
Aiƒ‡Yi gZ iv½v = AiæYiv½v (Dcgvb Kg©aviq)
Avwg‡li Afve = wbivwgl (Afve A‡_©)
KvR‡ji b¨vq Kvj = KvRjKvj (Dcgvb Kg©aviq)
kn‡ii m`„k = Dckni (mvgxc¨)
Ki cjø‡ei b¨vq = Kicjøe (DcwgZ Kg©aviq) w`b w`b = cÖwZ w`b (wec&mv)
Kzgvix dz‡ji b¨vq = dzjKzgvix (DcwgZ Kg©aviq) Aby‡Z †h Zvc = AbyZvc (cðvr)
Aai cjø‡ei b¨vq = Aaicjøe (DcwgZ Kg©aviq)
fe iƒc b`x = feb`x (iƒcK Kg©aviq)
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. ÔmgvmÕ k‡ãi A_© Kx? [cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK- 2019]
K. ms‡hvRb L. ms‡kølY M. we‡kølY N. ms‡ÿcY DËi : N
02. †KvbwU Ø›Ø mgv‡mi D`vniY? [m. cÖv. mn. wkÿK- 2019]
K. KvbvKvwb L. fvB‡evb M. MvQcvKv N. wmsnvmb DËi : L
e¨vL¨v : GLv‡b fvB‡evb n‡”Q Ø›Ø mgvm| Ab¨w`‡K KvbvKvwb n‡”Q e¨wZnvi eûeªxwn, MvQcvKv n‡”Q mßgx Zrcyiæl Ges
wmsnvmb ga¨c`‡jvcx Kg©aviq mgvm|
03. ‡KvbwU Ø›Ø mgv‡mi D`vniY? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (wµmvbw_gvg) : 12]
K. `¤úwZ L. gnvexi M. wb‡Uvj N. cÖwZw`b DËi : K
04. ‡KvbwU Ø›Ø mgv‡mi D`vniY? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (XvKv wefvM) : 05]
K. fvB-‡evb L. wmsnvmb M. KvbvKvwb N. MvQcvKv DËi : K
05. ‡KvbwU AjyK Ø›Ø mgv‡mi D`vniY? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (kvcjv) : 09]
K. N‡i-evB‡i L. Ni-evwo M. fvB-‡evb N. Avgiv DËi : K
06. ÔnvU-evRviÕ †Kvb A‡_© Ø›Ø mgvm? [m. cÖv. we`¨v. mn. wkÿK- 2019]
K. wecixZv_©K L. wgjbv‡_© M. we‡ivav‡_© N. mgv‡_© DËi : L
e¨vL¨v : mgv_©K Ø›Ø : nvU-evRvi, Ni-`yqvi, Kj-KviLvbv, †gvjøv-‡gŠjwf, LvZv-cÎ BZ¨vw`, wecixZv_©K Ø›Ø : Avq-e¨q,
Rgv-LiP, †QvU-eo BZ¨vw`, wgjbv‡_© Ø›Ø : gv-evc, fvB-†evb, Pv-we¯‹zU BZ¨vw`, we‡ivav‡_© Ø›Ø : `v-Kzgov, Awn-bKyj,
¯^M©-biK BZ¨vw`|
07. Ô†ZcvšÍiÕ †Kvb mgv‡mi D`vniY? [m. cÖv. we`¨v. mn. wkÿK- 2019]
K. Kg©aviq L. eûeªxwn M. wØ¸ N. Ae¨qxfve DËi : M
e¨vL¨v : mgvnvi ev wgjb A‡_© msL¨vevPK k‡ãi m‡½ we‡kl¨ c‡ì †h mgvm nq, Zv‡K wØ¸ mgvm e‡j| †hgb - wZb
cÖvšÍ‡ii mgvnvi = †ZcvšÍi, wZb Kv‡ji mgvnvi = wÎKvj, wZb gv_vi mgvnvi = †Zgv_v BZ¨vw`|
08. mgvnvi A‡_© msL¨vevPK k‡ãi m‡½ we‡kl¨ c‡ì †h mgvm nq, Zv‡K wK mgvm e‡j? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 90]
K. wØ¸ L. Ae¨qxfve M. eûeªxwn N. Zrcyiæl DËi : K
09. ‡KvbwU wØ¸ mgvm? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (Ki‡Zvqv) : 10]
K. Avcv`g¯ÍK L. iæB-KvZjv M. GK‡ivLv N. †mZvi DËi : N
10. ÔivRwl©Õ Gi e¨vmevK¨ ‡KvbwU? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mn.wk.-2015]
K. whwb ivRv wZwbB Fwl L. whwb Fwl wZwb ivRv
M. whwb ivRv wZwb Fwl N. whwb Fwl wZwb ivRv DËi : K
e¨vL¨v: `ywU we‡kl¨c` G‡KB e¨w³‡K eySv‡j †mwU Kg©aviq mgvm nq | ‡hgb- whwb ivRv wZwbB Fwl = ivRwl©| ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
K‡qKwU Kg©aviq mgv‡mi D`vniY- hv KuvPv ZvB wgVv = KuvPvwgVv, whwb RR wZwbB mv‡ne = RRmv‡ne, †h PvjvK †mB
PZzi = PvjvK-PZzi|
11. Ôkke¨¯ÍÕ †Kvb mgvm? [m. cÖv. mn. wkÿK- 2019]
K. Ae¨qxfve L. Zrcyiæl M. Kg©aviq N. eûeªxwn
e¨vL¨v : kk‡Ki b¨vq e¨¯Í = kke¨¯Í (DcwgZ Kg©aviq) GLv‡b mvaviY ¸Y D‡jøL _vK‡j DcwgZ n‡e bv| Ab¨w`‡K
Dcgvb Kg©aviq mgv‡mi †ÿ‡Î mvaviY a‡g©i D‡jøL _vK‡e | †hgb - Zzlv‡ii b¨vq ïå = Zzlviïå, Aiæ‡Yi b¨vq iv½v =
AiyYiv½v BZ¨vw`|
12. ÔKvRjKv‡jvÕ Gi mwVK evmevK¨ †KvbwU? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2019]
K. KvR‡ji b¨vq Kv‡jv L. KvRj I Kv‡jv
M. KvRi iƒc Kv‡jv N. Kv‡jv I KvRj DËi : K
e¨vL¨v : Dcgvb c‡ì mv‡_ mvaviY ag©evPK c‡ì †h mgvm nq Zv‡K Dcgvb Kg©aviq mgvm e‡j| †hgb: KvR‡ji b¨vq
Kv‡jv-KvRjKv‡jv, Aiæ‡Yi b¨vq iv½v-AiæYiv½v, Zzlv‡ii b¨vq ïå- Zzlviïå|
13. ÔgbgvwSÕ Gi mwVK e¨vmevK¨ †KvbwU? [cÖv.mn.wk. wb. cix-2015]
K. g‡bi gvwS L. gb iƒc gvwS M. gb gvwSi b¨vq N. gb I gvwS DËi : L
e¨vL¨v : Dcgvb I Dc‡gq Gi g‡a¨ AwfbœZv Kíbv Kiv n‡j Zv‡K iƒcK Kg©aviq mgvm e‡j| †hgb- †µva iƒc Abj =
†µvavbj, welv` iƒc wmÜz = welv`wmÜz, gb iƒc gvwS = gbgvwS BZ¨vw`|
14. Ôkke¨¯ÍÕ †Kvb mgvm? [cÖv.mn.wk. wb. cix-2018]
K. Kg©avviq mgvm L. Zrcyiæl mgvm M. eûeªxwn mgvm N. Ae¨qxfve DËi : K
e¨vL¨v: Ôkk‡Ki b¨vq e¨¯ÍÕ Dcgvb Kg©aviq mgv‡mi D`vniY| Av‡iv K‡qKwU Dcgvb Kg©aviq n‡jv- ågiK…ò †Kk,
KvRjKv‡jv, Zzlviïå, AiæYivOv|
15. we‡kl‡Yi mv‡_ we‡k‡lï †h mgvm nq Zv‡K e‡j- [cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK wb‡qvM cixÿv-12]
K. eûeªxwn mgvm L. Ø›Ø mgvm M. Kg©aviq mgvm N. Zrcyiæl mgvm DËi : M
e¨vL¨v: we‡kl‡Yi mv‡_ we‡k‡lï †h mgvm nq Zv‡K e‡j Kg©aviq mgvm| †hgb -bxj †h cÙ = bxjcÙ, bxj †h A¤î =
bxjv¤î | `ywU we‡kl¨c` G‡KB e¨w³‡K eySv‡jI †mwU Kg©aviq mgvm nq | ‡hgb- whwb ivRv wZwbB Fwl = ivRwl©|
¸iæZ¡c~Y© K‡qKwU Kg©aviq mgv‡mi D`vniY- hv KuvPv ZvB wgVv = KuvPvwgVv, whwb RR wZwbB mv‡ne = RRmv‡ne|
16. Kg©aviq mgv‡m †Kvb c` cÖavb? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (cÙv) : 12]
K. c~e©c` L. cic` M. Dfq c` N. Ab¨ c` DËi : L
17. cÖZ¨ÿ ‡Kv‡bv e¯‘i mv‡_ c‡ivÿ †Kv‡bv e¯‘i Zzjbv Ki‡j cÖZ¨ÿ cÖ¯w‘ U‡K ejv nq- [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (weUv) : 14]
K. DcwgZ L. Dcgvb M. Dc‡gq N. iƒcK DËi : M
18. ‡KvbwU Kg©aviq mgv‡mi D`vniY? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (myigv) : 10]
K. B›`ªwRr L. GK‡ivLv M. KvjvšÍi N. BnKvj DËi : N
19. ‡KvbwU Kg©aviq mgv‡mi D`vniY? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (wZZvm) : 10]
K. KvUv‡PvLv L. KvbvKvwb M. Jlwa N. FwlKwe DËi : N
20. ‡KvbwU Kg©aviq mgv‡mi D`vniY? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (bvMwj½g) : 12]
K. `ywf©ÿ (wfÿvi Afve) L. bxjKÉ (bxjKÉ hvi)
M. `¤úwZ (Rvqv I cwZ) N. GKv`k (G‡Ki AwaK `k) DËi : N
21. ‡KvbwU ga¨c`‡jvcx Kg©aviq mgv‡mi D`vniY? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (cÙ) : 09]
K. Mv‡qnjy` L. PvjKzgov M. Qqvwb N. QvqvQwe DËi : L
22. ‡KvbwU ga¨c`‡jvcx Kg©aviq mgv‡mi D`vniY? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (Ki‡Zvqv) : 13]
K. cjvbœ L. gkv-gvwQ M. †envqv N. wPi-myLx DËi : K
23. wb‡Pi †Kvb kãwU iƒcK Kg©aviq mgv‡mi D`vniY? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (Ki‡Zvqv) : 13]
K. Rjhvb L. gbgvwS M. wmsnØvi N. GKv`k DËi : L
24. wb‡Pi †KvbwU Kg©aviq mgvm bq? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (K¨v‡gwjqv) : 12]
K. Lvmgnj L. ivRwl© M. AvKÉ N. †gŠjfxmv‡ne DËi : M
e¨vL¨v : ÔAvKÉÕ Ae¨qxfve mgvm|
25. ga¨c`‡jvcx Kg©aviq mgv‡mi D`vniY †KvbwU? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (myigv) : 10]
K. ÿY¯’vqx L. NiQvov M. nvwmgyL N. ÿb¯’vqx DËi : M
26. ga¨c`‡jvcx Kg©avi‡qi `„óvšÍ- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (XvKv wefvM) : 07]
K. Ni n‡Z Qvov- NiQvov L. Aiæ‡Yi g‡Zv ivOv- AiæYivOv
M. nvwm gvLv gyL- nvwmgyL N. ÿYe¨vcx ¯’vqx- ÿY¯’vqx DËi : M
27. ÔcwÐZg~L©Õ kãwUi e¨mevK¨ wK? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 90]
K. cwÐZ I g~L© L. cwÐZ n‡qI †h g~L©
M. whwb cwÐZ wZwbB g~L© N. g~‡L©i b¨vq †h cwÐZ DËi : L
28. gbgvwS-Gi mwVK e¨vmevK¨ †KvbwU? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK (gyw³‡hv×v) : 16]
K. gb iƒc gvwS L. gb gvwSi b¨vq M. gb I gvwS N. g‡bi gvwS DËi : K
29. ÔivRwl©Õ Gi e¨vmevK¨ †KvbwU? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (gyw³‡hv×v) : 16]
K. whwb Fwl wZwb ivRv L. whwb Fwl wZwbB ivRv
M. whwb ivRv wZwbB Fwl N. whwb ivRv wZwb Fwl DËi : M
30. ÔCMj cvwLÕ †Kvb mgvm? [cÖv.mn.wk. wb. cix-2012]
K. Zrcyiæl L. Kg©aviq M. eûeªxwn N. Ae¨qxfve DËi : L
e¨vL¨v : †h mgv‡m cÖ_g c`wU wØZxq c‡ì we‡klY iƒ‡c Ae¯’vb K‡i Ges mg¯Í c‡` cic` ev wØZxq c‡ì A_©B cÖavb¨
_v‡K Zv‡K Kg©aviq mgvm e‡j| ‡hgb- CMj bv‡gi †h cvwL- CMj cvwL|
31. ÔK`vPviÕ kãwU ‡Kvb mgvm? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK(Rev): 09]
K. Kg©aviq L. Zrcyiæl mgvm M. eûeªxwn N. Ø›`¦ DËi: K
32. ÔKjyi ej`Õ ‡Kvb mgvm? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK(wgwmwmwc): 13]
K. Dcc` Zrcyiæl L. AjyK Zrcyiæl mgvm M. ga¨c`‡jvcx Kg©aviq N. Dcc` Kg©aviq DËi: M
33. Ôkke¨¯ÍÕ †Kvb mgvm(kk‡Ki b¨vq e¨¯Í)? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK(gyw³‡hv×v): 16]
K. Kg©aviq L. Zrcyiæl M. eûeªxwn N. Ae¨qxfve DËi: K
34. Ôbxjv¤îÕ †Kvb mgvm? [‡iwR÷vW© cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK(Rev): 15]
K. eûeªxwn L. Zrcyiæl M. Kg©aviq N. Ae¨qxfve DËi: K, M
35. bxj †h AvKvk = bxjvKvk †Kvb mgvm? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK(`vRjv): 15]
K. eûeªxwn L. wØ¸ M. Kg©aviq N. Ae¨qxfve DËi: M
36. ÔÿzwaZ-cvlvYÕ ‡Kvb mgvm? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK(fjMv): 13]
K. eûeªxwn L. Kg©aviq M. Zrcyiæl N. Ø›`¦ DËi: L
37. ÔLvmgnjÕ (Lvm †h gnj) ‡Kvb mgvm? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK(kxZjÿ¨v): 13]
K. Kg©aviq L. Zrcyiæl M. Ae¨qxfve N. eûeªxwn DËi: K
38. ÔPuv`gyLÕ ‡Kvb mgvm? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK(ivBb): 13]
K. Ae¨qxfve L. iƒcK M. DcwgZ N. Dcgvb DËi: M
39. ÔbxjvKvkÕ †Kvb mgvm? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK(‡nqvs‡nv): 13]
K. Kg©aviq L. Zrcyiæl M. eûeªxwn N. Ae¨qxfve DËi: K
40. bxj †h A¤î = bxjv¤î-†Kvb mgvm? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK(Mvgv): 14]
K. eûeªxwn L. Zrcyiæl M. Kg©aviq N. Ae¨qxfve DËi: M
41. cÖvYfq (cÖvY hvIqvi fq) †Kvb mgvm? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK(‡ngšÍ): 10]
K. Zrcyiæl L. Kg©aviq M. Ø›Ø N. Ae¨qxfve DËi: L
42. Ô‡k^Ze¯¿Õ kãwU †Kvb mgvm? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK(‡ejx): 09]
K. wØ¸ mgvm L. Kg©aviq mgvm M. Zrcyiæl mgvm N. Ae¨qxfve mgvm DËi: L
43. ÔwmsnvmbÕ †Kvb Kg©aviq mgvm? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK: 01]
K. ga¨c`‡jvcx L. Dcgvb M. DcwgZ N. iƒcK DËi: K
44. Ô‡mvbvgyLxÕ †Kvb mgvm? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK(wgwmwmwc): 13]
K. Dcgvb L. DcwgZ M. iƒcK N. ga¨c`‡jvcx DËi: N
45. eûeªxwn mgvm KZ cÖKvi? [m. cÖv. mn. wkÿK-18]
K. AvU cÖKvi L. Qq cÖKvi M. `k cÖKvi N. wZb cÖKvi DËi : K
e¨vL¨v : †h mgv‡m c~e©c` I cic` Gi †Kvb A_© cÖavbiƒ‡c bv eywS‡q Ab¨ †Kvb c` †K eySvq Zv‡K eûeªxwn mgvm e‡j|
†hgb- eû eªxwn (avb) Av‡Q hvi& GLv‡b eû ev eªxwn †KvbwUi A_© cÖvavb¨ †bB, eû avb Av‡Q Ggb †jvK‡K eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q|
GB mgvm AvU cÖKvi| Ø›Ø mgv‡mi wecixZ mgvm n‡jv eûeªxwn mgvm|
46. ‡KvbwU eûeªxwn mgv‡mi D`vniY? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (wZ¯Ív) : 10]
K. IjKwc L. Kwe¸iæ M. AvUNvU N. EbcvuRy‡i DËi : N
47. ‡KvbwU eûeªxwn mgvm? [‡iwR÷vW© cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (‡Mvjvc): 11 cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (wm‡jU wefvM) : 07]
K. mycyiæl L. `kvbb M. mv`vKv‡jv N. †PŠiv¯Ív DËi : L
48. ‡KvbwU eûeªxwn mgv‡mi D`vniY? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (Ki‡Zvqv) : 13]
K. exYvcvwY L. †PŠiv¯Ív M. eb¯úwZ N. wmsnvmb DËi : K
49. eûeªxwn mgv‡mi D`vniY †KvbwU? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 93]
K. A_©‡K AwZµg bv Kwiqv (h_v_©) L. ¯¿xi mwnZ eZ©gvb (m¯¿xK)
M. mZ¨ K_v e‡j †h (mZëv`x) N. hvnv KvuPv ZvnvB wgVv (KvuPvwgVv) DËi : L
50. †KvbwU e¨vwZnvi eûeªxwn mgv‡m wb®úbœ? [m. cÖv. mn. wkÿK- 2019]
K. †PŠiv¯Ív L. exYvcvwb M. PzjvPzwj N. wmsnvmb DËi : M
e¨vL¨v : e¨vwZnvi eûeªxnx : PyjvPzwj, KvovKvwo, MvjvMvwj, †`Lv‡`wL, jvVvjvwV, nvmvnvwm, nvZvnvwZ, KvbvKvwb,
¸uZv¸uwZ, NylvNywl BZ¨vw`|
51. e¨wZnvi eûeªxwn mgv‡mi D`vniY ‡KvbwU? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (ivRkvnx wefvM) : 07]
K. †Kv‡j †Kv‡j †h wgjb = †KvjvKzwj L. Awÿi A‡MvP‡i = c‡ivÿ
M. nv‡Z Pvjv‡bv cvLv = nvZcvLv N. FY †_‡K gy³ = FYgy³ DËi : K
52. ‡KvbwU e¨vwZnvi eüeªxwn mgv‡mi D`vniY? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (cÙ) : 09]
K. KvR-Kg© L. Lvmgnj M. gy‡LvgywL N. DcK~j DËi : M
53. ‡KvbwU eûeªxwn mgv‡mi D`vniY? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (evMvbwejvm) : 12]
K. GKv`k (G‡Ki AwaK `k) L. nvZvnvwZ (nv‡Z nv‡Z †h Ø›Ø)
M. gvbv‡bi Afve (†egvbvb) N. `ytLvZxZ (`ytL‡K AZxZ) DËi : L
54. eûeªxwn mgv‡mi D`vniY †KvbwU? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (wZZvm) : 10]
K. wPimyL L. myMwÜ M. †LqvNvU N. AvRxeb DËi : L
55. ‡KvbwU eûeªxwn mgv‡mi D`vniY? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (bvMwj½g) : 12]
K. myeY© (my eY© hvi) L. e„wó‡aŠZ (e„wó‡Z †aŠZ)
M. †µvavbj (†µva iƒc Abj) N. ni‡ivR (‡ivR †ivR) DËi : K
56. wb‡Pi †KvbwU ga¨c`‡jvcx eûeªxwn mgv‡mi D`vniY bq? [m. cÖv. we. mn. wkÿK-18]
K. ‡eZvi L. weovj‡PvLx M. †gwbgy‡Lv N. nv‡ZLwo DËi : K
e¨vL¨v: †eZviÕ bvB Zvi hvi- bT eûeªxwn mgvm| Ôweovj‡PvLx- weov‡ji †Pv‡Li b¨vq †PvL †h bvixi, nv‡ZLwo- nv‡Z Lwo
†`qv nq ‡h Abyôv‡b I †gwbgy‡Lv n‡jv ga¨c`‡jvcx eûeªxwn mgvm|
57. ‡h eûeªxwn mgv‡m c~e© ev ci c‡ì †Kv‡bv cwieZ©b nq bv, Zv‡K †Kvb eûeªxwn e‡j? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 89]
K. e¨wZnvi L. AjyK eûeªxwn M. cÖZ¨qvšÍ eûeªxwn N. e¨waKiY eûeªxwn DËi : L
58. ÔAvkxwelÕ (Avkx‡Z wel hvi) †Kvb mgvm? [‡iwR÷vW© cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK(wkDjx): 11]
K. Zrcyiæl L. Kg©aviq M. eûeªxwn N. Ae¨qxfve DËi: M
59. c~e©c‡ì wefw³ †jvc †c‡q †h mgvm nq Zv‡K e‡j- [cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK wb‡qvM cixÿv-12]
K. eûeªxwn mgvm L. Ø›Ø mgvm M. Kg©aviq mgvm N. Zrcyiæl mgvm DËi : N
e¨vL¨v: c~e©c‡ì wefw³ †jvc †c‡q Ges cic‡ì A_© cÖavbiƒ‡c cÖZxqgvb n‡j Zv‡K Zrcyiæl mgvm e‡j| wec`‡K Avcbœ
= wec`vcbœ| GLv‡b wØZxq wefw³ †K wejyß n‡q‡Q|
60. Zrcyiæl mgv‡m †Kvb c` cÖavb? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK (hgybv) : 12]
K. c~e©c` L. cic` M. Ab¨c` N. Dfq c` DËi : L
61. bq Kuvov-AvKuvov †Kvb mgvm? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK: 93]
K. Ae¨qxfve L. Kg©aviq M. Ø›Ø N. bT Zrcyiæl DËi: N
62. AbywPZ kãwU †Kvb mgvm? [m. cÖv. mn. wkÿK- 2019]
K. Zrcyiæl L. Kg©aviq M. Ø›Ø N. eûeªxwn DËi : K
e¨vL¨v : bv evPK bT Ae¨q (bv, †bB, bvB, bq) c~‡e© e‡m †h mgvm nq Zv‡K bT Zrcyiæl mgvm e‡j| †hgb : b DwPZ
= AbywPZ, b AvPvi = AbywPZ, b AwZ `xN© = bvwZ`xN©, bq ag© = Aag© BZ¨vw`|
63. Z…Zxqv Zrcyiæl mgv‡mi D`vniY †KvbwU? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (wZ¯Ív) : 10 cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (ivRkvnx wefvM) : 07]
K. bvB mxgv hvnvi = Amxg L. †Zj w`‡q fvRv = †Z‡jfvRv
M. Ni I evwo = Nievwo N. gyL P‡›`ªi b¨vq = gyLP›`ª DËi : L
64. ‡Kvb kãwU Zrcyiæl mgvm? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (Avjdv) : 14]
K. Kvwj-Kjg L. gaygvLv M. `kvbb N. gvZvwcZv DËi : L
65. ‡KvbwU AjyK Zrcyiæl mgv‡mi D`vniY? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (cÙv) : 13]
K. K‡jQvuUv L. gv_vq QvZv M. Mv‡qnjy` N. nv‡Z-Kj‡g DËi : K
66. ‡KvbwU AjyK Zrcyiæl mgv‡mi D`vniY? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (wµmvbw_gvg) : 12]
K. AwnbKzj L. Mv‡qnjy` M. cxZv¤î N. ivRwl© DËi : L
67. ÔAag©Õ k‡ãi mgm¨gvb c` †KvbwU? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (ivBb) : 13]
K. bq ag© L. ag© †bB hvi M. ag©nxb †h N. a‡g©i Afve DËi : K
68. Abvì Gi mwVK e¨vmevK¨ †KvbwU? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK (gyw³‡hv×v) : 16]
K. Av`‡ii Afve L. A‡bK Avì M. bvB Avì N. b Avì DËi : N
69. Ôwek^KweÕ mgvm wK n‡e? [‡iwR÷vW© cªv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (UMi) : 11]
K. wekîƒc Kwe L. whwb we‡kî Kwe M. wek^ I Kwe N. we‡kî Kwe DËi : N
70. ‡KvbwU Zrcyiæl mgv‡mi D`vniY? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (evMvbwejvm) : 12]
K. Rxebexgv (Rxeb iÿvi exgv L. MgbvMgb (Mgb I AvMgb
M. b`xgvZ…K (b`x gvZv hvi) N. evM`Ëv (evK& Øviv `Ëv) DËi : N
71. ÔBZ¨vw`Õ †Kvb mgvm (BwZ n‡Z Avw`)? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK(myigv): 12]
K. Zrcyiæl L. Kg©aviq M. Ae¨qxfve N. eûeªxwn DËi: K
72. ÔBZ¨vw`Õ †Kvb mgvm (BwZ n‡Z Avw`)? [cÖv.mn.wk. wb. cix-2012] [cÖv.mn.wk. wb. cix-2012]
K. Zrcyiæl L. Ae¨qxfve M. Kg©aviq N. eûeªxwn DËi : K
e¨vL¨v : c~e©c‡ì wefw³i †jv‡c †h mgvm nq Ges †h mgv‡m cic‡ì A_© cÖavbfv‡e †evSvq Zv‡K Zrcyiæl mgvm e‡j|
†hgb- wec`‡K Avcbœ = wec`vcbœ|
kU©KvU : wefw³‡K ‡K›`ª K‡i M‡o I‡V (A_v©r c~e©c‡ì wefw³ †jvc cv‡e) Ges cic‡ì A_© cÖvavb¨ cvq †h mgv‡m
Zv‡K Zrcyiæl mgvm e‡j| ‡hgb- BwZ n‡Z Avw` = BZ¨vw`|
73. ‡KvbwU Ae¨qxfve mgv‡mi D`vniY? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK(wZZvm): 10]
K. AbyZvc L. Avcv`g¯ÍK M. AvUPjv N. Avgiv DËi: K,L
74. ‡KvbwU nVvr A‡_© Ae¨qxfve mgvm? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK(fjMv): 13]
K. AvRxeb L. Avjybx M. Aviw³g N. AvMvQv DËi: M
75. ÔAvgiYÕ †Kvb mgvm (giY ch©šÍ)? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK(Ki‡Zvqv): 12]
K. Zrcyiæl L. Kg©aviq M. Ae¨qxfve N. eûeªxwn DËi: M
76. k„•Ljv‡K AwZµvšÍ = D”Q…•Lj-‡Kvb mgvm? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK(myigv): 18]
K. eûeªxwn L. Zrcyiæl M. Ø›`¦ N. Ae¨qxfve DËi: N
77. ÔDcK_vÕ ‡Kvb mgvm? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK(wSjvg): 13]
K. Kg©aviq L. Ae¨qxfve M. eûeªxwn N. wØ¸ DËi: L
78. ÕDcK~jÕ ‡Kvb mgvm? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK(Lyjbv wefvM): 06]
K. eûeªxwn mgvm L. Zrcyiæl mgvm M. Ae¨qxfve mgvm N. Ø›`¦ mgvm DËi: M
79. c~e© c‡` DcmM© e‡m †h mgvm nq, Zv‡K e‡j- [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK(ivBb): 13]
K. AjyK mgvm L. iƒcK mgvm M. wbZ¨ mgvm N. cÖvw` mgvm DËi: N
80. ‡Kvb mgv‡m e¨vmevK¨ nq bv? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK(‡gNbv): 13]
K. wbZ¨ mgvm L. cÖvw` mgvm M. AjyK mgvm N. Ø›Ø mgvm DËi: K
81. wb‡Pi ‡KvbwU wbZ¨ mgvm? [‡iwR÷vW© cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK(‡Mvjvc): 11]
K. fvjg›` L. ‡eqvè M. cÂb` N. ‡`kvšÍi DËi: N
82. ‡h mgv‡m c~e© c‡ì wefw³ †jvc nq bv Zv‡K e‡j- [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK(cÙv): 13]
K. wbZ¨ mgvm L. cÖvw` mgvm M. Ø›Ø mgvm N. AjyK mgvm DËi: N
83. ‡Kvb mgv‡m mgm¨gvb c‡ì wefw³ †jvc cvq bv? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK(‡gNbv): 12]
K. AjyK mgvm L. wbZ¨ mgvm M. cÖvw` mgvm N. Dcc` DËi: K
84. ÔAbvìÕ †Kvb mgvm? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK(ewikvj wefvM): 06]
K. Kg©aviq L. bT Zrcyiæl M. eûeªxwn N. wØ¸ DËi: L
85. ÔAbywPZÕ kãwU †Kvb mgvm? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK(‡Mvjvc): 09]
K. Ø›Ø mgvm L. Ae¨qxfve mgvm M. eûeªxwn mgvm N. Zrcyiæl mgvm DËi: L
86. ÔAbyZvcÕ (Zv‡ci cðvr) †Kvb mgvm? [‡iwR÷vW© cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK(wkDjx): 11]
K. Ae¨qxfve L. Zrcyiæl M. Kg©aviq N. eûeªxwn DËi: K
87. ÔAcqvÕ kãwU †Kvb mgvm? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK(‡ejx): 09]
K. Kg©aviq mgvm L. eûeªxwn mgvm M. Zrcyiæl mgvm N. Ae¨qxfve mgvm DËi: L
88. ÔA‡evaÕ †Kvb mgvm (bvB †eva hvnvi)? [‡iwR÷vW© cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK(nvmbv‡nbv): 11]
K. Ae¨qxfve L. Zrcyiæl M. Kg©aviq N. eûeªxwn DËi: N
89. ÔAmyLÕ †Kvb mgvm (bvB myL hvnvi)? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK(KY©dyjx): 12]
K. Zrcyiæl L. Kg©aviq M. Ae¨qxfve N. eûeªxwn DËi: N
90. AwnbyKzj (Awn I byKzj) †Kvb mgvm? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK(wcAvBwW-2): 06]
K. Kg©aviq L. eûeªxwn M. wØ¸ N. Ø›Ø DËi: N
91. Kv‡b Kv‡b †h K_v = KvbvKvwb[ GB D`vniY †Kvb mgv‡mi? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK(wkDjx): 09]
K. AjyK eûeªxwn L. e¨vwZnvi eûeªxwn M. Ae¨qxfve N. mßgx Zrcyiæl DËi: L
92. ÔMgbvMgbÕ kãwU ‡Kvb mgvm? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK : 05]
K. Z…Zxqv Zrcyiæl L. e¨wZnvi eûeªxwn M. Ø›Ø N. wØ¸ DËi: M
93. ÔMv‡qnjy`Õ ‡Kvb mgvm? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (ewikvj wefvM): 05]
K. AjyK Ø›Ø L. AjyK Zrcyiæl M. AjyK eûeªxwn N. e¨wZnvi eûeªxwn DËi: M
94. Ô‡Muvd †LRy‡iÕ ‡Kvb mgvm? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK(evwZj cixÿv): 02]
K. Zrcyiæl L. Kg©aviq M. Ø›Ø N. eûeªxwn DËi: N
95. ÔQvqvkxZjÕ ‡Kvb mgvm (Qvqv‡Z kxZj)? [‡iwR÷vW© cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK(kvcjv): 11]
K. Zrcyiæl L. eûeªxwn M. Kg©aviq N. wØ¸ DËi: K
96. ÔRvqv I cwZÕ mgvm Ki‡j wK nq? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK: 15]
K. Rvqv-cwZ L. ¯^vgx-¯¿x M. cwZ-cZœx N. `¤úwZ DËi: N
97. Ô‡ZcvšÍiÕ (wZb cÖvšÍ‡ii mgvnvi) †Kvb mgvm? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK(kxZjÿ¨v): 13]
K. Zrcyiæl L. wØ¸ M. Kg©aviq N. Ø›Ø DËi: L
98. Ô‡Z‡jfvRvÕ †Kvb mgvm? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK(kxZjÿ¨v): 13]
K. eûeªxwn L. Ø›Ø M. Kg©aviq N. Zrcyiæl DËi: N
99. Ô`¤úwZÕ †Kvb mgvm? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK: 15]
K. Ae¨qxfve L. Ø›Ø M. Kg©aviq N. Zrcyiæl DËi: L
100. Ôw`M¤îÕ (w`K A¤î hvi) †Kvb mgvm? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK(myigv): 13]
K. Zrcyiæl L. eûeªxwn M. Kg©aviq N. Ae¨qxfve DËi: L
101. ÔwbivwglÕ †Kvb mgvm? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK(`vRjv): 13]
K. Kg©aviq L. Zrcyiæl M. eûeªxwn N. Ae¨qxfve DËi: N
102. cvcgy³ (cvc n‡Z gy³) †Kvb mgvm? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK(emšÍ): 10]
K. Kg©aviq L. eûeªxwn M. Ae¨qxfve N. Zrcyiæl DËi: N
103. ÔeBcovÕ (eB‡K cov) †Kvb mgvm? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK(wSjvg): 13]
K. eûeªxwn L. Kg©aviq M. Zrcyiæl N. Ae¨qxfve DËi: M
104. Ôwele„ÿÕ (wel m`„k e„ÿ) †Kvb mgvm? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK(eywoM½v): 13]
K. Zrcyiæl L. eûeªxwn M. Ae¨qxfve N. Kg©aviq DËi: N
105.Ô‡egvbvbÕ (gvbv‡bi Afve) †Kvb mgvm? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK(‡ngšÍ): 10]
K. Ae¨qxfve L. Zrcyiæl M. eûeªxwn N. wØ¸ DËi: K
106. Ô‡envqvÕ †Kvb mgvm? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK(IDA/ADB Project): 01]
K. Ø›Ø mgvm L. wbZ¨ mgvm M. eûeªxwn mgvm N. Ae¨qxfve mgvm DËi: N
107. Ôga¨výÕ †Kvb mgvm? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK(`vRvjv): 13]
K. eûeªxwn L. Zrcyiæl M. Kg©aviq N. Ae¨qxfve DËi: L
108. Ô‡gNk~b¨Õ (‡gN Øviv k~b¨) †Kvb mgvm? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK(eywoM½v): 13]
K. Zrcyiæl L. Kg©aviq M. eûeªxwn N. Ae¨qxfve DËi: K
109. Ô‡gŠgvwQÕ (‡gŠ msMÖnKvix gvwQ) †Kvb mgvm? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK(KY©dzjx): 12]
K. Zrcyiæl L. Ae¨qxfve M. Kg©aviq N. wØ¸ DËi: M
110. ÔjvVvjvwVÕ †Kvb mgvm? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK(‡WjUv): 14]
K. cÖvw` mgvm L. e¨wZnvi eûeªxwn mgvm M. Zrcyiæl mgvm N. Kg©aviq mgvm DËi: L
111. ÔkZvãxÕ †Kvb mgvm? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK(‡nqvs‡nv): 13]
K. eûeªxwn L. Zrcyiæl M. Ae¨qxfve N. wØ¸ DËi: N
112. Ômßwl©Õ kãwU †Kvb mgvm? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK(‡Mvjvc): 09]
K. wØ¸ mgvm L. eûeªxwn mgvm M. Zrcyiæl mgvm N. Ø›Ø mgvm DËi: K
113. ÔmwebqÕ kãwU †Kvb mgvm? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK(ewikvj wefvM): 07]
K. Ae¨qxfve L. Kg©aviq M. wØ¸ N. eûeªxwn DËi: N
114. Ôm‡nvìÕ †Kvb mgvm? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK(`vRjv): 13]
K. eûeªxwn L. Zrcyiæl M. Kg©aviq N. wØ¸ DËi: K
115. ÔmyeY©Õ †Kvb mgvm? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK(wSjvg): 13]
K. Kg©aviq L. Zrcyiæl M. eûeªxwn N. Ae¨qxfve DËi: M
116. Ôn¾hvÎvÕ †Kvb mgv‡mi D`vniY? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK(K‡cvZvÿ): 10]
K. 3qv Zrciæl L. 4_©x Zrcyiæl M. 5gx Zrciæl N. 7gx Zrcyiæl DËi: L
117. ÔnvigwYÕ †Kvb mgvm(nvwi‡q‡Q †h gwY)? [‡iwR÷vW© cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK(kvcjv): 11]
K. Zrciæl L. Kg©aviq M. eûeªxwn N. Ae¨qxfve DËi: L
118. †KvbwU cÖvw` mgv‡mi D`vniY? [cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK- 2019]
K. cÖMwZ L. M„n¯’ M. Q-‡cvlv N. DcK~j DËi : K
e¨vL¨v : cÖ, cÖwZ, Aby cÖfw„ Z Ae¨‡qi m‡½ hw` K„r cÖZ¨q mvwaZ we‡k‡lï mgvm nq, Z‡e Zv‡K cÖvw` mgvm e‡j| h_v-cÖ
(cÖKó„ ) †h ePb = cÖePb| Giƒc-cwi (PZzw`©‡K) †h ågY = cwiågY, Aby‡Z (cðv‡Z) †h Zvc = AbyZvc, cÖ (cÖKó„
iƒ‡c) fvZ (Av‡jvwKZ) = cÖfvZ, cÖ (cÖKó„ iƒ‡c) MwZ= cÖMwZ BZ¨vw`|
119. †KvbwU wbZ¨ mgv‡mi D`vniY? [m. cÖv. we`¨v. mn. wkÿK- 2019]
K. Ace¨q L. evMZËv M. †`kvšÍi N. ebR DËi : M
e¨vL¨v : wbZ¨ mgv‡mi D`vniY : Ab¨MÖvg = MÖvgvšÍi, ‡Kej `k©b = `k©bgvÎ, Ab¨ MÖn = M„nvšÍi, Kvj (hg) Zzj¨ mvc =
Kvjmvc| Zzwg Avwg I †m = Avgiv, `yB Ges beŸB = weivbeŸB BZ¨vw`|
120. ÔDcK~jÕ †Kvb mgvm? [m. cÖv. mn. wkÿK- 2019]
K. wØ¸ mgvm L. Zrcyiæl mgvm M. Kg©aviq mgvm N. Ae¨qxfve mgvm DËi : N
e¨vL¨v : c~e©c‡` Ae¨q‡hv‡M wb®úbœ mgv‡m hw` Ae¨‡qiB A‡_©i cÖvavb¨ _v‡K, Zv‡K Ae¨qxfve mgvm e‡j| †hgb - K~‡ji
mgx‡c = DcK~j, K‡Éi mgx‡c = DcKÉ, gvbv‡bi Afve = †egvgvbvb, Awÿi A‡Mv‡I = c‡ivÿ BZ¨vw`|
121. ÔAbvìÕ Gi mwVK e¨vmevK¨ †KvbwU?
K. b Avì L. Av`‡ii Afve M. A‡bK Avì N. bvB Avì DËi : K
e¨vL¨v: bT Zrcyiæl: bv-evPK Ae¨q (bv, †bB, bq, bvB) c~‡e© e‡m †h Zrcyiæl mgvm nq Zv‡K bT Zrcyiæl mgvm e‡j|
†hgb- b Avì = Abvì, b KvZi = AKvZi, b AvPvi = AbvPvi|
122. ÔAvgiYÕ (giY ch©šÍ) †Kvb mgv‡mi D`vniY?
K. Zrcyiæl mgvm L. Kg©aviq mgvm M. Ae¨qxfve mgvm N. eûeªxwn mgvm DËi : M
e¨vL¨v: giY ch©šÍ = AvgiY n‡jv Ae¨qxfve mgvm| Ae¨qxfve mgvm: c~e©c‡` Ae¨q‡hv‡M wb®úbœ mgv‡m hw` Ae¨‡qi A‡_©i
cÖvavb¨ _v‡K Zv‡K Ae¨qxfve mgvm e‡j| †hgb - giY ch©šÍ = AvgiY, cv †_‡K gv_v ch©šÍ = Avcv`g¯ÍK| mvgxc¨,
†cŠbtcywbKZv, ch©šÍ, Afve, AbwZµg¨Zv, AwZµvšÍ, mv`„k¨, †hvM¨Zv BZ¨vw` A‡_© Ae¨qxfve mgvm nq|
LvBiæjÕm cÖv_wgK wkÿK wb‡qvM mnvwqKv evsjv mvwnZ¨ # 191
evsjv mvwnZ¨
evOvwj RvwZi DrcwË

‡bwMÖ‡Uv Aw÷ªK `ªvweo ‡fvUPxbxq (g‡½vwjq)
cÖvK Avh© ev Abvh© Avh©

Aviwe, ZzwK©, Bivwb, nvewk,
AvdMvb, gyNj evOvwj RvwZ
Abvh© Avh©
‡bwMÖ‡Uv Aw÷ªK `ªvweo ‡fvUPxbxq
cÖvPxb evsjvi evOvwj RvwZi cÖavb - evsjv‡`‡k emevmKvix Avh©‡ì Avw` wbevm wQj BDivj
cÖ_g Rb‡Mvôxi Ask Ges wblv` DcRvZxq‡ì (Mv‡iv, ‡KvP, ce©‡Zi `wÿ‡Y (eZ©gvb Bivb)|
bvg| RvwZ bv‡g cwiwPZ| wÎcyiv, PvKgv, ivReswk) eo Avh©iv me©vwaK weKvk jvf K‡i
Ask g‡½vj‡qW ev †fvUPxbxq | cvj kvmbvg‡j|
evsjv fvlv
 B‡›`v-BD‡ivcxq fvlvi kvLv- 02wU| [mgvR‡mev Awa`ß‡ii mgvRKj¨vY msMVK: 05] h_v- †KšÍg I kZg|
 cÖvK…Z kãwUi A_©- ¯^vfvweK| [KjKviLvbv I cÖwZôvb cwi`k©K cwi`ß‡ii mnKvix cwi`k©K: 05]
 cÖvK…Z k‡ãi fvlvMZ A_©- RbM‡Yi fvlv| [15Zg cÖfvlK wbeÜb (K‡jR) : 19]
 evsjv fvlvi g~j Drm/ c~e©eZx© ¯Í‡ii bvg- cÖvK…Z| [17Zg wewmGm; cÖwZiÿv gš¿Yvj‡qi Dc-mnKvix cwiPvjK: 16; 8g †emiKvwi
wkÿK wbeÜb: 11; cÖwZiÿv gš¿Yvj‡qi mnKvix cwiPvjK: 16]
 cÖvPxb fviZxq Avh©fvlv- ‣ew`K fvlv| [cvm‡cvU© A¨vÛ Bwg‡MÖkb Awa`ß‡ii mnKvix cwiPvjK: 06]
 ‡e‡ì fvlv‡K ejv nq- •ew`K fvlv| [cwievi cwiKíbv Awa`ß‡ii cwieviKj¨vY cwi`wk©Kv cÖwkÿYv_©x: 13]
 cvwYwb e¨vKiY‡K k„•Ljve× K‡ib- ms¯‥…Z fvlvq|
 W. gyn¤§` knx`yjøvni g‡Z, evsjv fvlvi DrcwË mßg kZvãx‡Z (650 wLª÷v‡ã) †M․ox cÖvK…Z †_‡K| [13Zg
†emiKvwi cÖfvlK wb. 16; iƒcvjx e¨vsK wj. Awdmvi (K¨vk): 18; 10g †emiKvwi cÖfvlK wbeÜb: 14; †mvbvjx e¨vsK wj. Awdmvi (K¨vk): 13;
cwi‡ek I eb gš¿Yvj‡qi wimvP© Awdmvi: 06; ¯îvóª gš¿Yvj‡qi Aaxb Kviv ZË¡veavqK: 06]
 W. mybxwZKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨v‡qi g‡Z, evsjv fvlvi DrcwË `kg kZvãx‡Z (950 wLª÷v‡ã) gvMax cÖvK…Z †_‡K|
[9g †emiKvwi cÖfvlK wb. 13]
 ÔAcåskÕ K_vwUi A_©- weK…Z| [cwievi cwiKíbv Awa`ß‡ii cwieviKj¨vY cÖwkÿYv_©x: 13] cÖvK…Z fvlv weZwK©Z n‡q me©‡kl
†h ¯Í‡i DcbxZ nq, Zvi bvg Acåsk|
 evsjv fvlvi Avw`¯Í‡ii w¯’wZKvj- W. mybxwZKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨v‡qi g‡Z, `kg †_‡K PZz`©k kZvãx| [14Zg wewmGm]
W. gyn¤§` knx`yjøvni g‡Z, evsjv fvlvi Avw`¯Í‡ii w¯’wZKvj- mßg †_‡K Øv`k kZvãx|
 beg-`kg †kÖwYi evsjv e¨vKiY g‡Z, we‡kî me©vwaK eëüZ fvlvi g‡a¨ evsjv fvlvi Ae¯’vb- PZz_©| GKB
m~‡Î c„w_ex‡Z eZ©gv‡b cÖvq mv‡o wZb nvRvi fvlv cÖPwjZ Av‡Q|
 AvaywbK hy‡M c‡`ï `ywU fvlv ixwZ i‡q‡QÑ mvay I PwjZ ixwZ|
 mvayixwZ bvgKiY K‡ibÑ ivRv ivg‡gvnb ivq (Ô†e`všÍÕ MÖ‡š’)| GwU AwfRvZ/m¤£všÍ‡ì fvlv |
 PwjZ ixwZi cÖeZ©K : cÖg_ †P․ayix [‡lvok wkÿK wbeÜb cixÿv: 2019 (K‡jR ch©vq)]
 evOvwj RvwZ †hgb msKi Rbmgwó †Zgwb evsjv fvlvI msKi fvlv|
 fviZxq Avh© fvlvi cÖvPxb iƒc cvIqv hvq- cÖvPxb MÖš’ F‡M¦‡ì gš¿¸‡jv‡Z|
fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡ki AvÂwjK fvlv¸‡jvi Avw`g Drm- Abvh© fvlv| [¯îvóª gš¿Yvj‡qi e¨w³MZ Kg©KZ©v : 06]
evsjv fvlvweÁvbx I fvlv welqK MÖš’
fvlv weÁvbx MÖš’
bv_vwb‡qj eªvwm n¨vj‡nW A Grammar of the Bengali Language
ivg‡gvnb ivq †M․oxq e¨vKiY [miKvix gva¨wgK we`¨vjq: 2019 + cÖevmx Kj¨vY e¨vsK (Gw·wKDwUf Awdmvi)]
W. gyn¤§` knx`yjøvn ev½vjv e¨vKiY, ev½vjv fvlvi BwZe„Ë [24Zg I 21Zg wewmGm], evsjv mvwn‡Zï K_v [37Zg wewmGm]
gyn¤§` Ave`yj nvB fvlv I mvwnZ¨, aŸwbweÁvb I evsjv aŸwbZË¡ [37Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi]
mybxwZKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨vq fvlv cÖKvk ev½vjv e¨vKiY [22Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi]
cÖvPxb I AvaywbKKv‡ji evsjv mvwn‡Zï cÖ_g BwZnvm MÖš’ Òe½fvlv I mvwnZ¨ (1896) iPbv K‡ib W. `x‡bkP›`ª
†mb| [wbe©vPb Kwgkb mwPevj‡qi e¨w³MZ Kg©KZ©v : 06; 22Zg, 25Zg I 27Zg wewmGm]
evsjv Awfavb
Awfavb m¤úv`K
evOjv cZz©wMR Awfavb (1743 wLª.) cvw`ª g‡bvGj `v Avmmy¤úmvD
evsjv fvlvi Awfavb (1815 wLª.) DBwjqvg †Kix
cÖ_g evsjv w_mivm ev mgv_©K kã Awfavb A‡kvK gy‡Lvcva¨vq [23Zg wewmGm]
evsjv GKv‡Wwg †_‡K cÖKvwkZ Awfavb

evsjv‡`‡ki AvÂwjK fvlvi Awfavb W. gyn¤§` knx`yjøvn [evwZjK…Z 24Zg wewmGm]
evsjv GKv‡Wwg mswÿß evsjv Awfavb Avng` kixd [22Zg wewmGm]
evsjv wjwc
1800 wLª÷v‡ã kÖxivgcyi wgk‡b QvcvLvbv ¯’vwcZ nIqvi gva¨‡g evsjv wjwc ¯’vqx iƒc jvf K‡i| evsjv wjwci Aÿi
ev e‡Y©i AvaywbK iƒc †`b- cÂvbb Kg©Kvi|
fviZxq wjwc → o eªvþx wjwc o mKj fviZxq wjwc eªvþx wjwc n‡Z m„wó|
o L‡ivôx wjwc o mgªvU A‡kv‡Ki ivRZ¡Kv‡j Gi cÖPjb N‡U|
eªvþx wjwc → o cwðgv wjwc o GKv`k-Øv`k kZ‡Ki g‡a¨ c~e©x wjwc †_‡K evsjv
[14Zg wewmGm] o ga¨ fviZxq wjwc wjwci D™¢e| W±i gyn¤§` knx`yjøvni g‡Z, evsjv
o c~e©x wjwc wjwci D™¢e- mßg kZvãx‡Z|
c~e©x wjwc → o evsjv wjwc I eY©gvjv o evsjv fvlvi Avw`¯Í‡ii w¯’wZKvj `kg n‡Z PZz©`k
kZvãx|
o c„w_exi cÖvq mKj wjwci D™¢e n‡q‡Q wdwbwkq wjwc †_‡K|
o m¤ªvU A‡kvK Zvui AwaKvsk Kg© †j‡Lb- eªvþx wjwc‡Z|
o evsjv wjwci Drm/ D™¢e n‡q‡Q- eªvþx wjwc †_‡K| [14Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi; 16Zg wkÿK wbeÜb: 19]
o L‡ivôx wjwcgvjv †jLv nq- Wvbw`K †_‡K| [gnv wnmve wbixÿK I wbqš¿‡Ki Aaxb Rywbqi AwWUi: 11]
o †mb hy‡M evsjv wjwci MVbKvh© ïiæ n‡jI cvVvb hy‡M Zv †gvUvgywU ¯’vqx AvKvi aviY K‡i| [Lv`¨ Awa`ß‡ii Lv`¨ cwi`k©K: 11]
evsjv mvwn‡Zï hyMwefvM
 evsjv mvwn‡Zï BwZnvm ïiæ nq- Ph©vc` iPbvi Kvj †_‡K|
 1204 mv‡j BLwZqvi DwÏb gyn¤§` web eLwZqvi LjwRi e½weR‡qi gva¨‡g ga¨hyM Ges 1800 mv‡j KjKvZvq †dvU©
DBwjqvg K‡jR cÖwZôvi gva¨‡g evsjvq M`¨ PP©v Z_v AvaywbK hy‡Mi m~Pbv nq|
 cÖvPxb hy‡Mi mwn‡Zï •ewkó¨- e¨w³‡Kw›`ªKZv I ag©wbf©iZv| ga¨hy‡Mi mvwn‡Zï •ewkó¨- ag©wbf©iZv|
 eZ©gvb hy‡Mi mvwn‡Zï •ewkó¨- AvZ¥‡PZbv, RvZxqZv‡eva I gvbeZvi RqRqKvi| hyw³kxjZv, ¯^RvZ¨‡eva, ¯^‡`k‡cÖg,
e¨w³¯^vaxbZv we‡kl K‡i bvix ¯^vaxbZv|
 evsjv mvwn‡Zï hyM‡K 3 (wZb) fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| [wcGmwmi mnKvix cwiPvjK: 06; miKvix gva¨wgK mn. wkÿK: 04]
evsjv mvwnZ¨
W. mybxwZKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨vq cÖvPxb hyM ga¨hyM AvaywbK hyM

Gi g‡Z, 950-1200 wLª. (650-1200)[34Zg wewmGm] (1201-1800) (1801ÑeZ©gvb)
* W. gyn¤§` knx`yjøvn Gi g‡Z (1200-1350) AÜKvi hyM (1760-1860)
hyM mwÜÿY/Aeÿq hyM
evsjv mvwn‡Zï cÖvPxb hyM

†e․× a‡g©i cÖPviK ‡M․Zg ey‡×i AeZ©gv‡b Zvui Abymvixiv gnvhvb I nxbhvb-G `yÕfv‡M wef³ nq| mg‡qi eëav‡b gnvhvb
†_‡K DrcwË nq eRªhvb I KvjPµhvb| eRªhvb †_‡K DrcwË nq mnRhvb| mnRhvb cwš’ivB mnwRqv bv‡g cwiwPwZ jvf
K‡i| GB mnwRqvcš’xivB iPbv K‡ib evsjv mvwn‡Zï cÖvPxb hy‡Mi GKgvÎ wb`k©b Ph©vc`|
evsjv fvlv I mvwn‡Zï cÖvPxb hy‡Mi GKgvÎ wbf©i‡hvM¨ HwZnvwmK wb`k©b ÔPh©vc`Õ ev Ph©vMxwZ‡Kvl| [17Zg, 21Zg I
27Zg wewmGm wjwLZ, wewfbœ gš¿Yvj‡qi cÖkvmwbK I e¨w³MZ Kg©KZ©v : 18, ciivóª gš¿Yvj‡qi cÖkvmwbK Kg©KZ©v : 19; miKvix gva¨wgK we`¨vjq 2019]
 Ph©vc`‡K ejv nq evsjv mvwn‡Zï BwZnv‡m cÖ_g ev Avw` MÖš’ / Avw` wb`k©b| [gnv wnmve wbixÿK I wbqš¿‡Ki
Kvh©vj‡qi Aaxb Rywbqi AwWUi : 14, miKvwi gva¨wgK we`¨vj‡qi mnKvix wkÿK : 19; cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK (wgwmwmwc): 13]
 Phv©c` cÖvPxb hy‡Mi evsjvfvlvi †kÖô wb`k©b| [mnKvix _vbv wkÿv Awdmvi : 16]
 ÔPh©vc`Õ GKwU Mv‡bi msKjb| [¯’vbxq miKvi, cjøx Dbœqb I mgevq gš¿Yvj‡qi mnKvix cÖ‡KŠkjx (wmwfj) : 17]
 Ph©vc`‡K ejv nq mvab m½xZ| [evsjv‡`k e¨vsK Awdmvi : 18; 20Zg I 24Zg wjwLZ]
 Ph©vc‡ì iPbv ïiæ nq- cvj ivRes‡ki Avg‡j| [Dc‡Rjv †cv÷gv÷vi : 10]
 Ph©vc‡` ‡e․× ag©g‡Zi D‡jøL i‡q‡Q| [40Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi] ZvB Ph©vc`‡K mnwRqv †e․× ag©vej¤^x‡ì mvwnZ¨ ejv
nq| [cjøx we`y¨Zvqb †ev‡W©i mnKvix cwiPvjK: 13; mnKvix mycvwib‡Ub‡W›U (Rwic Awa`ßi): 05]
 Ph©vc‡ì Q›` : GwU gvÎve„Ë Q‡›` iwPZ| [33Zg wewmGm] Ph©vc‡` ms¯‥…Z cR&SwUKv Q‡›ì cÖfve Av‡Q| Gi fvlvixwZ
K_¨|
 GB MÖš’wU cÖ_g KweZv msKjb bv‡gI cwiwPwZ jvf K‡i| Ph©v k‡ãi A_© ÔAvPiYÕ|
cyuw_ Avwe®‥vi
→ 1882 mv‡j cÖKvwkZ ÔSanskrit Buddhist Literature in Nepal’ MÖ‡š’ ivRv iv‡R›`ªjvj wgÎ me©cÖ_g †bcv‡ji
†e․×Zvwš¿K mvwn‡Zï K_v cÖKvk K‡ib|
→ iv‡R›`ªjvj wg‡Îi ci ZviB c`v¼ AbymiY K‡i †bcv‡j cuyw_ msMÖ‡ni †Póvq hvb gnvg‡nvcva¨vq nicÖmv` kv¯¿x| wZbevi
wZwb †bcv‡j hvb, 1887-98 wLª÷v‡ã 2 (`yB) evi Ges †klevi 1907 wLª÷v‡ã|
→ evsjv fvlvi cÖ_g Kve¨ msKjb Ph©vc‡ì Avwe®‥viK : gnvg‡nvcva¨vq nicÖmv` kv¯¿x| [17Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi]
→ Avwe®‥…Z nq : †bcv‡ji ivRMÖš’vMvi (i‡qj jvB‡eªix) †_‡K| [28Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi ]
→ 1907 mv‡j Ph©vc` Avwe®‥…Z nq| [30Zg I 34Zg wewmGm]
→ nicÖmv` kv¯¿x cyuw_ mvwnZ¨ msMÖ‡ni Rb¨ wM‡qwQ‡jb wZeŸZ I †bcv‡j| [kÖg cwi`ß‡ii RbmsL¨v I cwieviKj¨vY Kg©KZ©v : 09]
→ m¤úªwZ bZzb Ph©vc` Avwe®‥vi K‡ib- •mq` †gvnv¤§` kv‡n`| [cyevjx e¨vsK wjwg‡UW Rywbqi Awdmvi : 19]
bvgKiY I cÖKvk
→ nicÖmv` kv¯¿xi Avwe®‥…Z cuyw_i bvg ÔPh©vPh©wewbðqÕ| ÔPh©vPh©wewbðqÕ A_© Ô†KvbwU AvPiYxq, Avi †KvbwU bqÕ| [37Zg wewmGm]
→ Ph©vc‡ì cÖvß cuyw_‡Z D‡jøLK…Z ms¯‥…Z UxKvKvi gywb`‡Ëi gZvbymv‡i GB c`msMÖ‡ni bvgÑ Avðh©Ph©vPq|
→ W. cÖ‡eva P›`ª evMPx ÔPh©vðh©wewbðqÕ bv‡gi cwiKíbv K‡ib|
→ KxwZ©P›`ª gywb`‡Ëi UxKvi wZeŸwZ Abyev` K‡iwQ‡jb ÒPh©vMxwZ‡Kvle„wËÓ bv‡g|
→ AvaywbK cwÐZM‡Yi Abygvb †h cuyw_wUi bvg wQj Ph©vMxwZ‡Kvl Ges Gi ms¯‥…Z UxKvi bvg ÔPh©vðh©wewbðqÕ|
→ nicÖmv` kv¯¿xi aviYv wQj wZwb Ph©vMxwZ msMÖ‡ni g~j cuyw_B (UxKv mn) Avwe®‥vi K‡i‡Qb| wKš‘ mKj cwÐZB cieZ©xKv‡j
G wel‡q GKgZ †h, kv¯¿x gnvkq KZ©„K msM„nxZ cyuw_wU Avm‡j e„wË ev UxKvi|
→ 1916 wLª÷v‡ã (1323 evsjv) KjKvZvi e½xq mvwnZ¨ cwil` KZ©„K cÖKvwkZ Ph©vc` cÖKvk K‡ib- nicÖmv` kv¯¿x|
[mgvR‡mev Awa`ß‡ii cÖ‡ekb Awdmvi : 13; 7g we‡RGm (mnKvix RR) cÖv_wgK cixÿv: 12]
→ nicÖmv` kv¯¿xi KZ©„K m¤úv`bvq eBwU ÔnvRvi eQ‡ii cyivY ev½vjv fvlvq †e․×Mvb I †`vnvÕ bv‡g MÖš’vKv‡i cÖKvwkZ
nq| [mgvR‡mev Awa`ß‡ii mgvR msMVK: 05]
→ cwÐZ gywb`Ë Ph©vc‡ì c`¸‡jv‡K ms¯‥…Z UxKvi gva¨‡g e¨vL¨v K‡ib| [cwimsL¨vb ey¨‡ivi cwimsL¨vb A¨vwm÷¨v›U Awdmvi: 14;
†mvbvwj e¨vsK wjwg‡UW wmwbqi Awdmvi: 10]
→ nicÖmv` kv¯¿x XvKv wek^we`¨vj‡qi evsjv I ms¯‥…Z wefv‡Mi (18 Ryb 1921) cÖwZôvZv †Pqvig¨vb wQ‡jb|
Phv©c‡ì iPbvKvj
→ evsjvi cvj es‡ki ivRviv †e․× wQ‡jb| Zv‡ì Avg‡j Ph©vMxwZKv¸‡jvi weKvk N‡UwQj| ivûj mvsK…Z¨vqb Gi g‡Z,
cvj ivRv ag©cv‡ji mg‡q jyBcv` Ges mincv` eZ©gvb wQ‡jb|
→ W. gynv¤§` knx`yjøvni g‡Z, Ph©vi iPbvKvj 650-1200 (mßg n‡Z Øv`k kZvãx) wLª÷vã ch©šÍ| [¯îvóª gš¿Yvj‡qi Aax‡b Kviv
ZË¡veavqK : 10]
→ W. mybxwZKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨vq Gi g‡Z, `kg n‡Z Øv`k kZvãx| (950-1200 wLª.)
Ph©vc‡ì fvlv weZK© wb‡q Av‡jvPbv

 1920 mv‡j weRqP›`ª gRyg`vi cÖ_g Ph©vc‡ì fvlv wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡ib| Ph©vc‡ì fvlvq cÖfve i‡q‡Q wnw›`, Amwgqv,
Dwoqv, Acåsk (‣gw_jx) cÖf…wZ fvlvi| ZvB Ab¨vb¨ fvlvi fvlvweìvI Zv‡ì fvlvi mvwnZ¨ e‡j `vex K‡ib|
 fvlv weZK© †_‡K gyw³i Rb¨ 1926 mv‡j W. mybxwZKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨vq ÔOrigin and Development of Bengali
Language (ODBL)’ [33Zg wewmGm] bvgK weL¨vZ MÖ‡š’ Gi fvlvZvwË¡K •ewkó¨ cÖ_g Av‡jvPbv K‡ib| [Lv`¨ Awa`ß‡ii
Lv`¨ cwi`k©K: 11]
 wZwb aŸwbZË¡, e¨vKiY I Q›` wePvi gZ w`‡q‡Qb- Ph©vi c`msKjbwU Avw`gZg evsjv fvlvq iwPZ hvi gva¨‡g cÖgvwYZ
nq Ph©vc` evsjv mvwn‡Zï cÖvPxbZg wb`k©b|
 1938 mv‡j W. cÖ‡evaP›`ª evMPx KZ©„K Ph©vi wZeŸwZ Abyev` cÖKvwkZ nq|
 1946 mv‡j W. kwkf~lY `vk¸ß Ph©vMxwZi AšÍ©wbwnZ Z‡Ë¡i e¨vL¨v cÖKvk K‡ib|
Ph©vc‡ì fvlv
1907 mv‡j nicÖmv` kv¯¿x †bcv‡ji ivRMÖš’vMvi †_‡K †h cyuw_ msMÖn K‡ib Zv n‡jv Ph©vPh©wewbðq, mincv‡ì (kin eRª kv¯¿x)
‡`vnv‡Kvl [35Zg wewmGm] I K…òvPv‡h©i (Kvýcv‡ì) †`vnv‡Kvl Ges WvKvY©e GB PviwU MÖ‡š’i mgš^q| G‡ì g‡a¨ GKgvÎ
Ph©vPh©wewbðqB cÖvPxb evsjvq †jLv, Ab¨ wZbwU evsjvq bq ms¯‥…Z Acåsk fvlvq iwPZ|
 evsjv mvwn‡Zï cÖvPxb hy‡Mi wb`k©b †KvbwU? [35Zg wewmGm]
K. wbiÄ‡bi D®§v L. †`vnv‡Kvl M. †MvcxP‡›`ªi mbœ¨vm N. gqbvgZxi Mvb DËi : L
 W. gyn¤§` knx`yjøvni g‡Z, Ph©vi fvlv‡K cÖvPxb evsjv wKsev cÖvPxb e½Kvgiƒcx fvlv ejvB m½Z| [RvZxq ivR¯^ †ev‡W©i
mnKvix ivR¯^ Kg©KZ©v : 12]
ʘ W. mybxwZKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨vq Ph©vc‡ì fvlv‡K cwðge‡½i Dcfvlv g‡b K‡ib|
Ph©vc‡ì fvlv‡K †KD †KD mÜ¨vfvlv ev mvÜ¨ fvlv e‡j‡Qb| Gi KviY G fvlv mywbw`©ó iƒc cvqwb, G fvlvq KwZcq k‡ãi
GKvwaK A_© cvIqv hvq| Ph©vc` m¤ú‡K© W. gnvg‡nvcva¨vq nicÖmv` kv¯¿x gšÍe¨ K‡i‡Qb, ÔAv‡jv Avuavwi fvlv KZK Av‡jv,
KZK AÜKvi, LvwbK eySv hvq, LvwbK eySv hvq bv| hvnviv mvab fRb K‡ib, ZvnvivB †m K_v eywS‡eb, Avgv‡ì eywSqv KvR
bvB|Õ G Kvi‡Y Ph©vc‡ì fvlv‡K mÜ¨v fvlv ejv nq| [38Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi; evsjv †Uwjwfk‡bi cÖ‡hvRK:06 ]
Ph©v iPwqZvMY
 W. knx`yjøvni g‡Z, Ph©vc‡` c‡ì msL¨v 50wU| [mnKvix Dc‡Rjv wkÿv Awdmvi: 10]
 Ph©vc‡` †gvU 23 Rb c`KZ©vi bvg cvIqv hvq| [‡mvbvjx e¨vsK wjwg‡UW (wmwbqi Awdmvi) : 10; _vbv mnKvix wkÿv Awdmvi: 99]
 AviI GKRb c`KZ©vi bvg Av‡Q wKš‘ Zvi c`wU †bB| †mwU ai‡j Ph©vi msL¨v 51wU Ges c`KZ©v 24 Rb| [RbcÖkvmb
c` (KweZv) iPbv Ki‡Zb e‡j Zv‡ì m¤§vb m~PK cv`bvg ejv n‡Zv| cv`  cv|
gš¿Yvj‡qi e¨w³MZ Kg©KZ©v : 15] c`KZ©vMY
 W. nicÖmv`kv¯¿x I AwaKvs‡ki g‡Z, Ph©vc‡ì Avw` KweÑ jyBcv| [29Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi; wewfbœ gš¿Yvj‡qi cÖkvmwbK Kg©KZ©v: 19;
†mvbvjx I RbZv e¨vs‡Ki Awdmvi AvBwU: 19; mnKvix ivR¯^ Kg©KZ©v: 15; Avbmvi wfwWwc Awa`ß‡ii mv‡K©j A¨vWRy‡U›U: 10] (1, 29 bs c` 2 wU iPbv
K‡ib)| KviY wZwb cÖ_g c`wUi iPbv K‡i‡Qb|
 jyBcv iwPZ Ph©vc‡ì cÖ_g c`wU nj- ÔKvAv Ziæei cvÂ we Wvj/ PÂj PxG ‣cVv Kvj|Õ [ivRkvnx wek^we`¨vjq (MY‡hvMv‡hvM I
mvsevw`KZv): 09-10] W. gyn¤§` knx`yjøvni g‡Z Avw` KweÑ keicv (28, 50 bs c` 2 wU iPbv K‡ib) (cÖvPxb Kwe)
 W. gyn¤§` knx`yjøvni g‡Z ÔkeicvÕ evsjv‡`‡ki †jvK wQ‡jb| Ph©vc‡ì c`KZ©v n‡jI jvox‡Wv¤^xcvi GKwU c‡ì K_v
D‡jøL _vK‡jI Zvi c`wU †bB| †klc` iPwqZv wn‡m‡e mincv`‡K we‡ePbv Kiv nq|
Ph©vc‡ì c`msL¨v
 Ph©vc‡ì cÖvß cuyw_‡Z 51 wU c` wQj| Zvi g‡a¨ GKwU (11 msL¨K) c` UxKvKvi e¨vLv K‡ib wb|
 W. gyn¤§` knx`yjøvni g‡Z, Ph©vc‡` c‡ì msL¨v 50wU| W. myKzgvi †m‡bi g‡Z, Phv©c‡` c‡ì msL¨v 51wU|
c`KZ©v c‡ì msL¨v c`KZ©v c‡ì msL¨v
Kvýcv 13wU keicv 2wU
fzmyKzcv 8wU kvwšÍcv 2wU
mincv 4wU Avh©‡è, K¼bcv, K¤^jv¤î, ¸Ðwicv, PvwUjcv, Rqb›`x, †Wv¤^xcv, 1wU
Kz°ixcv 3wU †XÐYcv, Zš¿xcv, ZviKcv, `vwoKcv, avgcv, weiæevcv, exYvcv, K‡i cÖ‡Z¨‡K
jyBcv 2wU f`ªcv, gnxaicv
‡gvU c‡ì msL¨v 50wU
→ Avevi cuyw_‡Z K‡qKwU cvZv bó nIqvq wZbwU m¤ú~Y© (24, 25 I 48 bs) c` Ges GKwU (23) c‡ì †klvsk cvIqv hvq
wb| ZvB cuyw_‡Z me©m‡gZ mv‡o †QPwjøkwU c` cvIqv †M‡Q|
 Ph©vc‡ì 1g c` iPwqZvÑ jyBcv
23 bs c‡ì 6wU cO&w³ cvIqv †M‡Q|
 24 bs c`wUi iPwqZvÑ Kvýcv
evwK 4wU cO&w³ cvIqv hvqwb| Gi iPwqZv fzmyKzcv|  25 bs c`wUi iPwqZvÑ Zš¿xcv
ZvB A‡b‡K e‡j _v‡Kb 46.60wU c` cvIqv hvq|  48 bs c`wUi iPwqZvÑ Kz°yixcv (2, 20, 48)
Kvýcv
 Kvýcv ‡gvU 13wU c` iPbv K‡ib| wKš‘ nicÖmv` kv¯¿x KZ…©K 12wU c` msM„nxZ nq| Kvýcv wQ‡jb mnwRqv Zvwš¿K
†e․×‡hvMx| wZwb ag©kv¯¿ I msMxZ Dfq wel‡qB cUz wQ‡jb|
 Ph©vc‡ì Kwe‡ì g‡a¨ me‡P‡q †ewk msL¨K c` iPbv K‡ib Kvýcv [35Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi]|
 fzmyKzcv-Gi c`msL¨v 8wU| msL¨vi w`K †_‡K wØZxq c`KZ©v| [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (PÆMÖvg wefvM): 03] fzmyKzcv wb‡R‡K
evOvwj e‡j cwiPq †`b [30Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi]| wZwb wb‡RB e‡j‡Qb- ÔAvwg fzmyKz evOvjx njvg e‡jÕ| W. gyn¤§`
knx`yjøvni g‡Z, Ph©vc‡ì AvaywbK ev me©‡kl c`KZ©v- ÔfzmyKzcvÕ|
 Ph©vc‡ì c`¸‡jv‡K UxKvi gva¨‡g e¨vL¨v K‡ib gywb`Ë| [cwimsL¨vb ey¨‡ivi cwimsL¨vb A¨vwm÷¨v›U Awdmvi : 14]
Ph©vc‡ì cÖevèvK¨
‡gvU 6wU cÖev` evK¨ cvIqv hvq| cÖev`mg~‡ni c`KZ©vi bvgmn ewY©Z nj-
c` bs c`KZ©vi bvg cÖevèvK¨ I A_©
6 fzmyKzcv AvcYv gvs‡mu nwiYv •eix (nwi‡Yi gvsmB Zvi kÎæ) [ÎvY I cybev©mb gš¿Yvj‡qi cÖKí
ev¯Íevqb Kg©KZ©v : 06; RvZxq msm` mwPevj‡qi mnKvix M‡elYv Kg©KZ©v: 05]
32 kincv nv‡Zi Kv¼b gv †jvD `vcb (nv‡Zi KvuKb †`Lvi Rb¨ `c©Y cÖ‡qvRb nq bv)
33 ‡XÐYcv nvwoZ fvZ bvwn wbwZ Av‡ekx (nvwo‡Z fvZ ‡bB, A_P cÖwZw`b †cÖwgKiv G‡m fxo K‡i|)
33 ‡XÐYcv `ywnj `ya wK †e‡È mvgvq (‡`vnb Kiv `ya wK ev‡U cÖ‡ek Kiv‡bv hvq?)
39 kincv ei myb †Mvnvjx wKgy `yV¨ ej‡›ù (`yó Miæi †P‡q k~b¨ †Mvqvj fvj)
44 K¼Ycv Avb Pvn‡šÍ Avb webav (Ab¨ Pvwn‡Z Ab¨ webó)
→ ÔUvjZ †gvi Ni bvwn ci‡ekxÕ, ÔnvwoZ fvZ bvwn wbwZ Av‡ekxÕ GB cO&w³ `ywU Øviv `vwi`ª¨wK¬ô Rxe‡bi wPÎ A¼b Kiv
n‡q‡Q| [WvK I †Uwj‡hvMv‡hvM gš¿Yvj‡qi WvK Awa`ß‡ii †cv÷vj Acv‡iUi: 16]
Ph©vc‡ì cO&w³
 ÔAvwj Gu Kvwj Gu evU iæ‡Üjv|/Zv †`wL Kvý wegbv fBjvÕ (Kvýcv) [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 92]
 ÔKgj gay wcwZwe †avKBb †fvgiv|Õ (gxbbv_ ev gr‡m¨›`ªbv_)
gxbbv‡_i Ph©vc‡` †Kvb c` bvB| Z‡e 21 bs c‡ì UxKvq PviwU cO&w³i D‡jøL i‡q‡Q|
 wèmwn eûox KvDB Wi fvA/ivZx fB‡j Kvgiƒ RvA| (Kz°zixcv)
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. evsjv fvlvi ga¨hyM- [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (gyw³‡hv×v) : 16]
K. 1201 †_‡K 1800 wLª÷vã L. 800 †_‡K 1000 wLª÷vã
M. 1201 †_‡K 1500 wLª÷vã N. 600 ‡_‡K 1200 wLª÷vã DËi : K
02. evsjv fvlvi cÖ_g KweZv msKjb- [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (wgwmwmwc) : 13]
K. Ph©vc` L. •eòe c`vewj M. HZ‡iq AviY¨K N. †`vnv‡Kvl DËi : K
03. evsjv fvlv I mvwn‡Zï cÖvPxb wb`k©b †KvbwU? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (PÆMÖvg wefvM) : 06]
K. gnvfviZ L. Ph©vc` M.ivgvqY N. R½bvgv DËi : L
04. Ph©vMxwZ iPbvi msL¨vwa‡Kï wØZxq ¯’v‡bi AwaKvix †K? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (PÆMÖvg wefvM) : 03]
K. nicÖmv` kv¯¿x L. fzmyKzcv M. Rq‡è N. Kvýcv DËi : L
05. wb‡Pi cO&w³wU Kvi iPbv? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 92]
K. Kvýcv L. PvwUjcv M. kvwšÍcv N. fzmyKzcv DËi : K
evsjv mvwn‡Zï ga¨hy‡Mi ïiæ 1204 wLª÷v‡ã BLwZqvi DwÏb  AÜKvi hyM m„wói KviY : ZzwK© Avµg‡Y RbRxeb
†gvnv¤§` web eLwZqvi LjwRi AvMg‡bi gva¨‡g Ges 1757 wech©¯Í nIqvq gvbyl mvwnZ¨ iPbvq AvZ¥wb‡qvM Ki‡Z
mv‡j cjvkxi hy‡×i gva¨‡g †kl n‡jI Gi e¨vwß aiv nq e¨_© nq Ges cwÐZ/Ph©vKv‡iiv †`k Z¨vM K‡i †bcvj I
1201 †_‡K 1800 mvj ch©šÍ| [Z_¨ gš¿Yvj‡qi mnKvix cwiPvjK wZeŸ‡Z AvkÖq †bq| G Kvi‡Y ZzwK© kvmK‡ì mgq‡K
(MY‡hvM‡hvM cÖwkÿY : 01)] ga¨hy‡Mi GB mgqUv gymwjg evsjv mvwn‡Zï AÜKvi hyM ejv nq| [c~evwj e¨vsK wjwg‡UW
kvmK‡ì kvm‡bi AvIZvq nIqvq wewfbœ kvmKe‡M©i f~wgKv wmwbqi Awdmvi : 11]
Av‡jvwPZ Ges mgv‡jvwPZ|  AÜKvi hy‡Mi mvwnZ¨ : cÖvK…Z‣c½j, k~b¨c~ivY, †mK

ï‡fv`qv, wbiÄ‡bi D®§v|
ʘ ZzwK© hyM (1201-1350 wLª÷vã) ZzwK© kvmK‡ì mg‡q
evsjv mvwn‡Zï AÜKvi hyM cwijwÿZ nq|  k~b¨c~ivY iPbv K‡ibÑ ivgvB cwÐZ| [32Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi;
ciivóª gšÍYvj‡qi e¨w³MZ Kg©KZ©v: 19 ]
ʘ myjZvwb hyM (1351-1575 wLª÷vã) evsjv mvwn‡Zï  ‡mK ï‡fv`qv iPbv K‡ib- njvqya wgkÖ|
c„ô‡cvlKZvq cvVvb myjZvb‡ì f~wgKv Ab¯^xKvh©| W.  cÖvK…Z •c½j- kÖxnl© KZ©„K cÖvK…Z fvlvq Î‡qv`k kZ‡K iwPZ
`x‡bkP›`ª †mb GB mgq‡K Ô‡M․oxq hyMÕ e‡jI AwfwnZ AÜKvi hy‡Mi cÖ_g mvwnwZ¨K wb`k©b|
K‡i‡Qb KviY †M․o‡K †K›`ª K‡i evsjv mvwn‡Zï
weKvk cwijwÿZ nq| evsjv Abyev` mvwn‡Zï WvK I Lbvi ePb
c„ô‡cvlKZvi Rb¨ weL¨vZ bvg ÔAvjvDwÏb û‡mb kvn|  ga¨hy‡Mi K…wlKv‡Ri Dc‡hvMx mvwnZ¨- WvK I Lbvi
Zvui c„ô‡cvlKZvq wecÖ`vm wcwcjvB ÔgbmvweRqÕ [¯îvóª ePb| [Avbmvi wfwWwc Awa`ß‡ii mv‡K©j A¨vWRy‡U›U: 10, M„nvqY I
gš¿Yvj‡qi Aaxb mv‡K©j A¨vWRy‡U›U: 10] Ges •RbyÏxb ÔimyjweRqÕ MYc~Z© gš¿Yvj‡qi _vbv cÖ‡K․kjx (wmwfj BwÄwbqvwis) : 99]
Kve¨ iPbv K‡ib|  W. `x‡bkP›`ª †m‡bi g‡Z WvK I Lbvi eP‡bi iPbv
Kvj : Aóg-Øv`k kZK|
AÜKvi hyM  WvK I Lbvi ePb‡KÑ evsjv mvwn‡Zï cÖvPxbhy‡Mi m„wó
 AÜKvi hyM/ Avuavi hy‡Mi e¨vwß : 1201-1350 wLª÷vã e‡j we‡ePbv Kiv nq Ges Qov RvZxq Gme bgybv‡K
ch©šÍ| [34Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi] †jvKmvwn‡Zï Avw` wb`k©b wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv nq|
 Qov RvZxq Gme iPbvq G‡`‡ki AvenvIqv I K…wl _vK‡jI Wv‡Ki eP‡b †R¨vwZl I †ÿÎZ‡Ë¡i I gvbe-
m¤úwK©Z eû wewPÎ AwfÁZvi iƒcvqY N‡U‡Q| Pwi‡Îi e¨vL¨v cÖvavb¨ †c‡q‡Q|
 Gm‡ei g‡a¨ bxwZK_v I eû`kx Dc‡`k cÖwZdwjZ  Lbvi eP‡bi g~jfve n‡jv- ï× Rxebhvcb ixwZ| [39Zg
n‡q‡Q| Wv‡Ki I Lbvi eP‡bi welqe¯‘i g‡a¨ HK¨ wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi]
kÖxK„òKxZ©b Kve¨
evsjv mvwn‡Zï ga¨hy‡Mi cÖ_g wb`k©b [miKvwi gva¨wgK we`¨vj‡qi mnKvix wkÿK: cÖkœ : GKK Kwei iPbv wn‡m‡e evsjv
19; Kg©ms¯’vb e¨vsK wj. Awdmvi: 15] A_ev †kÖô wb`k©b [9g †emiKvwi wkÿK wbeÜb: mvwn‡Zï cÖ_g Kve¨ †KvbwU?
13] cÖ_g Kve¨ ga¨hy‡Mi cÖ_g Kwe [kÖg gš¿Yvj‡qi mn. cwi: 05] eo– PÐx`v‡mi
[29Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi; Dc‡Rjv wbe©vPb Awdmvi: 08] me©Rb ¯^xK…Z I LvuwU evsjv DËi : kÖxK…òKxZ©b Kve¨| KviY- kÖxK…òKxZ©b
fvlvq [cÖwZiÿv gš¿Yvj‡qi Aax‡b mvBdvi Awdmvi: 99] iwPZ ÔkÖxK…òKxZ©bÕ (†P․Ï Kve¨ GKRb iPbv K‡i‡Qb wKš‘ Ph©vc` 23/24
kZK-c‡bi kZK) Kve¨| GwU evsjv mvwn‡Zï wØZxq Kve¨| Rb iPbv K‡i‡Qb|
cyuw_ Avwe®‥vi
1909 wLª. (1316 e½vã) emšÍiÄb ivq (Dcvwa: weØØjøf) [gv`K`ªe¨ wbqš¿Y Awa`ß‡ii mn. cwi: 13; mnKvix ivR¯^ Kg©KZ©v: 12] cwðge‡½i
euvKzov †Rjvi KuvwKj¨v MÖv‡g GK M„n¯’ evwoi †Mvqvj N‡ii [mnKvix Dc‡Rjv wkÿv Awdmvi: 10] wU‡bi Pvjvi wbP †_‡K Ah‡Zœ iwÿZ G
Kve¨ Avwe®‥vi K‡ib| eZ©gv‡b GB czuw_wU 243/1, AvPvh© cÖdzjø ivq †ivW¯’ Ôe½xq mvwnZ¨ cwil‡ìÕ cyuw_kvjvq iw¶Z Av‡Q|
kÖxK…òKxZ©b Kv‡eï welqe¯‘ n‡jv- K…‡òi Rb¥, e„›`ve‡b ivavi mv‡_ Zvui cÖYq Ges †k‡l e„›`veb I ivav Dfq‡K Z¨vM K‡i
K…‡òi wPiZ‡i g_yivq AwfcÖqvY| [Gi mv‡_ Pwi‡Îi eY©bv w`‡Z cv‡ib]
kÖxK…òKxZ©b Kv‡eï Kwei cwiPq iPbvi Kvj

kÖxK…òKxZ©b Kve¨ iPbv K‡ib eo– PÐx`vm| Bnv Zvi
Dcvwa| Zvi cÖK…Z bvg AbšÍ eo–qv ev AbšÍ eovB|  m¤úv`K emšÍiÄb iv‡qi msM„nxZ Z_¨g‡Z,
1386 †_‡K 1400 wLª. †Kvb GK mgq| W.
cuyw_i bvgKiY gyn¤§` knx`yjøvni g‡Z, 1370-1433 wLª|
cuyw_‡Z cÖvß GKwU wPiKzU Abymv‡i GB Kv‡eï cÖK…Z  W. gyn¤§` knx`yjøvni g‡Z, kÖxK„òKxZ©‡bi wjwc
bvg ÔkÖxK…òm›`f©Õ| W. Avng` kixd GB Kve¨‡K kÖxK…ò 1436-1520 wLª. A‡cÿv cÖvPxb Ges Zv 1340-
avgvwj bv‡g AwfwnZ K‡ib| 1440 wLª. g‡a¨ iwPZ|

wKQz ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z_¨
→ •eòe gnvšÍ kÖxwbevm AvPv‡h©i †`․wnÎÑ eskRvZ †`‡e›`ªbv_ gy‡Lvcva¨vq Gi AwaKv‡i G MÖš’wU iwÿZ wQj|
→ cuyw_wUi cÖ_gw`‡Ki `ywU cvZv Ges †k‡li cvZvwU wQj bv| cyuw_i 452 c„ôvi gv‡Si 45 c„ôvI cvIqv hvq wb| mvaviY ixwZ
Abyhvqx cuyw_i cÖ_g w`‡K †èZvi cÖksmv, Kwei cwiPq I MÖš’bvg D‡jøwLZ nq Ges †kl w`‡Ki cvZvq cuyw_i iPbvKvj I
wjwcKvj wjwLZ _v‡K| cÖ_g I †kl Ask LwÐZ _vKvq Kwei AvZ¥cwiPq I iPbvKvj †jvKPÿzi Avov‡jB †_‡K hvq|
→ 1916 mv‡j (1323 evsjv) emšÍiÄb iv‡qi m¤úv`bvq KjKvZv Ôe½xq mvwnZ¨ cwil`Õ †_‡K cÖKvwkZ nq|
→ MVbixwZ‡Z ÔkÖxK…òKxZ©bÕ Kve¨ g~jZ- ÔbvUMxwZÕ| [38Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi]
ʘ wKš‘ m¤úv`K Kv‡e¨ K…òjxjv m¤úwK©Z welqe¯Íz †`‡L bvgKiY K‡ib ÒkÖxK…òKxZ©bÓ| Zvui e³e¨ wQj, Òczuw_i
Av`¨šÍnxb LwÐZvs‡k Kwei †`kKvjvwì K_v `‚‡i _vKzK, czuw_i bvg ch©šÍ cvIqv hvq bvB|Ó
→ kÖxK…òKxZ©b Kve¨ †gvU 13 (†Zi) L‡Û [cvm‡cvU© I Bwg‡MÖkb Awa`ß‡ii mn. cwi: 14] wef³Ñ
kÖxK…òKxZ©b Kv‡eï PwiÎ cwiwPwZ
 cÖavb PwiÎ : ivav, K…ò I eovB| GB wZb Pwi‡Îi g‡a¨ ivav‡K †K›`ª K‡iB Kv‡eï AvL¨vb e¯‘i weKvk N‡U‡Q|
 ivav : †c․ivwYK Kvwnbxi g‡a¨ ivav n‡jv gvbevZ¥vi cÖZxK †h cigvZ¥v‡K cvevi Rb¨ mvivÿY e¨vKzj| wKš‘ eo– PÐx`vm
Gi kÖxK…òKxZ©b Kv‡e¨ ivav PwiÎ Aciƒc my›ìx GK bvix †Mvqvjvi N‡i hvi Rb¥| evj¨Kv‡j bcysmK Aci GK †Mvqvjv
Av‡qb †Nv‡li mnxZ Zvi we‡q nq| ivavi `vwqZ¡fvi Ac©Y Kiv nq Av‡qb †Nv‡li wcwmgvi Dci| wZwbB ivav K…‡òi
m¤úK© m„wó‡Z mn‡hvwMZv K‡ib|
 K…ò : †c․ivwYK Kvwnbxi g‡a¨ K…ò n‡jv cigvZ¥v ev ¯ªóv| wKš‘ eo– PÐx`v‡mi kÖxK…òKxZ©b Kv‡e¨ K…ò n‡jb my`k©b GK
ivLvj hyeK|
 eovB : eovB n‡jb ivav K…ò †cÖgjxjvi `~Z| [28Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi; †ijc_ gš¿Yvj‡qi Dc-mnKvix cÖ‡K․kjx: 17]
‡R‡b ivLyb
kÖxK…òKxZ©b Kv‡eï iPwqZv- PÐx`vm c`vewji- wØR PÐx`vm
cvjvMv‡bi- `xb PÐx`vm mnwRqvcš’x ivMvwZ¥Kv c‡ì- PÐx`vm
eo– PÐx`v‡mi Agi Dw³ Ômevi Dc‡i gvbyl mZ¨, Zvnvi Dc‡i bvB|Õ [21Zg wewmGm]
PÐx`vm mgm¨v
o W. gyn¤§` knx`yjøvn I nicÖmv` kv¯¿x wZbRb PÐx`v‡mi K_v D‡jøL K‡i‡QbÑ eoy PÐx`vm, wØR PÐx`vm I `xb PÐx`vm|
G‡ì g‡a¨ kÖxK„òKxZ©b Kv‡eï eoy PÐx`vm me‡P‡q cÖvPxb|
o Z‡e mKj cwÐZM‡Yi gZvgZ Abymv‡i PviRb PÐx`v‡mi [¯îvóª gš¿Yvj‡qi Aaxb Kviv ZË¡veavqK: 10] m¤ú‡K© aviYv cvIqv hvq|
Giv n‡jb eoy PÐx`vm, `xb PÐx`vm, wØR PÐx`vm I PÐx`vm|
ga¨hy‡Mi Ab¨vb¨ evsjv mvwnZ¨

ga¨hy‡Mi Kv‡eï cÖavb aviv 2wU| h_v- ‡g․wjK mvwnZ¨ I Abyev` mvwnZ¨|
‡g․wjK ‣eòe c`vewj

mvwnZ¨ Rxebx mvwnZ¨
ga¨hy‡Mi evsjv g½j Kve¨
mvwnZ¨
Abyev` ‡jvKmvwnZ¨
mvwnZ¨ bv_mvwnZ¨
gwm©qv
‣eòe mvwnZ¨ I PÐx`vm Ges AciwU •PZb¨ cieZ©x mg‡q †lvok
kZ‡K weKvk jvf|
c` ev c`vewj : c` ev c`vewj ej‡Z †evSvq ‡e․× ev
•eòexq M~p wel‡qi we‡kl m„wó [22Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi; mgvR‡mev o •eòe mvwn‡Zï DcRxe¨ Z_v •eòe c`vewji DcRxe¨
Awa`ß‡ii mgvR‡mev Awdmvi: 06]| •eòe c`vewj ivav I K…‡òi
ivav K…‡òi †cÖgjxjv - k„½vi im (gayi im)| [37Zg
wewmGm wewmGm]
AvKl©Y-weKl©‡Yi wewPÎ Abyf~wZ m¤^wjZ GK cÖKvi Mvb|
‣eòe mvwnZ¨ wZb cÖKvi- K. Rxebx mvwnZ¨, L. •eòekv¯¿
o ga¨hy‡Mi ag© cÖPviK kÖx •PZb¨‡`‡ei (1486-1533)
Avwef©v‡ei d‡j evsjv mvwn‡Zï ga¨hyM bZzb m¤ú‡`
Ges M. c`vewj|
mg„× n‡q I‡V| Zvu‡K †K›`ª K‡i ga¨hy‡Mi wewfbœ
‣eòe c`vewj ¯Íi/ce© Gi Avwef©ve n‡q‡Q| W. AwmZKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨vq
: ga¨hyM‡K PviwU c‡e© fvM K‡i‡Qb -
o ga¨hy‡Mi evsjv mvwn‡Zï †kÖô I me‡P‡q mg„× dmj
cÖ_g ce© : cÖvK •PZb¨ hyMÑ Z…Zxq ce© : DËi
•eòe c`vewj|
PZz`©k I cÂ`k kZvãx •PZb¨hyMÑ mß`k
o •eòe c`vewj •eòe mgv‡R ÔgnvRb c`vewjÕ Ges wØZxq ce© : •PZb¨ hyMÑ PZz_© ce© : Aóv`k kZvãx
•eòe c`KZ©vMY ÔgnvRbÕ bv‡g cwiwPZ| †lvok kZvãx
o ‣eòe c`vewji cÖ_g c`KZ©v evPvwj Rq‡è| •eòe
g‡Z ¯ªóv I m„wói g‡a¨ †cÖ‡gi m¤úK© we`¨gvb| •eòe ‣PZb¨ c~ee© Z©x c`KZ©v
ag©gZ‡K †K›`ª K‡i †h wewPÎag©x mvwn‡Zï m„wó n‡q‡Q
Zv‡K Ô•eòe mvwnZ¨Õ bv‡g wPwýZ Kiv nq| Rq‡è
evsjv c`vewj‡Z cÖfve ivLv evi kZ‡Ki ms¯‥…Z Kwe Rq‡è
o evsjvq cÖPwjZ c`vewji `ywU my¯úó fvM i‡q‡Q hvi
Gi weL¨vZ iPbv ÔMxZ‡Mvwe›`gÕ Gi g~j DcRxe¨ ÔivavK…‡òi
GKwU •PZb¨ c~e©eZ©x PZz`©k kZ‡K Kwe‡Mvôx we`¨vcwZ
†cÖgjxjvÕ|
we`¨vcwZ ‣PZb¨ cieZ©x c`KZ©v
 we`¨vcwZ c`vewji cÖ_g Kwe| [22Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi; Ávb`vm (†lvok) : mvaK PÐx`v‡mi fvewkl¨ Ávb`vm wQ‡jb
mn. _vbv wkÿv Awdmvi: 06]
GKRb Kwe| Zvui weL¨vZ cO&w³-
 wZwb c`vewji Avw` iPwqZv| ‡Rjv cÖv_wgK wkÿv Awdmvi: 05]
 wZwb eªReywj fvlvq c` iPbv K‡ib| [7g we‡RGm; cwi‡ek Ôiƒc jvwM AuvwL Sz‡i ¸‡Y gb fi| [26 Zg wewmGm]
Awa`ß‡ii mn. cwi: 11; 40Zg wewmGm] A_©vr eªReywj fvlvi cÖwZ A½ jvwM Kv‡›`, cÖwZ A½ ‡gvi \
cÖeZ©K| [mve-‡iwR÷ªvi: 16; †emiKvwi mn. wk. wb‡qvM cix: 06] wnqvi cik jvwM wnqv †gvi Kv‡›`
 we`¨vcwZ wgw_jvi Kwe| [28Zg I 38Zg wewmGm] civY- wcixwZ jvwM w_i bvwn ev‡Ü|Õ
 ev½vwj bv n‡qI (AevOvwj Kwe) [cÖwZiÿv gš¿Yvj‡qi mnKvix Ômy‡Li jvwMqv G Ni evuwaby Ab‡j cywoqv †Mj|Õ
Awdmvi: 05; ‡hvMv‡hvM gš¿Yvj‡qi Aaxb cÖkvmwbK Kg©KZ©v: 06] / ‡Mvwe›` P›`ª `vm : wZwb we`¨vcwZi Abymvix (fvewkl¨ ejv nq)
evsjvq KweZv iPbv bv K‡iI evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ GK wQ‡jb| m½wZ mvaK (bvUK) (1535-1613)| cO&w³-
Awe¯§iYxq bvg| hvunv hvunv wbKm‡q Zby Zby ‡R¨vwZ/
 Zvui Dcvwa ÔKweKÉnviÕ| [mgvR‡mev Awa`ß‡ii cÖ‡ekb Zvunv Zvunv weRywi PgKgq ‡nvwZ|
Awdmvi: 13] gymjgvb c`KZ©v : †kL Kwei (cÖ_g), AvdRvj †kL
 wZwb Ô•gw_wj †KvwKjÕ [¯îvóª gš¿Yvj‡qi Aaxb cvm‡cvU© I Bwg‡MÖkb dqRyjøvn,•mq` gyZ©Rv, Kwei †kL, Avãyj Iqvwn`, ‡kL
Awa`ß‡ii mnKvix cwiPvjK: 14] I ÔAwfbe Rq‡èÕ bv‡g L¨vZ Rvjvj, Kig Avjx, •mq` myjZvb, AvjvIj, AvKei|
wQ‡jb| AZ¨šÍ gh©v`vevb GB Kwei weL¨vZ Dw³-
ÔG mwL nvgvwi `y‡Li bvwn Ii|
g½j Kve¨
G giv fvì gvn fvì  evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ ga¨hy‡M we‡kl GK †kÖwYi ag©welqK
k~b¨ gw›ì †gvi|Õ AvL¨vb Kve¨B g½jKve¨| [cÖv_wgK we`¨v. cÖ. wk : 05; cÖv_wgK
we`¨vjh mn. wk: 06]
eªReywj  g½jKve¨ ‡jLvi g~‡j DwjøwLZ KviY- ¯^‡cœ †èx KZ…©K
•eòe c`vewji AwaKvskB iwPZ n‡q‡Q eªReywj bv‡g GK Av‡`k jvf| [MY‡hvMv‡hvM Awa. Mn. Z_¨ Awdmvi: 13] W.
K„wÎg wgkÖ Kwe fvlvq [21Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi]| g~jZ •gw_wj I `x‡bkP›`ª †m‡bi g‡Z G mvwnZ¨ avivi Kwe 62 Rb|
evsjv wgwkÖZ [Rbkw³, Kg©ms¯’vb I cÖwkÿY ey¨‡ivi Dc-cwiPvjK: 07; miKvix  cÖKvi‡f` : g½jKve¨ cÖavbZ 2 cÖKvi| (‡c․ivwYK
gva¨wgK we`¨vjq mn. wk: 06; wPd BÝUªv±i (bb‡UK): 03] GB gayi g½j I †j․wKK g½j)|
mvwnwZ¨K fvlvq iwPZ c`vewj †_‡K RbmvaviY aviYv K‡i‡Q  g½jKv‡eï Ask 5wU [‡mvbvjx e¨vsK wj. wmwbqi Awdmvi: 10] :
†h, e„›`ve‡bi ivavK…ò m¤¢eZ G fvlv‡ZB K_v ejZ| ZvB e›`bv, AvZ¥cwiPq, †èLÐ, gZ©¨LÐ, kÖæwZdj| ‡Kvb
eª‡Ri eywj A‡_© eªReywj GB KvíwbK e¨vL¨v †`qv nq| †Kvb g‡Z g½j Kv‡eï welqe¯‘ 4wU As‡k wef³|
ÔMxZ‡Mvwe›`Õ eªReywj fvlvq iwPZ| [cwi‡ek I eb gš¿Yvj‡qi wimvP© h_v- e›`bv, AvZ¥cwiPq, †èLÐ Ges biLÐ I
Awdmvi : 06; Kviv ZË¡veavqK: 06] AvL¨vwqKv|
 g~javiv : gbmv, PÐx, Abœ`vg½j| Z‡e gbmv I PÐx
PÐx`vm (PZz`k© kZ‡Ki †kl fvM) †èZvi cÖfve †ewk [7g we‡RGm]|
 evsjv fvlvq •eòe c`vewji Avw` iPwqZv evsjv  AcÖavb kvLv- 2wU : ag©g½j, wkeg½j/ KvwjKvg½j|
mvwn‡Zï cÖ_g gvbeZvev`x Kwe PÐx`vm|  g½j Kv‡eï Kwe : Kvbv nwi`Ë, bvivqY‡è, gvwbK
ÒGgb wcixwZ Kfz bvwn †`wL ¯Íwb| `Ë, fviZP›`ª ivq¸YvKi, gyKz›ìvg PµeZx© cÖgyL|
civ‡b civY evÜv Avcbv Avcwb|Ó
 ev½vwj •eòe mvwn‡Zï im I Avb‡›ì msev` †c‡q‡Q gbmvg½j
PÐx`v‡mi c`vewj †_‡K| Avw`Kwe- Kvbv nwi`Ë [cvm‡cvU© I Bwg‡MÖkb Awa`ß‡ii mn.
 ‣PZb¨‡è Zvui c`vewj ï‡b †gvwnZ n‡Zb| cwiPvjK: 07; †Rjv `yb©xwZ `gb Awdmvi: 94]
‡kÖô Kwe- bvivqY‡è
D‡jøL‡hvM¨ cO&w³ : PwiÎ- Pvu` mI`vMi [23Zg wewmGm] (†èZv-we‡ivax
Kj‡¼i Wvwj gv_vq Kwiqv ‡Zvgvi jvwMqv Kj‡¼i nvi PwiÎ), †eûjv, jwL›ì, mbKv
Avbj †fRvB N‡i| Mjvq cwi‡Z myL|
g‡b weRq¸ß cÙc~ivY wecÖ`vm wcwcjvB
mevi Dci gvbyl mZ¨ mB †Kg‡b awie wnqv ivLyb : gbmvweRq
Zvnvi Dci bvB [21Zg wewmGm] Avgvi euayqv Avb evwo hvq
`yûu †Kv‡i `yûu Kvu‡` we‡”Q` fvweqv Avgvi AvwObv w`qv| → g½jKv‡eï g‡a¨ c«vPxbZg kvLv- gbmvg½j|
Ava wZj bv †`wL‡j hvq †h gwiqv|
→ mc© †èx gbmv/cÙveZxi Kvwnbx Aej¤^‡b iwPZ
mB †K ïbvBj k¨vg bvg| g½jKve¨| [Kg©ms¯’vb I cÖwkÿY ey¨‡ivi Dc-cwiPvjK: 07]
→ Avw` KweÑ Kvbvnwi `Ë (Rb¥ gqgbwmsn †Rjvi → fviZP›`ª ga¨hy‡Mi/g½jhy‡Mi me©‡kl [28Zg wewmGm;
bv›`vBj Dc‡Rjvi wms‣ij `Ëevwo‡Z)| mgvR‡mev Awa`ß‡ii cÖ‡ekb Awdmvi: 13] cÖavb Kwe/ †kÖô Kwe
→ evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ kv³MxwZ avivi cÖeZ©K- ivgcÖmv` †mb| [6ô we‡RGm; evsjv‡`k e¨vsK mn. cwi: 04] evsjv mvwn‡Zï cÖ_g
[37Zg wewmGm] bvMwiK Kwe|
PÐxg½j → Abœ`v †èxi gnvZ¥¨ cÖPv‡i fevb›` gRyg`v‡ii Rxeb
Kvwnbx Aej¤^‡b wZbwU L‡Ð iwPZ| h_v : wkevqb-
 Avw`Kwe- gvwbK `Ë (AÜ I †Lvuov wQ‡jb)| (‡P․Ï kZK)
Abœ`vg½j, we`¨vmy›ì-KvwjKvg½j, gvbwmsn-
 ‡kÖô Kwe- gyKz›ìvg PµeZ©x| [miKvix gva¨wgK we`¨vjq mn. wk:
2019; f~-ZvwË¡K Rwic Awa`ß‡ii mn. cwi: 07, RbcÖkvmb gš¿Yvj‡qi Abœc~Y©g½j| PÐx I Abœ`v Awfbœ- GKB †èxi `zB bvg|
e¨w³MZ Kg©KZ©v: 15; mn. _vbv wk. Awdmvi: 10] Dcvwa- Kwe K¼b| → cÖavb PwiÎÑ Ck¦ix cvUbx, nxiv gvwjbx|
[cwi‡ek Awa`ß‡ii mn. cwiPvjK (KvwiMwi): 11; ¯îvóª gš¿Yvj‡qi Aaxb → 1752 mv‡j ivRv K…òP‡›`Öi c…ô‡cvlKZvq Zvui mfvKwe
Kviv ZË¡veavqK: 10] ga¨hy‡Mi evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ gvbe i‡mi fviZP›`Ö ivq¸YvKi ÔAbœ`vg½jÕ Kve¨ iPbv K‡ib| Gi
c«_g I GKgvÎ m«óv me©vwaK Rbwc«q Kwe gzKz›ìvg Rb¨ gnvivR K…òP›`Ö Zvu‡K Ôivq¸YvKiÕ Dcvwa †`b [Z_¨
Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib- ea©gvb †Rjvi `vgzb¨v MÖv‡g| Zvui wcZv gš¿Yvj‡qi mnKvix cwiPvjK (MY‡hvMv‡hvM cÖwkÿY): 01]| fzimyU
Ges gvZv- ü`q wgk« Ges ‣èKx| Zvu‡K gyKy›ìvg ciMYvi cvÐzqv MÖv‡g 1712 wLª÷v‡ã Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib|
PµeZ©x‡K ÔKweK¼YÕ Dcvwa †`b- †gw`bxczi †Rjvi [cvm‡cvU© I Bwg‡MÖkb Awa`ß‡ii mn. cwiPvjK: 14] wZwb g„ZzëiY
Aoiv MÖv‡gi Rwg`vi iNybv_ ivq| K‡ib 1760 wLª÷v‡ã| [36Zg wewmGm]
 PÐx bvgK †j․wKK †c․ivwYK †èxi c~Rv cÖPv‡ii Kvwnwb → Ôgvbwmsn fevb›` DcvL¨vbÕ [¯îvóª gš¿Yvj‡qi Aaxb Kviv
Aej¤^‡b wbwg©Z Kve¨| ZË¡veavqK : 10], ÔbMv÷KÕ Ges ÔM½v÷KÕ Kve¨MÖ‡š’i
 cÖavb PwiÎÑ Kvj‡KZz, dyjøiv, fuvoy `Ë [wcwUAvB-Gi iPwqZv- fviZP›`Ö ivq¸YvKi| iex›`Öbv_ fviZP‡›`Öi
BÝUªv±i: 19], abcwZ mI`vMi, jnbv, Lyjøbv| evsjv
Kve¨‡K ÔivRK‡Éi gwYgvjvÕi mv‡_ Zzjbv K‡i‡Qb|
mvwn‡Zï c«_g VM PwiÎ- fvuoy`Ë|
 PÐxg½j Kv‡eï Kvwnbx `yB L‡Ð wef³- Av‡¶wUK LÐ fviZP›`ª ivq¸YvK‡ii cO&w³
I ewYK LÐ|Av‡¶wUK L‡Ð ewY©Z n‡q‡Q- e¨va `¤úwZ
ÔAvgvi mšÍvb †hb _v‡K `y‡a fv‡ZÕ e‡j- Ckîx cvUbx
Kvj‡KZz I dzjøivi Kvwnwb|
KZ…©K PÐx‡èZv‡K ÔAbœ`vg½jÕ Kv†e¨ [17Zg I 23Zg wewmGm;
 ewYK L‡Ð ewY©Z n‡q‡Q- bvqK abcwZ mI`vMvi I Zvi ciivóª gš¿Yvjq- 2019 (e¨w³MZ Kg©KZ©v); mve-‡iwR÷ªvi : 16; RbcÖkvm‡bi Aaxb
`yB ¯¿x- jnbv I Lyjøbvi Kvwnwb| wcGmwmi mnKvix cwiPvjK: 16; ewnivMgb I cvm‡cvU© Awa`ß‡ii mnKvix cwiPvjK:
11; wcGmwmi mnKvix cwiPvjK: 16 ]
 ÔwccxwjKvi cvLv nq gwievi Z†iÕ Dw³KvixÑ dyjøiv; bMi cywo‡j wK †èvjq Govq? g‡š¿i mvab wKsev
PÐxg½‡j| kix‡ii cvZb|
 Ô¯^fve KweÕ ejv nq- ‡Mvwe›`P›`ª `vm‡K| Z‡e Òeoi wcixwZ evwji euva!
PÐxg½‡ji ¯^fve Kwe ejv nq— wØR gvae‡K| ÿ‡Y nv‡Z `wo, ÿ‡Y‡K Puv`Ó| [ mnKvix AvenvIqvwe`: 04]
ag©g½j g‡b ivLyb :
o Avw`Kwe- gq~i fÆ| ‡kÖô Kwe- Nbivg PµeZ©x| ʘ KvwjKvg½j ev we`¨vmy›`‡ii Avw`KweÑ Kwe K¼|
cÖ†YZvÑ iƒcivg PµeZ©x| [mgvmKj¨vY gš¿Yvj‡qi mgvR‡mev ʘ mvwewi` Lvb wj‡L‡QbÑ we`¨vmy›ì/ we`¨vmy›ìÕ MÖ‡š’i
Awdmvi: 10] Abyev`K- mvwewi` Lvb| [¯^v¯’¨ I cwievi cwiKíbv gš¿Yvjq-
o ag©VvKyi bvgK cyiæl †èZvi gvnvZ¥¨ c«Pv‡ii Rb¨ 2019 (Dc-mnKvix cÖ‡K․kjx- wmwfj)], imyj weRq|
iwPZ| Avw` KweÑ gq~i fÆ (Kve¨- nvK›` cyivY)| ʘ ivg cÖmv` †mbÑ KweiÄb| be ivRv K…òP›`ª Zv‡K
o iPwqZvÑ gq~i fÆ, Avw` iƒcivg, †Ljvivg PµeZ©x, ÒKweiÄbÓ Dcvwa cÖ`vb K‡ib|
k¨vg cwÐZ, Nbivg PµeZ©x, biwmsn emy|
o ag©g½‡ji PwiÎmg‚n Ñ jvD†mb, nwið›`ª, Kc©‚i Rxebx mvwnZ¨
†mb,gnvg` cvÎ| †Kvb weL¨vZ e¨w³i Rxebx‡K †K›`ª K‡i †h ¯‘wZg~jK mvwnZ¨
o Kve¨ wef³- 2wU cvjvq (ivRv nwið‡›`«i Mí I iwPZ nq, ZvB RxebxmvwnZ¨| ga¨hy‡M kÖx •PZb¨‡è I Zvi
jvD‡m‡bi Mí)| KwZcq wk‡lï RxebKvwnbx Aej‡¤^b GB Rxebx mvwn‡Zï
m„wó| Z‡e Gi g‡a¨ •PZb¨ RxebxB cÖavb| ‣PZb¨ †è
Abœ`vg½j wQ‡jb- •eòe a‡g©i cÖPviK| [Kviv Awa`ß‡ii Kviv ZË¡veavqK: 13;
f~wg gš¿Yvj‡qi cÖkvmwbK Kg©KZ©v: 13]
→ cÖavb Kwe : 18 kZ‡Ki fviZP›`ª ivq ¸YvKi| [mnKvix
cwievi cwiKíbv Awdmvi: 16; mnKvix Dc‡Rjv wkÿv Awdmvi: 10] → •PZb¨‡`‡ei Rxebx MÖš’‡K ÔKoPvÕ bv‡g AwfwnZ Kiv
n‡q‡Q|
→ •PZb¨‡`‡ei cÖ_g Rxebx MÖš’ ms¯‥…Z fvlvq iwPZ| cÖ_g Kg©KZ©v: 09; miKvwi gva¨wgK we`¨vj‡qi mnKvix wkÿK; 06]|
Kwe
Rxebx †jLK gyivwi ¸ß| gyivwi ¸‡ßi KoPv bv‡g e„›`veb`vm‡K •PZb¨jxjvi e¨vm ejv n‡q‡Q|
cwiwPZ Kv‡Ri cÖK…Z bvg kÖx kÖx K…ò‣PZb¨ PwiZvg„Z| → evsjvq •PZb¨ †`‡ei wØZxq RxebxMÖš’ †jvPb `v‡mi
→ evsjv fvlvq kÖx‣PZ‡bï cÖ_g RxebxKve¨ iPbv K‡ib •PZb¨g½j|
e„›`veb `vm [40Zg wewmGm; kÖg cwi`ß‡ii RbmsL¨v I cwieviKj¨vY
‣PZb¨‡`‡ei RxebxwfwËK Rxebx MÖš’ Ab¨vb¨ Rxebx MÖš’
†jvPb `vmÑ •PZb¨g½j †Mvwe›``v‡miÑ KoPv nwiPiY `vm- A‣ØZg½j
Rqvb›`Ñ •PZb¨g½j K…ò`vm KweivRÑ ‣PZb¨PwiZvg„Z (1615) ‣mq` myjZvb- bex esk, ke-B-wgivR, imyj weRq
Pzovgwb`vmÑ †M․iv½ weRq e„›`veb `vm- ‣PZb¨-fvMeZ Ckvb bvMi- A‣ØZcÖKvk
→ evsjv fvlvq me©v‡cÿv Z_ëûj kÖx‣PZb¨ Rxebx Kve¨ Ô‣PZb¨PwiZvg„ZÕ K…ò`vm KweivR KZ…©K iwPZ nIqvq Zvu‡K
•PZb¨ Kv‡eï †kÖô Kwe ejv nq| [f~wg I cÖwZiÿv gš¿Yvj‡qi cÖkvmwbK Kg©KZ©v: 13]
kÖx •PZb¨‡è
kÖx •PZb¨‡è 1486 wLª. 18B †deªæqvwi kwbevi beØx‡c Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib Ges 1533 wLª. cyix‡Z
gviv hvb| •PZ‡bï evj¨ bvg ev wcZ… cÖ`Ë bvg wQj wbgvB| †`ne‡Y©i Rb¨ bvg nq †Mviv ev
†M․iv½| Zvi cÖK…Z bvg wQj Ôwek^¤¢iÕ| Zvui weL¨vZ Dw³- ÔgywP n‡q ïwP nq hw` K…ò f‡RÕ| mbœ¨vm
MÖn‡Yi ci kÖxK…ò•PZb¨ ms‡ÿ‡c •PZb¨ bv‡g cwiwPZ nb|ga¨hy‡Mi evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ ‡h ag©cÖPviK-
Gi cÖfve Acwimxg- kÖx •PZb¨‡è| (36Zg wewmGm) 24 ermi eq‡m wZwb Kv‡Uvqvi †Kke fviZxi
Kv‡Q mbœ¨vm MÖnY K‡ib Ges ÔkÖx‣PZb¨Õ bv‡g L¨vZ nb|
gwm©qv mvwnZ¨
gwm©qv K_vwU Aviwe [¯îvóª gš¿Yvj‡qi Aax‡b mnKvix imvqbwe`: 01/Zzjv Dbœqb †ev‡W©i Kg©KZ©v: 97], hvi A_© †kvK cÖKvk Kiv A_v©r gwm©qv GK
ai‡bi †kvKKve¨ ev †kvKMxwZ [cvwb Dbœqb †ev‡W©i Awdm mnKvix: 19; Avbmvi I wfwWwc Awa`ß‡ii mv‡K©j A¨vWRy‡U›U: 10; miKvwi gva¨wgK we`¨vj‡qi
mnKvix wkÿK: 11; RvZxq msm` mwPevj‡q mnKvix cwiPvjK: 06] | Aviwe mvwn‡Z¨ gwm©qvi D™¢e bvbv ai‡bi †kvKven NUbv †_‡K n‡jI c‡i
Zv Kvievjv cÖvšÍ‡i wbnZ Bgvg †nv‡mb I Ab¨vb¨ knx`‡K DcRxe¨ K‡i †jLv KweZv gwm©qv bv‡g AvL¨vwqZ nq| Aviwe mvwnZ¨
†_‡K gwm©qv Kve¨ dviwm mvwn‡Z¨ ¯’vb cvq| fvi‡Z †gvNj Avgj kvmb cÖwZwôZ n‡j G‡`‡k dviwm fvlvq gwm©qv cÖPwjZ nq|
GiB avivevwnKZvq evsjv fvlvq gwm©qv mvwn‡Zï cÖPjb|
→ evsjv gwm©qv mvwn‡Zï Avw` Kwe †kL dqRyjøvn| wZwb iPbv K‡ib ÔRqb‡ei †P․wZkvÕ (1570)|
→ PÆMÖvg AÂ‡ji [38Zg wewmGm wcÖwj:] †`․jZ DwRi evnivg Lvb iPbv K‡ibÑR½bvgv| R½bvgv Kve¨ Kvievjvi welv`gq hy×-
weMÖn Gi welqe¯‘|
→ nvqvr gvgy`ÑR½bvgv| gyn¤§` LvbÑ hy×-weMÖn welqK ÔR½bvgvÕ / g³zj †nv‡mb Kve¨ (1635) (me©v‡cÿv cÖvPxb-
R½bvgv) †kÖô Kvievjv m¤^Üxq MÖš’|
→ ÔKvwk‡gi jovBÕ Kv‡eï iPwqZv KvRx ‡kiivR [gnv wnmve wbixÿK I wbqš¿‡Ki Kvhv©j‡qi AwWUi: 11] Ges Ônvwbdvi jovBÕ Kv‡eï
iPwqZv Avãyj nvwKg|
bv_ mvwnZ¨
 bv_ a‡g©i HwZnvwmK hyM wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ `kg I GKv`k kZ‡K bv_ mvwn‡Zï m~Pbv nq|
 evsjv mvwn‡Zï ga¨hy‡Mi bv_a‡g©i Kvwnbx Aej¤^‡b iwPZ AvL¨vwqKv Kve¨ bv_ mvwnZ¨ bv‡g cwiwPZ|
 †e․× a‡g©i m‡½ •ke ag© wg‡k G ag©g‡Zi DrcwË| wke n‡jb Avw`bv_ Ges Zvi wkl¨ gxbbv_ ev gr‡m¨›`ªbv_ n‡jb bv_
a‡g©i cÖwZôvZv| bv_ A_© cÖfz| DcRxe¨ : Avw`bv_ wke, gxbbv_, cve©Zx, †MvcxP‡›`ªi Kvwnbx|
 bv_ mvwnZ¨ 2 cÖKvi| h_v: gxbbv_ I Zvui wkl¨ gr‡m¨›`ªbv‡_i Kvwnbx Ges ivRv †MvcxP‡›`ªi mbœ¨vm|
 bv_ mvwnZ¨ cÖK…Zc‡ÿ MxwZKv ev e¨vjvW wn‡m‡e cÖPwjZ|
 1878 wLª. cÖ_gevi RR© Aveªvnvg wMÖqvimb iscyi †_‡K msM„nxZ GKwU MxwZKv ÔgvwbKP›`ª ivRvi MvbÕ bvg w`‡q GwkqvwUK
†mvmvBwUi Rvb©v‡j cÖKvk K‡ib| cieZ©xKv‡j DËi I c~e© e‡½i wewfbœ AÂj †_‡K gqbvgZxi Mvb (fevbx `vm),
†MvcxPu‡›`ªi Mvb (ïKyi gvngy`), †MvcxP‡›`ªi mbœ¨vm BZ¨vw` bv‡g GKB Kvwnbx wfwËK cyuw_ Avwe®‥…Z n‡q‡Q hv †_‡K bv_
mvwn‡Zï cwiPq jvf Kiv hvq|
 gymjgvb n‡qI bv_ mvwnZ¨ iPbv K‡ib- †kL dqRyjøvn| wZwb bv_ mvwn‡Zï Avw` I cÖavb Kwe| Zvui Kve¨wU Avwe®‥vi
K‡ib- Ave`yj Kwig mvwnZ¨ wekvi`|
m¤úv`bv Kwe Kve¨ bv_ mvwn‡Zï Ab¨vb¨ Kwe

Ave`yj Kwig †kL dqRyjøvn †Mviÿ weRq [37Zg wewmGm wcÖwj:] k¨vg`vm †mb, fevbx `vm
W. cÂvbb gÐj fxg †mb ‡MvL©weRq
†jvKmvwnZ¨
Rbmvavi‡Yi gy‡L gy‡L cÖPwjZ Muv_v Kvwnbx, Mvb, Qov, avuavu, cÖev`-cÖPb BZ¨vw` [28Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi, kÖg cwi`ß‡ii cwievi Kj¨vY
Kg©KZ©v : 09] ‡jvKmvwnZ¨ ejv nq| AviI mn‡R ejv hvq, †Kvb m¤úª`vq ev Rb‡Mvôxi AwjwLZ mvwnZ¨B †jvKmvwnZ¨|
†jvKmvwnZ¨ gy‡L gy‡L cÖPvwiZ _v‡K e‡j Zv‡Z cÖvPxb‡Z¡i wb`k©b _v‡K bv| Z‡e G¸‡jv AwZ cÖvPxb Kv‡ji m„wó|
†jvKmvwnZ¨
Qov Mvb ev MxwZKv ev K_v auvav cÖev`

†jvKMxwZ †jvKMxwZKv
iƒcK_v DcK_v eªZK_v
bv_ mvwnZ¨ gqgbwmsn c~e©e½

MxwZKv MxwZKv
Qov
†jvKmvwn‡Zï cÖvPxbZg m„wó Qov| [evsjv‡`k cjøx we`y¨Zvqb †evW© Gi mnKvix cwiPvjK: 16; mve-‡iwR÷ªvi wbe©vPbx cixÿv: 92, †ewmK e¨vsK wj. A¨vwm÷¨v›U
g¨v‡bRvi: 12] Qov¸‡jv we‡kl †Kvb e¨w³i m„wó e‡j g‡b Kiv hvq bv, Gi m„wói wcQ‡b mgwó g‡bi cÖfve Kvh©Ki| Qovi Q›`
evsjv KweZvi cÖvPxbZg Q›`| Qovi Q›` ¯îvNvZ ev k^vmvNvZ cÖavb Q›`| c‡e©i Avw` ¯^‡i k^vmvNvZ c‡o e‡j GB bvg †`qv
n‡q‡Q| G‡K †j․wKK Q›Ì ejv nq|
Mvb ev †jvKMxwZ
†Kvb ARvbv †jvKKwe KZ©„K iwPZ we‡kl we‡kl fve Aej¤^‡b iwPZ †hLv‡b †Kvb Kvwnbx _v‡K bv eis Zv †jvK mgv‡R MxZ n‡q P‡j
G‡m‡Q Zv †jvKMxwZ bv‡g cwiwPZ|
cUzqv cwðge‡½i cwðg mxgvšÍeZ©x KwZcq †Rjvi wPÎKi ev cUzqv‡ì m½xZ| Zviv †è‡èxi wPÎ A¼b K‡i Mvb
†M‡q Zv weµq KiZ| G m½x‡Zi welqe¯‘ wQjÑ K…òjxjv ivgvqY I gbmvg½j|
fv`y cwðge‡½i mxgvšÍeZ©x †Rjvi Kzgvix‡ì g‡a¨ fv`ª gv‡m fv`ycyRvi MxZ| cÖK…wZ e›`bv Gi welqe¯‘|
Szgyi Avwèvmx‡ì (muvIZvj) Mvb| M¤¢xiv DËie½ (PvucvBbeveMÄ)| Gi welqe¯‘ wke|
fvIqvBqv iscyi I Zvi Av‡kcv‡kÑ Gi welqe¯‘ †cÖg|
Rvwi Mvb c~e© gqgbwmsnÑ Gi welqe¯‘ ivavK…‡òi †cÖg Gi welqe¯‘|
fvwUqvjx b`-b`x c~Y© gqgbwmsn AÂ‡ji eªþcyÎ b‡ì DËi-c~e© w`‡Ki Mvb|
MxwZKv gqgbwmsn MxwZKv

GK ‡kÖwYi AvL¨vbg~jK †jvKMxwZ evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ MxwZKv W. `x‡bkP›`ª †m‡bi D‡`¨v‡M evsjv‡`‡ki wewfbœ ¯’vb †_‡K
bv‡g cwiwPZ| Bs‡iwR Ballad [26Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi] kãwU †h me MxwZKv msM„nxZ n‡qwQj Zv KjKvZv wek^we`¨vjq
divwm Ballet ev b„Z¨ kã †_‡K G‡m‡Q| Ballad ej‡Z KZ©„K ‣ggbwmsn MxwZKvÕ, Ôc~e©e½MxwZKvÕ bv‡g Pvi L‡Ð
AvL¨vbg~jK †jvKm½xZ‡K eySvq| MxwZKv Kvwnbx cÖavb 1923 mv‡j cÖKvwkZ nq| e„nËi gqgbwmsn †Rjvi c~e©vs‡k
MwZkxj †jvKm½xZ‡K eySvq| evsjv‡`k †_‡K msM„nxZ †bÎ‡Kvbv, wK‡kviMÄ, nweM‡Ä mvaviY RbmgvR †KvP,
MxwZKv¸‡jv K‡qK fv‡M wef³| h_v- bv_ MxwZKv, Mv‡iv, nvRs, ivReskx cÖf…wZ gvZ…Zvwš¿K mgv‡Ri •ewkó¨
•ggbwmsn MxwZKv, c~e©e½ MxwZKv cÖf…wZ|
LvBiæjÕm cÖv_wgK wkÿK wb‡qvM mnvwqKv evsjv mvwnZ¨ Ͽ 203
‣ggbwmsn MxwZKvq cÖwZdwjZ n‡q‡Q| ‣ggbwmsn AÂj gvbeRxe‡bi wewPÎ AwfRvZI †hgb G‡Z iƒcvwqZ n‡q I‡V,
‡_‡K msM„nxZ MxwZKvi bvg- †Zgwb †ivgvÝag©x Kíbvi weKvkI G‡Z ¯’vb cvq| †Kvb †Kvb
Kvwnbx‡Z Rxe‡bi myL-`ytL, Avb›`-‡e`bvi wPÎ, †Kv_vI
 gûqv : wØR KvbvB [26Zg wewmGm]
Rxe‡bi †QvULvU Am½wZ, †Kv_vI Abvwej †K․ZzK i‡mi
 Kgjv : wØR Bkvb mÂvi, †Kv_vI bxwZcÖPviÑ G ai‡bi e³e¨ †jvKK_vq jÿ¨
 ‡Ìqvbv gw`bv : gbmyi eqvwZ [Dc‡Rjv cÖv_wgK wkÿv Awdmvi: 05] Kiv hvq| we‡kî mKj †`‡kB iƒcK_v RvZxq Kvwnbxi cÖPjb
 P›`ªveZx I RqP›`ª : bqvbPvu` †Nvl [Avbmvi I wfwWwc i‡q‡Q| G‡K Bs‡iwR‡Z Fairy tale ejv nq| Aev¯Íe,
Awa`ß‡ii mv‡K©j A¨vWRy‡U›U : 10]
A‡j․wKK I Awek^vm¨ NUbvejx Gi DcRxe¨| Avie¨
 iƒceZx : AÁvZ Dcb¨v‡mi Mí GB †kÖwYi| cÖ‡Z¨K †jvKK_vi GK ev
 KvRj‡iLv : AÁvZ GKvwaK †g․wjK DwÏó welq _v‡K| Zv‡K Bs‡iwR‡Z Motif
 ‡Ìqvb fvebv : AÁvZ ejv nq|
 `myy¨ ‡Kbviv‡gi cvjv : P›`ªveZx
 we`¨vmy›ì : KweK¼
iƒcK_v
iƒcK_vi gva¨‡g GK ARvbv inm¨gq RM‡Zi wewPÎ Kvwnbx
 gjyqv : P›`ªveZx
†kÖvZvi Kv‡Q cwi‡ewkZ nq| †f․‡MvwjK gvcKvwV‡Z †m me
→ gqgbwmsn MxwZKv we‡kî 23wU fvlvq Ab~w`Z nq| iv‡Rï †Kvb cwiPq _v‡K bv| A‡j․wKK I Awek^vm¨ NUbv
[Avg`vwb-ißvwb Awa`ß‡ii wbe©vnx Awdmvi: 07] G‡Z fxo K‡i|
→ KjKvZv wek^we`¨vj‡qi Aa¨vcK `x‡bkP›`ª †mb `wÿYviÄb wgÎÑ VvKzi `v`vi Szwj, VvKzigvi Szwj
gqgbwmsn MxZ I cvjv¸‡jv msMÖ‡ni Rb¨ eZ©gvb D‡c›`ªwK‡kvi ivqÑ UzbUzwbi eB
†bÎ‡KvYv †Rjvi AvB_i MÖv‡gi Awaevmx ÔP›`ªKzgvi †`Õ
†K msMÖvnK wn‡m‡e wb‡qvwRZ K‡ib| [37Zg wewmGm DcK_v : cïcÿxi PwiÎ Aej¤^‡b †hme Kvwnbx M‡o
wcÖwjwgbvwi, GbGmAvB Gi mnKvix cwiPvjK: 19; miKvwi gva¨wgK D‡V‡Q †m¸‡jvi bvg DcK_v|
we`¨vj‡qi mnKvix wkÿK : 19]
eªZK_v : evsjv‡`‡ki wewfbœ AÂ‡ji †g‡qjx eª‡Zi m‡½
→ 1923 mv‡j W. `x‡bkP›`ª †m‡bi m¤úv`bvq [evsjv‡`k K…wl
m¤úwK©Z Kvwnbx Aej¤^‡b eªZK_v bv‡g GK ai‡bi
e¨vsK Awdmvi: 17; ¯îvóª gš¿Yvj‡qi ewnivMg I cvm‡cvU© Awa`ß‡ii
mnKvix cwiPvjK: 11] KjKvZv wek^we`¨vjq †_‡K Ô•ggbwmsn †jvK K_vi weKvk N‡U‡Q|
MxwZKvÕ bv‡g cÖ_g cÖKvwkZ nq| MxwZKv¸‡jv‡Z AwZ
mvaviY gvby‡li Avkv-AvKv•ÿv, myL-`y:L, Avb›`- cÖev`
‡e`bv, PvIqv-cvIqv, AvPvi-eënvi cÖf…wZ RxešÍ n‡q → cÖev` ej‡Z †evSvq gvby‡li `xN©Kv‡ji AwfÁZvi
D‡V‡Q hv evsjvi HwZn¨‡K aviY K‡i| ZvB †kÖvZv‡ì GKwU mswÿß Awfe¨w³|
Rb¨ GB Ag~j¨ iZbmg~n msMÖn K‡i ¯§iYxq n‡q Av‡Qb → cÖev‡` Av‡Q Ávb I mZ¨ cÖPv‡ii cÖ‡Póv, Av‡Q
P›`ªKzgvi †` I `x‡bkP›`ª ‡mb| e³e¨‡K imvZ¥K K‡i cÖKvk Kivi Rb¨ mshZ
→ gûqv cvjvi cÖavb PwiÎ gûqv, b‡ì Pvu`| gqgbwmsn kãweb¨vm| ZvB cÖev` n‡”Q Kv‡eï Nbxf~Z wbh©vm ev
MxwZKvi DcvL¨vb- RqP›`ª P›`ªveZx| Kve¨KwYKv|
→ wewfbœ cÖev` : Ôhw` _v‡K eÜzi gb MvO cviB‡Z
c~e©e½ MxwZKv KZÿY?Õ GKwU cÖev`| [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK: 93]
c~e©e½ MxwZKv bv‡g cwiwPZ MxwZKv¸‡jvi wKQz c~e©
gqgbwmsn †_‡K Ges Aewkó MxwZKv †bvqvLvjx, PÆMÖvg
AÂj †_‡K msM„nxZ G mKj MxwZKvi g‡a¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨| avuavu
c~e©e½ MxwZKvi msMÖvnK W. `x‡bkP›`ª †mb I P›`ªKzgvi †`| auvavu wRÁvmv Ges †m m‡ei DËi `v‡bi gva¨‡g eyw×e„wËi
[37Zg wewmGm] cwiPq cvIqv hvq| Ôeb †_‡K †eiæj wU‡q †mvbvi †Uvci
gv_vq w`‡qÕ [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK: 93] GKwU avuauvi
ÒwbRvg WvKv‡Zi cvjvÕ, ÔKvdb †PvivÕ Ô†P․ayixi jovBÕ, D`vniY| AviI wKQz avuavui D`vniY- ÔnvZ bvB cv bvB,
Ô†fjyqvÕ, ÔKgj mi`viÕ, Ô Avqbv weweÕ, ÔKgjv ivYxi MvbÕ †`‡k ‡`‡k ‡Nv‡i, Afve co‡j gvbyl Abvnv‡i g‡iÕ; ÔwZb
BZ¨vw`| Ô†fjyqvÕ cvjvq bvix ü`‡qi AvwZ© cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q| Aÿ‡i bvg hvi R‡j evm K‡i gv‡Si Aÿi KvuUv w`‡j D‡o
K_v ev †jvKK_v ev †jvKKvwnbx †h‡Z cv‡iÕ; ÔAv‡Q hZ, Avm‡e ZZ, Zvi A‡a©K, A‡a©‡Ki
A‡a©K, Zzwgmn k‡ZK fvBÕ|
M‡`ï gva¨‡g Kvwnbx ewY©Z n‡j Zv‡K †jvKK_v
(Folklore) e‡j| †jvKK_vq Dcv`vb •ewPÎäg©x|
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. ‡Kvb Kwe wMqvm DÏxb AvRg kv‡ni ivRKg©Pvix wQ‡jb? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 92]
K. CkîP›`ª L. kvn gyn¤§` mMxi M. •mq` nvgRv N. R‡q` DwÏb DËi : L
02. ga¨hyMxq GK ‡kÖwYi ag©welqK AvL¨vb Kv‡eï D`vniY- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK: 93]
K. MxwZKve¨ L. g½jKve¨ M. RxebxKve¨ N. Ph©¨vPh©¨wewbðq DËi : L
03. Ômevi Dc‡i gvbyl mZ¨, Zvnvi Dci bvBÕ- Dw³wU Kvi? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 18]
K. iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi L. KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg M. kirP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq N. PÐx`vm DËi : N
04. Ôg½jKve¨Õ mg~‡ni welqe¯‘ g~jZ- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (PÆMÖvg wefvM): 06; cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (ewikvj wefvM) : 05]
K. †jvKm½xZ L. ga¨hy‡Mi mgvR eë¯’vi eY©bv M. ag©welqK AvL¨vb N. cxi cvuPvjx DËi : M
05. Pvu` m`vMi evsjvi †Kvb Kveävivi PwiÎ? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (ewikvj wefvM) : 07]
K. PÐxg½j L. gbmvg½j M. Abœ`vg½j N. ag©g½j DËi : L
06. ‡KvbwU Kwe fviZP‡›`ªi Dcvwa? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (‡WjUv) : 14]
K. ivq¸YvKi L. KweKÉnvi M. KweK¼b N. KweiÄb DËi : K
07. Ô‡jvKmvwnZ¨Õ Kv‡K e‡j? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 18]
K. †jv‡Ki gy‡L gy‡L cÖPwjZ Kvwnbx, Mvb, Qov BZ¨vw` L. MÖvgxY AwkwÿZ I AL¨vZ †jv‡Ki m„ó iPbv‡K
M. MÖvgxY bibvixi cÖYq msewjZ DcvL¨vb‡K N. †jvK mvavi‡Yi Kj¨v‡Y †èZvi ¯‘wZg~jK iPbv‡K D : K
08. Ôhw` _v‡K eÜzi gb MvO civB‡Z KZÿYÕ?-GwU †Kvb cÖKv‡ii †jvKmvwnZ¨? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK : 93]
K. cÖev` L. avuavu M. K_v N. Qov DËi : K
09. Ôeb †_‡K ‡eiæj wU‡q †mvbvi †Uvci gv_vq w`‡q|Õ GwU wK‡mi D`vniY? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK : 93]
K. cÖev‡ì L. Dcgvi M. avuavui N. Qovi DËi : M
10. ‣ggbwmsn MxwZKvi ÔgûqvÕ cvjvi iPwqZv- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (PÆMÖvg wefvM) : 07]
K. wØR Ckvb L. wØR KvbvB M. bqvbPvu` †Nvl N. P›`ªveZx DËi : L
11. ‣ggbwmsn MxwZKvÕi msMÖvnK †K? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK : 93]
K. W. Avï‡Zvl fÆvPvh© L. W. Avkivd wmwÏKx
M. W. `x‡bkP›`ª †mb N. W. †Mvjvg mvKjv‡qb DËi : M
Abyev` mvwnZ¨  ivgvqY gnvKv‡e¨ Avh© mf¨Zv I ms¯‥…wZi me©vZ¥K

weKv‡ki iƒc dz‡U D‡V‡Q|
c‡bi kZ‡Ki †klv‡a© Kwe K…wËevm KZ©„K ms¯‥…Z ivgvq‡Yi  ivgvq‡Yi cÖ_g I †kÖô Abyev`K K…wËevm ISv
e½vbyev‡ì gva¨‡g Abyev` mvwn‡Zï m~ÎcvZ N‡U| (ga¨hy‡Mi cÖ_g Abyev`)| Zvui Ab~w`Z bvg ÔivgvqYÕ|
evsjv‡`‡k Avh© mf¨Zvi m¤úªmvi‡Y ms¯‥…Z fvlvq ag©kv¯¿ [15Zg wewmGm wjwLZ]
Kve¨ I bvUKvw` iwPZ nq| ms¯‥…Z iwPZ ivgvqY, gnvfviZ,  wbZ¨vb›` AvPvh© (A™¢yZvPvh©) iwPZ A™¢~Z Avðh©
fvMeZ I Ab¨vb¨ cyivY MÖš’ mvwn‡Zï †kÖôZg wb`k©b wn‡m‡e ivgvqYK_v (A™¢~Z ivgvqY)
evOvwj‡K wegy» K‡i‡Q| Ab~w`Z MÖš’¸‡jv‡Z Abyev`Kiv g~j  ivgvq‡Yi PwiÎ :
e³e¨ wVK †i‡L gv‡S-gv‡S wb‡R‡ì gZvgZ e¨³ K‡i‡Qb| ivg GB DcvL¨v‡bi bvqK| weòzi mßg AeZvi ivg
Kweiv cqvi Q‡›` G mKj mvwnZ¨ Abyev` Ki‡Zb| gymjgvb wQ‡jb ivRv `ki_ I Zvui ‣R¨ôv gwnlx
Kweiv Abyev` Ki‡Zb dviwm, wnw›`, ms¯‥…wZ cÖf…wZ fvlvi †K․kjvi •R¨ô I wcÖqZg cyÎ|
mvwnZ¨mg~n| GB mKj mvwnwZ¨K‡ì Abyev`K…Z mvwn‡Zï mxZv iv‡gi wcÖqZgv cZœx Ges ivRv Rb‡Ki cvwjZv
bvg Ô†ivgvwÈK cÖY‡qvcL¨vbÕ| Kb¨v| mxZvi Aci bvg RvbKx| wZwb weòzcZœx
ivgvqY j²xi AeZvi|
nbygvb wKw®‥Ü¨v iv‡Rï GK evbi| wZwb wk‡ei AeZvi
 ms¯‥…Z Kwe evj¥xwK (iZœvKi) [K‡›Uªvjvi †Rbv‡ij wW‡dÝ Kvh©vj‡qi
Aaxb AwWUi: 14; †mvbvjx, RbZv, AMÖYx I iæcvjx e¨vsK wj. wmwbqi Awdmvi: 03] Ges iv‡gi Av`k© f³|
ms¯‥…Z fvlvq [6ô we‡RGm] ivgvqY iPbv K‡ib| `my¨ jÿY iv‡gi åvZv|
iZœvKi DB‡cvKvi wXwei Dci e‡m ivg bv‡gi Zcm¨v iveY j¼vi ivÿmivR|
Ki‡Zb e‡j Zvi bvg nq evj¥xwK| `ki_ A‡hva¨vi ivRv I iv‡gi wcZv| Zvui wZb cZœx :
 ivgvqY n‡jv ms¯‥…Z fvlvq Avw`/cÖvPxb gnvKve¨| wkím¤§Z I †K․kj¨v, •K‡Kqx I mywgÎv| ivg e¨ZxZ Aci
Avj¼vwiK Kve¨K…wZ iƒ‡c ivgvqYB cÖ_g Kve¨| wZb cyÎ : fiZ, j²Y I kÎæNœ|
evsjv mvwn‡Zï cÖ_g gwnjv Kwe I igvq‡Yi cÖ_g Abyev`K Kg©KZ©v : 19] Zvi Ab~w`Z weL¨vZ cO&w³-
P›`ªveZx| [9g we‡RGm (mnKvix RR) cÖv_wgK cixÿv: 14] wZwb Ôgnvfvi‡Zi K_v Ag„Z mgvb,
wK‡kviMÄ †Rjvi Awaevmx wQ‡jb| Zvi wcZv gbmvg½j Kvkxivg `vm f‡b †kv‡b c~Yëvb|Õ
iPwqZv Kwe wØR eskx`vm|  kÖxKib›`x Ab~w`Z MÖ‡š’i bvg ÒQzwULvbx gnvfviZÓ|
civMj Lvi cyÎ QzwU Lv‡bi (cÖK…Z bvg: bmiZ Lvb)
RvZ gnvKve¨ mvwnwZ¨K gnvKve¨ wb‡`©‡k kÖxKi b›`x GwU iPbv K‡ib|
RvZ gnvKve¨ ‡gvU 4wU| kvnbvgv- †di‡`․wm
h_v- ‡gNbvèa Kve¨- gvB‡Kj gnvfvi‡Zi wewfbœ PwiÎ
ivgvqY- evj¥xwK gaym~`b `Ë
gnvfviZ- K…ò •Øcvqb gnvk¥kvb- Kvq‡Kvev` Awfgby¨ AR©yb I myf`ªvi exicyÎ, gnvhy‡× Pµe~¨‡n
†eè¨vm ‡¯úb weRq Kve¨- BmgvBj wbnZ nb|
BwjqvW- †nvgvi †nv‡mb wmivwR AR©yb ‡èivR B‡›`ªi eiRvZ cvÐz I KzšÍxi Z…Zxq
IwWwm-‡nvgvi c¨vivWvBm j÷- Rb wgëb cyÎ, whwb we‡kî †kÖô abya©i wn‡m‡e MY¨
nb|
gnvfviZ `y‡h©vab a„Zivóª I MvÜvixi †R¨ô †K․ie cyÎ,
 gnvfviZ K_vwUi A_© nj fiZ es‡ki gnvb M`vhy‡× cvi`k©x I Ab¨Zg LjPwiÎ|
DcvL¨vb| ‡`ªvYvPvh© Kziæ ivRKzgv‡ii A¯¿wkÿK eªvþY ¸iæ,
 kÖx K…ò ‣Øcvqb ‡eè¨vm gnvfviZ gnvKve¨ iPbv Ak^Ìgvgvi wcZv|
K‡ib| [c~evjx e¨vsK wj. wmwbqi Awdmvi: 12; †`ª․c`x cvÂvjivR `ªæc‡ì Kb¨v I cÂcvÐ‡ei
Avbmvi wfwWwc Awa`ß‡ii mv‡K©j A¨vWRy‡W›U: 10] GKK cZœx [35Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi],
gnvfviZ eªvþYëv`x‡ì RvZxq gnvKve¨| Gi m¤§vb iÿv‡_© gnvhy× msNwUZ nq|
 ‡eè¨vm iwPZ gnvKve¨ ÒgnvfviZÓ cÖvPxb I ga¨hyMxq e¨vm‡è gnvfvi‡Zi iPwqZv gnvb Fwl, a„Zivóª I
fviZ‡Kvl| cvÐz GiB JimRvZ|
 evsjv fvlvq gnvfviZ Kv‡eï cÖ_g Abyev`K Kwe hywawôi a‡g©i eiRvZ †R¨ô cvÐe, avwg©KZv I
wQ‡jb ÔKex›`ª ci‡gk¦iÕ| Zvui Ab~w`Z MÖ‡š’i bvg mZëv`xZvi Rb¨ L¨vZ|
ÔcivMjx gnvfviZÕ| [31Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi] kKzwb MvÜviivR mye‡ji cyÎ KcU `y¨Z µxovq
c„ô‡cvlK wQ‡jb civMj Lvu| cvi`k©x Ab¨Zg LjPiwÎ, †K․ie‡Ì
 DcRxe¨ welq- †K․ie I cvÐ‡ei M…nweev` Ges civgk©`vbKvix gvgv|
Kziæ‡¶Î hz‡×i c‚e©vci NUbvewj| Kziæ‡ÿ‡Îi hy× 18 kÖxK…ò emy‡è I †èKxi Aóg cyÎ, fMevb weòzi
w`b e¨vcx P‡jwQj| Aóg AeZvi, RM‡Z ag©iÿv †nZz Avwef©~Z
 gnvfvi‡Zi †kÖô evsjv Abyev`K m‡Zi kZ‡Ki †è nb|
es‡ki Kwe Kvkxivg `vm| [f~wg I cÖwZiÿv gš¿Yvj‡qi mZëZx kvšÍbyi 2q cÿ, grm¨MÜv bv‡g cwiwPZ,
cÖkvmwbK Kg©KZ©v : 13; ciivóª gš¿Yvj‡qi cÖkvmwbK cy‡Îi bvg- wPÎv½`v I wewPÎexh©|
dviwm ‡_‡K evsjvq Abyev`

g~j MÖš’ g~j iPwqZv Ab~w`Z MÖš’ Abyev`K
BDmyd Iqv RyjvBLv Rvgx BDmyd-‡Rv‡jLv kvn gyn¤§` mMxi [23Zg wewmGm], Ave`yj
nvwKg, Mixeyjøvn
jvBjv Iqv gvRbyb Rvgx jvqjx- gRby ‡`․jZ DwRi evnivg Lvb [mn. _vbv wk. Awdmvi:
10; `yb©xwZ `gb ey¨‡ivi cwi`k©K: 04], gyn¤§` Lv‡qi
- - R½bvgv dwKi Mixeyjøvn
- - b~ibvgv Ave`yj nvwKg
ZvRyjg~jK ¸j-B-eKvIjx B¾Zzjøvn ¸‡j eKvIjx bIqvwRm Lvb, gynv¤§` gyKxg [_vbv mnKvix wkÿv
Awdmvi: 04]
- - nv‡Zg ZvB mv`Zzjøvn, ‣mq` nvgRv
nßcqKi, wmKv›ìbvgv wbRvgx nßcqKi, wmKv›ìbvgv AvjvIj
mqdzjgyjK-ew`D¾vgvj MvIqvmx mqdzjgyjK-ew`D¾vgvj
Zzûd-B-bvmvCn BDmyd M`v †Zvndv (bxwZKve¨)
wnw›` cÖY‡qvcvL¨vb ‡_‡K evsjvq Abyev`
Ab~w`Z MÖ‡š’i bvg g~j MÖš’ I iPwqZvi bvg Abyev`K
mZxgqbv I ‡jviP›`ªvbx Kwe mvab iwPZ Ô‣gbvmZÕ cÖ_g I wØZxq LÐ : AvjvIj, †`․jZ KvRx
cÙveZx gvwjK ‡gvnv¤§` Rvqmx iwPZ Ôc`ygverÕ AvjvIj [RvZxq ivR¯^ †ev‡W©i mn. ivR¯^ Kg©KZ©v: 15]
gaygvjZx gbSb iwPZ ÒgaygvjZÕ gynv¤§` Kexi, •mq` nvgRv [miKvwi gva¨wgK we`¨vj‡qi
mnKvix wk: 19], gynv¤§` Pzni, kv‡Ki gynv¤§`
‡ivgvw›UK cÖY‡qvcvL¨vb
ga¨hy‡Mi evsjv mvwn‡Zï gymjgvb KweM‡Yi me‡P‡q D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Ae`vb †ivgvw›UK cÖY‡qvcvL¨vb| [mve †iwR÷ªvi: 16; cvewjK mvwf©m
Kwgkb mwPevj‡qi mnKvix mwPe: 05] evsjvi gymjgvb KweM‡Yi g‡a¨ cÖvPxbZg Kwe kvn gyn¤§` mMxi PZ©y`k kZ‡Ki †k‡l ev cÂ`k
kZ‡Ki cÖ_‡g BDmyd-Ry‡jLv Kve¨ iPbv Kivi gva¨‡g GB avivi cÖeZ©b K‡ib| wnw›` I dviwm Kve¨ †_‡K †ivgvw›UK
Kveävivi cÖPjb ïiæ nq| [AvBb, wePvi I msm` welqK gš¿Yvj‡qi mnKvix mwPe: 05]
‡lvj kZK m‡Zi kZK
o †`․jZ DwRi evnivg Lvb: jvBjx gRby o †`․jZ KvRxÑ mZxgqbv I †jviP›`ªvbx
o gyn¤§` Kexi: gaygvjZx o AvjvIjÑ cÙveZx
o mvwewi` Lvb: nvwbdvÑKqivcix, o †Kv‡ikx gvMb VvKziÑ P›`ªveZx
we`¨vmy›ì, imyj weRq o Ave`yj nvwKgÑ jvjgZx mqdzjgyjyK, Kvievjv I knibvgv|
o †`vbvMvRx †P․ayix: mqdzjgyjyKÑ o bIqvwRm LvbÑ ¸‡j eKvIjx
ew`D¾vgvj o gyn¤§` gyKxgÑ g„MveZx
o ‣mq` myjZvb- bexesk| [f~wg I cÖwZiÿv gš¿Yvj‡qi cÖkvmwbK Kg©KZ©v: 13;
Avbmvi I wfwWwc Awa`ß‡ii mv‡K©j A¨vWRy‡U›U: 05]
wZwb PÆMÖv‡gi d‡Znvev` ev Rvdivev` Gi Awaevmx wQ‡jb|
kvn gyn¤§` mMxi [RvZxq ivR¯^ †ev‡W©i mnKvix ivR¯^ Kg©KZ©v: 12] 1560 wLª. KvQvKvwQ
W. gzn¤§` Gbvgzj nK Zvu‡K PÆMÖv‡gi Awaevmx e‡j we‡ePbv mg‡q wbRvg kvn myi KZ©„K †`․jZ DwRi Dcvwa‡Z f~wlZ
K‡i‡Qb| kvn gznv¤§` mMxi AvbzgvwbK 13-14 kZ‡Ki n‡qwQ‡jb| cxif³ evnivg Lv‡bi cÖK…Z bvg Avmv DÏxb|
(cÂ`k kZ‡K) Kwe| gzmwjg Kwe‡ì g‡a¨ wZwbB jvBjx-gRby : Kwe †`․jZ DwRi evnivg Lvb iwPZ jvBjx-
cÖvPxbZg| gRby Kve¨ dviwm Kwe Rvgxi jvBjx Iqv gRbyb bvgK
Kv‡eï fvevbyev`| jvqjx-gRby Kv‡eï DcvL¨vb- cvi‡mï
BDmyd †Rv‡jLv ev Biv‡bi| [‡mvbvjx e¨vsK wjwg‡UW Awdmvi: 18] Ava¨vwZ¥KZvi †P‡q
evsjv mvwn‡Zï cÖY‡qvcvL¨vb avivi cÖvPxbZg evOvwj Kwe/ gvbweK w`K †ewk dz‡U D‡V‡Q| AvwgicyÎ Kv‡qm ewYK Kb¨v
cÖ_g gymjgvb Kwe/cÖvPxbZg gymjgvb Kwe [12Zg I 29Zg jvqjvi †cÖ‡g cvMj cÖvq| jvqjvI Kv‡qm‡K fvjev‡m wKš‘
wewmGm wcÖwj:] wMqvm DwÏb AvRg kv‡ni ivRKg©Pvix [cÖv_wgK Zv‡K we‡q †`qv nq Ab¨Î| Df‡qi AvKl©Y GZUvB Zxeª †h
we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK: 92] kvn gyn¤§` mMxi [23Zg wewmGm wcÖwj:; g„Zzï ga¨ w`‡q m¤ú‡K©i BwZ N‡U|
cÖwZiÿv gš¿Yvj‡qi mnKvix cwiPvjK: 16; Avbmvi wfwWwc Awa`ß‡ii mv‡K©j
A¨vWRy‡U›U: 10] †M․‡oi myjZvb wMqvmDwÏb AvRg kv‡ni bIqvwRm Lvb
ivRZ¡Kv‡j (1389-1411 wLÖ.) ÔBDmyd-†Rv‡jLvÕ [12Zg wewmGm; ¸‡j eKvIqvjx : G Kv‡eï iPwqZv wn‡m‡e bIqvwRm
16Zg cÖfvlK wbeÜb: 19; cvm‡cvU© I Bwg‡MÖkb Awa`ß‡ii mnKvix cwiPvjK: 07]
Kve¨ iPbv K‡ib| Kve¨wU cÂ`k kZvãxi cÖ_g `k‡K iPbv Lvb L¨vwZgvb nb|
Kiv n‡qwQj e‡j Abzgvb Kiv nq|evB‡ejÑ†KviAvb kix‡di cO&w³
•bwZK-DcvL¨vb Aej¤^‡b Biv‡bi gnvKwe †di‡`․mx Ges ÔÔ‡h m‡e e‡½‡Z Rwb¥ wns‡m e½evYx|
mydx Kwe Rvgxi g~j Kvwnbx cjøweZ K‡i BDmyd-Ry‡jLv bv‡g ‡m me Kvnvi Rb¥ wbY©q b Rvwb|ÕÕ (Ave`yj nvwK‡gi
Kve¨ iPbv K‡iwQ‡jb| kvn gyn¤§` mMx‡ii Kv‡e¨ †cÖgi‡m e½evYx) [CGDF Gi Kvh©vjq- 2019 (Rywbqi AwWUi)]
ag©evYxi cwie‡Z© †cÖgi‡m gvbeevYx cÖPvi gyL¨ n‡q D‡V‡Q| ÔÔ‡`kx fvlv we`¨v hvi g‡b b Ryqvq
kvn gyn¤§` mMxi e¨ZxZ BDmyd-†Rv‡jLv Kv‡eï Ab¨vb¨ wbR †`k Z¨vMx †Kb we‡`k b hvq|ÕÕ (Ave`yj nvwK‡gi
iPwqZv n‡”Qb Ave`yj nvwKg, Mixeyjøvn, †Mvjvg e½evYx)
mvdvZDjøvn, mv‡`K Avjx I dwKi gyn¤§`| ‡Z Kv‡R wb‡ew` evsjv Kwiqv iPb|
wbR cwikÖ‡g †Zvwl Avwg me©Rb| (Ave`yj nvwKg)
‡`․jZ DwRi evnivg Lvu
AvivKvb ivRmfvq evsjv mvwnZ¨ → mZxgqbv I †jvi P›`ªvbx : PwiÎ : †jvi, gqbvgZx,
→ mß`k kZ‡K AvivKv‡b mg„× mvwnZ¨ m„wó n‡qwQj| P›`ªvbx| Kve¨wU Amgvß †i‡LB wZwb gviv hvb| Zvi
AvivKvb‡K evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ †ivmvs ev †ivmv½ bv‡g D‡jøL g„Zzï wek ermi c‡i 1659 wLª. AvjvIj Kv‡eï
Kiv n‡q‡Q| †klvsk ÔAvb›èg©v- iZbKwjKvÕ bv‡g iPbv K‡i Zv
m¤ú~Y© K‡ib|
→ AvivKv‡b evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ `ywU aviv jÿYxq| GKwU ag©xq
welq m¤úwK©Z Ges AciwU ag©wbi‡cÿ †ivgvw›UK → bvwqKvi evigv‡mi myL-`yt‡Li eY©bv‡K Ôevigvm¨vÕ
cÖYqKv‡eï aviv| e‡j| [mgvRKj¨vY gš¿Yvj‡qi Dc‡Rjv mgvR‡mev Awdmvi: 08]
→ AvivKvb ivRmfvi Kwe‡ì g‡a¨ gnvKwe AvjvIj,
†`․jZ KvRx, †Kv‡ikx gvMb VvKzi, gi`b D‡jøL‡hvM¨| AvjvIj (1607-1680 wLª÷vã)
AvivKvb ivRmfvi †kÖô Kwe wQ‡jb gymwjg Kwe AvjvI‡ji
gi`b Rb¥ wb‡q gZ‡f` i‡q‡Q-
→ ÔbmxibvgvÕ Zvui weL¨vZ Kve¨MÖš’| [miKvwi gva¨wgK → W. gyn¤§` Gbvgyj n‡Ki g‡Z, PÆMÖv‡gi
we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK: 06] nvUnvRvix _vbvi †Rveiv MÖv‡g| [29Zg wewmGm
wcÖwj:]
‡Kv‡ikx gvMb VvKzi → W. gyn¤§` knx`yjøvni g‡Z, eZ©gvb dwi`cyi
Kwe AvjvI‡ji c„ô‡cvlK wn‡m‡e cÖwmw× jvf K‡ib| ‡Rjvi Rvgvjcy‡i|
‡Kv‡ikx gvMb VvKz‡ii Drmv‡n AvjvIj ÔmqdzjgyjyK
ew`D¾vgvjÕ iPbv K‡ib| wZwb ‡ivmv½ iv‡Rï cÖavbgš¿x AvjvI‡ji mvwnZ¨Kg© :
wQ‡jb| ÔP›`ªveZxÕ Kve¨ [38Zg wewmGm wcÖwj:] ‡Kv‡ikx gvMb  ‡Zvndv [36Zg wewmGm wcÖwj:]- bxwZKve¨ [31Zg
VvKz‡ii Ab¨Zg mvwnZ¨Kg©| wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi]
 cÙveZx (Ab~w`Z cÖY‡qvcvL¨vb) [mnKvix Dc‡Rjv
‡`․jZ KvRx (1600-1638 wL÷vã) wkÿv Awdmvi: 10; miKvwi gva¨wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK:
AvivKvb ivRmfvi Avw`Kwe Ges AvivKvb ivRmfvi cÖ_g 06; wewfbœ gš¿Yvj‡qi e¨w³MZ Kg©KZ©v: 19; cwievi
evOvwj Kwe [mnKvix Dc‡Rjv wkÿv Awdmvi: 05] †`․jZ KvRx m‡Zi cwiKíbv Kg©KZ©v: 16; †mvbvwj e¨vsK wj. wmwbqi Awdmvi:
14]
kZ‡K PÆMÖv‡gi ivDRv‡b Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| ‡j․wKK Kvwnbxi
cÖ_g Kwe ev Avw` iPwqZv ‡`․jZ KvRx [27Zg wewmGm wcÖwj:]|  wmKv›ìbvgv
Kwei me‡P‡q D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Kve¨MÖ‡š’i bvg ÔmZx gqbv I  mqdzjgyjyK-ew`D¾vgvj
‡jviP›`ªvbxÕ| [miKvwi gva¨wgK we`¨vj‡qi mnKvix wkÿK: 19; mnKvix ivR¯^  nßcqKi [35Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi]
Kg©KZ©v: 15; mve †iwR÷ªvi: 03]
iPbvi bvg g~j †jLK/Drm Av‡`óv AvgvZ¨ iPbvKvj
cÙveZx gvwjK gynv¤§` Rvqgxi c`ygver gvMb VvKzi 1651
iZbKwjKv Avb›èg©v - kÖxgšÍ myjvqgvb 1659
mqdzjgyjyK ew`D¾vgvj Av‡jd jvqjv gvMb VvKzi I •mq` gymv 1658
mßcqKi wbRvgx MÄfx •mq` gynv¤§` Lvb 1663
†Zvndv BDmyd M`v kÖxgšÍ myjvqgvb 1664
wmKv›ìbvgv wbRvgx MÄfx gRwjm beivR 1673
cÙveZx : wnw›` Ôc`ygverÕ Gi Aej¤^‡b ÔcÙveZxÕ Kve¨ iPbv K‡ib
Òi³ Drcj jv‡R RjvšÍ‡i •e‡m|
AvjvIj| [17Zg wewmGm wcÖwj] GwU gnvKwe AvjvI‡ji cÖ_g I †kÖô Zv¤^yj (cvb) ivZzj ‣nj Aai ci‡k|Ó
Kve¨| [cÖwZiÿv gš¿Yvj‡qi cÖkvmwbK Kg©KZ©v: 13] AvjvIj 1652 wLª. (A_© - ‡Vvu‡Ui ci‡k cvb jvj nj|) [35Zg wewmGm wcÖwj:]
AvivKvbivR mv` Dgv`vi Avg‡j gvMb VvKz‡ii Av‡`‡k cÙveZx ‡R‡b ivLyb
Kve¨ iPbv K‡ib| cÙveZxÑ †cÖgg~jK HwZnvwmK Kve¨| PwiÎ : cÙveZx (Kve¨)Ñ AvjvIj
wmsn‡ji ivRKb¨v cÙveZx, wPZ‡ii ivRv iZœ‡mb, w`jøxi m¤ªvU cÙv, †gNbv, hgybv (Dcb¨vm)
AvjvDÏxb wLjwR| কবি আলাওললর পদ্মািতী কালের একটি অন্তরা : cÙveZx (bvUK)Ñ gvB‡Kj gaym~`b
Ô‡cÖg we‡b fve bvB fve we‡b im cÙ†MvL&iv (Mí)ÑKvRx bRiæj
wÎfye‡b hvnv †`wL †cÖg ûb‡Z (n‡Z) ek cÙveZx (mgv‡jvPbvg~jK)Ñ •mq` Avjx Avnmvb
hvi n~‡` Rwb¥‡j †cÖ‡gi A¼zi cÙivM (Dcb¨vm)Ñ †eMg †iv‡Kqv
gyw³ cvBj †m †cÖ‡gi VvKzi|Õ
cÙvcvi (bvUK) Ñ RmxgD`&`xb
cÙveZxi iƒc eY©bv L‡Ð Kwe e‡j‡Qb-
cÙveZx (mgv‡jvPbvg~jK)Ñ •mq` Avjx Avnmvb
Aeÿq hyM/ hyMmwÜÿY (1760-1860) Uàv Mvb
1760 wLª. ga¨hy‡Mi me©‡kl Kwe fviZP‡›`ªi g„Zzï [36Zg Uàv GK ai‡bi Mvb| [MYc~Z© Awa`ß‡ii Dc-mnKvix cÖ‡KŠkjx (wmwfj):
wewmGm] ci n‡Z 1860 mv‡j AvaywbKZvi h_v_© weKvk cÖKvk 11] KweMv‡bi mgmvgwqKKv‡j KjKvZv I kniZjx‡Z UàvMvb
c~e© ch©šÍ GB `yB hy‡Mi gaëZ©x GKkZ eQi evsjv Kv‡eï bv‡g ivM-ivwMbx mshy³ GK ai‡bi I¯Ívw` Mv‡bi cÖPjb wQj|
†Zgb †Kvb DrKl©c~Y© m„wó ev m„wóm¤¢v‡ii •ewPÎ¨ I cÖvPzh© Uàv Mv‡b ivavK…‡òi bvg D‡jøL _vK‡jI Zvi AwaKvskB
cwijwÿZ nqwb| ga¨hyM Gi †kl Avi AvaywbK hy‡Mi ïiæi †j․wKK †cÖ‡gi MxZ| wbayeveyi c~‡e© Kvjx gxR©v bv‡g GKRb
GB mgqUzKz‡K Aeÿq hyM ejv nq| evsjv Uàvi cÖPjb Ki‡jI GwU‡K RbwcÖq Kivi m~‡Î wbayevey
 ‣mq` Avjx Avnmvb ‡h mgqKvj‡K ÔcÖvq k~b¨Zvi hyMÕ ev ivgwbwa¸ß evsjv UàvMv‡bi RbK ejv nq| UàvMvb
e‡j D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb- 1760-1860 wLª.| [miKvwi gva¨wgK †_‡KB AvaywbK MxwZ KweZvi m~ÎcvZ| [gv`K`ªe¨ Awa`ß‡ii Dc-
we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK: 06] cwi`k©K: 19]
Aeÿq hy‡Mi GKgvÎ Kwe cÖwZwbwa wQ‡jb CkîP›`ª ¸ß| G Òbvbvb †`‡ki bvbvb fvlv|
Rb¨ Ck¦iP›`ª ¸ß‡K hyMmwÜÿ‡Yi Kwe ejv nq [miKvix gva¨wgK webv ¯^‡`kx fvlv cy‡i wK Avkv\Ó [cÖavbgš¿xi
Kvh©vjqvaxb- 2019 (Rywbqi wdì Awdmvi)]
we`¨vjq 2019] | Zvui m„ó weL¨vZ cOw³-
ÔKZiƒc †¯œn Kwi, †`‡ki KzKzi awi, `vkiw_ ivq : ÔcuvPvwj Mv‡biÕ kw³kvjx Kwe|
we‡`‡ki VvKzi †dwjqvÕ
 Ck^P›`ª ¸‡ßi weL¨vZ KweZv— gvZ…fvlv, Zc‡m gvQ, cuyw_ mvwnZ¨
fvi‡Zi fvM¨-wecøe| Aóv`k kZ‡Ki wØZxqv‡a© Aviwe-dviwm kã wgwkÖZ GK
wn›`y mgv‡R KweMv‡bi iPwqZv KweIqvjv Ges gymjgvb ai‡bi we‡kl fvlvixwZ‡Z †h me Kve¨ iwPZ n‡qwQj Zv
mgv‡R wgkÖ fvlvixwZi cuyw_ iPwqZv kv‡qi-Gi Avwef©ve N‡U| evsjv mvwn‡Zï BwZnv‡m cuyw_ mvwnZ¨ bv‡g cwiwPZ| cyuw_
mvwnZ¨ Bmjvwg †PZbvi mv‡_ m¤ú„³| [kÖg cwi`ß‡ii RbmsL¨v I
KweMvb cwieviKj¨vY Kg©KZ©v: 09; miKvwi gva¨wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK: 06]
KweMvb I kv‡q‡ii D™¢e N‡U AvVv‡iv kZ‡Ki †klv‡a© Ges ‡KD †KD GB †kÖwYi Kve¨‡K Aviwe-dviwm k‡ãi cÖvPzh©c~Y©
Dwbk kZ‡Ki cÖ_gv‡a© [12Zg I 29Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi]| KweMvb eënv‡ii Rb¨ Ò†`vfvlx cuyw_Ó bv‡g AwfwnZ K‡i‡Qb| GB
`yB c‡ÿi weZ‡K©i gva¨‡g AbywôZ nZ| `yB `‡ji g‡a¨ Kv‡eï iPwqZvMY Òkv‡qiÓ bv‡g cwiwPZ wQ‡jb| Aóv`k
cÖwZ‡hvwMZvB Gi •ewkó¨| GK`j †h wel‡q Mvb MvB‡e †m kZvãxi cÖvi‡¤¢ †gvNj kvm‡bi †klw`‡K G †`‡k dviwm fvlv
Mvb †kl n‡j Aci `j Zvi Mvb MvB‡e Ges Mvb iPbv I I mvwn‡Zï e¨vcK cÖfve c‡o|G mg‡q Bivb †_‡K G †`‡k
MvIqv‡Z DrK…óZi `jwUB weRqx n‡e| Dcw¯’Z eyw×‡Z gy‡L AvMZ wkqv‡ì gva¨‡g dviwm ms¯‥…wZiI weKvk N‡U|
gy‡L •Zwi K‡i KweZvq DËi w`‡q hvIqvi •ewkó¨ GB †kÖwYi Ô†`vfvlx cyuw_Õ ej‡Z wK eySvq- AvÂwjK fvlvq iwPZ cuyw_|
Mv‡b cwijwÿZ nq| fviZP‡›`ªi g„Zz¨Kvj †_‡K CkîP›`ª [22Zg wewmGm]
¸‡ßi RxebKvj ch©šÍ GB gaëZ©x mg‡qi mvwnZ¨ RMr‡K
KweMv‡bi RMr ai‡jI Gi we‡kl †M․i‡ei hyM 1730 †_‡K welqe¯‘ Abymv‡i cuyw_ mvwnZ¨‡K wb¤œwjwLZ fv‡e wef³ Kiv
1830 wLª. ch©šÍ| KweIqvjv‡ì g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg wQ‡jb- hvqÑ
‡MvuRjv ¸B (Kwe Mv‡bi cÖ_g Kwe) [33Zg wewmGm wcÖwj:], 01. cÖY‡qvcvL¨vb RvZxq Kve¨ : BDmyd-†Rv‡jLv,
ivgemy [12Zg wewmGm wcÖwj:], †fvjv gqiv [12Zg wewmGm wcÖwj:], mqdzjgyjyK-ew`D¾vgvj, jvqjx-gRby, ¸‡j-eKvIjx,
G›Uwb wdwiw½ [36Zg I 37Zg wewmGm wcÖwj:], fevby †e‡b, niæ cÙveZx|
VvKzi, †Kóv gywP, ivmy-b„wmsn, wbZvB •eivMx, bxjgwY 02. hy× m¤úwK©Z Kve¨ : R½bvgv, Avgxi-nvgRv
cvUbx, ivgmy›ì m¨vKiv ejivg •eòe cÖgyL e¨w³eM©| 03. cxi cuvPvjx : MvRx-Kvjy P¤úveZx, mZ¨cx‡ii cuyw_|
04. Bmjvg ag©, BwZnvm, bex-AvDwjqvi Rxebx I wewfbœ
‡R‡b ivLyb : AvPvi-Abyôvb m¤úwK©Z Kve¨ : Kvmvmyj Avw¤^qv, nvRvi
→ G›Uwb wdwiw½ : wZwb wQ‡jb RvwZ‡Z cZ©ywMR| gmjv
dwKi Mixeyjøvn ‣mq` nvgRv ‡gvnv¤§` Lvb
o cyuw_ mvwn‡Zï cÖ_g mv_©K I RbwcÖq Kwe o Kve¨ : gaygvjZx; Avgxi nvgRv o Kve¨ : gKZzj †nv‡mb
wQ‡jb dwKi Mixeyjøvn| [14Zg wewmGm] (wØZxq Ask) [14Zg wewmGm], (me©v‡cÿv cÖvPxb R½bvgv
o Kve¨ : BDmyd †Rv‡jLv, Avgxi nvgRv •R¸‡bi cuyw_, nv‡Zg ZvB| 1646), me©‡klÑ knx‡`
(cÖ_g Ask) R½bvgv, †mvbvfvb [cÖv_wgK o cyuw_ mvwn‡Zï cÖvPxbZg Kwe- Kvievjv|
we`¨v. mn. wkÿv: 19], mZ¨cx‡ii cuyw_|
•mq` nvgRv| [11Zg wewmGm]
evsjv mvwn‡Zï ‡jLKe„‡›ì c„ô‡cvlK
ʘ ga¨hy‡M evsjv mvwn‡Zï c„ô‡cvlKZvq AMÖYx f~wgKv cvjb K‡ib- cvVvb myjZvbMY| [hye Dbœqb Awa`ß‡ii mnKvix cwiPvjK: 99]
ʘ fviZe‡l© gymwjg kvmbvg‡j ivRfvlv wQj- dviwm| [10g †emiKvwi cÖfvlK wbeÜb: 14]
ʘ Bivb/cvi‡mï Kwe nvwd‡Ri mv‡_ cÎvjvc n‡q‡Q evsjvi myjZvb- wMqvm DÏxb AvRg kvn| [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnvKvix wkÿK:
92; evwZjK…Z 24Zg wewmGm]
ʘ fviZP›`ª ivq¸YvKi wQ‡jb- K…òbMi ivRmfvi Kwe| [26Zg wewmGm]
ʘ AvjvDÏxb û‡mb kv‡ni kvmbvgj‡K ejv nq- ¯^Y© hyM| [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mn. wkÿK: 19]
c„ô‡cvlK mgmvgwqK Kwe mvwnwZ¨K c„ô‡cvlK mgmvgwqK Kwe mvwnwZ¨K
jÿY †mb njvq~a wgkÖ, Rq‡è, kiY AvjvDwÏb û‡mb kvn Kvbvnwi `Ë, iƒc †Mv¯^vgx
ivRv K…òP›`ª gvMb VvKzi, fviZP›`ª kÖx •PZb¨ †è e„›`veb `vm
euvKzov ivq, iNybv_ ivq gyKz›ìvg PµeZx© bvwmi DwÏb bmir kvn Kex›`ª ci‡gkî
gnvivR beK…ò Kweqvj nviæ VvKzi iæKb DwÏb evieK kvn gvjvai emy
wMqvmDwÏb Avhg kvn kvn gyn¤§` mMxi e½xq mvwnZ¨ cwil` Ph©vc`
civMj Lvb, QzwU Lvb kÖxKi b›`x (Kex›`ª ci‡gkî) AvivKvb ivR w_wi-_y-a¤§v †`․jZ KvRx
†kikvn gvwjK gyn¤§` Rvqmx AvivKvb ivR _v›`-_y-a¤§v AvjvIj
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. evsjv mvwn‡Zï cÖ_g gwnjv Kwe †K? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK (ivBb) : 13]
K. mvi`v †èx L. P›`ªveZx M. ¯^Y©Kzgvix †èx N. mywdqv Kvgvj DËi : L
02. evsjv fvlvq ÔivgvqYÕ †K iPbv K‡ib? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (PÆMÖvg wefvM) : 03]
K. Rq‡è L. nicÖmv` kv¯¿x M. fymyKzcv N. K…wËevm DËi : N
03. cÖ_g evOvwj gymjgvb Kwe †K? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (gyw³‡hv×v) : 16]
K. AvjvIj L. Kvq‡Kvev` M. kvn gyn¤§` mMxi N. †kL dqRyjøvn DËi : M
04. gymjgvb Kwe‡ì g‡a¨ cÖvPxbZg Kwe †K? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (PÆMÖvg wefvM) : 06]
K. †`․jZ DRxi evnivg Lvb L. kvn gyn¤§` mMxi
M. mvwewi` Lvb N. †`․jZ KvRx DËi : L
05. ÔBDmyd †Rv‡jLvÕ Kve¨ †j‡Lb †K? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK (‡nvqvs‡nv) : 13; cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 97]
K. h‡kvivR Lvb L. kvn gyn¤§` mMxi M. gxi gkviid †nv‡mb N. weRq ¸ß DËi : L
06. ‡Kvb ga¨hy‡Mi Kwe AvivKvb ivRmfvq Kve¨PP©v Ki‡Zb? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK : 93]
K. •mq` BmgvBj †nv‡mb wmivRx L. nicÖmv` kv¯¿x M. AvjvIj N. gvMi VvKzi DËi : M
07. ‡Kvb `yÕRb AvivKvb ivRmfvi Kwe? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (`vwbqye) : 13]
K. •mq` myjZvb I gyn¤§` Kwei L. gnvKwe AvjvIj I †`․jZ KvRx
M. Kvkxivg `vm I gnvKwe AvjvIj N. gnvKwe AvjvIj I •mq` myjZvb DËi : L
08. cyuw_ mvwn‡Zï mv_©K I RbwcÖq Kwe- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 92]
K. •mq` nvgRv L. †fvjv gqiv M. G›Uwb wdwiw½ N. dwKi Mixeyjøvn DËi : N
09. Ô‡mvbvfvbÕ Kve¨MÖš’wUi iPwqZv †K? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (BQvgwZ) : 10]
K. •mq` nvgRv L. AvjvIj M. dwKi Mixeyjøvn N. gxi †gvnv¤§` kdx DËi : M
AvaywbK hyM
1555 wLª÷v‡ã Avmv‡gi ivRv‡K †jLv †KvPwenv‡ii ivRvi GKwU cÎ‡K evsjv M‡`ï cÖvPxbZg wb`k©b aiv nq|
[‡mvbvjx e¨vsK wj. wmwbqi Awdmvi: 18] mß`k kZvãxi †klfv‡M †`vg A¨v‡šÍvwbI bv‡g GK cvw`ª iwPZ ÔeªvþY-‡ivgvb-
K¨v_wjK-msev`Õ MÖš’wU evsjv M‡`ï cÖv_wgK †Póvi wb`k©b we‡ePbv Kiv nq| [kÖg I Kg©ms¯’vb gš¿Yvj‡qi Aax‡b mnKvix kÖg
Awdmvi: 03] evOvwji †jLv cÖ_g gyw`ªZ GB MÖš’wU 1743 mv‡j cZz©Mv‡ji ivRavbx wjmeb †_‡K ‡ivgvb Aÿ‡i gyw`ªZ
nq| Ewbk kZ‡Ki ïiæi w`‡K cZz©wMR cv`ªxMY evsjv M`¨ mvwn‡Zï e¨vcK cªPjb K‡i|
evsjv M`¨ mvwn‡Zï weKvk
1743 wLª÷v‡ã †ivgvb K¨v_wjK cZzwMR cvw`ª gv‡bvGj `v Avmmy¤úmvuD KZ©„K †ivgvb ni‡d iwPZ ÔK…cvi kv‡¯¿i A_©‡f`Õ evsjv
M‡`ï cÖv_wgK cÖ‡Póvi AviI GKwU wb`k©b| GB MÖš’wU‡K evsjv K_¨ fvlvi Avw` MÖš’ ejv nq| [29Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi] cZ©zwMR
cvw`ª gv‡bvGj `v Avmmy¤úmvuD cZ©ywMR fvlvq GKwU e¨vKiY I GKwU kã‡Kvl cÖYqb K‡ib| 1743 wLª÷v‡ã wjmeb †_‡K
cÖKvwkZ e¨vKiYwU cÖvPxbZg evsjv e¨vKiY wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv nq| Zvui bv‡g cÖPwjZ e¨vKiY I kã‡Kvl eBwUi bvg-
ÔVocabulario em idioma Bengalla e Portuguez em duas partes’. GwU‡K evsjv fvlvi cÖ_g e¨vKiY I
kã‡Kvl ejv nq| bv_vwb‡qj eªvwm n¨vj‡nW 1778 wLª÷v‡ã Bs‡iwR fvlvq evsjv e¨vKiY iPbv K‡iwQ‡jb| Zvui MÖš’wUi bvg-
ÔA Grammar of the Bengal Language’ GwU evsjv fvlvi cÖ_g Av`k© e¨vKiY wn‡m‡e aiv nq| MÖš’wUi Askwe‡kl
evsjvq Pvj©m DBjwKb‡mi ûMwji gy`ªYhš¿ †_‡K gyw`ªZ nq| eªvwm n¨vj‡nW me©cÖ_g evsjv UvBc mn‡hv‡M evsjv e¨vKiY gy`ªY
K‡ib| [26Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi] | evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ M‡`ï m~PbvKvj aiv nq Dwbk kZK‡K| [28Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi]
ʘ ‡R‡b ivLyb :
 MYmvwnZ¨ k‡ã ÔMYÕ K_vwU eëüZ nq- mvaviY gvbyl A‡_©| [RvZxq mÂq cwi`ß‡ii mnKvix cwiPvjK: 09]
 ‡h mvwnZ¨v`‡k©i g‡g© •bivkëv` Av‡Q- DËivaywbKZvev`| [evwZjK…Z 24Zg wewmGm]
 AvaywbKZvi jÿY- ¯^‡`k †cÖg I gvbeZv‡eva| [evsjv‡`k K…wl e¨vsK wj. Awdmvi: 11]
 evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ AvaywbK ce© ïiæ nq- Ewbk kZ‡K| [evsjv‡`k K…wl e¨vsK wj. Awdmvi: 11]
 M`¨ mvwnZ¨ AvaywbK hy‡Mi m„wó| [cvwb Dbœqb †ev‡W©i Awdm mnKvix: 19]
kÖxivgcyi wgkb
kÖxivgcyi wgkb cÖwZwôZ nq 10 Rvbyqvwi, 1800 wLª÷v‡ã| G wgkb wLª÷vb a‡g©i gnË¡ cÖPv‡ii wbwgËv‡_© evsjvq M`¨ iPbv
K‡i| GB wgkb †_‡K cÖKvwkZ MÖš’ : K…wËevmx ivgvqY, Kvkx`vmx gnvfviZ| KjKvZvi kÖxivgcy‡ii e¨vwÞ÷ wgkb ‡_‡K Rb
K¬vK© gvk©g¨v‡bi m¤úv`bvq m¤úvw`Z cwÎKvi bvg : K. w`M`k©b (gvwmK) (GwcÖj gv‡m), L. mgvPvi `c©Y (‡g gv‡m)|
QvcvLvbv
DBwjqvg †Kwi 1793 mv‡j KjKvZvq AvMgb K‡ib Ges †Wbgv‡K©i kvmbvaxb kªxivgcy‡i DBwjqvg IqvW© I জ াশুয়া gvk©g¨v‡bi
mn‡hv‡M e¨vwÞ÷ wgkb Ges wgk‡bi gy`ªYhš¿ ¯’vcb K‡ib|
Z‡e Dcgnv‡`‡ki cÖ_g QvcvLvbv cÖwZwôZ nq (cZz©wMR fvlvi  evsjv gy`ªvÿ‡ii RbK : Pvj©m DBjwKÝ|
gy`ªYhš¿) 1498 mv‡j| [GjwRBwWÕi mnKvix cÖ‡K․kjx: 05] Pvj©m  evsjv Aÿi †Lv`vB K‡ib : cÂvbb Kg©Kvi|
DBjwKÝ ûMwj‡Z cÖ_g QvcvLvbv cÖwZôv K‡ib 1778
wLª÷v‡ã| wZwb wb‡RB evsjv K‡ib e‡j Zvu‡K evsjv gy`ªvÿ‡ii RbK ejv nq| [cÖevmx Kj¨vY gš¿Yvj‡qi mnKvix cwiPvjK: 12] Z‡e evsjv
Aÿi †Lv`vB K‡ib cÂvbb Kg©Kvi| 1847 mv‡j evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g iscy‡i ÔevZ©ven hš¿Õ bv‡g QvcvLvbv cÖwZwôZ nq| XvKvq
1860 wLª÷v‡ã ÔXvKv †cÖmÕ bv‡g QvcvLvbv cÖwZwôZ nq| GB QvcvLvbv †_‡KB `xbeÜz wg‡Îi Ôbxj `c©YÕ cÖKvwkZ nq|
‡dvU© DBwjqvg K‡jR
o 1698 mv‡j KjKvZvq Bsj¨v‡Ûi 3q ivRv DBwjqv‡gi bvgvbymv‡i Ò†dvU©
DBwjqvg `yM©Ó wbwg©Z nq| cÖwZôvZv : m¨vi Pvj©m AvBqvi|
o evsjv M`¨ mvwnZ¨ weKv‡k †dvU© DBwjqvg K‡j‡Ri we‡kl Ae`vb i‡q‡Q|
o evsjv‡`‡k Kg©iZ B÷ BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwbi Bs‡iR Kg©Pvix‡ì †`kxq fvlvq
wk¶v`v‡bi Rb¨ ZrKvjxb Bs‡iR kvwmZ fvi‡Zi Mfb©i †Rbv‡ij jW©
I‡q‡jmwj KZ…©K 1800 wLª÷v‡ã [mnKvix ivR¯^ Kg©KZ©v: 15; Dc‡Rjv †cv÷gv÷vi: 10] KjKvZvi
jvjevRv‡i †dvU© DBwjqvg K‡jR cÖwZwôZ nq| D‡`¨v³v : DBwjqvg ‡Kwi|
 ‡dvU© DBwjqvg K‡j‡Ri cÖwZôvZv : jW© I‡q‡jmwj|

 K‡jRwU cÖwZwôZ nq : 4Vv †g 1800 wLª÷v‡ã|
 K‡j‡Ri KvR ïiæ nq : 24 †k b‡f¤î 1800 wLª÷v‡ã|
 K‡jRwU eÜ n‡q hvq : 1854 wLª÷v‡ã|
I‡q‡jmwj Abyfe K‡iwQ‡jb †h, †Kv¤úvwbi `vwqZ¡c~Y© Kv‡Ri fvi wb‡q wejvZ †_‡K hviv আলে, Zviv AwaKvsk †P․Ï †_‡K
AvVv‡iv erm‡ii bvevjK, ¯^‡`‡k Zv‡ì wk¶v m¤úbœ nqwb| G †`‡kI Zv‡ì †Kvb eë¯’v wQj bv| ZvB †`kxq fvlv wk¶v w`‡q
GB wmwfwjqvb‡ì Dchy³ K‡i †Zvjvi Rb¨B †dvU© DBwjqv‡gi cÖwZôv|
o evsjv M‡`ï weKv‡k we‡kl Ae`vb i‡q‡Q †dvU© o wZwb Zvi Aaxb¯’ `yÕRb পব ত Ges 6 Rb mnKvix
DBwjqvg K‡j‡Ri| [mgevq `ß‡i Awdmvi : 93; cÖv_wgK পব ত (‡gvU 8 Rb cwÐZ)-Gi mn‡hvwMZvq
we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK: 93]
o evsjv wefvM cÖewZ©Z nq- 1801 wLª÷v‡ã| [26Zg wewmGm; K‡j‡Ri cv‡Vvc‡hvMx cy¯ÍK iPbvq AvZ¥wb‡qvM
mve ‡iwR÷ªvi : 16] K‡ib|
o cÖ_g Aa¨ÿ- kªxivgcyi wgk‡bi cvw`ª Ges o ‡dvU© DBwjqvg K‡j‡Ri wkÿKe„›` 1801 -
evB‡e‡ji evsjv Abyev`K evsjvq AwfÁ 1815 mvj ch©šÍ 13/14 wU evsjv M`¨MÖš’ iPbv
DBwjqvg †Kwi| [34Zg wewmGm; evsjv‡`k cjøx we`y¨Zvqb †evW© K‡iwQ‡jb|
Gi mnKvix cwiPvjK : 16] o Ô‡dvU© DBwjqvg hy‡MÕ me‡P‡q †ewk MÖš’ iPbv
o evsjv fvlv DBwjqvg †Kwii wbKU wPiFYx n‡q K‡i‡Qb- g„Z¨z Äq we`¨vj¼vi| [mgvR‡mev Awa`ß‡ii
i‡q‡Q| mgvR‡mev Awdmvi: 10]
DBwjqvg †Kwi
g„Zy¨Äq we`¨vj¼vi  ‡dvU© DBwjqvg K‡j‡R evsjv MÖš’
ivgbv_ evP¯úwZ cÖYqbKvix `yB Rb cwÐZ : g„Zz¨Äq
‡dvU© DBwjqvg ivRxe‡jvPb gy‡Lvcva¨vq we`¨vj¼vi I ivgivg emy| [Dc‡Rjv gwnjv I
ivgivg emy wkï welqK Kg©KZ©v: 07]
K‡j‡Ri
cwÐZMY
kÖxcwZ gy‡Lvcva¨vq  ‡dvU© DBwjqvg K‡j‡R evsjv fvlvi PP©v
Avb›`P›`ª Ki‡Zb : ivgivg eym| [RvZxq mÂq
Kvkxbv_ cwi`ß‡ii mn. cwiPvjK: 09]
cÙ‡jvPb P~ovgwY
DBwjqvg †Kwi
‡dvU© DBwjqvg K‡j‡Ri cÖvYcyiæl| e¨vwÞ÷ wgkbvwi †mvmvBwUi Ab¨Zg cÖwZôvZv| wZwb AvaywbK wgkbmg~‡ni RbK (Father
of modern missions) নালে পবরবিত। DBwjqvg ‡Kwi 1793-1796 mvj ch©šÍ ivgivg emyi wbKU n‡Z evsjv wk‡LwQ‡jb|
GRb¨ ivgivg emy‡K ‡Kwi mv‡n‡ei gybkx ejv nq| ‡Kwi 1809 mv‡j evsjvq evB‡ej Abyev` K‡ib| 1810 mv‡j `wi`ª wLª÷vb
mšÍvb‡ì Rb¨ KjKvZvq †evwW©s ¯‥zj cÖwZôv K‡ib|
K‡_vcK_b g‡b ivLyb K- K‡_vcK_b (1801, evsjv fvlvq gyw`ªZ cÖ_g MÖš’) Ges
mvwnZ¨Kg© BwZnvmgvjv ‡Kwi KB B- BwZnvmgvjv (evsjv mvwn‡Zï cÖ_g MíMÖš’)|
‡ KB
g„Zy¨Äq we`¨vj¼vi ivgivg emy

wZwb ‡dvU© DBwjqvg K‡j‡Ri †jLKM‡Yi g‡a¨ me©‡kÖô †jLK 1801 mv‡ji 4 †g ivgivg emy †dvU© DBwjqvg K‡j‡Ri evsjv
Ges wZwb me‡P‡q †ewk MÖš’ iPbv K‡ib| Zvui †jLv MÖš’mg~n- wefv‡M gvwmK 40 UvKv †eZ‡b wbhy³ nb| [38Zg wewmGm]
 cÖ‡eva Pw›`ªKv (1833) wZwb †dvU© DBwjqvg K‡j‡R evsjv fvlvi PP©v K‡ib| Zvu‡K Ô
 ivRvejx (1808) †Kwi mv‡n‡ei gybwkÕ ejv nq|
 wn‡Zvc‡`k (1808)
 †e`všÍ Pw›`ªKv (1817)  ivRv cÖZvcvw`Z¨ PwiÎ (1801) [36Zg wewmGm wcÖwj:] :
ev½vwji †jLv e½v¶‡i gyw`ªZ cÖ_g †g․wjK MÖš’| M‡`¨
 ewÎk wmsnvmb (1802) [26Zg wewmGm wcÖwj:]
wjwLZ cÖ_g RxebPwiZ|
fz‡jI ‡hb fzj bv nq : ‡e`všÍ MÖš’, †e`všÍ mvi : ivRv  wjwcgvjv (1802) : cÖ_g evsjv cÎ mvwnZ¨|
ivg‡gvnb ivq iwPZ| 
Ab¨vb¨ cwÐZ‡ì iPbvewj
‡MvjKbv_ kg©v wn‡Zvc‡`k (1802) : †dvU© DBwjqvg K‡j‡Ri cvVïƒ‡c gyw`ªZ I cÖKvwkZ nq| GwU ms¯‥…Z
†_‡K Abyev`| ‡MvjKbv_ kg©v K‡j‡Ri wkÿK bv n‡qI mswkøó wQ‡jb|
PÐxPiY gybkx †ZvZv BwZnvm (1805) - dviwm n‡Z Abyev`
ivRxe†jvPb gy‡Lvcva¨vq gnvivR K…òP›`ª ivqm¨ PwiÎs (1805)
nicÖmv` ivq পুরুষ cix¶v (1815)| †dvU© DBwjqvg K‡j‡Ri me©‡kl iPbv|
gybmx ZvwibxPiY wgÎ Iwi‡q›Uvj †deywj÷|
☼ ঈশ্বরিন্দ্র বিদ্যাোগর (১৮২০ – ৯১) ১৮৪১ জেলক ১৮৪৬ োল পর্ন্তয ‡dvU© উইবলযাে কললল র জেড পব ত বিললন।
☼ েদনলোেন তকযালঙ্কার (১৮১৭ – ৫৮) ‡dvU© উইবলযাে কললল বিক্ষকতা করলতন।
☼ jvjøyjvj : wnw›` Lwo‡evwj M‡`ï RbK| wZwb †dvU© DBwjqvg K‡j‡Ri wn›`y¯Ívwb fvlv wefv‡Mi wkÿK wQ‡jb| wZwb
1815 mv‡j Avw` wnw›` mvwn‡Zï cÖ_g eB Zzjmx`v‡mi webq cwÎKv gy`ªY I cÖKvk K‡ib|
Z_¨m~Î : evsjv wcwWqv, evsjv mvwn‡Zï BwZnvm- gvneyeyj Avjg, mvwnZ¨ wRÁvmv- †mŠwgÎ †kLi I DBwKwcwWqv|
wn›`y K‡jR I Bqs †e½j

→ weªwUk Mf©bi †Rbv‡ij jW© Iqv‡ib †nw÷sm 1817 mv‡j ivRv ivg‡gvnb ivq I KjKvZvi abx eëmvqx DBwjqvg †Kwi Gi
mn‡hvwMZvq KjKvZvq wn›`y K‡jR ¯’vcb K‡ib|
→ ‡nbwi jyB wfwfqvb wW‡ivwRI wQ‡jb wn›`y K‡j‡Ri GKRb wkÿK|
→ wW‡ivwRI QvÎ‡ì wb‡q ÔA¨vKv‡WwgK G‡mvwm‡qkbÕ bv‡g GKwU msMVb •Zix K‡iwQ‡jb| wW‡ivwRIi G wklïvB ÒBqs
†e½jÓ [Bs‡iwR fveavivcyó evOvwj hyeK-(28Zg wewmGm)] bv‡g cwiwPZ| wW‡ivwRIi wk¶v wQjÑ ÔAvw¯ÍKZv †nvK, bvw¯ÍKZv
†nvK, †Kvb wRwbm‡K c~e© †_‡K MÖnY bv KivÕ; wRÁvmv I wePvi GB wQj g~jgš¿|
weMZ eQ‡i  ÔBqs‡e½jÕ Av‡›`vj‡bi cÖe³v : wW‡ivwRI| [mve-‡iwR÷ªvi: 16]

 ÔBqs‡e½jÕ n‡jv Bs‡iwR fveavivcyó evOvwj hyeK| [28Zg wewmGm]
cixÿvq Avmv  ÔBqs‡e½jÕ †Mvôxi gyLcvÎ cwÎKv- Ávbv‡š^lY| [36Zg wewmGm]
Z_¨mg~n  Bqs‡e½j †Mvôxfz³ wQ‡jb- gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `Ë| [40Zg wewmGm]

ÔBqs‡e½jÕ †Mvôxi gyLcvÎ/cwÎKv

 ÔGb‡KvqviÕ [ m¤úv`K : K…ò‡gvnb e‡›`¨vcva¨vq]
 ÔÁvbv‡š^lYÕ [ m¤úv`K : `wÿYviÄb gRyg`vi] [36Zg wewmGm wcÖ.]
‡R‡b ivLyb :
o ivg‡Mvcvj †Nvl : Bs‡iwR e³…Zvi Rb¨ weL¨vZ Ges ev½vwji g‡a¨ cÖ_g ivR‣bwZK evM¥x|
o ivavbv_ wkK`vi Gfv‡i‡÷i cÖ_g Avwe®‥viK I gvwmK cwÎKvi cÖwZôvZv|
evsjv M‡`ï weKvkKv‡j ¯’vwcZ D‡jøL‡hvM¨
cÖwZôvb I Zv‡ì cÖwZôvKvj
cÖwZôvb cÖwZôvKvj cÖwZôvb cÖwZôvKvj
GwkqvwUK †mvmvBwU 1784 †e_yb †mvmvBwU 1851
ms¯‥…Z K‡jR 1791 we‡`¨vrmvwnbx mfv 1853
kÖxivgcyi wgkb (e¨vwÞ÷ wgkb) 1800 KjKvZv wek^we`¨vjq 1857
†dvU© DBwjqvg K‡jR 1800 †gvnv‡gWvb wjUv‡iwi †mvmvBwU 1863
wn›`y K‡jR (wekcm& K‡jR 1831) 1817 e½xq mvwnZ¨ cwil` 1893
kÖxivgcyi K‡jR 1818 XvKv wek^we`¨vjq 1921
†M․oxq mgvR 1823 gymwjg mvwnZ¨ mgvR 1926
ZË¡‡evwabx mfv 1839 evsjv GKv‡Wgx 1955
evsjv‡`k GwkqvwUK †mvmvBwU
 GwkqvwUK †mvmvBwU cÖwZwôZ nq 1784 mv‡j| †`kwefv‡Mi ci 3 Rvbyqvwi, 1952 mv‡j Gi bvgKiY Kiv nq
ÔcvwK¯Ívb GwkqvwUK ‡mvmvBwUÕ| [Zzjv Dbœqb †ev‡W©i Kg©KZ©v : 97] ¯^vaxbZvi ci Gi bvgKiY Kiv nq Ôevsjv‡`k
GwkqvwUK †mvmvBwUÕ| GwkqvwUK †mvmvBwU cÖwZôv K‡ib- m¨vi DBwjqvg †RvÝ|
 cÖwZôvKvjxb mfvcwZ : Ave`yj nvwg` (1952-53)| eZ©gvb mfvcwZ : Aa¨vcK Avwgiæj Bmjvg †P․ayix|
 evsjv‡`k GwkqvwUK †mvmvBwU KZ©„K cÖKvwkZ evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g RvZxq Ávb‡Kvl|

 2003 mv‡j 10 L‡Ð cÖKvwkZ nq|
evsjvwcwWqv  cÖavb m¤úv`K : Aa¨vcK W. wmivRyj Bmjvg| [cÖavbgš¿xi Kvh©vj‡qi Aaxb cv‡m©vbvj Awdmvi: 04]
 cÖKvkK : evsjvwcwWqv Uªv÷, evsjv‡`k GwkqvwUK †mvmvBwU|
evsjv GKv‡Wwg
 evqvbœi fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi d‡j m„wó n‡qwQj †h cÖwZôvb- evsjv GKv‡Wwg| [AMÖYx e¨vsK wj. wmwbqi Awdmvi: 13]
 evsjv fvlv I mvwnZ¨ Dbœq‡b me©vwaK L¨vwZ jvf K‡i‡Q- evsjv GKv‡Wwg| [ÎvY I cybev©mb Awa`ß‡ii cÖKí ev¯Íevqb Kg©KZ©v : 06;
RvZxq msm&` mwPevj‡qi mnKvix M‡elYv Awdmvi : 05]
 evsjv GKv‡Wwg cÖwZwôZ nq- 3 wW‡m¤î, 1955 wLª÷v‡ã| evsjv GKv‡Wwgi cyivZb fe‡bi bvg- ea©gvb nvDR|
 Ôevsjv GKv‡WwgÕ cyi¯‥vi cÖewZ©Z nq- 1960 mv‡j| [cÖv_wgK we`¨vj‡qi cÖavb wkÿK (XvKv wefvM) : 08; Z_¨ gš¿Yvj‡qi Aaxb evsjv‡`k
†Uwjwfk‡bi cÖ‡hvRK (‡MÖW-02) : 06]
 ÔGKz‡k MÖš’‡gjvÕi Av‡qvRK ms¯’vi bvg- evsjv GKv‡Wwg| [mnKvix cwievi cwiKíbv Kg©KZ©v : 16]
 evsjv GKv‡Wwg ¯^vqËkvm‡bi gh©v`v cvq- ÔThe Bengali Academy Act- 1957’ Gi gva¨‡g|
 evsjv GK‡Wwg †_‡K cÖKvwkZ cwÎKv 6wU|
evsjv GKv‡WwgÕi cwÎKvi bvg cwÎKvi welq evsjv GKv‡WwgÕi cwÎKvi bvg cwÎKvi welq
DËivwaKvi (gvwmK) m„Rbkxj mvwnZ¨ evZ©v (gvwmK) gyLcvÎ
avb kvwj‡Ki †`k (‣ÎgvwmK) wK‡kvi mvwnZ¨ evsjv GKv‡Wwg Rvb©vj (lvY¥vwmK) -
 evsjv GKv‡WwgÕi cÖ_g I eZ©gvb mfvcwZ, cwiPvjK, gnvcwiPvjK, bvix gnvcwiPvjK
cÖ_g mfvcwZ gIjvbv AvKig Lvu cÖ_g bvix gnvcwiPvjK W. bxwjgv Beªvwng
cÖ_g cwiPvjK W. gynv¤§` Gbvgyj nK eZ©gvb mfvcwZ W. Avwbmy¾vgvb
cÖ_g gnvcwiPvjK W. ghnviæj Bmjvg eZ©gvb gncwiPvjK nvexeyjøvn wmivRx
ivRv ivg‡gvnb ivq (1772-1833)

ag©ms¯‥vi I mgvRm‡PZbZvi ekeZ©x n‡q evsjv M`¨ wjL‡Z Avi¤¢ K‡ib ûMjx †Rjvi
ivavbMi MÖv‡gi ivRv ivg‡gvnb ivq| Zvui wcZv- ivavKvšÍ ivq Ges gvZv- ZvwiYx †èx|
 wZwb cÖ_g cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki evB‡i evsjv M`ïxwZi eënvi K‡ib|
 wZwb cÖ_g evsjv cÖeÜ iPbv K‡ib|
 wZwb evsjv M`¨‡K Abyev`, Av‡jvPbv, weZK© I gxgvsmvi evnb wn‡m‡e M‡o Zz‡jb|
 †M․oxq e¨vKiY [27Zg wewmGm] : evsjv fvlvq iwPZ cÖ_g evOjv e¨vKiY MÖš’|
†e`všÍ MÖš’ (1815) : mvay fvlvq iwPZ| evsjv mvwn‡Zï cÖ_g cÖeÜ MÖš’ I Zuvi cÖ_g iPbv|
D‡jøL‡hvM¨ ‡e`všÍmvi (1815) fÆvPv‡h©i mwnZ wePvi (1817) : g„ZÿÄ‡qi K_vi DË‡i
MÖš’mg~n †Mv¯^vgxi mwnZ wePvi (1818) cÖeZ©K I wbeZ©‡Ki m¤^v` (1818) : mZx`vn cÖ_vi
c_¨ cÖ`vb (1823) AmviZv cÖm‡½| [Lv`¨ Awa`ß‡ii cwi`k©K : 03]
o m¤úvw`Z cwÎKvmg~n : ÔeªvþY †mewaÕ (1821), Ôm¤^v` †K․gy`xÕ (1821), Ôwgivr-Dj-AvLeviÕ (1822)
1823 mv‡j msev`cÎ wewa (Press Ordinance) cvk n‡j ivRv ivg‡gvnb ivq Gi weiæ‡× Av‡›`vjb Avi¤¢ K‡ib| G
mgq wZwb GKwU cÖwZev` wjwc wj‡L mywcÖg †Kv‡U© `vwLj K‡ib Ges Gi Kwc Bsj¨v‡Ûi wcÖwf KvDwÝ‡j †cÖiY K‡ib|
o eªv‫‏‬þag© cÖwZôv : ivRv ivg‡gvnb ivq G‡Kk¦iev‡` wek¦vmx wQ‡jb| wZwb eªv‫‏‬þ a‡g©i cÖwZôvZv|
o ¯^vgxi g„Zyï ci ¯^vgxi mv‡_ wPZvq ¯¿x‡K `vn Kivi ixwZB nj mZx`vn cÖ_v| G AgvbweK cÖ_v e‡Ü ivRv ivg‡gvnb ivq
Av‡›`vjb-msMÖvg QvovI †jLbx aviY K‡ib| wZwb mZx`vn cÖ_vi AmviZv cÖm‡½ †Mv¯^vgxi mwnZ wePvi, cÖeZ©K I
wbeZ©‡Ki m¤^v` mn wewfbœ cy¯ÍK iPbvi gva¨‡g mvgvwRK Av‡›`vjb ïiæ K‡ib| Zvui cÖ‡Póvq 4 wW‡m¤î 1829 jW© †ew›U¼
KZ…©K mZx`vn cÖ_v we‡jvc Kiv nq| wZwb cÖ_g evOvwj whwb 1830 mv‡j ZrKvjxb †gvNj ev`kv wØZxq AvKei KZ…©K
ÔivRvÕ Dcvwa wb‡q Bsj¨v‡Û hvb|
o wkÿv we¯Ív‡i f~wgKv : †`‡k cvðvZ¨ wkÿv we¯Ív‡ii j‡ÿ¨ Ôwn›`y K‡jRÕ (1817) cÖwZôv K‡ib|
2
o 1833 mv‡j weª÷‡j ‡gwbbRvBwU‡m AvµvšÍ n‡q g„ZzëiY K‡ib| ‡mLv‡bB Zvu‡K mgvwnZ Kiv nq|
CkîP›`ª ¸ß (1812-1859)
Kwe I mvsevw`K CkîP›`ª ¸ß ÔhyMmwÜÿ‡Yi KweÕ wn‡m‡e L¨vZ| [mnKvwi gva¨wgK we`¨vj‡qi mnKvix wkÿK : 19; wc‡KGmGd Gi
mnKvix eë¯’vcK : 19; GbGmAvBb Gi mnKvix cwiPvjK : 19] evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ `yB hy‡Mi wgjbKvix wn‡m‡e Zvui Ae`vb Ab¯^xKvh©|
 1760 mv‡j fviZP›`ª ivq¸YvK‡ii g„Zzï ci 1861 mv‡j gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `‡Ëi
hyMmwÜÿ‡Yi Ô‡gNbvèaÕ cÖKvwkZ nIqvi c~e© ch©šÍ AvaywbKZv ïiæ nqwb| GB GK kZ‡K ïay
Kwe ejvi AvaywbKZvq †c․uQvi cÖ‡Póv P‡j‡Q|
KviYmg~n  CkîP›`ª ¸ß †è-‡èxi Kvwnwb eR©b K‡i e¨w³‡Z †K›`ª K‡i KweZv †jLv ïiæ K‡ib|
 Zvui Kv‡e¨ ga¨hy‡Mi Kve¨-‣ewkó¨ (mgvR m‡PZbZv I †`kvZ¥‡eva) I AvaywbK hy‡Mi m~Pbv-
‣ewkó¨ (Kweqvj I kv‡qi‡ì iPbvi ÷vBj, cqvi I wÎc`xi eënvi) jÿ¨ Kiv hvq|
 QÙbvg : ågYKvix eÜz|

 m¤úvw`Z cwÎKvmg~n : msev` cÖfvKi, msev` iZœvejx, cvlÐcxoY, msev` mvayiÄb|
 D‡jøL‡hvM¨ mvwnZ¨Kg© : cÖ‡eva cÖfvKi (KweZvi msKjb), wnZ cÖfvKi (M‡`¨ I c‡`¨ iwPZ we‡kl
ai‡bi Mí), †ev‡a›`y weKvk (g„Zzï ci cÖKvwkZ)|
 weL¨vZ KweZv : Zc‡m gvQ, ¯^‡`k, †K, Avbvim, evOvwj †g‡q|
 weL¨vZ cO&w³ :
ÔKZiƒc †¯œn Kwi, †`‡ki KzKzi awi, we‡`‡ki VvKzi †dwjqvÕ | (¯^‡`k)
ÔAvcbv‡K eo e‡j eo †mB bq, †jv‡K hv‡i eo e‡j eo †mB nqÕ| (Zc‡m gvQ) [-nwikP›`ª wgÎ]
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. evsjv M`¨ mvwn‡Zï D™¢e I weKv‡k †Kvb cÖwZôvbwUi we‡kl Ae`vb i‡q‡Q? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK : 93]
K. nvRx gyn¤§` gynmxb K‡jR L. †dvU© DBwqvg K‡jR
M. †ebvim wn›`y K‡jR N. KwjKvZv wek^we`¨vjq K‡jR DËi : L
CkîP›`ª we`¨vmvMi (1820-1891)

 Rb¥ : 26 †m‡Þ¤î 1820 mv‡j| [cvm‡cvU© I Bwg‡MÖkb Awa`ß‡ii mn. cwi: 14; †Rjv cÖv. wk. Awd: 93]
 g„Zz¨ : 29†k RyjvB 1891 mv‡j KjKvZvq| A_©vr wZwb 19 kZ‡Ki gvbyl|
 Rb¥¯’vb : exiwmsn MÖvg, †gw`bxcy‡i GK eªvþY cwiev‡i Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib|
 wcZv : VvKzi`vm e‡›`¨vcva¨vq I gvZv : fMeZx †èx|
 `qvi mvMi bv‡g cwiwPZ| Ck¦iP›`ª we`¨vmvM‡ii g~j bvg wQj Ck¦iP›`ª kg©v|
Zvi •cZ…K ev cvwievwiK cèx Ôe‡›`¨vcva¨vqÕ| [evsjv‡`k e¨vsK mn. cwi: 08]
 wZwb Ck¦iP›`ª kg©v bv‡gB ¯^v¶i Ki‡Zb| 1839 wLª÷v‡ã ms¯‥…Z K‡jR Zuv‡K Ôwe`¨vmvMiÕ bv‡g AwfwnZ K‡ib| [cÖvK-
cÖv_wgK mn. wkÿK: 14] Zvu‡K mvay fvlvi RbK ejv nq| [‡lvok wkÿK wbeÜb cixÿv 2019 (¯‥zj ch©vq)]
 wZwb wewewmi Rwi‡c me©Kv‡ji †kÖô evOvwji ZvwjKvq 8g ¯’vb cÖvß evOvwj|
 Zvi cÖ‡Póvq 26 †k RyjvB, 1856 mv‡j Ôwn›`y weaev weevn AvBbÕ cvm nq| GB mgq Bs‡iR Mfb©i wQ‡jb jW©
Wvj‡n․mx| ZvB Zv‡K wn›`y mgv‡R weaev weev‡ni cÖeZ©K ejv nq| [M„nvqY I MYc~Z© gš¿Yvj‡qi mn. cwi: 99]
 wZwb weaev weevn iwnZKiY wel‡q Kjghy× ïiæ K‡ib| [RvZxq mÂq Awa`ß‡ii mn. cwi: 09]
 Zv‡K Ôevsjv M‡`ï RbKÕ A_ev ÔAvaywbK evsjv M‡`ï RbKÕ ejv nq| [31Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi, 34Zg wewmGm]
 wZwbB cÖ_g `vuwo, Kgv cÖf„wZ weivg ev hwZ wP‎ý eënvi K‡i evsjv M‡`¨ GK hyMvšÍiKvix cwieZ©b G‡bwQ‡jb| [WvK I †Uwj‡hvMv‡hvM
gš¿Yvj‡qi †cv÷vj Acv‡iUi: 16; 9g †emiKvwi cÖfvlK wbeÜb: 12]
Abyev` MÖš’
o †eZvj cÂweskwZ (1847) [RbcÖkvmb gš¿Yvj‡qi Aaxb wcGmwmÕi mn. cwi: 16; ms¯’vcb gš¿Yvj‡qi cÖkvmbwK Kg©KZ©v: 07]: GwU Zuvi cÖ_g gyw`ªZ
MÖš’ [25Zg I 27Zg wewmGm wjwLZ]| wnw›` Ô‣eZvj ‣cw”PwmÕ Gi Abyev`| MÖš’wU‡Z wZwb cÖ_g hwZ wP‡‎ýi mdj cÖ‡qvM K‡ib|
[evsjv‡`k M¨vm wdì †Kv¤úvwb mnKvix eë¯’vcK: 11]
o åvwšÍwejvm (1869) : †k·wcqv‡ii Comedy of Errors Gi Abyev` MÖš’| [23Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi] A_©vr †k·wcqv‡ii
bvU‡Ki evsjv M`ïƒc w`‡q‡Qb CkîP›`ª we`¨vmvMi| [wcGmwm KZ©„K wba©vwiZ 12wU c`: 01; mve-‡iwR÷ªvi-01]
o kKzšÍjv (1854) [Dc‡Rjv cwimsL¨vb Kg©KZ©v: 10; Avg`vwb-ißvwb Awa`ß‡ii wbe©vnx Awdmvi: 07] : Kvwj`v‡mi ms¯‥…Z ÔAwfÁvb kKzšÍjgÕ
Aej¤^‡b iwPZ| G‡Z gvwjbx b`xi K_v D‡jøL i‡q‡Q|
o mxZvi ebevm (1860) : evj¥xwKi ms¯‥…Z ÔivgvqYÕ Aej¤^‡b iwPZ|
o evOjvi BwZnvm : gvk©g¨v‡bi History of Bengal MÖ‡š’i Abyev`|
‡eZvj åvwšÍi Kvi‡Y kKzšÍjv I mxZvi ebevm nBj|
g‡b  ‡eZvj = †eZvj cÂweskwZ|
ivLvi  åvwšÍ = åvwšÍwejvm|
Dcvq  kKzšÍjv = AwfÁg kKzšÍjg|
‡g․wjK MÖš’
o cÖfveZx m¤¢vlY (1863) [21Zg wewmGm wcÖwj] : evsjv mvwn‡Zï cÖ_g †g․wjK M`¨ MÖš’| evsjv M`¨ mvwn‡Zï cÖ_g †kvKMuv_v|
o AvZ¥PwiZ (1891) : evsjv mvwn‡Zï cÖ_g AvZ¥PwiZ| [35Zg I 38Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi]
o weaev weevn cÖPwjZ nIqv DwPZ wKbv GZwØlqK cÖ¯Íve (1855) (1g I 2q LÐ) : weaev weevn cÖPjb welqK iPbv|
o eûweevn iwnZ nIqv DwPZ wKbv GZwØlqK wePvi (1871) (1g I 2q LÐ) : eûweevn wb‡iva welqK iPbv|
o e¨vKiY †K․gy`x (1853) : we`¨vmvMi iwPZ Pvi L‡Ði e¨vKiY MÖš’|
o Rxeb PwiZ : †P¤^v‡m©i Biographies Aej¤^‡b iwPZ|
o †ev‡av`q (1851) : †P¤^v‡m©i Rudiments of Knowledge Aej¤^‡b iwPZ|
o K_vgvjv : Ck‡ci †dejm& Aej¤^‡b iwPZ|
o eY©cwiPq [_vbv gva¨wgK wkÿv Kg©KZ©v: 15] : 1855 mv‡j K¬vwmK gh©v`v jvf| (cvV¨ eB) [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (wm‡jU wefvM): 05]
o iZœcix¶v (1886) : Km¨wPr Dchy³ fvB‡cvm¨Õ QÙbv‡g wj‡LwQ‡jb|
o ÔKm¨wPr Dchy³ fvB‡cvm¨Õ bv‡g cÖ_g iPbv ÒAwZ Aí nBjÓ (1873) Ges Avevi AwZ Aí nBj (1873) eB `ywU eû
weevn wel‡q wjwLZ e³‡eï cÖwZev‡` †jLv weZK©g~jK cÖZz¨Ëi| Z…Zxq iPbv eªRwejvm ÒKm¨wPr Dchy³ fvB‡cvm¨Õ
†ebvwg‡Z †jLv, beØx‡ci eªRbv_ we`¨vi‡Zœi weaev weevn we‡ivax ms¯‥…Z e³…Zvewji DËi|
 ÔAwZ Aí nBjÕ we`¨vmvM‡ii ig¨ iPbv| [RvZxq msm` mwPevj‡q mnKvix cwiPvjK : 06]
cO&w³
ÔGwK kix‡ii iƒc, bvwK iƒ‡ci kixi|Õ (ivRv `y®§šÍ ÔkKzšÍjvÕ M`¨vs‡k GB Dw³ K‡ib|) kKzšÍjvi wcZvi bvg gnwl© wek^vwgÎ|
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. CkîP›`ª‡K †Kvb cÖwZôvb we`¨vmvMi Dcvwa `vb K‡ib? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK (weUv) : 14]
K. †cÖwm‡WÝx K‡jR L. we`¨vmvMi K‡jR M. KwjKvZv wek^we`¨vjq N. ms¯‥…Z K‡jR DËi : N
02. evsjv M‡`ï RbK ‡K? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (ivRkvnx wefvM) : 03; cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK : 94]
K. CkîP›`ª we`¨vmvMi L. `xbeÜz wgÎ M. ew¼gP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq N. gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `Ë DËi : K
03. 1855 mv‡j we`¨vmvM‡ii †jLv †Kvb eBwU K¬vwmK gh©v`v jvf K‡i? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (wm‡jU wefvM) : 05]
K. kKzšÍjv L. eY© cwiPq M. mxZvi ebevm N. åvwšÍwejvm DËi : L
gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `Ë (25 Rvbyqvwi 1824-29 †k Ryb 1873)

 Rb¥ I g„Zz¨ : 1824-1873 [mgvR‡mev Awa`ß‡ii cÖ‡ekb Awdmvi: 13]
 Rb¥¯’vb : mvMi`vuwo, †Kkecyi, h‡kvi| [mgvR‡mev Awa`ß‡ii kni mgvR‡mev Awdmvi : 07]
 evsjvi beRvMiY mvwn‡Zï Ab¨Zg cy‡ivav|
 wLª÷vb a‡g© `xwÿZ nb- 1843 mv‡j| [mgvR‡mev Awa`ß‡ii Dc-mnKvix cwiPvjK: 05]
 gaym~`‡bi g„Zz¨ nq- Avwjcyi nvmcvZv‡j| [Rbkw³, Kg©ms¯’vb I cÖ. ey¨‡ivi Dc.mn.cwi:01]
 gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `Ë-†K AvaywbK evsjv KweZvi RbK ejv nq| gvB‡Kj gaym~`b iwPZ I cÖKvwkZ cÖ_g MÖš’ -
Bs‡iwR‡Z †jLvÑ The captive lady (1849) [Kviv ZË¡veavqK: 13] I 2q MÖš’ - Vision of the past.
 gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `Ë evsjv mvwn‡Zï cÖ_g mv_©K bvU¨Kvi|
 wZwb evsjv m‡b‡Ui cÖeZ©bKvix| [29 Zg wewmGm, 25 Zg wewmGm] gvB‡Kj gaym~`b iwPZ ÔPZz`©kc`x KweZvejxÕ (1866)
102wU m‡b‡Ui msKjb (evsjv mvwn‡Zï 1g m‡bU msKjb)| cÖ_g m‡bU Aÿie„Ë Q‡›` †jLvÑ e½fvlv|
 evsjv mvwn‡Zï AwgÎv¶i Q‡›ì iƒcKvi| [miKvwi gva¨wgK we`¨vjq : 2019] AwgÎvÿi Q‡›ì •ewkó¨ n‡jv AšÍ¨wgj bvB|
[25Zg wewmGm] evsjv fvlvq AwgÎv¶i Q‡›` (mdj cÖ‡qvM) iwPZ cÖ_g Kve¨MÖš’Ñ wZ‡jvËgvm¤¢e Kve¨ (1860)| wZwb
ÔcÙveZxÕ bvU‡K cÖ_g AwgÎv¶i Q‡›ì cÖ‡qvM K‡ib|
Kve¨MÖš’ bvUK
gaym~`b evsjv KweZvq AvaywbKZvi cÖeZ©K| [GwUBI: 10; kÖg cwi`ß‡ii o kwg©ôv (1859) :
[cÖevmx Kj¨vY I •e‡`wkK Kg©ms¯’vb gš¿Yvj‡qi m. cwi: 12]
RbmsL¨v I cwievi Kj¨vY Kg©KZ©v: 09 ] cÖ_g mv_©K bvUK| KjKvZvi cvBKcvovi ivRv‡ì Aby‡cÖiYvq
 PZz`©kc`x KweZvejx (1866) : m‡bU msKjb| [21Zg wewmGm] †ejMvwQqv w_‡qUv‡ii Rb¨ gaym~`b 1858 mv‡j bvUKwU iPbv
 wZ‡jvËgvm¤¢e (1860) : evsjv fvlvq AwgÎvÿi Q‡›` iwPZ K‡ib Ges 3 †m‡Þ¤î 1859 mv‡j gÂ¯’ Kiv nq|
cÖ_g Kve¨MÖš’| [GwUBI: 05] hZx›`ª‡gvnb evMPx‡K DrmM© Kiv nq| o cÙveZx (1860) : evsjv mvwn‡Zï cÖ_g mv_©K K‡gwW| wMÖK
 eªRv½bv (1861) : •eòe c`vejx Abymi‡Y iwPZ ivav-K…ò cyiv‡Yi cÖwm× Mí ÔApple of DiscordÕ Aej¤^‡b wZwb wn›`y
welqK MxwZKve¨| [Rb¯^v¯’¨ cÖ‡K․kj Awa`ß‡ii mn. cwi: 15] cyiv‡Yi Qvu‡P ag© ms¯‥vivbyhvqx ÔcÙveZxÕ bvUK iPbv K‡ib| wZwb
 exiv½bv (1862) : evsjv mvwn‡Zï cÖ_g cÎKve¨ [31Zg I GB bvU‡Ki wØZxq A‡¼ cÖ_g ÔAwgÎv¶i Q›`Õ eënvi K‡ib|
36Zg wewmGm]| BZvjxq Kwe Iwf‡Wi Heroides Kv‡eï o K…òKzgvix (1861) : GwU evsjv mvwn‡Zï cÖ_g mv_©K Uª¨v‡RwW
Av`k©vbymv‡i 11wU c~Y© c‡Î iwPZ cÎKve¨| [cvm‡cvU© GÛ Bwg‡MÖkb [35Zg wewmGm, mgwš^Z 8 e¨vsK wmwbqi Awdmvi: 18]| G bvU‡Ki Kvwnbx
Awa`ß‡ii mn. cwi. 14] GwU Zvi AwgÎv¶i Q‡›ì m‡e©vËg wb`k©b| DBwjqvg U‡Wi ÔivR¯’vbÕ bvgK MÖš’ †_‡K msM„nxZ K‡ib| cÖ_g
G Kv‡eï KweZv¸‡jv‡K Dramatic monologue RvZxq HwZnvwmK bvUK| GwU Zuvi iwPZ me©‡kªô bvUK|
KweZv ejv hvq| G Kve¨wU wZwb ÒCk¦iP›`ª we`¨vmvMi‡KÓ o gvqvKvbb (1874) : Zuvi iwPZ me©‡kl we‡qvMvšÍK bvUK|
DrmM© K‡iwQ‡jb| o wiwRqv (Amgvß) : Bmjvg wel‡q iwPZ Amgvß bvUK|
gnvKve¨
gvB‡Kj evsjv †gNbvèa (1861) [38Zg wewmGm, GwUBI: 16, mnKvix _vbv gva¨wgK wkÿv Awdmvi: 15] : evsjv mvwn‡Zï
mvwn‡Zï cÖ_g cÖ_g I me©‡kÖô/mv_©K gnvKve¨ Ô†gNbvèaÕ Kve¨| [cvm‡cvU© Awa`ß‡ii mn. cwiPvjK: 11; cwievi cwiKíbv
gnvKwe| [MYgva¨g Awa`ß‡ii wnmveiÿK: 11] GwU gaym~`‡bi wØZxq Kve¨MÖš’ Ges AwgÎv¶i Q‡›` iwPZ| GwU ms¯‥…Z
Bbw÷wUD‡Ui mn. cwi. gnvKve¨ ÔivgvqYÕ n‡Z M„nxZ| [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mn. wk: 13] 1857 wLª: msNwUZ wmcvnx wecø‡ei ¯^vaxbZv g‡š¿
(‡eZvi cÖ.): 03] D¾xweZ n‡q iveY‡K bvqK I ivg‡K LjbvqK K‡i evsjv mvwn‡Zï cÖ_g gnvKwe gaym~`b iPbv
K‡ib GB ¯^vaxbZvwfjvlx Kve¨|
‡R‡b ivLyb ‡R‡b ivLyb

 Ô‡gNbvèa Kv‡e¨Õ mM© msL¨v : 9wU| cÙveZx (bvUK) gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `Ë
 Ô‡gNbvèa Kve¨Õ AwgÎvÿi Q‡›` iwPZ| [Rv.iv.‡ev.‡Mv.K: 10] cÙveZx (Kve¨) AvjvIj
 Ô‡gNbvèa Kve¨Õ exi i‡mi Kve¨| [GwUBI: 99] cÙveZx (mgv‡jvPbv MÖš’) •mq` Avjx Avnmvb
cÖnmb :
gvB‡Kj gaym~ab `Ë evsjv mvwn‡Zï cÖ_g cÖnmb iPwqZv|
G‡KB wK e‡j mf¨Zv (1860) [ivRkvnx K…wl Dbœqb e¨vsK (mycvifvBRvi) : 17, evsjv K…wl e¨vsK Awdmvi (AvBwU) : 16] : Bqs †e½j‡ì
PwiÎ ms‡kva‡bi Awfjv‡l iwPZ|
ey‡ov kvwj‡Ki Nv‡o †ivu (1860) [Rwic Awa`ß‡ii mnKvix mycvwib‡Ub‡W›U: 05] : GwU evsjv mvwn‡Zï cÖ_g cÖnmb| cÖ_g
bvg f¸ wkegw›ì| iPbvi mgq GwUi bvg wQjÑ ÔfMœ wke gw›ìÕ|
m‡bU :
m‡b‡Ui g‡a¨ `ywU Ask _v‡K| [24Zg wewmGm] 14 QÎ wewkó GB KweZvi cÖ_g 8 QÎ‡K e‡j AóK, cieZx© 6 Qq
jvBb‡K e‡j lôK| m‡b‡Ui Avw` aviv BZvwjq Kwe †cÎvK© Ges AvaywbK aviv †k·wcqvi KZ…©K cÖwZwôZ|
evsjv KweZvi cÖavb wZbwU Q‡›ì bvgKiY K‡ib ÒcÖ‡eva P›`ª †mbÓ| evsjv Q›` wZb
‡R‡b ivLyb cÖKvi [miKvwi gva¨wgK we`¨vjq : 2019]
AwgÎv¶i Q›` - o A¶ie„Ë (1922) Ñ g~j ce© 8 ev 10 gvÎvi nq| ga¨hyMxq bvg- cqvi|
ÔBlank Verse’ o gvÎve„Ë Ñ g~j ce© mvaviYZ 6 gvÎvi|
o ¯îe„Ë (1922) Ñ g~j ce© msL¨v 4| G‡K †j․wKK/Qovi Q›` e‡j|
Ab¨vb¨ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z_¨ :

 wU‡gvw_ †cbc‡qgÕ QÙbv‡g KweZv wjL‡Zb- gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `Ë|
 Ô`ËKz‡jv™¢eÕ Kwe- gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `Ë| [mnKvix Dc‡Rjv wkÿv Awdmvi: 09] GQvov ÔgayKweÕ bv‡g WvKv n‡Zv|
 wefxl‡Yi ¯¿xi bvg- migv| [cÖevmx Kj¨vY I •e‡`wkK Kg©ms¯’vb gš¿Yvj‡qi mnKvix cwiPvjK: 12]
 wZwb evsjv mvwn‡Zï cÖ_g we‡`ªvnx Kwe KviY mvwnwZ¨K I mvgvwRK we‡`ªvn wZwbB cÖ_g K‡ib|
 Ô‡n±ieaÕ †nvgv‡ii ÔBwjqvWÕ Gi e½vbyev`| [kÖg I Kg©ms¯’vb gš¿Yvj‡qi kÖg cwiPvjK: 06] GwU Amgvßfv‡eB
cÖKvwkZ nq| GwU f~‡è gy‡Lvcva¨vq‡K DrmM© Kiv nq|
 `xbeÜz wg‡Îi bxj`c©Y bvUKwU Bs‡iwR‡Z Abyev` K‡ib- gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `Ë| (40Zg wewmGm)
D‡jøL‡hvM¨ cO&w³
ÔI‡i evQv gvZ„‡Kv‡l iZ‡bi ivwR, e½fvlv ÔgwRby wedj Z‡c Aei‡Y¨ ewi; e½fvlv
G wfLvix `kv Z‡e †Kb †Zvi AvwR|Õ ‡Kwjby ‣kev‡j, fzwj Kgj-Kvbb|Õ [mnKvix
[Dc‡Rjv gwnjv I wkï welqK Kg©KZ©v : 07] Dc‡Rjv wkÿv Awdmvi : 10]
ÔmZZ †n b`, Zzwg co †gvi g‡b K‡cvZvÿ Ôcvwjjvg AvÁv-my‡L, cvBjvg Kv‡j e½fvlv
mZZ †Zvgvi K_v fvwe G wei‡jÕ [wUBI : 94] b` gvZ…fvlv- iƒc Lwb c~Y© gwYRv‡j|Õ
ÔRwb¥‡j gwi‡Z n‡e, Agi †K †Kv_v i‡e, e½f~wgi Ô†n e½ fvÐv‡i Ze wewea iZb, e½fvlv
wPiw¯’i K‡e bxi, nvq †i, Rxeb-b‡`? cÖwZ Zv m‡e (A‡eva Avwg) Ae‡njv Kwi, [evsjv‡`k e¨vsK mn.
cwiPvjK : 10, mnKvix
[c~evwj e¨vsK wmwbqi Awdmvi: 13] ciab †jv‡f gË, Kwiby ågY ci‡`‡k cwievi cwiKíbv
ÔAjxK KzbvU¨ i‡½, kwg©ôv wfÿve„wË Kzÿ‡Y AvPwi|Õ [wewe Awdmvi: 11] Kg©KZ©v: 12]
g‡R †jvK iv‡p I e‡½Õ [Z_¨ gš¿Yvj‡qi Aaxb
mnKvix cwiPvjK : 03]
 Ôe½fvlvÕ KweZvi g~j e³e¨- ÔgvZ…fvlvi cÖwZ D‡cÿvi AbyZvcÕ|
 ÔK‡cvZvÿ b`Õ KweZvwU GKwU m‡bU| [MY‡hvMv‡hvM Awa`ß‡i mnKvix Z_¨ Awdmvi: 05]
 ÔAvwg wK WivB mwL wfLvix ivN‡e?Õ GLv‡b ÔwfLvix ivNeÕ ivg| [mgvRKj¨vY gš¿Yvj‡qii mgvR‡mev Awdmvi : 10]
 ÔgvZ…fvlvi-iƒc Lwb c~Y© gwYRv‡jÕ- GLv‡b ÔgwYRvjÕ A_©- Rv‡ji gZ Qwo‡q _vKv gwY|
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `‡Ëi Ô†gNbvèa Kv‡e¨Õi Drm wK? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (ivBb) : 13]
K. ivgvqY L. gnvfviZ M. fMer N. Kzgvim¤¢e DËi : K
iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi (7 †g 1861-7 AvM÷ 1941)
 Rb¥ : 25 •ekvL 1268 e½vã (7 †g 1861 wLª.) [GwUBI : 15; †mvbvjx, iƒcvjx, RbZv
e¨vsK Awdmvi : 08, gnvwnmve wbixÿK I wbqš¿‡Ki Kvh©vj‡qi Aaxb : 14, wewe GwW : 08, ciivóª
gš¿Yvj‡qi mycvwib‡Ub‡W›U : 19]
 g„Zz¨ : 22 kªveY 1348 e½vã (7 AvM÷ 1941 wLª.)| [cwievi cwiKíbv Awa`ß‡ii
mnKvix cwiKíbv Kg©KZ©v: 12; mve-‡iwR÷ªvi : 01]
 cvwievwiK cèx : Kzkvix [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mn. wk: 15; lô we‡RGm (mn. RR): 11]
 wZwb GKKfv‡M wZbwU †`‡ki (evsjv‡`k, fviZ, kÖxj¼v) RvZxq msMxZ wj‡L‡Qb|
[AMÖYx e¨vsK wmwbqi Awdmvi : 15]
 Rb¥¯’vb : KjKvZvi †Rvovmuv‡Kvi VvKzi evwo‡Z| esk : cxivwj eªv‫‏‬þY|

 wcZv : †`‡e›`ªbv_ VvKzi| gvZv : mvi`v my›ìx †èx| Dcvwa : Kwe¸iæ/¸iæ‡è| wcZvgn : wcÖÝ ØviKvbv_ VvKzi|
 Rb¥ kZevwl©Kx : Kwei Rb¥ kZevwl©Kx cvwjZ nq 1961 mv‡j| [13Zg wewmGm] Zvui cieZ©x Rb¥-kZevwl©Kx cvwjZ n‡e
2061 mv‡j|
 mva©kZ (150 eQi c~wZ© D`hvcb) : Kwei mva©kZ cvwjZ nq 2011 mv‡j| [WvP-evsjv e¨vsK wjwg‡UW (GgwUI) : 12]
 wkjvB`n (KzgviLvjx, Kzwóqv 1889-1901) [mn. Dc‡Rjv wkÿv Awd: 15] : 1889 mv‡j 1g
Av‡mb Ges †mLv‡bB Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZv iPbv K‡ib|
¯§„wZ  kvnRv`cyi (wmivRMÄ) : 1890 mv‡j Rwg`vwi cwi`k©‡b kvnRv`cyi Av‡mb|
weRwoZ  `w¶Y wWwn (dzjZjv, Lyjbv) : iwei gv mvi`v my›ìx †èx I Zuvi ¯¿x g„Yvwjbx †èxi G
¯’vb MÖv‡g Rb¥ (A_©vr Avw` emwZ) [35Zg wewmGm]| GgbwK Zuv‡ì we‡qI nq GB MÖv‡g|
 cwZmi (AvÎvB, buIMv) : VvKzi Rwg`vwii KvwjMÖvg ciMYvi mì KvPvwi wQj cwZm‡i|
1891 mv‡j 1g cwZm‡i Av‡mb Ges me©‡kl 1937 mv‡j cwi`k©b K‡ib| GwU bvMi
b`xi Zx‡i Aew¯’Z|
 Zvui c~e©cyiæl 18 kZ‡Ki ïiæ‡Z Lyjbvi `w¶Y wWwn  bvBU Dcvwa jvf I Z¨vM : Kwe‡K 1915 mv‡j weªwUk
†_‡K KjKvZvi †Mvwe›`cy‡i G‡m †R‡j cvovi cy‡ivwnZ miKvi bvBU ev m¨vi Dcvwa cÖ`vb K‡i| [evsjv‡`k e¨vs‡Ki
wnmv‡e KvR ïiæ Ki‡j A‡b‡K ÔVvKziÕ e‡j Wv‡Kb| mn. cwi: 04] 1919 mv‡j RvwjqvbIqvjvev‡Mi nZ¨vKv‡Ði
 MxZvÄwj Kv‡eï Bs‡iwR Abyev‡ì Rb¨ 1913 mv‡ji cÖwZev‡` wZwb bvBU Dcvwa Z¨vM K‡ib| [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mn.
[wewfbœ gš¿Yvj‡qi e¨w³MZ Kg©KZ©v : 19, ciivóª gš¿Yvj‡qi cÖkvmwbK wkÿK : 13, ewnivMgb I cvm‡cvU© Awa`ß‡ii mn. cwi: 11]
Kg©KZ©v: 19, †c‡Uªvevsjv wnmve mnKvix: 19, miKvwi gva¨wgK we`¨vj‡qi  kvwšÍ wb‡KZb : iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi 1901 mv‡j kvwšÍ
mn. wkÿK: 19] b‡f¤î gv‡m 52 eQi [cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK: wb‡KZ‡b ÔeªþPh©vkÖgÕ bvgK GKwU AvevwmK we`¨vcxV
19] eq‡m cÖ_g fviZxq I cÖ_g evOvwj wn‡m‡e mvwn‡Z¨ cÖwZôv K‡ib| hv 1921 mv‡j wek^fviZx K‡j‡R
†bv‡ej cyi¯‥vi jvf K‡ib| [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK: 93] (cieZ©x‡Z wek^fviZx wek^we`¨vjq) cwiYZ nq| [cÖv_wgK
 QÙbvg (9wU) : fvbywmsn VvKzi [19Zg I 34Zg wewmGm, wewfbœ I MYwkÿv Awa`ß‡ii mnKvix cwiPvjK : 01]
gš¿Yvj‡qi e¨w³MZ Kg©KZ©v : 19], AKcU P›`ª fv¯‥i, AvbœvKvjx  c`vewj : iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi c`vewj wj‡L‡Qb| [22Zg
cvKovkx, lôxPiY ‡èkg©v, evbxwe‡bv` we`¨vwe‡bv`, wewmGm] Ôfvbywmsn VvKz‡ii c`vewjÕ Gi iPwqZv iex›`ªbv_
kÖxgZx Kwbôv, kÖxgwZ ga¨gv w`Kk~b¨ fÆvPvh©, bexb VvKzi (26Zg wewmGm)| wZwb eªReywj fvlvq c`vewj iPbv
wK‡kvi kg©b cÖf…wZ| K‡ib| [RvZxq ivR¯^ †ev‡W©i mn. ivR¯^ Kg©KZ©v : 15]
iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii cÖ_g..
 Kve¨MÖš’ : Kwe Kvwnbx (17 eQi eq‡m 1878 mv‡j fviZx cwÎKvq cÖKvwkZ nq|)
[wcwUAvBGi BÝUªv±i : 19; Lv`¨ Awa`ß‡ii Dc-Lv`¨ cwi`k©K : 12]
 Dcb¨vm : †e․ VvKzivYxi nvU (1883)| [mn. RR : 07] (Z‡e cÖ_g iwPZ- KiæYv)
cÖ_g  KweZv : wn›`y‡gjvi Dcnvi (1874)
cÖKvwkZ  †QvUMí : wfLvwiYx (1874)  bvUK : evj¥xwK cÖwZfv (1881)|
 iPbv msKjb : PqwbKv|  cÖeÜ MÖš’ : wewea cÖm½ (1883)|
hv wKQz..
 M`¨ MÖš’ : qy‡ivc cÖevmxi cÎ| [mve-‡iwR÷ªvi : 01; cÖwZiÿv gš¿Yvj‡qi mvBdvi Awdmvi : 99]
 evsjv mvwn‡Zï cÖ_g mv_©K †QvUMí : †`bv-cvIbv (1890)
ebdzj (1880) mv‡_ bvP I Mv‡bi cÖ‡qvM|
ÔebdzjÕ (1873) me©cÖ_g m¤ú~Y© Kve¨ Z‡e wØZxq cÖKvwkZ| cÖnmb •eKz‡Úi LvZv [39Zg wewmGm], wPiKzgvi
cÖKvwkZ nIqvi 4 eQi Av‡M iwPZ hv Zuvi 15 eQi eq‡m| mfv (1926) [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖ. wkÿK:
cwÎKvq ebdzj MÖ‡š’i KweZv 1873 mv‡jB cÖKvwkZ nq| 09; cÖv. we`¨v. mn. wk: 08], †kl i¶v,
bvUK e¨½‡K․ZzK, nvm¨‡K․ZzK, †Mvovq Mj`|
MxwZbvU¨ evj¥xwK cÖwZfv, gvqvi †Ljv, emšÍ| mvgvwRK bvUK euvkix, †kva‡eva|
mvs‡KwZK gy³aviv, i³Kiex [mnKvix Dc‡Rjv wkÿv
Kve¨bvU¨ gvwjbx, wPÎv½`v, wemR©b, [cÖv_wgK we`¨v. cÖ. wk: Awdmvi : 09; evsjv‡`k e¨vsK GwW : 11; cÖv.we.mn.
bvUK
09,] iƒ`ªP›`ª, ivRv I ivYx, cÖK…wZi
wk: 10,11], APjvqZb, dvêybx, kvi‡`vrme,
cÖwZ‡kva|| Kv‡ji hvÎv [cÖv_wgK we`¨v. mn. wk: 10],
bvU¨Kve¨ we`vq Awfkvc Zv‡mi †`k (1933) [cÖv. we. mn. wk: 12],
b„Z¨bvU¨ k¨vgv, PÐvwjKv, (wPÎv½`v), bUxi cyRv ivRv, WvKNi [wc‡KGmGd mn. e¨v : 19],
(1926) Ñ GB bvU‡K cÖ_g Awfb‡qi cÖvqwðË|
Dcb¨vm
‡Mviv, †k‡li KweZv, †kl Pvi Aa¨vq, g‡b ivLyb : †Mviv †k‡li KweZvi †kl Pvi
PZzi½ (21Zg wewmGm), †Pv‡Li evwj| Aa¨vq wjL‡Z wM‡q PZzi‡½I †Pv‡Li evwj‡Z
iex›`ªbv‡_i cwiYZ nj|
Dcb¨v‡mi `yB ‡evb, gvjÂ, ivRwl©, N‡i-evB‡i g‡b ivLyb : `yB ‡evb gvjÂ I ivRwl© N‡i-
bvg [16Zg I 34Zg wewmGm], ‡hvMv‡hvM, ‡e․ evB‡i ‡hvMv‡hvM K‡i †cj bv e‡j ‡e․
VvKzivYxi nvU, †b․KvWzwe| VvKzivYxi nv‡U LyuR‡Z wM‡q †b․KvWzwe nj|
KiæYv
ivR‣bwZK Dcb¨vm
Dcb¨v‡mi bvg PwiÎ DcRxe¨
‡Mviv (1910) ‡Mviv, c‡ik evey , Avb›`gqx, jwjZv, webq, eo`v Ebwesk kZvãxi †klfv‡Mi ag©v‡›`vjb,
[cÖwZiÿv gš¿Yvj‡qi
wmwfwjqb ÷vd Awdmvi
my › ìx, K… ò `qvj, my PwiZv [g‡b ivLyb : K…ò (K…ò ¯^‡`k‡cÖg Ges bvixgyw³ wPšÍvi cUf~wg‡Z/
`qvj) ei (eo`v) c‡i (c‡ik evey) Avm‡e (Avb›`gqx,
I mn. cwi: 16]
myPwiZv, webq) †Mvj (‡Mviv) Uywc gv_vq w`‡q|]
e½f½ wb‡q|
Pvi Aa¨vq B›`ªbv_, AZxb, Gjv ¯^‡`kx Av‡›`vj‡bi †cÖÿvc‡U iwPZ|
N‡i-evB‡i m›¯^xc, wegjv, wbwL‡jk [g‡b ivLyb : N‡i-evB‡i weªwUk fvi‡Zi ivRbxwZ‡K wN‡i| PwjZ fvlvq
mwe †b| iwPZ Zvui cÖ_g Dcb¨vm| [Rbkw³, Kg©ms¯’vb
ey¨‡ivi Dc-mnKvix cwiPvjK : 01]
mvgvwRK Dcb¨vm
PwiÎ DcRxe¨
i‡gk, Kgjv, †ngbwjbx, bwjbvÿ m¤ú‡K©i RwUjZvq wØav-ØxY© gvbyl¸‡jvi eY©bv|
`vwgbx, R¨vVv gkvB, kPxk, kÖxwejvm GK hye‡Ki AvZ¥vbymÜvb|
Kzgyw`bx, gaym~`b [g‡b ivLyb : †hvMv‡hvM Kg (Kzgyw`bx, gaym~`b) Ki|] Rwg`vi †kÖwYi wejywß|
kwg©jv, Ewg©jv, kkv¼| wÎfzR †cÖ‡gi Dcb¨vm|
bxiRv, Ewg©gvjv, Avw`Z¨, mijv, kwg©jv| g„Zz¨ c_hvÎx GK bvix I Zvi ¯^vgxi Kvwnwb|
gb¯ÍvwZ¡K Dcb¨vm
‡Pv‡Li evwj g‡n›`ª, wenvix, we‡bvw`bx, Avkv [g‡b evOvwj mgvR I cvwievwiK Rxe‡bi ewjô, wewPÎ,
(1903) ivLyb : wewe Avgvi †Pv‡Li evwj] we‡kølYvZ¥Kag©x|
 Ô‡Pv‡Li evwjÕ [wc‡KGmGd Gi mnKvix cwiPvjK : 19] evsjv mvwn‡Zï cÖ_g gb¯ÍvwZ¡K Dcb¨vm|
HwZnvwmK/BwZnvm wbf©i Dcb¨vm
‡e․ VvKzivbxi nvU cÖZvcvw`Z¨, wefv, D`qvw`Z¨, emšÍ ivq evsjv‡`k‡K AvkÖq K‡i ivRv cÖZvcvw`‡Zï Kvwnwb|
(1883) (‡bvU : BwZnvm wbf©i Z‡e HwZnvwmK Dcb¨vm bq)
ivRwl© iNycwZ, †Mvwe›`gvwbK¨ wÎcyivi BwZnvm‡K AvkÖq K‡i iwPZ|
 cÖK…wZ : ‡ivgvw›UK Kveäg©x Dcb¨vm| G‡Z †ivgvw›UK g‡bi gvbyl¸‡jvi eY©bv cvIqv hvq|
 cÖevmx cwÎKvq 1928 mv‡j cÖKvwkZ nq| MÖš’vKv‡i 1929 mv‡j cÖKvwkZ nq|
‡k‡li  PwiÎ : AwgZ, jveY¨, †KZKx, †kvfbjvj|
KweZv  iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii †k‡li KweZv Dcb¨v‡m fvlvwe` ÔmybxwZKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨vqÕ Gi bvg cvIqv hvq|
[moK I Rbc`
Awa`ß‡ii Dc- [wbe©vPb Kwgkb mwPevj‡qi cÖkvmwbK Kg©KZ©v : 06]
mnKvix cÖ‡KŠkjx :  weL¨vZ Dw³ :
10, 10g I 24Zg
wewmwGm] Kv‡ji hvÎvi aŸwb ïb‡Z wK cvI?
d¨vkbUv n‡jv gy‡Lvk, ÷vBjUv n‡jv gyLkÖx|
MÖnY K‡iQ hZ, FYx ZZ K‡iQ Avgvq| (- jve‡Yï Dw³) [hye Dbœqb mn. cwi: 99]
iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii Kve¨MÖš’

‡mvbvi Zix [Rb¯^v¯’¨ cÖ. Awa. Dc. mn. cÖ: 15] ejvKv ¯§iY
cybð [Z_¨ gš¿Yvj‡qi Aaxb Z_¨ A. 08] wPÎv DrmM©
c~iex ÿwYKv ‡Lqv
iex›`ªbv‡_i cÎcyU ‣PZvwj MxZvwj
ebevYx ‡muRywZ gûqv
Kve¨MÖ‡š’i Kíbv fMœ ü`q (MxwZKve¨) cÖnwmbx
bvg KwYKv Kwo I †Kvgj ‡kl mßK
(56wU) K_v I Kvwnbx ‣b‡e`¨ k¨vgjx
MxZvÄwj cÖfvZ m½xZ beRvZK
†kl †jLv Kwe Kvwnbx mvbvB
ebdzj mÜ¨v m½xZ Qov
gvbmx ùzwj½
 ‡kl†jLv (20Zg I 38Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi) ‡kl Kve¨MÖš’|

‡R‡b ivLyb : †kl †jLv (Kve¨MÖš’)- iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi, †k‡li KweZv (Dcb¨vm)- iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi, †k‡li cwiPq
(Dcb¨vm)- kirP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq, †kl Pvi Aa¨vq (Dcb¨vm)- iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi, †kl mßK (KweZv)- iex›`ªbv_
VvKzi, †kl ivwÎi Zviv (Dcb¨vm)- Avey Rvdi kvgmyÏxb, †kl cvÐzwjwc (Dcb¨vm)- ey×‡è emy, †kl we‡K‡ji
†g‡q (Dcb¨vm)- Rwni ivqnvb|
msKwjZ| weL¨vZ Ôkv-RvnvbÕ KweZvwU G Kv‡e¨
→ ÔcybðÕ n‡Z iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi M`ïxwZ‡Z KweZv
¯’vb †c‡q‡Q| [Dc‡Rjv mgvR‡mev Awdmvi : 06]
†jLv ïiæ K‡ib| [Zzjv Dbœqb †ev‡W©i Kg©KZ©v : 06]
→ ÔDe©kxÕ KweZvwU ÔwPÎvÕ Kv‡eï AšÍM©Z| [¯îvóª
→ Ô‡mvbvi ZixÕ gvÎve„Ë Q‡›` iwPZ| [30Zg wewmGm] GB gš¿Yvj‡qi ewnivMg I cvm‡cvU© Awa`ß‡ii mn. cwiPvjK : 11]
mvwnZ¨Kg©wU Kwe Kzwóqvi wkjvB`‡n e‡m iPbv → Ôevsjvi gvwU evsjvi RjÕ m‡bUwUi iPwqZv Kwe¸iæ
K‡ib| wns wUs QU KweZvwU iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi|
†mvbvi Zix Kve¨MÖš’ †_‡K †bqv n‡q‡Q| [RvZxq
wbivcËv ‡Mv‡q›`v ms¯’v mnKvix cwiPvjK : 15]
D‡jøL‡hvM¨ KweZvi bvg
→ ÔejvKvÕ Kv‡e¨ MwZZ‡Ë¡i cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q| Ômey‡Ri we`vq Awfkvc [cjøx Dbœqb Qwe [A_© gš¿Yvj‡qi Aaxb mÂq
AwfhvbÕ iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii ÔejvKvÕ Kve¨MÖš’ †_‡K †ev‡W©i gvVKg©x : 14] cwi`ß‡ii mn. cwi: 07]
wn›`y‡gjvi mey‡Ri wbS©‡ii †mvbvi `yB Nv‡Ui K_v, ivRc‡_i K_v I gyKzU bv‡g Mí¸‡jv
Dcnvi Awfhvb ¯^cœf½ Zix weNv cÖKvwkZ n‡jI 1890 mv‡j wnZev`x cwÎKvq cÖKvwkZ
¯§iY Rwg †`bv-cvIbv MíwUB iex›`ªbv_ Z_v evsjv mvwn‡Zï cÖ_g
→ ¯¿xi g„Zz¨‡K Dcjÿ¨ K‡i iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi iPbv mv_©K †QvU Mí| ZvB iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi mv_©K †QvUM‡íi
K‡ib Ô¯§iYÕ Kve¨| [cÖevmx Kj¨vY I •e‡`wkK Kg©ms¯’vb RbK| wZwb †QvU M‡íi msÁv w`‡Z wM‡q e‡jb-
gš¿Yvj‡qi mnKvix cwiPvjK : 12]
→ ÔwbS©‡ii ¯^cœf½Õ KweZvq Kwei Dcjwä Ôfwel¨Z Ô‡QvU cÖvY †QvU e¨_v, †QvU †QvU `ytL K_v
wewPÎ I wecyj m¤¢vebvgqÕ| (14Zg wewmGm) wbZvšÍB mnR mij,
‡R‡b ivLyb : mÂwqZv (Kve¨ msKjb) [22Zg wewmGm]- mnmª we¯§„wZivwk cÖZ¨n †h‡Z‡Q fvwm
iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi| mwÂZv (Kve¨ msKjb)- KvRx bRiæj Zvwi `y-PvwiwU AkÖæRj|
Bmjvg| mÂPiY (M‡elYvg~jK MÖš’)- KvRx †gvZvnvi eY©bvi QUv NUbvi NbNUv|
†nv‡mb| bvwn ZË¡ bvwn Dc‡`k|
AšÍ‡i AZ…wß i‡e mv½ Kwi g‡b n‡e
‡kl nB‡q nBj bv †kl|Õ
MxZvÄwj [wcGmwm Gi mnKvix cwiPvjK : 06; DËiv e¨vsK wj.
 iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi iwPZ GKwU Kve¨MÖš’ Ges GB A¨vwm÷¨v›U Awdmvi : 11]
Kve¨wUi Rb¨ wZwb me©vwaK weL¨vZ| [we`y¨r, R¦vjvbx
gš¿Yvj‡qi Aaxb mnKvix we‡ùviK cwi`k©K : 03; cwiei cwiKíbv ‡cÖ‡gi Mí : cvÎ I cvÎx, †k‡li ivwÎ, †kl K_v,
Awa`ß‡ii wb‡qvM cix: 2013]
GKivwÎ, `„wó`vb, gvj¨`vb, mgvwß, j¨ve‡iUwi (me©‡kl
 GwU 157wU MxwZKweZvi msKjb| G¸‡jv g~jZ:
†QvUMí), bóbxo, gaëwZ©bx, cÖvqwðË, gvbfÄb,
eªvþ-fvevcbœ fw³g~jK iPbv Ges Kwe-Av‡ivwcZ
`yivkv, ¯¿xi cÎ, Aa¨vcK, gnvgvqv, kvw¯Í, iweevi,
my‡i AwaKvsk MxZ n‡q _v‡K|
cqjv b¤î, nvj`vi †Mvôx, bvgÄyi Mí|
 G Kve¨MÖ‡š’ Ckî e›`bv †Kvb we‡kl a‡g©i cwie‡Z©
¯ªóvi wekvjZvq m„wói cÖv_©bv wb‡e`b wea„Z n‡q‡Q| Q‡›` Q‡›` g‡b ivLyb : cvÎcvÎx ‡kl iv‡Îi ‡kl
K_v ejvi ci GKB ivwÎ‡Z `„wó`vb K‡i gvj¨`vb
 1908-09 mv‡j iwPZ GB KweZv¸wj 1910 mv‡j
Kij| mgvwß ‡g‡qwU j¨ve‡iUwi‡K bóbxo g‡b K‡i
(37Zg wewmGm) ÔMxZvÄwjÕ bvgK MÖš’vKv‡i cÖKvwkZ
c‡i ga¨g cÖvqwðË Kij|
nq|
 1912 wLªóv‡ã ïiæi w`‡K iex›`ªbv‡_i RvnvR‡hv‡M
jÛb hvIqvi K_v wQj| hvÎvi c~‡e© wZwb Amy¯’ n‡q mvgvwRK Mí : AcwiwPZv, †cv÷gv÷vi, •ngšÍx GB
c‡ob Ges cÙv b`x‡Z wekÖvg wb‡Z ïiæ K‡ib| M‡í †h․ZzK cÖ_v cÖvavb¨ †c‡q‡Q [ms¯’vcb gš¿Yvj‡qi cÖkvmwbK
Kg©KZ©v: 07], QzwU, KveywjIqvjv, †`bv-cvIbv [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq
g~jZ: G mgq wZwb Zvui MxZvÄwj Kve¨‡K we‡k^
cÖavb wkÿK : 02, 07], cYiÿv, Kg©dj, eëavb, †gN I
Qwo‡q †Ìqvi K_v wPšÍv K‡i AvšÍR©vwZK fvlv
wn‡m‡e Bs‡iwR‡Z MxZvÄwj/ The Song †i․`ª, w`w`, h‡Ák¦‡ii hÁ, `vb-cÖwZ`vb, cyÎhÁ,
†LvKveveyi cÖZ¨veZ©b |
Offerings Kve¨MÖ‡š’i Abyev` ïiæ K‡ib|
MxZvÄwj Kve¨MÖ‡š’i Bs‡iwR Abyev‡` mnvqZv A_ev Q‡›` Q‡›` g‡b ivLyb : ‡cv÷gv÷vi ‣ngšÍx w`w`‡K
QywU w`‡Z PvB‡jI w`w` KveywjIqvjvi ‡`bv-cvIbvi
m¤úv`bv K‡i‡Qb A_ev f~wgKv †j‡Lb- W B
cYi¶v Kivi Rb¨ wb‡Ri Kg©dj I eëavb i¶vi
Yeats (33Zg I 36Zg wewmGm; †mvm¨vj Bmjvgx e¨vsK wj.
Rb¨ ‡gN I ‡i․‡`ªi mv‡_ wgwjZ nb|
cÖ‡ekbvwi Awdmvi: 13)|
 MxZvÄwj Kv‡eï Bs‡iwR Abyev‡ì Rb¨ 1913 ʘ ‡R‡b ivLyb : †`bv-cvIbv (‡QvUMí)-
mv‡ji b‡f¤î gv‡m cÖ_g fviZxq wn‡m‡e mvwn‡Z¨ iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi| †`bv-cvIbv (Dcb¨vm)-
†bv‡ej cyi¯‥vi jvf K‡ib| kirP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq|
ʘ ÿzwaZ-cvlvY, KveywjIqvjv, gyKzU I myfv
‡QvUMí : (119wU) cÖf…wZ m„wóK‡g© gymjgvb PwiÎ i‡q‡Q|
iex›`ªbv‡_i cÖ_g †QvUMí ÔwfLvwibxÕ (1874) [wcGmwmi
fviZx
mnKvix cwiPvjK : 16, Kviv Awa`ß‡ii Kviv ZË¦veavqK : 13]  cÖK…wZ I gvbe Mí : AwZw_, Avc`, myfv, RxweZ-
cwÎKvq 1874 wLª: cÖKvwkZ nq| Gici 1884Ñ 85 †Z g„Z|
 AwZcÖvK…Z Mí : ¶zwaZ cvlvY (28Zg wewmGm), ivR‣bwZK cÖeÜ
wbkx‡_, gwYnvi, ¸ßab, K¼vj, RxweZ I g„Z, - mf¨Zvi msKU
gv÷vigkvB| [g‡b ivLyb- cwÐZ gkvB (Dcb¨vm)- - KvjvšÍi
kirP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq] - ¯^‡`k
- ev‡R K_v
 cÖK…wZ I gvbe g‡bi wbweo m¤úK© m~PK MíÑ myfv
Ñ AwZw_ Ñ Avc`| wewfbœ mvwnZ¨K‡g©i PwiÎ
Mí¸‡”Qi †jLK : iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi| [Dc‡Rjv mgvR‡mev bvg (PwiÎ) bvg (PwiÎ)
Awdmvi : 06] mgvwß (g„b¥qx-25Zg wewmGm, Ac~e©) GKivÎx (myievjv)
ågYKvwnbx kvw¯Í (`ywLivg, wQ`vg, ivav ‡cv÷gv÷vi (iZb)
- qy‡ivc hvÎxi cÎ : PwjZ fvlvq †jLv cÖ_g P›ìv-38Zg wewmGm)
M`¨MÖš’| ‣eKz‡Éi LvZv (Awebvk, WvKNi (Agj, myav)
- Rvfv hvÎxi cÎ †K`vi, •eKzÉ)
- qy‡ivc cÖevmxi Wvqwi ‡LvKveveyi cÖZ¨veZ©b (ivBPiY) i³Kiex (bw›`bx,
- ivwkqvi wPwV iÄb, wK‡kvi)
- wmsnj ågY (me©‡kl) wfLvwibx (Kgjv‡èx, Agi wmsn) QzwU (dwUK)
- c‡_i mÂq ‣ngšÍx (‣ngšÍx, Acy) AcwiwPZv (Kj¨vYx)
j¨ve‡iUwi (‡gvwnbx, b›` wK‡kvi) w`w` (kkxgyLx)
cÎ msKjb gaëZ©bx (nimy›ìx, •kjevjv) bóbxo (Pviæ, Agj)
iwe †gvU 12 evi wek¦ åg‡Y †ei nb I wÎkwUiI †ewk nvj`vi †Mvôx (ev‡bvqvwi jvj) cqjv b¤î (Awbjv)
†`k ågY K‡ib| ‡gN I †i․`ª (kkx f~lY) bv-gÄyi (wMwievjv)
- wQbœcÎvejx (1912) : ‡gvU 153wU cÎ KveywjIqvjv (ingZ, LyKx) AwZw_ (Zvivc`)
i‡q‡Q| Gi g‡a¨- cÖ_g 8wU cÎ kªxkP›`ª RxweZ I g„Z (Kv`w¤^bx) Avc` (bxjKÉ)
gRyg`vi‡K †jLv| 145 wU cÎ åvZz®úyÎx ‡Mvovq Mj` (wbgvB) ‡Mviv (‡Mviv, myPwiZv, Avb›`gqx)
Bw›ìv †èx‡K (31Zg wewmGm) D‡Ïk¨ K‡i evj¥xwK cÖwZfv (¯î¯^Zx, Pvi Aa¨vq (AZxb,
wj‡L‡Qb| evj¥xwK, j²x) Gjv, B›`ªbv_)
- c‡_ I c‡_i cÖv‡šÍ ivRv I ivYx (weµg N‡i-evB‡i (wbwL‡jk, wegjv,
- fvbywms‡ni cÎvejx I mywgÎv) m›`xc) (36Zg wewmGm)
igïPbv iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi KZ…K

© ‡LZve cÖ`vb
- cÂf~Z [‡mvbvjx I RbZv e¨vsK Awdmvi (AvBwU): 19] Rxebvb›` `v‡ki KweZv‡K e‡j‡Qb wPÎiƒcgq
- wjwcKv wenvixjvj †K AvL¨vwqZ K‡ib- †fv‡ii cvwL
- PwiÎ c~Rv †gvnb `vm KigPuv` MvÜx‡K e‡j‡Qb - gnvZ¥v
cÖeÜ W. mybxwZKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨vq‡K Dcvwa †`b- fvlvPvh©
iex›`ªbv‡_i cÖeÜ (56wU) Kwe m†Z¨›`ªbv_ `Ë‡K Dcvwa ‡`b- Q‡›ì Rv`yKi
- KvjvšÍi [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mn. wk: 15; Dc‡Rjv wkÿv Awd: 12] bRiæ‡ji Ôa~g‡KZzÕ Avq P‡j Avq‡i a~g‡KZz/
- mf¨Zvi msKU cwÎKvq Awfb›`b Auvav‡i euva †i AwMœ‡mZz/
- wek^cwiPq evYx †cÖiY- ......weRq ‡KZb
- mgvR → `w¶YviÄb wg‡Îi ÔVvKzigvi SzwjiÕ f~wgKv †j‡Lb|
- cÖvPxb mvwnZ¨ → gv÷vi`v m~h©‡mb (1894-12 Rvby, 1934) Gi mn‡hvMx
- cÂf~‡Zi Wv‡qwi wecøex Kíbv `Ë‡K ÔAwMœKb¨vÕ Dcvax|
- wewea cÖm½ → Abœ`vksKi iv‡qi ¯¿x A¨vwjm fvwR©wbqv Ib©Wd© †K bvg
- gvby‡li ag© †`b Ôjxjv ivqÕ|
¯§„wZK_v/AvZ¥Rxebx ☼ Ôgvby‡li Dci wek¦vm nviv‡bv cvcÕ (mf¨Zvi msKU)
- Rxeb¯§„wZ (1912) (40Zg wewmGm)
- †Q‡j‡ejv (1940) iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi KZ©„K DrmM©xK…Z MÖš’
- AvZ¥cwiPq (1943) MÖ‡š’i bvg hv‡K DrmM© K‡ib...
Kv‡ji hvÎv kirP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq [cvwb D. †ev. A. m : 19] cwÎKv
Zv‡mi †`k ‡bZvwR myyfvlP›`ª emy [evsjv‡`k cwi. ey¨‡iv  mvabv (1891)  cwÎKvi 4 eQ‡ii g‡a¨ 1g 3 eQi
cwimsL¨vb A¨vwm÷¨v›U Awdmvi : 14; †mvbvjx e¨vsK
wj. wmwbqi Awdmvi : 10] `vwq‡Z¡ wQ‡jb ZuviB fvwZRv - myax›`ªbv_|
‡e․VvKzivYxi nvU fwMbx †m․`vwgbx ‡èx  fviZx, e½`k©b, ZË¡‡evwabx|
AvKvk cÖ`xc myax›`ªbv_ `Ë wPÎKjv
‡Lqv RM`xkP›`ª emy Zuvi wb‡Ri AuvKv Qwe ¸‡jv‡K Ô†kl eq‡mi wcÖqvÕ e‡j
emšÍ KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg [15Zg wewmGm] AvL¨vwqZ K‡i‡Qb| 70 eQ‡iiI †ewk eq‡mi w`‡K A_©vr
c~iex wf‡±vwiqv IKv‡¤úv (Av‡R©w›Ubvi Kwe) 1928 Ñ 1939 -Gi g‡a¨ Aw¼Z Qwe I †¯‥‡Pi msL¨v cÖvq
[A_© gš¿Yvj‡qi Aax‡b mÂq cwi`ß‡ii mnKvix
cwiPvjK: 07] 2000wU| Zvui wPÎK‡g©i cÖ_g cÖ`k©bx nq d«v‡Ý|
msjvc/ Dw³
Ôwkïiv‡R¨ GB †g‡qwU GKwU †QvULvU ewM©i Dc`ªe ewj‡jB nq|Õ (mgvwß) [27Zg wewmGm]
Ô‣kevj `xwN‡i K‡n D”P Kwi wki, ÔmÜ¨viv‡M wSwjwgwj wSj‡gi †¯ªvZLvwb evuKv|Õ (ejvKv) [25Zg wewmGm]
wj‡L †iL GK †dvuUv w`‡jg wkwki|Õ [13Zg wewmGm] ÔGKLvwb †QvU †ÿZ Avwg G‡Kjv|Õ (‡mvbvi Zix) (36Zg wewmGm)
-GB AskUzKzi g~j cÖwZcv`¨ welq AK…ZÁZv|
Ô‣eivM¨ mva‡b gyw³, †m Avgvi bq|Õ [11Zg wewmGm] ÔAvb›`‡jv‡K g½jv‡jv‡K weivR mZ¨ my›ì|Õ [mnKvix _vbv wkÿv Awdmvi : 16]
ÔAvwg G K_v, G e¨_v, myL-e¨vKzjZv Kvnvi PiY Z‡j wè ÔKv`w¤^bx gwiqv cÖgvY Kwij †m g‡i bvBÕ (RxweZ I g„Z) [kÖg
wbQwb|Õ (37Zg wewmGm)-iex›`ªbv‡_ G Mv‡b ÔwbQwbÕ c~Rv A‡_© Awa`ß‡ii kÖg Awdmvi : 98; mnKvix cjøx Dbœqb Kg©KZ©v : 06;
eëüZ n‡q‡Q| iƒcvjx e¨vsK wjwg‡UW Rywbqi Awdmvi : 13]
Ôd¨vkbUv n‡jv gy‡Lvk, ÷vBjUv n‡jv gyLkÖxÕ (‡k‡li KweZv) Kv‡ji hvÎv aŸwb ïwb‡Z wK cvI? (‡k‡li KweZv)
ÔwKš‘ g½j Av‡jv‡K Avgvi ïf Drme D¾¡j nBqv DwVjÕ| ÔMÖnY K‡iQ hZ, FYx ZZ K‡iQ Avgvq|Õ (‡k‡li KweZvi
(KveywjIqvjv) [hye Dbœqb Awa`ß‡ii mnKvix cwiPvjK : 94; jveYï Dw³)
GjwRBwW mnKvix cÖ‡K․kjx : 05] Ôhw` †Zvi WvK ï‡b †KD bv Av‡m, Z‡e GKjv Pj †i|Õ
Ô‡h Avgv‡i †`wLev‡i cvq Amxg ÿgvq fvj g›` wgjv‡q mKwj, Ô‡Kv‡bvw`b Kg©nxb c~Y© AeKv‡k
Gevi c~Rvq Zvwi Avcbv‡i w`‡Z PvB ewj|Õ (‡k‡li KweZv) emšÍevZv‡m
[Rbkw³ Kg©ms¯’vb I cÖwkÿY ey¨‡ivi Dc-mnKvix cwiPvjK : 01 ] AZx‡Zi Zxi n‡Z †h iv‡Î ewn‡e `xN©k^vm,
GLb wdwiqv ZvKvB‡Z †M‡j `ytL cvB‡Z n‡e|Õ (‣ngšÍx) Siv eKz‡ji Kvbœv e¨w_‡e AvKvk|Õ (‡k‡li KweZv)
Ô‡m Avgvi m¤úwË bq, †m Avgvi m¤ú`|Õ ÔwKš‘ Avi‡¤¢i c~‡e©I Avi¤¢ Av‡Q|
Ô‡cuPv ivóª K‡i †`q †c‡j †Kvb QzuZv,/ Rvb bv Avgvi m‡½ m~‡h©i mÜ¨v ‡ejvq `xc R¦vjvi Av‡M
kÎæZv|Õ –GB D×…ZvskUzKzi g~j cÖwZcv`¨ welq nj- Ônxbgb¨ZvÕ| mKvj †ejvq mj‡Z cvKv‡bv|Õ (‡hvMv‡hvM) [40Zg wewmGm]
Ôey‡Ki i³ w`qv Avgv‡K †h GKw`b wØZxq mxZv wemR©‡bi Kvwnbx Ôhvnv w`jvg Zvnv DRvo KwiqvB w`jvg| (‣ngšÍx [evsjv‡`k e¨vsK
wjL‡Z nB‡e †m K_v †K RvwbZ|Õ (‣ngšÍx) mnKvix cwiPvjK : 08]
ÔG †h `yj©f, G †h gvbex, Bnvi in‡mï wK AšÍ Av‡Q? (‣ngšÍx) [Kg©ms¯’vb e¨vsK A¨vwm÷¨v›U Awdmvi : 01]
gv †Zvi e`bLvwb gwjb n‡j, Avwg bqb R‡j fvwm| [¯îvóª Ôwec‡` †gv‡i iÿv Ki/ G b‡n †gvi cÖv_©bv,
gš¿Yvj‡qi Aaxb Kviv ZË¡veavqK : 10] wec‡` Avwg bv †hb Kwi fq|Õ (AvZ¥ÎvY)
Ôgvgv, Avgvi QzwU n‡q‡Q wK?Õ (QzwU)- dwUK PµeZ©xi GB Dw³ ÔMM‡b Mi‡R †gN, Ni eilv| K~‡j GKv e‡m AvwQ, bvwn fimv|
Øviv †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q, QzwU n‡j †m MÖv‡gi evwo‡Z wd‡i †h‡Z ivwk ivwk fviv fviv, avb KvUv nj mviv|Õ (‡mvbvi Zix)
cvi‡e| [evsjv‡`k e¨vsK mnKvix cwiPvjK : 08; cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 10]
ÔGZKvj b`xK~‡j/ hvnv j‡qwQby fz‡j/ mKwj w`jvg Zz‡j _‡i- ÔVvuB bvB, VvuB bvB, †QvU †m Zix/Avgvwi †mvbvi av‡b wM‡q‡Q
we_‡i/ GLb Avgv‡i jn KiæYv K‡i|Õ (‡mvbvi Zix) fwi|Õ (‡mvbvi Zix) [evsjv‡`k †W‡fjc‡g›U e¨vsK Awdmvi : 16]
ÔLvuPvi cvwL wQj ‡mvbvi LvuPvwU‡Z/ e‡bi cvwL wQj e‡b| ÔI‡i bexb, I‡i Avgvi KvuPv,
GK`v Kx Kwiqv wgjb nj †`vu‡n/ Kx wQj weavZvi g‡b|Õ (`yB I‡i meyR, I‡i AeyS,
cvwL) [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 08, 12] Ava-giv‡ì Nv †g‡i ZzB evuPv| (mey‡Ri Awfhvb)
ÔAvgv‡ì ‡QvUb`x P‡j evu‡K evu‡K|Õ ÔAvi KZ`~‡i wb‡q hv‡e †gv‡i my›ìx|Õ
ÔAa‡g©i gaygvqv wbõj Ô‡K‡ivwmb wkLv e‡j gvwUi cÖ`x‡c,
Avb‡›` bvwP‡Q cyÎ; †¯œn‡gv‡n fywj fvB eÕ‡j WvK hw` wè Mjv wU‡c|
‡m dj w`‡qv bv Zv‡i †fvM Kwiev‡i; ‡nbKv‡j MM‡b‡Z DwV‡jb Pvu`v|
‡K‡o jI, †d‡j `vI, Kvu`vI Zvnv‡i|Õ (MvÜvixi Av‡e`b) ‡K‡ivwmb ewj D‡V, G‡mv †gvi `v`v|Õ (KzUzw¤^Zv) [cÖv _wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK : 12]
ÔaiYxi †Kvb GK `xbZg M„‡n hw` R‡b¥ †cÖqmx|Õ Ô‡h †Zvgvi cyÎ b‡n Zv‡iv wcZv Av‡Q|Õ
ÔAvwg ï‡b nvwm, AvuwL R‡j fvwm, GB wQj †gvi N‡U ÔG‡mwQj mv‡_ K‡i g„Zz¨nxb cÖvY,
Zywg gnvivR mvay n‡j AvR, Avwg AvR †Pvi e‡U|Õ (`yB weNv gi‡Y ZvB Zzwg K‡i †M‡j `vb|Õ –D×…ZvskUyKz Kwe wPËiÄb
Rwg) [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 06] `vk‡K D‡Ïk¨ K‡i wj‡L‡Qb| [mnKvix cwimsL¨vb Kg©KZ©v : 98]
ÔAvR n‡Z kZel© c‡i, †K Zzwg cwoQ ewm, Avgvi KweZvLvwb Ôbxj beN‡b Avlvp MM‡b wZj VvuB Avi bvwn‡i|
†K․Z~njf‡i|Õ (1400 mvj) [weAviwm Awdmvi : 98 ] I‡Mv, AvR †Zviv hvm †b N‡ii evwn‡i|Õ (Avlvp)
MÖnY K‡iQ hZ ......... †n eÜz we`vqÕ| (‡k‡li KweZv) [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mn. wkÿK: 2000; Kg©ms¯’vb e¨vsK WvUv Gw›Uª Acv‡iUi : 11]
ÔAvwR G cÖfv‡Z iwei Ki/ ‡Kg‡b cwkj cÖv‡Yi ci, Ôc‡i gv‡m-†`‡o, wf‡U gvwU †Q‡o evwni nBby c‡_-
‡Kg‡b cwkj ¸nvi Avuav‡i/ cÖfvZ cvwLi Mvb!Õ Kwij wWwµ, mKjB wewµ wg_¨v †`bv L‡Z|
bv Rvwb †Ki †i GZ w`b c‡i RvwMqv DwVj cÖvY|Õ (wbS©‡ii ¯^cœf½) G RM‡Z nvq, †mB †ewk Pvq Av‡Q hvi fzwi fzwi
[cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK : 09; Dc‡Rjv cwimsL¨vb Kg©KZ©v : 10] ivRvi n¯Í K‡i mg¯Í KvOv‡ji ab Pzwi|Õ (`yB weNv Rwg)
Ôgwi‡Z Pvwn‡Z bv Avwg my›ì fze‡b [kÖg Awa`ß‡ii kÖg Awdmvi : 03; _vbv mnKvix wkÿv Awdmvi :
gvb‡ei gv‡S Avwg evuwPevi PvB|Õ (cÖvY) [10g we‡RGm : 16] 04, cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK wb‡qvM: 18]
Ô‡n †gvi wPË, c~Y¨ Zx‡_©/ Rv‡Mv ‡i ax‡i- Ôm¤§y‡L kvwšÍ cvievi/ fvmvI Zix †n KY©avi
GB fvi‡Zi gnvgvb‡ei Zzwg wPimv_x jI jI †n †µvocwZ
mvM‡ii Zx‡i|Õ [7g we‡RGm cÖv_wgK cixÿv (mnKvix RR) : 12] Amx‡gi c‡_ R¦wj‡e ‡R¨vwZ aªæeZvivi|Õ (wPÎv)
Ô‡Zvgvi m„wói c_ †i‡LQ AvKxY© Kwi|Õ (†kl †jLv) [26Zg wewmGm] ÔmZ¨ †h KwVb, KwV‡b‡i fvjevwmjvg- ‡m KL‡bv K‡i bv eÂbv|Õ
Ôgvbyl hv Pvq, fzj K‡i Pvq hv cvq Zv Pvq bv|Õ Ô†h Av‡Q gvwUi KvQvKvwQ
[kÖg Awa`ß‡ii †iwR÷ªvi : 2000; wcGmwmi mnKvix mwPe :05 ] †m Kwei evYx jvwM Kvb †c‡Z AvwQÕ| (Rb¥w`‡b)
ÔAvwg †h †`‡LwQ †Mvcb wnsmv KcU ivwÎ Qv‡q|Õ (cÖkœ) Ôb‡gvb‡gv bg my›ìx gg Rbbx e½f~wg!Õ (`yB weNv Rwg) [cÖv_wgK
ÔGKwU av‡bi kx‡li Dc‡i GKwU wkwki we›`y|Õ we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK : 99]
ÔgiY ‡i Zzuûu gg k¨vg mgvb|Õ (giY) [cÖv_wgK we`¨v. mn. wkÿK : 08; cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mn. wkÿK : 13; c~evjx e¨vsK wj. wmwbqi Awdmvi : 13]
Ôev`jv nvIqvq g‡b c‡o †Q‡j‡ejvi Mvb- †cÖ‡g cÖv‡Y Mv‡b M‡Ü Av‡jv‡K cyj‡K
wewó c‡o Uvcyi Uzcyi b‡` Gj evb|Õ (e„wó c‡o Uvcyi Uzcyi) cøvweZ Kwiqv wbwLj `y¨‡jvK-f~‡jv‡K
[evsjv‡`k †Uwjwfkb AwW‡qÝ wimvP© Awdmvi : 06; cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK : ‡Zvgvi Agj Ag„Z cwo‡Q Swiqv| (†cÖ‡g cÖv‡Y Mv‡b M‡Ü Av‡jv‡K cyj‡K)
13; c~evjx e¨vsK wjwg‡UW wmwbqi Awdmvi : 13]
Ôgvby‡li cÖwZ wek^vm nviv‡bv cvc|Õ (mf¨Zvi msKU) [Avbmvi ÔmgMÖ kixi‡K ewÂZ K‡i †Kej gy‡L i³ Rg‡j Zv‡K ¯^v¯’¨ ejv
wfwWwc Awa`ß‡ii mv‡K©j A¨vWRy‡U›U : 10; cjøx Dbœqb I mgevq hvq bv|Õ [WvK I †Uwj‡hvMv‡hvM gš¿Yvj‡qi wnmvi iÿY Kg©KZ©v :
wefv‡Mi Dc-AvÂwjK eë¯’vcK : 13] 03]
ÔAvgiv mevB ivRv Avgv‡ì GB ivRvi ivR‡Z¡|Õ [mnKvix RR ÔAvgiv Avi¤¢ Kwi, Avo¤î Kwi KvR Kwi bv, hvnv Abykxjb Kwi
wb‡qvM cixÿv : 08; cÖavbgš¿xi Kvh©vj‡qi mn. cwi: 13] Zvnv wek^vm Kwi bv|Õ [mnKvix Dc‡Rjv wkÿv Awdmvi : 10]
ÔI Avgvi †`‡ki gvwU, †Zvgvi c‡i †VKvB gv_v|Õ [c~evjx e¨vsK wjwg‡UW Rywbqi Awdmvi : 12]
‡hLv‡b wd« w_swKs bvB, †mLv‡bB KvjPvi bvB| [evwYR¨ gš¿Yvj‡qi Aaxb Avg`vwb-ißvwb Awa`ß‡ii wbe©vnx Awdmvi : 07]
 iex›`ªbv‡_i cÖ_g Mí wfLvwibx n‡jI 1890 mv‡j wnZev`x cwÎKvq cÖKvwkZ †`bv-cvIbv MíUvB evsjv mvwn‡Zï cÖ_g
¯^v_©K †QvUM‡íi gh©v`v jvf K‡i| ZvB iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi evsjv mvwn‡Zï cÖ_g mv_©K †QvUMíKvi| [gva¨wgK I D”P-gva¨wgK
wkÿv‡ev‡W©i cwi`k©K : 04]
 evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq msMxZ ÔAvgvi †mvbvi evsjvÕ Kwe¸iæi ÔMxZweZvbÕ Kve¨MÖ‡š’i Ô¯îweZvbÕ Ask †_‡K †bqv|
evsjv‡`‡ki MvbwU me©cÖ_g Ôe½`k©bÕ cwÎKvq cÖKvwkZ nq|
RvZxq  MvbwUi myi Kiv nq MMb niKivi ‡jLv evDj Mvb ÔAvwg †Kv_vq cve Zv‡iÕ MvbwUi my‡ii Abymi‡Y| [AMÖbx e¨vsK
wj. wmwbqi Awdmvi: 15] RvZxq msMx‡Z cÖavbfv‡e dz‡U D‡V‡Q ÔcÖK…wZi K_vÕ| (16Zg wewmGm)
msMxZ
 evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq msMxZ wn‡m‡e cÖ_g 10 jvBb [‡mvbvjx e¨vsL wj. Awdmvi : 10] MÖnY Kiv nq 3 gvP© 1971
wLª÷v‡ã| [evsjv‡`k K…wl e¨vsK Awdmvi: 11]
 evsjvq T S Eliot Gi KweZvi cÖ_g Abyev`K iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi| (10g wewmGm)
 Ôevsjvi gvwU evsjvi RjÕ m‡bU iPbv K‡ib- iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi| [mgvR‡mev Awa`ß‡ii cÖ‡ekb Awdmvi: 13; c~evjx e¨vsK wmwbqi Awdmvi : 11]
 iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi b`x‡K gvbe Rxe‡bi mv‡_ Zzjbv K‡i‡Qb| [ciivóª gš¿Yvj‡qi e¨w³MZ Kg©KZ©v : 06]
 iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi‡K wewfbœ Dcvwa cÖ`vb
wewfbœ Dcvwa whwb cÖ`vb K‡ib Dcvwa whwb cÖ`vb K‡ib
Dcvwa wek^Kwe eªþevÜe Dcva¨vq fvi‡Zi gnvKwe ‣PwbK Kwe wP wm wjRb
cÖ`vb Kwe¸iæ wÿwZ‡gvnb †mb ¸iæ‡è gnvZ¥v MvÜx
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. ÔVvKziÕ cwiev‡ii Avmj c`we wQj- [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 15]
K. Kzkvix L. gy‡Lvcva¨vq M. kv¯¿x N. †Nvl DËi : K
02. ÔfvbywmsnÕ Kvi QÙbvg? [‡iwR÷vW© cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (wkDjx) : 11]
K. iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi L. m‡Z¨›`ªbv_ `Ë M. cÖg_ †P․ayix N. †UKPvu` VvKzi DËi : K
03. iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi bvBU Dcvwa Z¨vM K‡ib †Kvb mv‡j? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (`vwbqye) : 13]
K. 1913 L. 1915 M. 1917 N. 1919 DËi : N
04. Ô‡k‡li KweZvÕ iex›`ªbv_ iwPZ- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (K‡cvZvÿ, myigv) : 10]
K. Dcb¨v‡mi bvg L. KweZvi bvg M. Mí msKj‡bi bvg N. bvU‡Ki bvg DËi : K
05. Ôkwg©jvÕ iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi iwPZ †Kvb Dcb¨v‡mi bvwqKv? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (XvKv wefvM) : 09]
K. `yB‡evb L. gvjÂ M. †k‡li KweZv N. †e․ VvKzivYx nvU DËi : K
06. Ô‡b․KvWzweÕ iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi iwPZ- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK- (bvMvwj½g) : 12]
K. Mí L. bvUK M. Dcb¨vm N. cÖeÜ DËi : L
07. ‡KvbwU iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi iwPZ? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 14]
K. PZzi½ L. PZz`©kx M. PZz‡®‥vY N. PZz‡Kv©Y DËi : K
08. Ô‡`bv-cvIbvÕ MíwU Kvi iPbv? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 02]
K. kirP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq L. iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi M. cÖg_ †P․ayix N. •mq` gyRZev Avjx D : L
09. ÔiZbÕ iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii †Kvb M‡íi PwiÎ? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK: 06]
K. QzwU L. KveywjIqvjv M. †cv÷gv÷vi N. wMwbœ DËi : M
10. iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg‡K †Kvb MÖš’wU DrmM© K‡ib? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK: 12]
K. ejvKv L. MxZvÄwj M. †k‡li KweZv N. emšÍ DËi : N
11. ÔKv‡ji hvÎvÕ bvU‡Ki iPwqZv †K? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (K‡cvZvÿ) : 12]
K. iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi L. Ag„Zjvj emy M. †mwjg Avj `xb N. gvgybyi ikx` DËi : K
12. ÔZv‡mi †`kÕ bvU‡Ki iPwqZv †K? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (kvcjv) : 12]
K. wØ‡R›`ªjvj ivq L. KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg M. AvKei DwÏb N. iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi DËi : N
13. ÔwemR©bÕ bvUKwU †K iPbv K‡ib? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (ivRkvnx wefvM) : 05]
K. `xbeÜz wgÎ L. wMixkP›`ª †Nvl M. gxi †gvkviid †nv‡mb N. iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi DËi : N
14. ÔAcY©vÕ iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii †Kvb bvU‡Ki bvwqKv? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 15]
K. wPÎv½`v L. i³Kiex M. ivRv I ivYx N. wemR©b DËi : N
15. ÔWvKNiÕ bvU‡Ki iPwqZv †K? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK-(wZ¯Ív) 12]
K. kirP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq L. ggZvR DwÏb Avng` M. KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg N. iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi DËi : N
16. Ôi³KiexÕ bvU‡Ki iPwqZv †K? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (KY©dzjx) : 12]
K. Beªvwng Lvu L. ey×‡è emy M. wØ‡R›`ªjvj ivq N. iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi DËi : N
17. Ôi³KiexÕ iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi iwPZ GKwU- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK-(Ki‡Zvqv) : 19]
K. bvUK L. Dcb¨vm M. Mí N. MxwZbvU¨ DËi : K
18. iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi iwPZ bvUK †KvbwU? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (KY©dzjx) : 10]
K. emšÍKzgvix L. be †h․eb M. ivbv cÖZvcwmsn N. i³Kiex DËi : N
19. ÔwPiKzgvi mfvÕ bvU‡Ki iPwqZv †K? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (‡gNbv) : 18]
K. byiæj †gv‡gb L. gxi †gvkviid †nv‡mb M. gybxi †P․ayix N. iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi DËi : N
20. ‡Kvb evOvwj Kwe mvwn‡Z¨ †bv‡ej ‡c‡q‡Qb? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (‡gNbv) : 18]
K. KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg L. kvgmyi ivngvb M. ey×‡è emy N. iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi DËi : N
21. iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi †Kvb MÖš’wUi Rb¨ †bv‡ej cyi¯‥vi †c‡qwQ‡jb? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK : 14]
K. †mvbviZix L. MxZvÄwj M. i³Kiex N. †Pv‡Li evwj DËi : L
22. ÔgiY ‡i ZuzB gg k¨vg mgvbÕ cOw³i iPwqZv †K? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (myigv) : 13]
K. wenvixjvj PµeZx L. AZyjcÖmv` †mb M. iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi N. mywdqv Kvgvj DËi : M
23. Ôc`vejxÕ wj‡L‡Qb- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (XvKv wefvM) : 08]
K. gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `Ë L. iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi M. Ck¦iP›`ª ¸ß N. Kvq‡Kvev` DËi : L
24. Ô‡mvbviZixÕ Kv‡eï †jLK †K? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK: 11]
K. Kvq‡Kvev` L. KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg M. kirP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq N. iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi DËi : N
25. Ô‡mvbviZixÕ iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi iwPZ GKwU- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (XvKv wefvM) : 02]
K. †QvUMí L. Dcb¨vm M. Kve¨MÖš’ N. cÖeÜ DËi : M
26. ÒMM‡b Mi‡R †gN, Nb eilv
K~‡j GKv e‡m AvwQ bvwn fimv|Ó G D×…ZvskwUi iPwqZv †K? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (wZZvm) : 13]
K. iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi L. bexbP›`ª ‡mb M. †Mvjvg †gv¯Ídv N. KvRx †gvZvnvi †nv‡mb DËi : K
27. ÒLvPvi cvwL wQj /‡mvbvi LvPvwU‡Z/ e‡bi cvwK wQj e‡b/ GK`v wK Kwiqv/ wgjb nj †`vu‡n/ wK wQj weavZvi g‡bÓ
cO&w³wUi iPwqZv †K? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (Ki‡Zvqv) : 12]
K. iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi L. wenvixjvj PµeZx© M. mywdqv Kvgvj N. m‡Z¨›`ªbv_ VvKzi DËi : N
28. Ômey‡Ri AwfhvbÕ iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii †Kvb Kve¨ †_‡K msKwjZ? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK: 13]
K. ÿwYKv L. ejvKv M. KweZv N. †KvbwU bq DËi : L
29. ÒI‡i bexb , I‡i Avgvi KuvPv/ I‡i meyR, I‡i AeyS/Ava-giv‡ì Nuv †g‡i ZzB euvPvÓ †Kvb Kwei iPbv? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq
mnKvix wkÿK (wkDjx) : 12]
K. iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi L. KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg M. †Mvjvg ‡gv¯Ídv N. mywdqv Kvgvj DËi : K
30. ÒG RM‡Z nvq †m †ewk Pvq, hvi Av‡Q fzwi fzwi/ ivRvi n¯Í K‡i mg¯Í KvOv‡ji ab PzwiÓ iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii †Kvb KweZvi
Ask? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 18]
K. `yB weNv Rwg L. †èZvi MÖvm M. cyivZb f…Z¨ N. wbõj Dcnvi DËi : K
31. ÒAvwg ï‡b nvwm, AvwLu R‡j nvwm, GB wQj †gvi N‡U, / Zzwg gnvivR mvay n‡j Avwg AvR †Pvi e‡UÓ cOw³wUi iPwqZv
†K? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (Lyjbv wefvM) : 06]
K. iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi L. KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg M. †gvRv‡¤§j nK N. †gvwnZjvj gRyg`vi D : K
32. Òc‡i gvm †`‡o wf‡UgvwU evwni nBby c‡_,/Kwij wWwµ, mKjB wewµ wg_¨v †`bvi Kv‡QÓ cO&w³wU †K wj‡L‡Qb? [cÖv_wgK
we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (kvcjv) : 19]
K. `yB weNv Rwg L. †èZvi MÖvm M. cyivZb f…Z¨ N. wbõj Dcnvi DËi : K
33. Òb‡gv b‡gv bg my›ìx gg Rbbx e½f~wgÓ D×…Zvs‡ki †jLK †K? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK-19]
K. ew¼gP›`ª L. mywdqv Kvgvj M. Rxebvb›` `vk N. iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi DËi : N
34. ÒAvwR G cÖfv‡Z iwei Ki/ ‡Kg‡b cwkj cÖv‡Yi ci.........Ó †Kvb Kwei iPbv? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (cÙv) : 09]
K. myKvšÍ fÆvPvh© L. iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi M. KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg N. †Mvjvg †gv¯Ídv DËi : L
35. Òbxj beN‡b Avlvp MM‡b/ wZj VuvB Avi bvwn‡i/ I‡Mv, AvR hvm‡b N‡ii evwn‡iÓ D×…ZvskUzKz †K iPbv K‡ib?
[cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 00]
K. m‡Z¨›`ªbv_ VvKzi L. KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg M. wmKv›`vi Avey Rvdi N. iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi DËi : N
36. Ò‡K‡ivwmb wkLv e‡j gvwUi cÖ`x‡c,/ fvB e‡j WvK hw` †è Mjv wU‡c|/ ‡nbKv‡j MM‡b‡Z DwV‡jb Puvcv/ ‡K‡ivwmb
ewj I‡V, G‡mv †gvi `v`v|Ó D×…ZvskUzKzi iPwqZv †K? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (nvmbv‡nbv) : 12]
K. iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi L. myKzgvi ivq M. †kL dRjj Kwig N. m‡Z¨›`ªbv_ VvKzi DËi : N
37. Òev`j nvIqvq g‡b c‡o †Qj †ejvi Mvb,/ e„wó c‡o Uvcyi Uzcyi b‡` G‡jv evbÓ cOw³wUi iPwqZv †K? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq
mnKvix wkÿK (nvmbv‡nbv) : 13]
K. m‡Z¨›`ªbv_ VvKzi L. KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg M. wmKv›`vi Avey Rvdi N. iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi DËi : N
38. ÔKvjvšÍiÕ kxl©K cÖeÜwUi †jLK †K? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK: 15]
K. cÖg_ †P․ayix L. iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi M. ew¼gP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq N. ‣mq` gyRZev Avjx D : L
39. wb‡Pi †KvbwU iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi iwPZ bq? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (XvKv wefvM) : 03]
K. ‡k‡li KweZv L. †mvbviZix M. gvbmx N. †`vjbPvucv DËi : N
ew¼gP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq (1838-1894)
 Rb¥¯’vb: cwðge‡½i PweŸk ciMbvi KvuVvjcvov MÖv‡g| [30Zg wewmGm]
 evsjv mvwnZ¨ avivi cÖwZôvZv cyiæl [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mn. wk: 13]
 mvwnZ¨ m¤ªvU bv‡g L¨vZ| [miKvwi gva¨wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK: 06; RbZv e¨vsK wj. wmwbqi
Awdmvi :11]
 ‡ckv Rxe‡b wZwb †WcywU g¨vwR‡÷ªU/g¨vwR‡÷ªU wQ‡jb| wZwb Dcgnv‡`‡ki cÖ_g
g¨vwR‡÷ªU Ges MÖvRy‡qU wQ‡jb|
 QÙbvg : KgjvKvšÍ|
 wZwb gymjgvb KZ…©K ÔmvwnZ¨ mgªvUÕ I wn›`y‡ì KZ…©K ÔFwlÕ Dcvwa jvf K‡ib|
 evsjv mvwn‡Zï cÖwZôvZv cyiæl  evsjv mvwn‡Zï cÖ_g mv_©K Jcb¨vwmK|

 mvwnZ¨ m¤ªvU| [miKvix gva¨wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix [cwievi I cwiKíbv Awa`ß‡ii mnKvix cwiKíbv
wkÿK : 06; RbZv e¨vsK wj. wmwbqi Awdmvi : 11] Kg©KZ©v : 12; RyU wgj K‡cv©‡ikb Awdmvi : 17]
‡g․wjK Z_¨  evsjvi ¯‥U| †emvgwiK wegvb I ch©Ub gš¿Yvj‡qi  evsjvq AvaywbK Dcb¨v‡mi cÖeZ©K/RbK
Aaxb cÖkvmwbK Kg©KZ©v] Zuvi Dcb¨vm m„wói ejv nq| [40Zg wewmGm]
cðv‡Z m¨vi Iqvëvi ¯‥‡Ui Av`‡k©i  wZwb Ôe½`k©b (1872)Õ cwÎKv cÖKvk I
cÖfve cwijw¶Z nq| m¤úv`bv K‡ib| [25Zg wewmGm]
ew¼gP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨v‡qi cÖ_g

 mv_©K Dcb¨vm : `y‡M©kbw›`bx (1865)| [29Zg wewmGm, wcwUAvB Gi BÝUªv±i: 19, RbcÖkvmb gš¿Yvj‡qi
cÖ_g e¨w³MZ Kg©KZ©v: 15; miKvix gva¨wgK we`¨vj‡qi mnKvix wkÿK: 04]
cÖKvwkZ  Kve¨MÖš’ : jwjZv Z_v gvbm|
hv wKQz..  Bs‡iwR fvlvq cÖ_g Dcb¨vm : Rajmohan's wife (1864)|
 evsjv mvwn‡Zï cÖ_g †ivgvw›UK Dcb¨vm : KcvjKzÐjv (1866) [35Zg wewmGm]| Dcb¨vmwUi
bvqK beKzgvi|
 ew¼gP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq Zvui iwPZ cÖeÜ Ômvg¨Õ MÖš’wU evRvi †_‡K cÖZ¨vnvi K‡i †bb|
Dcb¨vm
`y‡M©kbw›`bx (1865) KcvjKzÐjv (1866) [35Zg wewmGm]
ew¼gP›`ª g„Yvwjbx (1869) iRbx (1877)
‡gvU 14wU wele„ÿ (1873) P›`ª‡kLi (1875)
Dcb¨vm Bw›ìv (1873) hyMjv½yixq (1874)
iPbv K‡ib ivavivYx (1874) Avb›`gV (1882) [31Zg wewmGm]
†èx ‡P․ayivYx (1884) mxZvivg (1887, MÖvgxY mgvRwPÎ jvf K‡iwb) [36Zg wewmGm]
ivRwmsn (1881) K…òKv‡šÍi DBj (1878)
Q‡›` Q‡›` Avb‡›ì (Avb›`gV) †èx (‡èx †P․ayivYx) mxZv (mxZvivg) Kwe (KcvjKzÐjv, wele„ÿ)
ivRwmsn‡K g„`y (g„Yvwjbx, `y‡M©kbw›`bx) hyB (hyMjv½yixq, Bw›ìv) dz‡ji myM‡Ü iRbx‡Z P›`ª
g‡b ivLyb (P›`ª‡kLi) †`wL‡q ivav-K…‡òi (ivavivYx, K…òKv‡šÍi DBj) Mí †kvbvj|
ew¼‡gi  ‡jvKinm¨  gywPivg ¸‡oi RxebPwiZ  KgjvKv‡šÍi `ßi

 weÁvb inm¨  ag©ZË¡ Abykxjb  wewea cÖeÜ
cÖeÜ
 mvg¨  K…ò PwiÎ
 e¨v½vZ¥K I ig¨ iPbv : †jvKinm¨, KgjvKv‡šÍi `ßi [mnKvix Dc‡Rjv wkÿv Awdmvi: 10; Dc‡Rjv cwimsL¨vb Kg©KZ©v :
10, ‡mvbvjx e¨vsK wjwg‡UW wmwbqi Awdlvi: 13; Dc‡Rjv mnKvix wkÿv Awdmvi: 99], gywPivg ¸‡oi Rxeb PwiZ|
g‡b ivLyb :
☼ mvg¨ (cÖeÜ) Ñ ew¼gP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq| [24Zg evwZj wewmGm]
☼ mvgëv`x (KweZv) Ñ KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg|
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. ÔmvwnZ¨ m¤ªvUÕ bv‡g L¨vZ †Kvb evsjv †jLK? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (ivRkvnx wefvM) : 03]
K. CkîP›`ª we`¨vmvMi L. iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi M. ew¼gP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq N. wenvixjvj PµeZ©x DËi : M
02. evsjv mvwnZävivi cÖwZôvZv cyiæl n‡jb- [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (fjMv) : 13]
K. KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg L. iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi M. c¨vixPvu` wgÎ N. ew¼gP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq DËi : N
03. ÔKcvjKzÐjvÕ Dcb¨vmwU Kvi †jLv? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK : 93]
K. CkîP›`ª we`¨vmvMi L. wØ‡R›`ªbv_ VvKzi M. ew¼gP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq N. gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `Ë DËi : M
04. ÔZzwg Aag, ZvB ewjqv Avwg DËg nBe bv †Kb?Õ ‡Kvb Dcb¨vm †_‡K DrKwjZ? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 93]
K. kirP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨v‡qi Ô‡gRw`w`Õ L. iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii ÔKveywjIqvjvÕ
M. ew¼gP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨v‡qi ÔKcvjKzÐjvÕ N. ew¼gP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨v‡qi Ôwele„ÿÕ
05. ew¼gP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨v‡qi ÔK…òKv‡šÍi DBjÕ Dcb¨v‡mi cÖavb `ywU Pwi‡Îi bvg- [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (Mvgv) : 14]
K. ‡Mvwe›`jvj I †ivwnYx L. my‡ik I APjv M. gaym~`b I Kzgyw`bx N. b‡M›`ªbv_ I Kz›`bw›`bx DËi : K
06. Ô‡èx †P․ayivYxÕ Dcb¨v‡mi iPwqZv †K? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (‡gNbv) : 12]
K. iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi L. kirP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq M. ew¼gP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq N. KvRx Bg`v`yj nK DËi : M
07. Ômvg¨Õ MÖ‡š’i iPwqZv †K? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (nvmbv‡nbv) : 11]
K. KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg L. †gvnv¤§` eiKZzjøvn M. ew¼gP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq N. †gvnv¤§v` jyrdi ingvb DËi : M
gxi gkviid †nv‡mb (1847-1911)

 Rb¥ I g„Zz¨ : 13 b‡f¤î 1847- 19 wW‡m¤î 1911 [30Zg wewmGm]
 Rb¥¯’vb : Kzwóqv †Rjvi KzgviLvjx Dc‡Rjvi jvwnbxcvov MÖv‡g| [RvZxq ivR¯^ †ev‡W©i
mnKvix ivR¯^ Kg©KZ©v: 12 Ges 15]
 QÙbvg : MvRx wgqv| [11Zg cÖfvlK wbeÜb: 14; nvDR wewìs dvBb¨vÝ K‡cv©‡ikb: 17; Zzjv Dbœqb
†ev‡W©i Kg©KZ©v: 97]
 AvaywbK evsjv gymjgvb mvwnwZ¨K‡ì cw_K…r| [we`y¨r, R¦vjvbx I LwbRm¤ú` gš¿Yvj‡qi
Aax‡b mnKvix we‡ùviK cwi`k©K: 03; AvenvIqv Awa`ß‡ii mn. AvenvIqvwe`: 07]
 evsjvi cÖ_g gymwjg Jcb¨vwmK/bvU¨Kvi| [28Zg wewmGm; Kg©ms¯’vb I cÖ. ey¨ Dc.cwi: 09]
Dcb¨vm
gkvii‡di iZœveZx welv` wmÜz [20Zg wewmGm]

Dcb¨v‡mi bvg D`vmxb cw_‡Ki g‡bi K_v Zvnwgbv
MvRx wgqvi e¯Ívbx
Dcb¨vm m¤úwK©Z Z_¨ :

 iZœeZx : 1869 mv‡j iwPZ GwU Zvui cÖ_g MÖš’| GwU‡K gymwjg iwPZ cÖ_g evsjv Dcb¨vm [28Zg wewmGm] ejv nq|
iƒcK_vi gva¨‡g wkÿvg~jK GKwU `xN© Mí|
 D`vmxb cw_‡Ki g‡bi K_v (1890): G Dcb¨vmwU AvZ¥Rxebxg~jK iPbv [26Zg wewmGm; Z_¨ gš¿Yvj‡qi Aaxb mn.
cwiPvjK: 03]| iwPZ n‡q‡Q ÒD`vmxb cw_KÓ QÙbv‡g| G MÖ‡š’i cÖavb welq ÔbxjKi Ugvm AvBfvb (wUAvB) †Kwbi
(D‡jøL‡hvM¨ PwiÎ) AZ¨vPvi I K…lK f~¯^vgx‡ì cÖwZ‡iv‡ai gy‡L wg. †Kwbi †kvPbxq civRqÕ|
 MvRx wgquvi e¯Ívbx (1899): AvZ¥Rxebxg~jK iPbv| [39Zg wewmGm, cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mn. wkÿK : 05 Ges 06]
 GwU Zuvi †kÖô iPbv|
 BwZnvm AvkÖqx Dcb¨vm| [36Zg wewmGm; RvZwq ivR¯^ †ev‡W©i †Mv‡q›`v Kg©KZ©v: 10; Lv`¨ cwi: 11]
welv` wmÜz  DcRxe¨ : Kvievjvi we‡qvMvwšÍK NUbv| [`y‡hv©M eë¯’vcbv ey¨‡ivi mn. cwi: 01]
(1885-91)  Dcb¨vmwU 3wU c‡e© wef³ : gnig ce©, D×vi ce©, GwR`-ea ce©|
[mgvR‡mev Awdmvi : 10]
 Uv½vB‡ji †`j`yqv‡i Ae¯’vbKv‡j Dcb¨vmwU iPbv K‡ib|
 cÖavb PwiÎ : Bgvg †nv‡mb, BqvwR` (bvqK) [weweGwW: 16], gviIqvb, wkgvi cÖgyL|
 KviI KviI g‡Z, Dcb¨vmwUi bvqK Bgvg †nv‡mb|
AvZ¥Rxebx  Avgvi Rxebxi Rxebx A_ev wewe Kzjmyg | [mgvR‡mev Awa`ß‡ii mgvR msMVK: 05]
 Avgvi Rxebx
bvUK
gkvii‡di emšÍKzgvix (1873) Rwg`vi `c©Y (1873)
bvUK bvg Uvjv Awfbq (cÖnmb) ‡eûjv MxZvwfbq [26Zg I 28Zg wewmGm]
wbqwZ wK AebwZ g‡b ivLyb †K․k‡j : gkv †eUv emšÍ Rwg`vi|
bvUK m¤úwK©Z Z_¨ :

 emšÍKzgvix (1873) : gymwjg bvU¨Kvi iwPZ evsjv mvwn‡Zï cÖ_g bvUK| [14Zg wewmGm, miKvix gva¨wgK
we`¨vjq mn. wkÿK: 19, iƒcvjx e¨vsK wj. wmwbqi Awdmvi: 13]
Kve¨
gkvii‡di MovB weªR ev †M․ix †mZz (1873) cÂbvix (1899)
Kv‡eï bvg g`xbvi †M․ie (1906) ‡gvm‡jg exiZ¡ (1907)
evRxgvZ (1908, bKkv RvZxq Kve¨) g‡b ivLyb : evc ‡gvg wb‡q MovB b`x‡Z †Mj|
cÖnmb
gkvii‡di Gi Dcvq wK? (1875) : G‡Z Ewbk kZ‡Ki kû‡i ga¨weË †kÖwYi D”Q…•LjZv e¨v½vKv‡i Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q|
cÖnm‡bi bvg Uvjv Awfbq (1897) fvB fvB G‡Zv PvB (1899)
duvm KvMR (1899) euvav LvZv (1899)
weL¨vZ Dw³ :
 gvZ„fvlvq hvnvi fw³ bvB †m gvbyl b‡n| [37Zg wewmGm]
 gy‡L A‡b‡KB UvKv AwZ Zz”Q, A_© Ab‡_©i g~j ewjqv _v‡Kb; wKšÍy RMr GgbB fqvbK ¯’vb †h, UvKv bv
_vwK‡j Zvnvi ¯’vb †Kv_vI bvB, mgv‡R bvB, ¯^RvwZi wbK‡U bvB, åvZv fMœxi wbKU K_vUvi cªZ¨vkv bvB|
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. Ôwelv`-wmÜzÕ Dcb¨vmwUi iPwqZv †K? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 00]
K. `xbeÜz wgÎ L. Aveyj dRj M. gxi gkviid †nv‡mb N. •mq` gyRZev Avjx DËi : M
02. Ôwelv`-wmÜzÕ Dcb¨v‡mi bvqK- [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (‡WjUv) : 14]
K. Bgvg nvmvb L. mxgvi M. GwR` N. Bgvg †nv‡mb DËi : M
03. ÔMvRx wgqvui e¯ÍvbxÕ wK ai‡bi iPbv? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (PÆMÖvg wefvM) : 06]
K. Dcb¨vm L. Kve¨ M. AvZ¥Rxebx N. bvUK DËi : K, M
04. ÔRwg`vi `c©YÕ bvU‡Ki †jLK †K? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (K‡cvZvÿ) : 10]
K. iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi L. KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg M. gxi gkviid †nv‡mb N. •mq` gyRZev Avjx D : M
05. ÔemšÍKzgvixÕ gxi gkviid †nv‡m‡bi GKwU- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (ewikvj wefvM) : 08]
K. cÖnmb L. Dcb¨vm M. cÖeÜ N. bvUK DËi : N
Kvq‡Kvev` (1857-1951)
 Rb¥ mvj : 1857 [mve-‡iwR÷ªvi : 12] I g„Zz¨ : 21 RyjvB, 1951 mv‡j|
 Rb¥¯’vb : XvKv †Rjvi beveMÄ _vbvq|
 AvaywbK evsjv mvwn‡Zï cÖ_g gymwjg Kwe|
 AvaywbK evOvwj gymjgvb Kwe‡ì g‡a¨ cÖ_g gnvKve¨ iPwqZv|
 evOvwj gymjgvb Kwe‡ì g‡a¨ cÖ_g m‡bU iPwqZv|
 wZwb †ngP›`ª e‡›`¨vcva¨vq I bexbP›`ª †m‡bi avivq gnvKve¨ iPbv K‡ib|
 1932 mv‡j Ôe½xq gymwjg mvwnZ¨ m‡¤§jbÕ Abyôv‡b mfvcwZZ¡ K‡ib|
gnvKve¨
 gnvk¥kvb (1904) [Bmjvgx e¨vsK cÖ‡ekbvwi Awdmvi : 05; †iwR÷vW© cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mn. wkÿK: 11; evsjv‡`k e¨vsK mnKvix cwiPvjK : 08] :
cvwbc‡_i Z…Zxq hy‡×i †cÖÿvc‡U iwPZ [37Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi; Kviv ZË¡veavqK wb‡qvM cixÿv : 06; eb I cwi‡ek gš¿Yvj‡qi wimvP© Awdmvi : 06]
Kve¨MÖš’
wein wejvc (1870) : gvÎ 13 eQi eq‡m cÖKvwkZ nq| (cÖ_g Kve¨)
Kvq‡Kvev‡ì Kzmyg Kvbb (1873) wke gw›ì (1921) [cÖv.we.mn.wk: 12] k¥kvbf¯§ (1924)
Kve¨MÖ‡š’i bvg Awgq aviv (1923) AkÖægvjv (1896) : MxwZKve¨ [Av. cwi. mn. cwiPvjK :06]
gniig kixd (1933, gnvKve¨wPZ Kvwnwb Kve¨)
Kvq‡Kvev‡ì Kve¨MÖš’mg~n g‡b ivLyb : gniig (gniig kixd) gv‡m Kzmy‡gi (Kzmyg Kvbb) wei‡n (wein wejvc)
k¥kv‡bi (k¥kvmf¯§) wke gw›`‡i (wke gw›ì) Kvq‡Kvev‡ì AkÖægvjv Awgq aviv iƒ‡c S‡i c‡owQj|
☼ weL¨vZ KweZv : Avhvb| [gva¨wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix cÖavb wkÿK : 02]
Ô‡K IB †kvbvj †gvi Avhv‡bi aŸwb|/ g‡g© g‡g© †mB myi, / evwRj wK mygayi AvKzj nBj cÖvY,
bvwPj agbx, Avwg ‡Zv cvMj n‡q hvB, / ‡m gayi Uv‡b wK †h GK AvKl©‡Y Qz‡U hvB gy» g‡b|Õ
cO&w³
Ôevsjvi Kve¨ evsjvi fvlv wgUvq Avgvi cÖv‡Yi wccvmv, ÔAvwg †Zv cvMj n‡q hvB †h gayi Zv‡b
‡m ‡`k Avgvi bq †Mv Avcb, wK †h GK AvKl©‡Y Qz‡U hvB gy» g‡b|Õ (Avhvb)
‡h †`‡k evOvwj ‡bB|Õ (evsjv Avgvi)
`xbeÜz wgÎ (1830-1873)

 Rb¥¯’vb : bw`qv †Rjvi †P․‡ewiqvq|
 `xbeÜzi wcZ…`Ë bvg wQj ÔMÜe© bvivqYÕ|
 Dcvwa : ivqevnv`yi|
 wcZv : KvjvPvu` wgÎ|
 `xbeÜz wgÎ weªwUk Avg‡j XvKvq ‡cv÷gv÷vi (1855 wLª÷v‡ã wbhy³ nb) wn‡m‡e
Kg©iZ wQ‡jb| [WvK wefv‡Mi †cv÷vj Acv‡iUi (c~e©vÂj) : 16] jymvB hy‡×i mgq Zvu‡K WvKwefv‡Mi
Kv‡R KvQv‡o †cÖiY Kiv nq| Zvui Kv‡R mš‘ó n‡q ZrKvjxb miKvi Zvu‡K Ôivqevnv`yiÕ
Dcvwa `vb K‡ib|
LvBiæjÕ m cÖv_wgK wkÿK wb‡qvM mnvwqKv evsjv mvwnZ¨ Ͽ 231
`xbeÜz wg‡Îi mvwnZ¨Kg©
bxj `c©Y (1860) [lô we‡RGm (mnKvix RR) 11 + wewfbœ gš¿Yvj‡qi e¨w³MZ Kg©KZ©v : 18]
`xbeÜz bexb Zcw¯^bx (1863) Kg‡j Kvwgbx (1873) [26Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi]
wg‡Îi bvUK jxjveZx (1867) [mnKvix Dc‡Rjv ev _vbv wkÿv Awdmvi : 05]
`xbeÜz maevi GKv`kx (1866) [cwievi cwiKíbv Awa`ß‡ii mnKvix cwiKíbv Kg©KZ©v : 12]
wg‡Îi cÖnmb we‡q cvMjv ey‡ov [28Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi, Dc‡Rjv mgvR‡mev Awdmvi : 08]
RvgvB evwiK
†iv‡Kqv mvLvIqvZ †nv‡mb (1880-1932)

 Rb¥ mvj : 9 wW‡m¤î, 1880 wLª÷vã| [AvenvIqv Awa`ß‡ii mnKvix AvenvIqvwe`:07;
cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK : 19] I g„Zz¨ : 9 wW‡m¤î, 1932 wLª÷vã|
 Zvui Rb¥ I g„Zz¨ 9 wW‡m¤î nIqvq 9 wW‡m¤^‡i Ô‡iv‡Kqv wèmÕ cvjb Kiv nq|
 wcZvi bvg : RynxiæÏxb †gvnv¤§` Avey Avjx nvq`vi mv‡ei| [Av.c.m.cwi: 06]
 Rb¥¯’vb : iscyi †Rjvi wgVvcyKzi Dc‡Rjvi cvqive›` MÖv‡gi Rwg`vi cwiev‡i|
[RvZxq msm‡ì mwPevj‡qi Aaxb mnKvix mwPe : 96]
 gymwjg bvix RvMi‡Yi AMÖ`~Z| [29Zg wewmGm, gva¨wgK we`¨v. mn.cÖ. wk: 03]
 evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ cÖ_g bvixev`x †jwLKv| [gnvwnmvi wb. I wbq. Kvh©vj‡qi Aaxb Rywb. A : 14]
cÖeÜ MÖš’
gwZP~i [38Zg wewmGm, ¯îvóª gš¿Yvj‡qi Aaxb mv‡K©j A¨vW: 15] ‡jwLKvi iwPZ cÖ_g MÖš’|
‡iv‡Kqvi
Ae‡ivaevwmbx [11Zg wewmGm, GwUBI:04] ‡jwLKvi †kÖô MÖš’| GwU GKwU bKkvag©x M`¨MÖš’|
cÖeÜ MÖš’
bvixi AwaKvi †jwLKvi †kl iPbv|
 †m․iRMr, ‡Wwjwmqv nZ¨v, Ávb-dj, bvix-m„wó, bvm© †bjx cÖf…wZ iƒcK_vi Mí gwZP~i cÖeÜ MÖ‡š’i 2q L‡Ð
i‡q‡Q|
Dcb¨vm
 cÙivM [39Zg wewmGm, f~wg I cÖwZiÿv gš¿Yvj‡qi cÖkvmwbK Kg©KZ©v : 13]
beb~i cwÎKvq cÖKvwkZ nq| G mKj cwÎKvq wg‡mm
Avi Gm †nv‡mb bv‡g ‡jLv nZ| GB Dcb¨vmwU‡K Dcb¨v‡mvg M`¨ AvL¨vwqKv wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv nq|
 myjZvbvi ¯^cœÕ (Sultana’s Dream) [GbGmAvB Rywb. wdì Awdmvi:19; wewfbœ gš¿Yvj‡qi e¨w³MZ Kg©KZv©:19; cwievi cwiKíbv
mnKvix: 11; wcGmwmi mn. cwiPvjK: 04; GbweAvi Gi ivR¯^ Kg©KZ©v: 15] – Bs‡iwR‡Z †jLv Dcb¨vm| [cvm‡cvU© I Bwg‡MÖkb Awa`ß‡ii mn.
Dcb¨vmwUi Abyev` MÖ‡š’i bvg ÔmyjZvbvi ¯^cœÕ| wZwb wb‡RB Gi Abyev` K‡ib| GB Dcb¨v‡m ÔLady
cwiPvjK: 14]
land’ Gi D‡jøL Av‡Q|
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. ÔcÙivMÕ MÖš’wUi iPwqZv †K? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (wkDjx) : 09]
K. gxi gkviid †nv‡mb L. cÖg_ †P․ayix
M. †iv‡Kqv mvLvIqvZ †nv‡mb N. Aveyj dRj DËi : M
02. ‡eMg †iv‡Kqv iwPZ MÖš’ †KvbwU? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (IDA/ADB Project) : 01]
K. cÙivM L. ivRwmsn M. Rwg`vi `c©Y N. b`xe‡ÿ DËi : K
diiæL Avng` (1918-1974)
 Rb¥ mvj : 10 Ryb, 1918 wLª÷vã
 g„Zz¨ : 19 A‡±vei, 1974 wLª÷vã
 Rb¥¯’vb : gv¸iv †Rjvi (ZrKvjxb h‡kvi) kÖxcyi Dc‡Rjvi gvSAvBj MÖvg|
 cwiwPwZ : gymwjg †i‡bmuvi Kwe, gymwjg cybR©vMi‡Yi Kwe|
 cÖK…Z bvg : •mq` diiæL Avng`
 `v`x WvK‡Zb ÔigRvbÕ e‡j|
 Kwei wcZvi bvg •mq` nv‡Zg Avjx|
Kve¨MÖš’
mvZ mvM‡ii gvwS (1944) [22Zg I 28Zg wewmGm]: GwU Zvui †kÖô Kve¨ [29Zg wewmGm]| Kv‡eï
diiæL DcRxe¨ ÔBmjv‡gi BwZnvm I HwZn¨Õ [13Zg wewmGm]| G‡Z †gvU 19wU KweZv Av‡Q|
Avn‡g‡ì weL¨vZ KweZv- cv‡Äix, mvZ mvM‡ii gvwS, wm›`vev`, jvk G Kv‡eï AšÍ©MZ|| (Kwe
Kve¨MÖš’ †ebwRi Avng‡ì Avw_©K mvnv‡h¨|)
wmivRvg gybxiv (1952) [17Zg wewmGm; miKvwi gva¨wgK we`¨vjq: 19]
‡b․‡dj I nv‡Zg (1961, Kve¨bvU¨) gyn~‡Z©i KweZv (1963, m‡bU msKjb)
‡avjvB Kve¨ (1963) nv‡ZgZvqx (1966, Kvwnbx Kve¨)
bZzb †jLv (1969) Kv‡djv (1980) w`jiæev (1994)
nv‡e`v giæi Kvwnbx (1981) wm›`vev` (1983)
wkï‡Zvl Kve¨MÖš’
diiæ‡Li cvwLi evmv (1965) ni‡di Qov (1970) Puv‡ì Avmi (1970)
wkï‡Zvl MÖš’ Qovi Avmi (1970) dz‡ji Rjmv (1985)
g‡b ivLyb : Pvu‡ì †`‡ki cvwLi evmvq dzj (dz‡ji Rjmv) Avi ni‡di Qov e‡jwQj diiæL Avng`|
cO&w³
Ô‡gN e„wó Av‡jvi †`‡k ‡gN e„wó ‡n gvwS! Gevi ZzwgI †c‡qvbv fq, mvZ mvM‡ii
meyR I‡Vv ivOv †e‡k|Õ Av‡jvi †`‡k ZzwgI KzovI †nivi cw_K ZviKvi we¯§q, gvwS
ÔivZ †cvnvevi KZ †`wi cv‡Äwi? cv‡Äwi SiæK G S‡o bvi½xcvZv,
GLbI †Zvgvi Avmgvb fiv †g‡N? Zey cvZv AMYb wfo K‡i-
‡mZviv, ‡njvj GL‡bv I‡Vwb †R‡M? ‡h_v RvM‡Q AvKvk †nivi ivR‡ZviY|Õ
KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg (1899-1976)

 Rb¥ mvj : 25 †g/ 24 †g (evsjvwcwWqv) 1899 (11B •Rô¨ 1306 e½vã)| [cÖv_wgK
wkÿv Awa`ß‡ii wnmve mn: 13; `y`K mn. cwi: 10; evsjv‡`k †Uwjwfk‡bi cÖ‡hvRK : 06]
 g„Zz¨ : 29 AvM÷ 1976 (12 fv`ª 1383 e½vã)| [gv`K`ªe¨ wbqš¿Y Awa`ß‡ii mn. cwi:
13; miKvwi cÖv_wgK we`¨vj‡qi mnKvix wkÿK: 11; mn. Z_¨ Awdmvi: 13; gnv wn. wb. wb. Rywb. A. 11]
 Rb¥¯’vb : cwðge‡½i ea©gvb †Rjvi Avmvb‡mvj gnKzgvi Pziæwjqv MÖvg| [evsjv‡`‡ki
cjøx we`y¨Zvqb ‡ev‡W©i mn. †Kv-AwW©‡bUi : 17; RvZxq mÂq cwi`ß‡ii mnKvix cwiPvjK : 09]
 Kei ¯’vb : XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi kvnx gmwR` cÖv½Y (†K›`ªxq)| [¯îvóª gš¿Yvj‡qi Aaxb
mnKvix imvqbwe`: 01]
 wZwb cÖ_g XvKvq Av‡mb 1926 mv‡j| [8g we‡Gm cixÿv : 13]
 wcZv : KvRx dwKi Avng`|  mvwn‡Z¨ GKz‡k c`K jvf K‡ib 1976
 gvZv : Rv‡n`v LvZzb KvRx| mv‡j| [mn. ivR¯^ Kg©KZ©v : 15; Avevmb cwi`ß‡ii
 QÙbvg : a~g‡KZz [cwievi cwiKíbv Awa`ß‡ii mn. cwiPvjK: 06]
wnmveiÿK: 11]  bRiæj‡K wb‡q Pjw”PÎ wbg©vY K‡i KvbvWv|
‡g․wjK Z_¨  evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq Kwe| [cvwb Dbœqb †evW©  evsjv‡`‡ki ¯§„wZ weRwoZ ¯’vb
Awdm mnvqK: 15; Bmjvgx e¨vsK wj. wdì Awdmvi `wiivgcyi| [‡iwR÷vW© cÖv_wgK we`¨vj‡qi mn. wkÿK : 11]
(AviwWGm): 13]
 wZwb evsjv‡`‡ki iYmsMx‡Zi iPwqZv|
 ¯’vqxfv‡e fviZ †_‡K evsjv‡`‡k Avbv nq [‡c‡Ævesjv wnmve mnKvix : 19; †mvbvjx e¨vsK
1972 mv‡j| [‡Rjv cÖv_wgK wkÿv Awdmvi :93] wjwg‡UW Awdmvi: 10]
KvRxi wkgjv, wÎkvj : 1914 mv‡j KvRx iwdR Djøvn `v‡ivMv Avmvb‡mvj iæwUi †`vKvb n‡Z
wÎkv‡j G‡b `wiivgcyi ¯‥z‡j (eZ©gvb bRiæj GKv‡Wwg) 7g †kªwY‡Z fwZ© K‡i †`b| †mRb¨
bRiæ‡ji GB MÖv‡gi eUZjv bvgK ¯’v‡b RvZxq Kwe KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg wek¦we`¨vjq ¯’vcb Kiv nq|
¯§„wZ weRwoZ †`․jZcyi : 1921 mv‡j bRiæj Zuvi eÜz Avjx AvKei Lv‡bi Avgš¿‡Y Kzwgjøv †Rjvi
¯’vb †`․jZcy‡i Av‡mb Ges 71 w`b Ae¯’vb K‡ib|
Kvc©vmWv½v : 1926 mv‡j wecøex †ngšÍ Kzgvi I gwng miKv‡ii Avgš¿‡Y PzqvWv½v Av‡mb I 2
gvm mcwiev‡i _v‡Kb|
 evK&kw³ iwnZ nq : 1942 Gi 10B A‡±vei e¨vwa‡Z (wc· wWwRwR) AvµvšÍ nb Ges gvÎ 43 eQi eq‡m evK&kw³
nvivb| [miKvwi gva¨wgK we`¨vj‡qi mnKvix wkÿK : 19]
 ¯’vqxfv‡e XvKvq AvMgb I bvMwiKZ¡ jvf : evsjv‡`k ¯^vaxb nIqvi ci fviZ miKv‡ii AbygwZµ‡g 1972 mv‡ji 24
†g Kwe‡K mcwiev‡i XvKvq Avbv nq I RvZxq Kwei gh©v`v †`qv nq| 18 †deªæqvwi 1976 mv‡j Zv‡K bvMwiKZ¡ cÖ`vb
Kiv nq Ges GKB eQ‡i ÔGKz‡k c`KÕ cÖ`vb Kiv nq| m~Î : e½fe‡bi kZel© (‡cÖm DBs feb); evsjvwcwWqv I bRiæj ZvwiL Awfavb|
KvRx bRiæj Bmjv‡gi cÖ_g
 Mí : evD‡Ð‡ji AvZ¥Kvwnwb (1919) [22Zg wewmGm; mve-‡iwR÷ªvi : 12]
 KweZv : gyw³ (1919) [cwievi cwiKíbv Awa. Awdm mn. Kvg Kw¤úDUvi Acv‡iUi: 11; mnKvix _vbv wk.Awd: 03]
 cÖeÜ : ZzK© gwnjvi †NvgUv ‡Lvjv (1919)
cÖ_g  cÖeÜ MÖš’ : hyMevYx (1922)
cÖKvwkZ  Mí MÖš’ : e¨v_vi `vb (1922) [20Zg wewmGm; evsjv‡`k e¨vsK Awdmvi K¨vk: 11; hye Dbœqb Awa. mn. cwiPvjK: 99]
hv wKQz..  Kve¨MÖš’ : AwMœexYv (1922)
 wbwl× MÖš’ : we‡li evuwk (1924)
 bvUK : wSwjwgwj (1927)
 Dcb¨vm : evuabnviv (1927) [evsjv‡`k K…wl e¨vsK Awdmvi (AvBwU) : 16; evsjv‡`k ebwkí Dbœqb
K‡c©v‡ik‡bi mnKvix eë¯’vcK : 13]
g‡b ivLyb Gfv‡e -

 evD‡Ð‡ji Mí (evD‡Ð‡ji AvZ¥Kvwnwb cÖ_g Mí) ZzK© gwnjvi †NvgUv †Lvjv cÖe‡Ü c‡owQjvg|
 e¨v‡M (e¨v_vi `vb cÖ_g Mí MÖš’) AwMœexYv Kve¨MÖš’ †i‡LwQj bRiæj|
Dcb¨vm
bRiæ‡ji  evuabnviv (1927) (SESIP  Kz‡nwjKv (1931) [36Zg
Dcb¨vm
Dc‡Rjv GKv‡WwgK mycvifvBRvi: 15; wewmGm]  gyZz¨ÿzav (1930)
26Zg I 39Zg wewmGm)
 g‡b ivLyb : evuabnviv Kz‡nwjKv g„Zz¨ÿzavq KvZi|

 euvabnviv : KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg iwPZ cÖ_g Dcb¨vm| [we‡Kwe (Awdmvi) AvBwU : 16; evsjv‡`k ebwkí Dbœqb K‡c©v‡ikb mnKvix
eë¯’vcK :13] GwU evsjv mvwn‡Zï cÖ_g c‡Îvcb¨vm| [wZZvm M¨vm UªvÝwgkb GÛ wWw÷ªweDkb †Kv. Wj. ‡WcywU A¨vwm÷¨v›U BwÄ: 11]
G‡Z 18wU cÎ AšÍf©y³ Kiv n‡q‡Q| PwiÎ : byiæj û`v, iweDj, iv‡eqv, gby, gvneyev, †mvwdqv|
bvUK
wSwjwgwj (1930) [WvK Awa`ß‡ii †cv÷vj Acv‡iUi : 16; cÖv_wgK we`¨v. mn. wkÿK : 10; cÖ.K.‣e.K.mn.cwi: 12]
bRiæ‡ji Av‡jqv (1931)- MxwZbvU¨ [gva¨. we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 19]
bvU‡Ki bvg cyZz‡ji we‡q (1933) gaygvjv (1960)
g‡b ivLyb : Av‡jqv wSwjwgwj i‡Oi kvwo c‡o gaygvjv‡K wb‡q cyZz‡ji we‡q‡Z †Mj|
Kve¨MÖš’ (‡gvU 22wU)

 evsjv gy³K Q‡›ì RbK|
AwMœexYv (1922) [¯^v¯’¨ I cwievi cwiKíbv gšÍYvj‡qi Dc-mnKvix cÖ‡K․kjx (wmwfj): 19]
KvRx we‡li euvwk (1924) [21Zg wewmGm; Lv`¨ cwi`k©K : 09; cÖv. we. cÖ. wk: 94]
bRiæ‡ji fv½vi Mvb (1924) mvgëv`x (1925)
we‡`ªvn cÖavb me©nviv (1926) [cÖv. we`¨v. mn. wkÿK : 12; cÖv. we`¨v cÖavb wkÿK : 03]
Kve¨ dwYgbmv (1927) [24Zg evwZj wewmGm]
KvRx bRiæj Bmjv‡gi cÖ_g cÖKvwkZ Kve¨MÖš’ [RbZv e¨vsK wj. wm.A: 10] wKš‘ wØZxq cÖKvwkZ MÖš’|
Kve¨wUi cÖ_g ms¯‥i‡Yi cÖ”Q` cwiKíbvq wQ‡jb Aebx›`ªbv_ VvKzi| MÖš’wU weªwUk we‡ivax ev½vjx
evix›`ª Kzgvi †Nvl‡K DrmM© K‡ib|
iPbvi cUf~wg : cÖ_g wek^hy‡×i ci c„w_exi Ae¶q Ges fvi‡Zi ¯^vwaKvi Av‡›`vj‡bi cUf~wg‡Z
Kve¨wU iPbv K‡ib KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg|
KweZvmg~n : †gvU eviwU| [RbcÖkvmb gš¿Yvj‡qi Aaxb wcGmwmÕi mnKvix cwiPvjK : 16] h_v : cÖj‡qvjøvm (1g) [10g,
29Zg Ges 38Zg wewmGm], we‡`ªvnx [19Zg I 31Zg wewmGm], i³v¤î avwiYx gv, AvMgbx, a~g‡KZz, Kvgvj cvkv,
AwMœexYv
Av‡bvqvi, iY‡fix, kvZ-Bj-Avie, †Lqvcv‡ii ZiYx, †KvievYx, gnviig (‡kl KweZv) [evsjv‡`k cÖwZ‡hvwMZv
Kve¨MÖš’ Kwgk‡bi K¨vk mnKvix: 19; cwievi. cwi.K.09]|
we‡`ªvnx
 AwMœexYv Kv‡eï mev©waK RbwcÖq KweZv we‡`ªvnx| [31Zg wewmGm]
 we‡`ªvnx KweZvi Rb¨ cÖ_‡g Zv‡K we‡`ªv‡ni Kwe ejv nq, c‡i we‡`ªvnx Kwe|
 we‡`ªvnx KweZvwU cÖ_g cÖKvwkZ nq 1328 e½v‡ãi KvwZ©K gv‡m (1921 wLª÷v‡ã)| [40Zg
wewmGm] GwU cÖ_g mvßvwnK ÔweRjxÕ cwÎKvq Qvcv‡bv nq| [9g we‡RGm, GAviI : 12; m.cÖv. mn.wk:19]
 GB Kv‡eï Ôi³v¤îavwiYx gvÕ wbwl× nq|
 we‡`ªvnx KweZvi g~j welqe¯‘ Ô¯îvR cÖwZôvÕ| [ciivóª gš¿Yvj‡qi cÖkvmwbK Kg©KZ©v: 19]
mvgëv`x mvgëv`x GB Kve¨MÖš’wU cÖ_g jvOj cwÎKvq cÖKvwkZ nq| [mve-‡iwR÷ªvi : 03] D‡jøL‡hvM¨
KweZvmg~n- bvix [mnKvix cwievi cwiKíbv Kg©KZ©v : 16], gvbyl, Kzwj-gRyi cÖf…wZ| GB Kve¨MÖ‡š’i
KweZvmg~n wecøevZ¥K|
we‡li evuwk we‡`ªvn cÖavb Kve¨| GB Kve¨MÖš’wU cÖ_g wbwl× bq|
me©nviv D‡jøL‡hvM¨ KweZvmg~n- Avgvi •KwdqZ, KvÐvix ûuwkqvi [_vbv cÖ‡K․kjx: 99] cÖf…wZ|
dwYgbmv we‡`ªvn cÖavb Kve¨| AšÍfz©³ KweZvmg~n- me¨mvPx, Avkxev©` cÖf…wZ|
wRwÄi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ KweZvmg~n- fxiæ, AMÖcw_K, Dgi dviæK cÖf…wZ|
mÜ¨v D‡jøL‡hvM¨ KweZvmg~n- Pj Pj Pj (evsjv‡`‡ki iY m½xZ*), Rxeb e›`bv, Kvj-‣ekvLx cÖf…wZ|
KvRx †`vjbPuvcv (1923) [cÖv_wgK we`¨vj‡qi mnKvix wkÿK (K‡cvZvÿ): 10]

bRiæ‡ji QvqvbU (1924) [mnKvix _vbv wkÿv Awdmvi : 12]
‡cÖg cÖavb c~‡e©i nvIqv (1925) PµevK (1929) [mIR Awa`ß‡ii DcmnKvix cÖ. 10]
Kve¨ wmÜz wn‡›`vj (1927) †kl mIMvZ (1958) (f~wgKv wj‡Lb †cÖ‡g›`ª wgÎ)
†`vjbPuvcv Kwe †R‡j _vKv Ae¯’vq 21wU KweZvi mgš^‡q †`vjbPvucv Kve¨MÖš’ cÖKvwkZ nq| D‡jøL‡hvM¨ KweZvmg~n-
AvR m„wó my‡Li Djøv‡m, †ejv †k‡l, cy‡ei PvZK, A‡ejvi WvK, c~RvwiYx, Kwe-ivYx cÖf…wZ|
wmÜz-wn‡›`vj D‡jøL‡hvM¨ KweZvmg~n- wmÜz, `vwi`ª¨ [26Zg I 24Zg evwZj wewmGm], Awfhvb cÖf…wZ|
QvqvbU D‡jøL‡hvM¨ KweZvmg~n- weRwqbx, •PwZ nvIqv, we`vq-‡ejvq cÖf…wZ|
Pj& Pj& Pj& Rxeb e›`bv

bRiæ‡ji Mvwn Zvnv‡ìB Mvb
KweZv †Lqv cv‡ii ZiYx [Dc‡Rjv wkÿv A: 04] XvKvi beve cwiev‡ii GK gwnjvi Aw¼Z Qwe †`‡L KvRx
bRiæj Bmjvg GB KweZvwU iPbv K‡ib| [wbe©vPb KwgkY mwPevj‡q cÖkvmwbK Kg©KZ©v I e¨w³MZ Kg©KZ©v : 06]
 KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg Zvui KweZvq ÔKvjvcvnvoÕ‡K †W‡K‡Qb cÖPwjZ ag© I ms¯‥v‡ii weiæ‡× wQ‡jb e‡j|
Rxebx
 giæfv¯‥i [RvZxq msm` mwPevj‡qi  wPËbvgv [mnKvix RR: 18]
MÖš’ mnKvix cwiPvjK : 06]
ivOvRev [20Zg wewmGm] bRiæj MxwZ myigyKzj

bRiæ‡ji eyjeyj †Pv‡Li PvZK myiwjwc
Mv‡bi msKjb ¸jevwMPv MxwZ kZ`j ebMxwZ
Mv‡bi gvjv myi mvKx
evsjv‡`‡ki iY m½xZ
 evsjv‡`‡ki iY m½xZ 1928 mv‡ji †deªæqvwi gv‡m ZrKvjxb ea©gvb nvD‡R (evsjv GKv‡Wwg) AbywôZ ‣eV‡K MvbwU
iPbv K‡ib|
 MvbwU gymwjg mvwnZ¨ mgv‡Ri gyLcvÎ ÔwkLvÕ cwÎKvi wØZxq evwl©K msL¨vq ÔbZz‡bi MvbÕ wk‡ivbv‡g cÖKvwkZ nq|
 GwU bRiæ‡ji mÜ¨v Kv‡eï AšÍM©Z| [c~evwj e¨vsK wj. Rywbqi Awdmvi : 13]
 MvbwUi 21 jvBb 1972 mv‡j gwš¿mfvq iYmsMxZ wnmv‡e wbe©vPb Kiv nq| iYmsMxZ mvgwiK Abyôv‡b evRv‡bv nq|
MíMÖš’
 e¨v_vi `vb (1922) MíMÖš’wU‡Z ivRe›`xi wPwV e¨ZxZ Mí¸‡jvi fvlv Av‡eMvkÖqx I bi-bvixi †cÖg-‡Kw›`ªK|
D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Mímg~n- ivRe›`xi wPwV, †nbv, e¨_vi `vb [evsjv‡`k e¨vsK Awdmvi (K¨vk) : 15; hye Dbœqb Awa`ß‡ii mn. cwi: 99;
cÖavbgš¿xi Kvh©vjqvaxb wdì Awdmvi-19, Lv`¨ cwi:00], AZ…ß Kvgbv, ev`j ewil‡Y, Ny‡gi †Nv‡i|
 wi‡³i †e`b (1925) MíMÖš’wUi Mímg~‡ni cÖavb welq †cÖg| evD‡Ð‡ji AvZ¥Kvwnbx, †g‡ni wbMvi, mvu‡Si Zviv,
ivÿzmx, mv‡jK, ¯^vgxnviv, `yišÍ cw_K cÖf…wZ wi‡³i †e`‡bi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Mí|
 wkDwjgvjv (1931) [cyevjx e¨vs‡Ki mnKvix Awdmvi : 19; mv‡K©j A¨vWvRy‡U›U : 16] cÙ†MvLiv [32Zg wewmGm, WvK wefv‡Mi †cv÷vj
Acv‡iUi : 16], wR‡bi ev`kv, wkDwjgvjv|
‡KŠk‡j g‡b ivLyb : wkDwjgvjv ‡K cÙ‡MvLiv e¨_v w`‡j wi‡³i ‡e`bvq wR‡bi ev`kvq cwiYZ nq|
‡R‡b ivLyb
cÙ‡MvLiv (Mí) Ñ KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg
cÙivM (Dcb¨vm) Ñ †eMg †iv‡Kqv|
wÎkv‡j Aew¯’Z - RvZxq Kwe KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg wek^we`¨vjq [Rv. m. m, mn.cwi: 06]
bRiæ‡ji hyMevYx (1922) `yw`©‡bi hvÎx (1926) [wewe mn cwi: 04] a~g‡KZz
cÖeÜ MÖš’ ivRe›`xi Revbe›`x (1923) [wewe mnKvix cwiPvjK : 08; Kviv Awa. Gi ZË¡veavqK : 13]
iy`ªg½j (1927) [iƒcvwj e¨vsK (Awdmvi) : 19; mnKvix ivR¯^ Kg©KZ©v : 15]
 a~g‡KZz (1922) [iƒcvwj  jvOj (1925)

m¤úvw`Z e¨vsK (Awdmvi) : 19; GbGmAvB
 •`wbK behyM (1920)
cwÎKv Gi Rywbqi wdì Awdmvi : 19;
gv`K`ªe¨ wb. Awa. Dc-cwi: 19]
‡K․k‡j g‡b ivLyb : bRiæj •`wbK behy‡M jvOj w`‡q ayg‡KZzi Pvl KiZ|
Kve¨vbyev` iæevBqvZ B-nvwdR iæevBqvZ-B-Igi •Lqvg

Kv‡e¨ Avgcviv
Kwei wbwl× we‡li evuwk fv½vi Mvb

Kve¨MÖš’ cÖjq wkLv P›`ªwe›`y
hyMevYx g‡b ivLyb : P›`ªhy‡M cÖj‡q we‡li evuwk †f‡½wQj|
 Ôi³v¤î avwiYx gvÕ wbwl× n‡j ÒAwMœexYv Kve¨Mš’wU wbwl× n‡q hvq e‡j A‡b‡Ki AwfgZ|
 cÖjq wkLv MÖš’wU iPbvi Rb¨ Kwei 6 gv‡mi Kviv`Ð nq|
Avb›`gqxi AvMg‡b
 a~g‡KZzi 26 †m‡Þ¤î 1922 msL¨vq bRiy‡ji cÖ”Qbœ ivR‣bwZK KweZv Avb›`gqxi AvMg‡b cÖKvk n‡j 8 b‡f¤î
cwÎKvi H msL¨v wbwl× Kiv nq Ges G KweZv iPbvi Rb¨ weªwUk miKvi KZ…©K 1 eQ‡ii mkªg Kviv`‡Ð `wÐZ nb|
[22Zg I 26Zg wewmGm; cÖavbgš¿xi Kvh©vjqvaxb Rywbqi wdì Awdmvi : 19]
 Z‡e ÔAwMœexYvÕ ev‡Rqvß nIqvi K_v cÖPwjZ _vK‡jI Avm‡j ÔAwMœexYvÕ KL‡bv Avb›`gqxi AvMg‡b KweZvwUi Rb¨
ev‡Rqvß nq wb| A_v©r ïay AwMœexYv Kve¨MÖš’wU ayg‡KZz cwÎKvq avivevwnKfv‡e cÖKvwkZ nIqvi mg‡q cwÎKvi ïay
GKwU cwÎKvi msL¨v evwZj nq| KweZvwU 16 gvÎvi Ges ¯îe„Ë Q‡›` iwPZ|
i³v¤îavwibx gv
 KweZvwUi cÖ”Qbœ ivR‣bwZK †PZbv _vKvq wbwl× Kiv nq|
DrmM©xK…Z MÖš’
 mwÂZv Ñ iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi‡K [16Zg wewmGm]  wS‡O dzj Ñ exi ev`j
 AwMœexYvÑ evix›`ªKzgvi †Nvl‡K  me©nviv Ñ weiRv my›ìx †èx‡K
 wPËbvgv Ñ wPËiÄb `vk‡K  fv½vi Mvb Ñ †gw`bxcyievmxi D‡Ïk¨
 QvqvbU Ñ gyRvd&di Avn‡g` I KzZzeDwÏb‡K  PµevK Ñ XvKv K‡j‡Ri Aa¨¶ my‡i›`ªbv_ •gÎ‡K
 wmÜz wn‡›`vj Ñ nvexeyjøvn evnvi I kvgmybvnvi  we‡li euvkx Ñ †gvmv¤§` gvmy`v LvZzb (whwb bvix
gvngy`‡K AwaKvi Av‡›`vjb Kgx© wQ‡jb)
Pjw”P‡Î bRiæj
a~cQvqv (1931)- wZwb wQ‡jb cÖ _g evOvwj Pjw”PÎKvi| Zvui cwiPvjwZ GB Pjw”PÎwU 1931
mv‡j gyw³ cvq|
Pjw”P‡Î aªæe (1934) [Kwe bvqK bvivqY Pwi‡Î]
bRiæj cvZvjcyix (1935) [bRiæ‡ji 1g m½xZ cwiPvjK]
M„n`vn, MÖ‡ni †di, we`¨vcwZ (Kvwnwb bRiæj)
bRiæj‡K wb‡q KvbvWvq Pjw”PÎ hvi bvg ÔbRiæjÕ cwiPvjK- wdwjc ¯úv‡ij
ÔLywK I KvVweovwjÕ Ges ÔwjPz †PviÕ bvgK Kve¨ `ywU wb‡q Pjw”PÎ wbwg©Z nq|
cOw³
Android Application “ Job Circular ”
👇 সংক্ষিপ্ত বৈক্ষিষ্ট্য 👇
বৈক্ষিক পক্ষিকা এৈং অিলাইনি প্রকাক্ষিত প্রক্ষতক্ষৈনির চাকক্ষরর ক্ষৈজ্ঞক্ষপ্ত
পরীিা সময়সূ চী এৈং ফলাফল সহ পরীিা সংক্রান্ত সকল নিাক্ষিি
সাপ্তাক্ষহক চাকক্ষরর পক্ষিকা (HD Picture এৈং PDF আকানর)
আনৈৈনির ফরম ডাউিনলাড এৈং চালাি/ৈযাংক ড্রাফি ফরম পূ রণ ও
আনৈৈনির ক্ষিয়ম এৈং অিলাইনি আনৈৈনির ক্ষিকািা
ক্ষিনয়াগ পরীিার প্রস্তুক্ষত, মনডল নিস্ট সহ পরীিা প্রস্তুক্ষত সহায়ক সকল তথ্য
Favorite (Bookmark) system: এর মাধ্যনম আপক্ষি আপিার পছনের ক্ষৈজ্ঞক্ষপ্ত,
নিাক্ষিি, চাকক্ষরর প্রস্তুক্ষত সহায়ক ক্ষৈক্ষিন্ন ক্ষৈষয় Save কনর রাখনত পারনৈি।
আবেদবের মেয়াদ মেষ হওয়ার পূ বেে গুরুত্বপূ র্ে চাকররর রেজ্ঞরি ও প্রবেে পত্র
ডাউেব াড এৈং অিযািয নিাক্ষিি এর Reminder
ক্ষৈস্তাক্ষরত বৈক্ষিষ্ট্য
িতুি/গুরুত্বপূ ণণ ক্ষিনয়াগ ক্ষৈজ্ঞক্ষপ্ত ও পরীিার নিাক্ষিনির "Notification" সাম্প্রক্ষতক তথ্য
এর মাধ্যনম আপক্ষি আপিার নমাৈাইনলর Notification ৈার এ জািনত পারনৈি ক্ষৈক্ষিন্ন পক্ষিকা ও অিযািয উৎস নথ্নক ৈাংলানৈি এৈং ক্ষৈনের সাম্প্রক্ষতক তথ্য।
গুরুত্বপূ ণণ চাকক্ষরর খৈর এৈং পরীিার নিাক্ষিি। ডাউিনলাড নজাি
Notification Category চাকক্ষরর প্রস্তুক্ষতর জিয ক্ষৈক্ষিন্ন ৈই এৈং অিলাইনি প্রকাক্ষিত সকল ক্ষৈষনয়র
মকাে ধরবর্র মোরিরিবকেে মপবে চাে মেরি োছাই করবে পারবেে এেং তনথ্যর PDF।
আপোর অপছবের কযািাগরর/মোরিরিবকেে েন্ধ রাখবে পারবেে। ইন্টারক্ষিউ ক্ষিপস
≣ জৈ কযািাগক্ষর ইন্টারক্ষিউ এর জিয ক্ষকিানৈ ক্ষিনজনক প্রস্তুত করনৈি নসই সকল ক্ষৈষনয়
ক্ষৈজ্ঞক্ষপ্তগুনলা সহনজ খুনজ পাৈার জিয আবছ রেরিন্ন কযািাগক্ষর। নেমি - অক্ষিজ্ঞনৈর পরামিণ।
General Job Category: িাইিা অক্ষিজ্ঞতা
➲ েরকারর চাকরর ➲ েযাংক জে ➲ এেরজও জৈস চাকক্ষরর িাইিানত ক্ষকধ্রনণর প্রনের সম্মু খীি হনত হয় নসই সকল তথ্য ক্ষিনয়
➲ রেক্ষক রেবয়াগ ➲ োবকেরিং / মে ে ➲ মর ওবয় জে এই কযািাগক্ষর। ক্ষৈক্ষসএস, ৈযাংক সহ অিযািয ক্ষিনয়াগ িাইিা অক্ষিজ্ঞতা এখানি
➲ রডবিন্স এ চাকরর ➲ োিারহক চাকররর ➲ অেযেয মেেরকারর পানৈি।
পরত্রকা চাকরর ❓ প্রশ্ন েযাংক এেং োম্প্ররেক পরীক্ষার প্রশ্ন - উির
Special Job Category: রেরিন্ন রেবয়াগ পরীক্ষা- BCS, NTRCA, Primary েহ অেযােয রেবয়াগ পরীক্ষার
➲ Hot Jobs ➲ Date Wise Jobs রেগে োব র প্রশ্ন এেং েোধাে। এেং প্ররেরেয়ে মে েক রেবয়াগ পরীক্ষা
➲ Part Time Jobs ➲ Under Graduate Jobs অেু রিে হয় োর প্রশ্ন-েোধাে।
➲ Graduates Jobs ➲ Post Graduate Jobs মনডল নিস্ট
➲ Deadline Today Jobs ➲ Deadline Tomorrow Jobs এই কযািাগররবে "েযাখযা েহ/ছাড়া" েবড মিস্ট পাবেে। (With timer
➲ Any Other Deadline Jobs ➲ Archive / Expired Job /Without timer আপোর পছে েে েবড মিস্ট রদবে পারবেে)।
≣ জৈ এক্সাম নিাক্ষিি কযািাগক্ষর রেষয়রিরিক েহ আবরা অবেক কযািাগররর েবড মিস্ট।
ক্ষিনয়াগ পরীিা সংক্রান্ত সকল নিাক্ষিি পানৈি এই কযািাগক্ষরনত। National University News
জাতীয় ক্ষৈেক্ষৈৈযালনয়র সকল খৈরাখৈর ক্ষিনয় আনছ আলাৈা কযািাগক্ষর ।
পরীিার সময়সূচী পরীিার ফলাফল প্রনৈিপি অিযািয নিাক্ষিি
Job Age Calculator
Reminder
চাকক্ষরর ৈয়স নৈর করার কযালকুনলির। এই Job Age Calculator এর মাধ্যনম
আবেদবের মেয়াদ মেষ হওয়ার পূ বেে গুরুত্বপূ র্ে রেবয়াগ রেজ্ঞরি ও প্রবেে পত্র
আপক্ষি আপিার কাক্ষিত ৈয়স নৈর করনত পারনৈি।
ডাউেব াড এেং অেযােয মোরিে এর Reminder
Search Option
কযাররয়ার গাইড
রেবয়াগ রেজ্ঞরি ো পরীক্ষার মোরিে খুবজ পাওয়ার জেয আবছ োচে অপেে।
চাকররর পরীক্ষা েহায়ক রেরিন্ন েথ্য এেং Article ও পরােেে। রেষয়রিরিক
Day-Night Mode
চাকররর প্রস্তুরে, েিেকাি মিকরেক, মোরিবিেে েহ আবরা অবেক রকছু ।
েহবজ এেং দীর্েক্ষর্ অযাপ েযেহার উপবোগী মড/োইি েু ড অপেে।
প্রক্ষতক্ষৈনির তথ্য
এছাড়াও Notification Sound and Vibration Control, Keep
ক্ষৈক্ষিন্ন বৈক্ষিক পক্ষিকা ও অিলাইনি নথ্নক গুরুত্বপূ ণণ সাধ্ারণ জ্ঞািমূ লক তথ্য।
Screen On, Dim Light mode Option, National University News
অিু ৈাৈ চচণা
েহ আবরা অবেক রিচার।
বৈক্ষিক ইংনরক্ষজ ও ৈাংলা পক্ষিকার গুরুত্বপূ ণণ Article এর Vocabulary ও
এক কথ্ায় চাকররর প্রস্তুরে/মখাোঁজা মথ্বক শুরু কবর চাকরর পাওয়া
অিু ৈাৈ। এেং এই Vocabulary গুব ার আব াবক েবড মিস্ট/কুইজ।
পেেন্ত েক েথ্য পাবেে এই অযাপরিবে।
www.prebd.com
এই আপস এর বৈক্ষিষ্ট্য গুনলা েক্ষৈ আপিার িাল লানগ তাহনল আজই ডাউিনলাড করুি।
App Download Link: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.careerguidebd.jobcircular
ÔAvwg wPi`y©`g `ywe©bxZ, b„ksm we‡`ªvnx Ôbv‡P cv‡c-wmÜz‡Z Zz½ Zi½! †Lqvcv‡ii
gnv-cÖj‡qi Avwg bUivR g„Zzï gnvwbkv iæ`ª Dj½! ZiYx
Avwg mvB‡K¬vb, Avwg aŸsmÕ [mgvR‡mev wbt‡¯^ wbkvPi, MÖv‡m gnvwe‡k^,
Awa`ß‡ii mgvR‡mev Awdmvi: 06; `y‡hv©M Îv‡m Kuv‡c ZiYxi cvcx hZ wbt‡k‡lÕ
eë¯’vcbv ey¨‡ivi mnKvix cwiPvjK : 01] [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK: 06, 10]
ÔMvwn mv‡gï Mvb, aiYxi nv‡Z w`j hviv Rxeb-e›`bv Ôwe‡k^ hv wKQz gnvb m„wó wPi Kj¨vYKi bvix
Avwb dm‡ji digvbÕ A‡a©K Zvi Kwiqv‡Q bvix A‡a©K Zvi biÕ
[cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK: 95]
Avwg.... Avwg G‡jv‡K‡k So AKvj we‡`ªvnx ighv‡bi H †ivRvi †k‡l Gj Lywki C`|
•ekvLxi| Avwg we‡`ªvnx, Avwg we`ªvnx-myZ [wcGmwmi mnKvix cwiPvjK : 04]
wek^-weavÎxi| [RbZv e¨vsK wj. Gw·wKDwUf Awdmvi: 12]
Avwg g„b¥q, Avwg wPb¥q we‡`ªvnx ÔKuvUvKz‡ÄÕ ewm ZzB Muvw_we gvwjKv
Avwg ARi Agi Aÿq, Avwg Ae¨q! w`qv †Mby fv‡j †Zvi †e`bvi wUKvÕ
Avwg gvbe `vbe †èZvi fq, [24Zg evwZj wewmGm]
we‡kî Avwg wPi `yR©q
Ôgg GK nv‡Z euvKv euv‡ki euvkix, we‡`ªvnx Ômv‡gï Mvb MvB, Avgvi P‡ÿ/ Rxeb-e›`bv
Avi nv‡Z iY Zzh©| [cwi‡ek eb gš¿Yvj‡qi cyiæl-igYx †Kvb †f`v‡f` bvBÕ [evsjv‡`k
Aaxb cwi‡ek Awa`ß‡ii mnKvix cwiPvjK : 04] e¨vsK Awdmvi : 15; cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK :
10; cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 07]
Avwg Rvnvbœv‡gi Av¸‡b ewmqv nvwm we‡`ªvnx Pvlx Iiv, bq‡Kv Pvlv, bq‡Kv †QvU †jvK|
cy‡®úi nvwm| [¯^v¯’¨ gš¿Yvj‡qi Awdm mnKvix : 19; [`y`K mn. cwi: 13; WvK I †Uwj‡hvMv‡hvM gš¿Yvj‡qi
†mvbvjx e¨vsK wj. wmwbqi Awdmvi: 18] wnmveiÿY Kg©KZ©v : 03]
Ô†`wLqv ïwbqv †ÿwcqv wMqvwQ, •Kwdqr hvÎxiv ivwÎ‡i n‡Z Gj †Lqv cvi, ‡Lqvcv‡ii
ZvB hvnv Av‡m KB gy‡LÕ ev‡Rªwi Zz‡h© G M‡R©‡Q †K Avevi? ZiYx
ÔKvÐvix G Zixi cvKv gvwS gvjøv †Lqvcv‡ii e„_v Îv‡m cÖj‡qi wmÜz I †`qv-fvi, ‡Lqvcv‡ii
ùvwo gy‡L mvwiMvb/ jv kixK AvjøvnÕ ZiYx H nj c~‡Yï hvwÎiv †Lqvcvi| ZiYx
`yM©g wMwi, KvšÍvi-giæ, `y¯Íi cvivevi KvÐvix Ôbxjwmqv Avmgvb jv‡j jvj `ywbqv gniig
jw•N‡Z n‡e ivwÎ-wb_x‡_, ûwkqvi Av¤§v! jvj ‡Zwi Lyb wKqv Lywbqv|
hvÎxiv ûwkqvi! Kvu‡` †Kvb µ›`mx Kvievjv †dviv‡Z
‡m-Kvu`‡b Avmy Av‡b mxgv‡ii †Qviv‡Z|Õ
ÔeD K_v KI, eD K_v KI dvuwmi g‡Â †M‡q †Mj hviv
KI K_v Awfgvwbbx Rxe‡bi RqMvbÑ
†m‡a †m‡a †Ku‡` †Ku‡` Avwm Aj‡ÿ¨ `vuov‡q‡Q Zviv,
hv‡e KZ hvwgbx \Õ [14Zg wewmGm] w`‡e †Kvb ewj`vb| [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 13]
eû hyeK‡K ‡`wLqvwQ hvnv‡ì †h․e‡bi †h․e‡bi Mvb eva©K¨ ZvnvB hvnv cyivZb‡K, wg_¨v‡K, †h․e‡bi Mvb
Dw`©i wb‡P eva©‡K¨ K¼vj g~wZ©| [weGwWwm g„Zz¨‡K AvKovBqv cwoqv _v‡K| [GbGmAvB Gi
wnmve mnKvix: 19] mnKvix cwiPvjK: 19]
G aivi gv‡S Zzwjqv wbbv` Pvwnbv Kwi‡Z ‡`wLby †mw`b †i‡j, Kzwj e‡j GK evey mve KzwjgRyi
ev` cÖwZev`| [AvenvIqv Awa`ß‡ii Aaxb Zv‡i †V‡j w`j wb‡P †d‡j| [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨v.
mnKvix AvenvIqvwe`: 2000] mn. wk: 13; cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 08]
‡n `vwi`ª¨ Zzwg †gv‡i K‡iQ gnvb| Zzwg Ôee©i ewj hvnv‡ì Mvwj cvwoj ÿz`ªgbv Rxeb e›`bv
†gv‡i `vwbqvQ, Lªx‡ói m¤§vb KÈK-gyKzU K~c-gÐ~K ÔAmshgxÕi AvL¨v w`qv‡Q hv‡i|Õ
†kvfv| [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK: 09;
cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 09]
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq Kwe †K? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK : 13]
K. KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg L.RmxgDÏxb M. kvgmyi ivngvb N. †ebRxi Avn‡g` DËi : L
02. evsjv‡`‡ki †Kvb ¯’vbwU Kwe KvRx bRiæj Bmjv‡gi ¯§„wZ weRwoZ ¯’vb? [‡iwR÷vW© cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (kvcjv) : 11]
K. Pziæwjqv L. `wiivgcyi M. kvwšÍWv½v N. KvjxMÄ DËi : L
03. Ôwe‡li evuwkÕ †K iPbv K‡i‡Qb? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK : 10]
K. KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg L. hZx›`ª‡gvnb evMPx M. ‡kL dRjj Kwig N. †gvwnZjvj gRyg`vi DËi : K
04. Ôwe‡li evuwkÕ ‡Kvb ai‡bi iPbv? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (eywoM½v) : 13]
K. Mí L. Dcb¨vm M. Kve¨ N. cÖeÜ DËi : M
05. ÔdwY-gbmvÕ Kve¨MÖ‡š’i iPwqZv? [‡iwR÷vW© cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (wkDjx) : 11; cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (ivRkvnx wefvM) : 08]
K. Avnmvb nvexe L. KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg M. wmKv›`vi Avey Rvdi N. G‡ì †KD bb DËi : L
06. KvRx bRiæj Bmjv‡gi cÖ_g cÖKvwkZ †jLv †KvbwU? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (ivBb) : 13]
K. gyw³ L. evD‡Ð‡ji AvZœKvwnbx M. †nbv N. we‡`ªvnx DËi : L
07. KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg iwPZ ÔivRe›`xi Revbe›`xÕ †Kvb ai‡bi iPbv? [‡iwR÷vW© cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (wkDjx) : 11]
K. bvUK L. cÖeÜ M. Mí N. Dcb¨vm DËi : L
08. ÔwSwjwgwjÕ bvUKwU †K wj‡L‡Qb? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (myigv) : 13]
K. wØ‡R›`ªjvj ivq L. gvgybyi ikx` M. KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg N. AvKei DÏxb DËi : M
09. KvRx bRiæj Bmjv‡gi cÖ_g Dcb¨vm †KvbwU? [cÖvK- cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 15]
K. g„Zz¨ÿzav L. e¨v_vi `vb M. Kz‡nwjKv N. evuabnviv DËi : N
10. KvRx bRiæj Bmjv‡gi Dcb¨vm †KvbwU? [cÖvK- cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (`vRjv) : 13]
K. wSwjwgwj L. g„Zz¨ÿzav M. gaygvjv N. AwMœexYv DËi : L
11. KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg iwPZ MÖš’ bq †KvbwU? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (`vRjv) : 2000]
K. e¨v_vi `vb L. bxj`c©Y M. we†`ªvnx N. ivRe›`xi Revbe›`x D : L
12. KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg iwPZ MÖš’ bq †KvbwU? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK: 01]
K. we‡`ªvnx L. ayg‡KZz M. 1400 mvj N. c~RvwiYx DËi : M
13. ÔAvwg wPi`y`©g, `ywebx©Z, b„ksm,/ gnvcÖj‡qi Avwg bUivR, Avwg mvB‡K¬vb, Avwg aŸsm|Õ cO&w³wU KvRx bRiæj Bmjv‡gi
†Kvb KweZvi Ask? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK(IDA/ADB) : 01]
K. we‡`ªvnx L. m„wó my‡Li Djøvm M. KvÛvix ûuwkqvi N. mvgëv`x DËi : K
14. ÔAvwg †e`yCb, Avwg †Pw½m/ Avwg Avcbv‡i Qvov Kwi bv Kvnv‡i Kzwb©k|Õ cO&w³wUi iPwqZv †K? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix
wkÿK (KY©dzjx) : 12]
K. iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi L. †Mvjvg †gv¯Ídv M. KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg N. diiæL Avng` DËi : M
15. Ôbv‡P-cvc-wmÜz‡Z Zz½ Zi½!/ g„Zy¨ gnvwbkv iæ`ª Dj½!/ wbt‡k‡l wbkvPi MÖv‡m gnvwe‡k¦,/ Îv‡m Kvu‡c ZiYxi cvcx hZ
wbt‡¯^Õ cOw³wU †Kvb Kwei iPbv? [ †iwR÷vW© cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (nvmbv‡nbv) : 11; cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (myigv) :
10; cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (PÆMÖvg wefvM) : 06]
16. Ôe„_v Îv‡m cÖj‡qi wmÜz I †`qv-fvi/H nj c~‡Yï hvÎxiv †Lqvcvi|Õ GB D×…ZvskUzKzi iPwqZv †K? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix
wkÿK (‡ngšÍ) : 10]
K. KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg L. †kL dRjj Kwig M. †eMg mywdqv Kvgvj N. myKvšÍ fÆvPvh© DËi : K
17. Ômv‡gï Mvb MvB-/Avgvi P‡ÿ cyiæl-igYx †Kvb †f`v‡f` bvBÕ cOw³wUi iPwqZv †K? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (avbwmwou) : 10]
18. Ôwe‡k¦ hv wKQz gnvb m„wó wPi Kj¨vYKi/A‡a©K Zvi Kwiqv‡Q bvix A‡a©K Zvi bi|Õ cO&w³wUi iPwqZv †K? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq
mnKvix wkÿK: 15]
K. KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg L.RmxgDÏxb M. kvgmyi ivngvb N. †ebRxi Avn‡g` DËi : K
19. ÔMvwn mv‡gï Mvb/gvby‡li †P‡q bvB wKQz, b‡n gnxqvb!Õ D×…ZvskUzKy †Kv_v n‡Z †bqv n‡q‡Q? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix
wkÿK (ivRkvnx wefvM) : 05]
K. bvix L. Rxeb-e›`bv M. gvbyl N. we‡`ªvnx DËi : M
20. ÔMvwn mv‡gï Mvb-/ aiYxi nv‡Z w`j hviv Avwb dm‡ji digvb|Õ †Kvb KweZvi Ask? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (wZ¯Ív) : 16]
K. bvix L. mvgëv`x M. Rxeb-e›`bv N. gvbyl DËi : M
21. Ô`vwi`ª¨Õ KweZvwU †Kvb Kve¨MÖ‡š’i AšÍM©Z? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (kvcjv) : 09]
K. we‡li euvwk L. wmÜz wn‡›`vj M. mvgëv`x N. bZzb Puv` DËi : L
22. Ô‡n `vwi`ª¨ Zzwg †gv‡i K‡iQ gnvb|/ Zzwg †gv‡i `vwbqvQ, Lªx‡÷i m¤§vb/ KÈK gyKzU †kvfvÕ KweZvs‡ki Kwe †K? [cÖv_wgK
we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (‡dbx) : 09]
K. Kvq‡Kvev` L. RmxgD`&`xb M. iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi N. KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg DËi : N
23. ÔKvuUvKz‡Ä ewm ZzB Mvuw_we gvwjKv/ w`qv †Mby fv‡j †e`bvi UxKv|Õ D×…ZvskUzKzi iPwqZv †K? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK
(bvMvwj½g) : 12; cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (wkDjx) : 09]
K. KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg L. kvgmyi ivngvb
M. ‡kL dRjj Kwig N. †gvwnZjvj gRyg`vi DËi : K
24. Ôme©nvivÕ MÖš’wUi iPwqZv †K? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (M½v) : 12]
K. †Mvjvg †gv¯Ídv L. Kvwgbx ivq M. iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi N. KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg DËi : N
25. Ôdvuwmi g‡Â †M‡q †Mj hviv RqMvb AvwmÕ/ Aj‡ÿ¨ `vuov‡qÕ‡Q Zviv w`‡e †Kvb ewj`vbÕ cO&w³wUi iPwqZv †K? [cÖv_wgK
we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (eywoM½v) : 13]
K. Kvq‡Kvev` L. RmxgD``xb M. iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi N. KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg DËi : N
26. ÔmwÂZvÕ †Kvb Kwei Kve¨ msKjb? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (wZ¯Ív) : 13]
K. Rxebvb›` `vk L. KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg M. iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi N. †Mvjvg ‡gv¯Ídv DËi : L
27. Ô‡`wLby †mw`b †i‡j,/ Kywj e‡j GK evey mve Zv‡i †V‡j w`j bx‡P †d‡j!Õ cO&w³wUi iPwqZv †K? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq
mnKvix wkÿK (`vRjv) : 13]
K. Kvq‡Kvev` L. RmxgD``xb M. iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi N. KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg DËi : N
28. Ô‡`vjb PvucvÕ MÖš’wUi iPwqZv †K? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (K‡cvZvÿ) : 13]
K. †Mvjvg †gv¯Ídv L. Kvwgbx ivq M. iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi N. KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg DËi : N
RmxgD`&`xb (1903-1976)
 Rb¥ I g„Zz¨ : 1903-1976| [14Zg wewmGm]
 Dcvwa : cjøxKwe| [¯îvóª gš¿Yvj‡qi Kviv ZË¡veavqK : 10; miKvwi gva¨wgK we`¨v, mn. wk: 11]
 •cZ…K wbevm : dwi`cy‡ii Avw¤^Kvcyi (c~‡e© †Mvwe›`cyi)
 Rb¥¯’vb: dwi`cy‡ii Zv¤^yjLvbv MÖvg| [31Zg wewmGm; wcwUAvBGi wkÿK : 19]
 wcZv : AvbmviDÏxb †gvjøv|
 gvZv : Avwgbv LvZzb Ii‡d ivOvQzU|
 Avengvb evsjvi mvs¯‥…wZK HwZ‡n¨ iwPZ cÖ_g c~Y©v½ AvaywbK Kwe|
 gqgbwmsn MxwZKv msMÖn : KjKvZv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi A_©vbyK‚‡j¨ W. `x‡bkP›`ª †m‡bi AvbyK‚‡j¨ wZwb
gqgbwmsn MxwZKvi ÒgûqvÓ cvjvwU msMÖn K‡ib| A_©vr wZwb †jvKmvwnZ¨ msMÖvnK wQ‡jb| [c~.e¨v,Ry.A: 19]
Kve¨MÖš’
evjyPi (1930) avb‡ÿZ (1933)
†mvRb evw`qvi NvU ivLvjx (1927) [34Zg wewmGm] : GwU Kwei cÖKvwkZ cÖ_g Kve¨MÖš’|
gvwUi Kvbœv iƒceZx (1946) bKkx Kvu_vi gvV (1929) †kÖô iPbv
cjøxKwe iw½jv bv‡qi gvwS [mn. f~-ZË¡we`: 98] mwKbv (1959)
RmxgD`&`x‡bi njy` eiYx (1966) R‡j †jLb (1969)
fqven †mB w`b¸‡jv‡Z (1972) ‡K․k‡j Kve¨mg~n g‡b ivLyb: gv‡Mv!
Kve¨MÖš’ gv‡Mv R¦vjv‡‡q ivwLm Av‡jv (1976) iƒceZx njy` eiYx mwLbv evjyPi gv‡Vi
gv ‡h Rbbx Kv‡›` [24Zg wewmGm] ivLvjx nvmyi GK cqmv evuwk ïb‡Z bv cvivq
avb‡¶‡Z gvwUi Kvbœv ‡Ku‡` Kvd‡bi wgwQj
m~Pqbx (1961); [wbe©vwPZ KweZv msKjb]
wb‡q bKkx Kvu_vi gvV †cwi‡q ‡mvRb
Kvd‡bi wgwQj (1988) evw`qvi Nv‡U ‡Mj|
b·x Kvu_vi gvV (1929) [Dc‡Rjv mnKvix wkÿv Awdmvi : 09; Lv`¨ Awa`ß‡ii mnKvix Dc-Lv`¨ cwi`k©K: 12; cwievi cwiKíbv Awa. cwi. K. cwi. cÖ : 13]
 GwU Kwei †kÖô iPbv| ‡kÖô KvwnwbKve¨| [gva¨wgK ¯‹zj mnKvix wkÿK: 03; cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK : 14]
 GwU GKwU MxwZKve¨| [miKvwi gva¨wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 06]
 Kve¨wUi Bs‡iwR Abyev` ÔField of the Embroidered QuiltÕ [evsjv‡`k †Uwjwfk‡bi cÖ‡hvRK: 06] Ges Gi Abyev`K
E.M. Milford. GQvovI wewfbœ fvlvq GB Kve¨MÖš’wU Ab~w`Z nq| [ms¯’vcb gš¿Yvj‡qi cÖkvmwbK Kg©KZ©v: 07]
 PwiÎ- mvRy Ges iƒcvB| ÔiƒcvBÕ KweZvwU Ôb·x Kvu_vi gvVÕ †_‡K †bqv n‡q‡Q|
‡mvRb evw`qvi NvU [wmwRwWGd Gi Kvh©vj‡qi Aaxb Rywbqi AwWUi: 14] : PwiÎ : †mvRb Ges `ywj|
Kwe `kg †kÖwYi QvÎ _vKvKvjxb ÔKeiÕ KweZvwU wj‡L‡Qb| [mnKvix ivR¯^ Kg©KZ©v: 15]
KweZvwU 1926 mv‡j K‡jøvj cwÎKvi Z…Zxq msL¨vq cÖ_g cÖKvwkZ nq| [25Zg wewmGm]
Kei KjKvZv wek^we`¨vj‡qi QvÎve¯’vq gva¨wgK ch©v‡qi cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki ZvwjKfz³ nq|
KweZv GwU evsjv 1335 mv‡j KjKvZv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi evsjv wm‡jKk‡b ¯’vb cvq|
[iv.K….D.e¨vsK: 11] KweZvwU ÔgvÎve„ËÕ Q‡›` iwPZ| [cÖavbgš¿xi Kvh©vj‡qi cv‡m©vbvj Awdmvi: 04]
KweZvwU Zuvi cÖ_g Kve¨MÖš’ ÔivLvjxÕ Gi AšÍM©Z|
KweZvwU †gvU PiY msL¨v 118wU| [cwi‡ek I eb gš¿Yvj‡qi wimvP© Awdmvi : 06; cÖvK-cÖv. mn. wk: 14]
KweZvwU‡Z ÔwcÖqRb nviv‡bvi ü`qwe`viK ¯§„wZPviYÕ Kiv n‡q‡Q| [Z_¨ gš¿Yvj‡qi Aaxb Z.A: 05]
Kei KweZvq `v`y kvcjvi nv‡U ZigyR wewµ Ki‡Zb| [mve-‡iwR÷ªvi : 12]
bvUK
cjøxKwe cÙvcvo (1950) †e‡ì †g‡q [36Zg wewmGm; ¯îvóª gš¿Yvj‡qi Aaxb Kviv ZË¡veavqK: 10]
RmxgD`&`x‡bi gaygvjv (1951) cjøxea~
D‡jøL‡hvM¨ MÖv‡gi gvqv Avmgvb wmsn (1956)
bvUK I‡Mv cy®úaby (1968)
‡K․k‡j g‡b ivLyb : †e‡ì †g‡q cjøxeay gaygvjv‡K wb‡q MÖv‡gi gvqv †Q‡o cÙvcv‡o Avmgvb wmsn bvUK ‡`L‡Z †Mj|
Dcb¨vm (2wU[c~evjx e¨vsK wj. Ry.A:13])
†evevKvwnwb (1964) eDUzevwbi dzj (1990)
Dcb¨vm
†evev Kvwnwb dwi`cy‡ii Rxeb wPÎ wb‡q Kvwnbx| hv GKwU †jvKRxeb wfwËK| PwiÎ : AvRnvi|
¯§„wZK_v
hv‡ì †`‡LwQ (1952) VvKzi evwoi Avw½bvq (1961) [38Zg wewmGm] ¯§„wZPviYg~jK M`¨ MÖš’ ¯§„wZcU (1964)
ågYKvwnbx
P‡j gymvwdi [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK nj‡` cixi †`k †h †`‡k gvbyl eo [f~wg I cÖwZiÿv gš¿Yvj‡qi Rvg©vbxi kn‡i e›`‡i
mn. wkÿK: 03] cÖkvmwbK Kg©KZ©v: 13]
wkï‡Zvl MÖš’ nvmy (1938) GK cqmvi euvkx (1949) [MY‡hvMv‡hvM Awa. mn.Z_¨ A: 05; gv`K`ª. wb.A.m.c:13]
WvwjgKzgvi (1951) ev½vwji nvwmi Mí (1960)
GKwU weL¨vZ KweZv|

KweZvwU Kwei ÔGK cqmvi evukxÕ Kve¨MÖ‡š’i AšÍf©y³|
Avmgvbxi evox ZrKvjxb dwi`cyi [mnKvix Dc‡Rjv wkÿv Awdmvi: 12] †Rjvi (eZ©gv‡b-
Avmgvwb gv`vixci) imyjcyi| [eb Awa. eb cÖ.15]
KweZvwUi c¼wZ- ÔAvmgvbx‡i ‡`L‡Z hw` †Zvgiv m‡e PvI,
iwngwÏi †QvÆ evwo imyjcy‡i hvI|
evwo †Zv bq cvwLi evmv †fbœv cvZvi Qvwb,
GKUz Lvwb e„wó n‡jB Mwo‡q c‡o cvwb|Õ [wcGmwmÕi mnKvix cwiPvjK: 06]
Mv‡bi msKjb Mv‡½i cvo (1964) iw½jv bv‡qi gvwS (1935) [mnKvix f~-ZË¡we`: 98]
RvwiMvb (1968) gywk©`x Mvb (1977)
D‡jøL‡hvM¨ KweZv
cjøxKwe Kei (ivLvjx) cjøxRbbx
RmxgD`&`x‡bi Avmgvbx ivLvj †Q‡j (ivLvjx)
D‡jøL‡hvM¨ †L‡jvqvo wbgš¿Y (avb‡¶Z) [RbcÖkvmb gš¿Yvj‡qi e¨w³. Kg©: 15]
KweZv gymvwdi (evjyPi) Pvlvi †Q‡j
D‡jøL‡hvM¨ cO&w³
ÔZzwg hv‡e fvB- wbgš¿Y ÔG-Mvui Pvlx wbNyg iv‡Z evu‡ki evukxi my‡i bKkx Kuv_vi gvV
hv‡e †gvi mv‡_, Avgv‡ì †QvU Mvuq, IBbv Mvu‡qi †g‡Ni mv‡_ Mnb e¨v_vq Suz‡i|Õ
Mv‡Qi Qvqvq jZvq cvZvq D`vmx e‡bi evq; [iƒcvjx e¨vsK Awdmvi: 19]
ÔwZwik eQi wfRv‡q †i‡LwQ `yB bq‡bi R‡jÕ Kei ÔKuvPv av‡bi cvZvi gZ KwP gy‡Li gvqvÕ bKkx Kuv_vi gvV
ÔGZUzKz Zv‡i N‡i G‡bwQby †mvbvi gZ gyL, Kei Ôev‡ci evwo‡Z hvBevi Kv‡j KwnZ awiqv cv Kei
cyZz‡ji we‡q †f‡O †Mj e‡j †Ku‡` fvmvBZ eyK|Õ Avgv‡i †`wL‡Z hvBI wKš‘ DRvb-Zwji Mvu|
[cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK: 01; cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK: 10] [‡iwR÷vW© cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mn. wk: 11; A_© gš¿Yvj‡q (AvBwU A¨vwm÷¨v›U): 12]
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ †K ÔcjøxKweÕ bv‡g L¨vZ? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK: 13]
K. Rxebvb›` `vk L. †eMg mywdqv Kvgvj M. Rvnvbviv AviRy N. RmxgD``xb DËi : N
02. RmxgD`&`x‡bi cÖKvwkZ cÖ_g Kve¨MÖš’ †KvbwU? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK: 10]
K. †mvRb evwaqvi NvU L.evjyPi M. ivLvjx N. b·x Kvu_vi gvV DËi : M
03. ÔKeiÕ KweZvq KZwU cOw³ i‡q‡Q? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (Avjdv) : 14]
K. 18wU L. 118wU M. 218wU N. 96wU DËi : L
04. ÔGZUzKz Zv‡i G‡bwQby †mvbvi gZb gyL, / cyZz‡ji we‡q †f‡O ‡Mj e‡j †Ku‡` fvmvBZ eyK|Õ cO&w³wU †Kvb Kwei iPbv?
[cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (wZ¯Ív) : 10; cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK : 01]
K. KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg L. Kwe RmxgD``xb M. Ave`yj Kvwì N. mywdqv Kvgvj DËi : L
05. ÔwZwik eQi wfRv‡q †i‡LwQ `yB bq‡bi R‡jÕ cOw³wUi †Kvb KweZvi iPbv? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 10]
K. Avmgvbx L. `vIqvZ M. Kei N. cjøx¯§„wZ DËi : M
06. Ôev‡ci evwo‡Z hvBevi Kv‡j KwnZ awiqv cv/ Avgv‡i †`wL‡Z hvBI DRvb-Zjxi MvuÕ cO&w³wUi iPwqZv †K? [‡iwR÷vW©
cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (kvcjv) : 11]
K. RmxgD`&`xb L. Ave`yj Kvwì M. m‡Z¨›`ªbv_ `Ë N. bexbP›`ª ‡mb DËi : K
07. ÔAvgv‡i Qvwoqv GZ e¨_v hvi †Kgb Kwiqv nvq/ Kei †`‡k‡Z Nygv‡q i‡q‡Q wbS&Syg wbivjv|Õ †Kvb Kwei iPbv? [cÖv_wgK
we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (myigv) : 12]
K. †gvRv‡¤§j nK L. †Mvjvg †gv¯Ídv M. mywdqv Kvgvj N. RmxgD`&`xb DËi : N
08. ÔGB †gvi †Kv`vj awiqv KwVb gvwUi Z‡j,/ Mvwoqv w`qvwQ KZ ‡mvbvgyL bvIqv‡q †Pv‡Li R‡j|Õ †Kvb Kwei iPbv? [cÖvK-
cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (kxZjÿ¨v) : 13]
K. KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg L. Kwe RmxgD``xb M. Ave`yj Kvwì N. mywdqv Kvgvj DËi : K
09. RmxgDÏx‡bi †kÖô KvwnbxKve¨ †KvbwU? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (Avjdv) : 14]
K. b·x Kvu_vi gvV L. †mvRb evwaqvi NvU M. mwKbv N. ivLvjx DËi : K
10. RmxgD`&`x‡bi bvUK †KvbwU? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (‡ngšÍ) : 10]
K. ivLvjx L. †e‡ì †g‡q M. gvwUi Kvbœv N. †evev Kvwnbx DËi : L
11. ÔP‡j gymvwdiÕ ågYKvwnbxg~jK MÖš’wU †K iPbv K‡ib? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (PÆMªvg wefvM) : 03]
K. •mq` gyRZev Avjx L. RmxgD`&`xb M. KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg N. Beªvwng Lvu DËi : L
kirP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq (1876-1938)
 Rb¥ : 15 †m‡Þ¤î 1876 wLª÷vã|
 g„Zz¨ : 16 Rvbyqvwi 1938 mv‡j KjKvZvq g„ZzëiY K‡ib|
 Rb¥¯’vb : cwðge‡½i ûMjxi †èvb›`cyi MÖv‡g| [kÖg cwi`ß‡ii cwieviKj¨vY Kg©KZ©v: 09]
wZwb GK `wi`ª eªvþY cwiev‡i Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib|
 Dcvwa : Aciv‡Rq K_vwkíx| [Dc‡Rjv wkÿv Awdmvi: 04]
 QÙbvg : Awbjv †èx| [30Zg wewmGm]
Dcb¨vm
 kirP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq Dcb¨vm iPbvi Rb¨ L¨vwZ AR©b K‡i‡Qb| [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK: 93]
 kirP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq Dcb¨vm iPbvi Rb¨ Awe¯§iYxqZv AR©b K‡i| [cÖavbgš¿xi Kvh©vj‡qi Aaxb (Rywb. wdì Awd): 19]
eo w`w` (1913) cjøxmgvR [Lv`¨ Awa`ß‡ii Lv`¨ cwi`k©K: 09]
kirP›`ª weivR †e․ (1914) [6ô we‡RGm] cwÐZ gkvB (1914) cwiYxZv (1914)
P‡Ævcva¨v‡qi •eKz‡Éi DBj (1916) †è`vm (1917) PwiÎnxb (1917)
Dcb¨vm M„n`vn (1920) [cÖv_. we. cÖ. wk: 09; K. m. e¨v. A¨v. A: 01] c‡_i `vwe (1926) [22Zg wewmGm]
kÖxKvšÍ wb®‥…wZ (1917) ‡`bv-cvIbv (1923)
evgy‡bi †g‡q (1920) `Ëv (1918) ‡kl cÖkœ (1931)
wecÖ`vm (1935) ïf`v (1938) ‡k‡li cwiPq (1939)
Dcb¨vm m¤úwK©Z Z_¨ :
o eow`w` : cÖ_g Dcb¨vm| [mnKvix RR wb‡qvM cixÿv : 08] ÔfviZxÕ cwÎKvq cÖKvwkZ nq| PwiÎ- gvaex I my‡i›`ªbv_|
o ‣eKz‡Éi DBj [RbZv e¨vsK wj. A¨vwm÷¨v›U Gw·wKDwUf Awdmvi: 15; evsjv‡`k †Uwjwfk‡bi wimvP© Awdmvi: 06]
o †è`vm : e¨_© †cÖg I Gi cwiYwZ Dcb¨vmwUi g~j DcRxe¨| PwiÎ - †è`vm, cve©Zx, P›`ªgyLx| [g‡b ivLyb : P‡›`ªi †èZv cve©Zx]
o PwiÎnxb : cÖ_v ewnf~©Z †cÖg I bvix-cyiæ‡li m¤úK© wb‡q iwPZ| PwiÎ - mZxk, mv‡eÎx, wKiYgqx|
o M„n`vn : M„n`vn Dcb¨vmwUi iPbvKvj 1920 mvj| [MY‡hvMv‡hvM Awa`ß‡ii mnKvix Z_¨ Awdmvi: 13] | GB Dcb¨vmwU‡Z wÎfzR
†cÖ‡gi wPÎ Aw¼Z n‡q‡Q| [Dc‡Rjv gwnjv I wkï welqK Kg©KZ©v: 07] PwiÎ- gwng, my‡ik I APjv|
o ‡`bv-cvIbv [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (K‡cvZvÿ): 10] : GB Dcb¨v‡mi g~j DcRxe¨ Ôbvix-cyiæ‡li m¤úK©, bvixZ¡ I mZx‡Z¡i
aviYvi wePviÕ| PwiÎ: †lvokx I wbg©j| bvUïƒc- Ô‡lvokxÕ|
o c‡_i `vwe : ivR‣bwZK cUf~wgKvq iwPZ G Dcb¨vmwU e„wUk miKvi Dcb¨vmwU ev‡Rqvß K‡i| [24Zg wewmGm]
o ‡kl cÖkœ [MYc~Z© Awa`ß‡ii Dc-mnKvix cÖ‡KŠkjx (wmwfj): 11 : weZK©cÖavb I mgm¨vg~jK Dcb¨vm|
4 LÐ| [Dc‡Rjv cjøx Dbœqb Kg©KZ©v: 13; wkí gš¿Yvj‡qi Aaxb wewmAvBwmÕi mnKvix eë¯’vcK: 11]
iPbvKvj : 1g LÐ- 1917, 2q LÐ- 1918, 3q LÐ- 1927, 4_© LÐ- 1933
kirP‡›`ªi †kÖô iPbv| [Dc‡Rjv Dbœqb Kg©KZ©v: 13; cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK: 07]
kÖxKvšÍ AvZ¥Rxebxg~jK Dcb¨vm| [WvK wefv‡Mi †cv÷vj Acv‡iUi (c~e©vÂj) : 16; gv`K. mn. cwi`k©K: 13]
[K‡›Uªv. †R. Aaxb
AwWUi: 14] G‡Z kirP›`ª ÔkÖxKvšÍ kg©vÕ QÙbvg eënvi K‡i‡Qb|
Gi cÖ_g L‡Ði me‡P‡q cÖvYešÍ I AvKl©Yxq PwiÎ ÔB›`ªbv_Õ| evsjv mvwn‡Zï †kÖô wK‡kvi
PwiÎ| Ab¨vb¨ PwiÎ : B›`ªbv_, Afqv, ivRj²x [11Zg wewmGm]|
G Dcb¨v‡mi weL¨vZ Dw³- Ôeo †cÖg ïay Kv‡QB Uv‡b bv- Bnv `~‡iI †Vwjqv ‡`qÕ|
weL¨vZ ‡QvUMí
kirP›`ª gw›ì iv‡gi mygwZ (1914) c_-wb‡`©k (1914)
P‡Ævcva¨v‡qi Avuav‡i Av‡jv (1915) `c©P~Y© (1915) gvgjvi dj (1920)
‡QvUMí ‡gRw`w` g‡nk (1926) AfvMxi ¯^M©
wejvmx (1920) [‡mvbvjx e¨vsK wj. Awdmvi: 14]
we›`yi †Q‡j
‡QvUMí m¤úwK©Z Z_¨:
o gw›ì - cÖ_g cÖKvwkZ Mí/mvwnZ¨Kg©| [`yb©xwZ `gb Kwgk‡bi mnKvix cwiPvjK: 13] M‡íi Rb¨ 1903 mv‡j KzšÍjxb cyi¯‥vi jvf
K‡ib| PwiÎ- AcY©v, Agibv_, kw³bv_|
o wejvmx : G M‡íi weL¨vZ Dw³- ÔAwZKvq nw¯Í †jvc cvBqv‡Q wKš‘ †Zjv‡cvKv wUwKqv Av‡QÕ| PwiÎÑ b¨vov, wejvmx,
g„ZzÄq|
o g‡nk : mv_©K †QvUMí| G M‡íi PwiÎ- Av‡gbv, Mdzi, g‡nk| M‡íi g‡nk GKwU luv‡oi bvg|
cÖeÜMÖš’
o bvixi g~j¨ (1923) - GwU ÔAwbjv †èxÕ QÙbv‡g wj‡Lb| Awbjv †èx Zvi eo †ev‡bi bvg|
o Ziæ‡Yi we‡`ªvn- cÖeÜwU 1929 mv‡ji 30 gvP© iscyi e½xq hye mw¤§j‡bi Awa‡ek‡b mfvcwZi fvlY| G MÖ‡š’i wØZxq
ms¯‥i‡Y ÔmZ¨ I wg_¨vÕ bv‡g Av‡iv GKwU cÖeÜ AšÍf©y³ Kiv nq|
bvUK
bvUK †lvokx (1928) [`y`K Dc-cwi`k©K: 04] igv (1928)
weRqv (1935) [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK: 12]
cyi¯‥vi
 KjKvZv wek^we`¨vjq †_‡K RMËvwiYx ¯^Y©c`K : 1923 mv‡j| [27Zg wewmGm]
 XvKv wek^we`¨vjq [evsjv‡`k ‡ijI‡q mnKvix Kgv‡Û›U: 07] †_‡K wW.wjU wWwMÖ : 1936 mv‡j| [mnKvix kÖg cwiPvjK: 03]
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. kirP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq †Kvb cÖKv‡ii mvwnZ¨ iPbvi Rb¨ L¨vwZ jvf K‡i‡Qb? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK : 93]
K. Dcb¨vm L. †QvUMí M. cÖeÜ N. gnvKve¨ DËi : K
02. kirP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨v‡qi †kÖô iPbv †KvbwU? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (PÆMÖvg wefvM) : 07; cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (emšÍ) : 10]
K. †è`vm L. kÖxKvšÍ M. PwiÎnxb N. M„n`vn DËi : L
03. ÔivRjÿ¥xÕ Pwi‡Îi mªóv Jcb¨vwmK †K? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (wcAvBwW-2) : 03]
K. ew¼gP›`ª L. kirP›`ª M. Zvivk¼i N. KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg DËi : L
04. ÔM„n`vnÕ Dcb¨v‡mi iPwqZv †K? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (‡Mvjvc) : 09]
K. ew¼gP›`ªP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq L. kirP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq M. ey×‡è emy N. knx`yjøvn Kvqmvi DËi : L
05. ÔM„n`vnÕ Dcb¨v‡mi cÖavb `ywU Pwi‡Îi bvg wK? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (fjMv) 13]
K. my‡ik I APjv L. b‡M›`ªbv_ I Kz›`bw›`bx M. gaym~`b I Kzgyw`bx N. †Mvwe›`jvj I †ivwnbx D : K
06. ‡KvbwU mwVK? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : (ewikvj wefvM) : 07]
K. †Mviv (bvU¨MÖš’) L. we‡`ªvnx (Kve¨MÖš’) M. c‡_i `vex (Dcb¨vm) N. GKvË‡ii w`b¸wj (Dcb¨vm) D : M
07. Ôc‡_i `vexÕ Dcb¨v‡mi iPwqZv †K? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (ewikvj wefvM) : 08]
K. gvwbK e‡›`vcva¨vq L. kirP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq M. bexbP›`ª †mb N. m‡Z¨b †mb DËi : L
08. Ôc‡_i `vexÕ kirP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨v‡qi GKwU- [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (myigv) : 13]
K. †QvUMí L. bvUK M. Dcb¨vm N. ågYKvwnbx DËi : M
09. ÔweRqvÕ bvUKwUi iPwqZv †K? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (W¨v‡dvwWj) : 12]
K. kirP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq L. iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi M. wØ‡R›`ªjvj ivq N. gxi gkviid †nv‡mb D : K
10. Ô‡`bvcvIbvÕ Dcb¨vmwU iPbv K‡i‡Qb- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (K‡cvZvÿ) : 10]
K. KvRx Bg`v`yj nK L. kirP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq M. ew¼gP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq N. †eMg †iv‡Kqv DËi : L
gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq (1908-1956)
 bvg : wcZ… cÖ`Ë- cÖ‡evaKzgvi e‡›`¨vcva¨vq [wewe K¨vk Awdmvi: 16] Ges WvKbvg gvwbK|
 wZwb Avg„Zz¨ KwgDwb÷ cvwU©i mv‡_ hy³ wQ‡jb| wZwb d«‡qWxq g‡bvmgxÿY I
gvK©mxq †kÖwYmsMÖvg ZË¡ Øviv Mfxifv‡e cÖfvweZ wQ‡jb| [evsjv‡`k †ijI‡q mn.K: 07]
 Dcb¨vm
cÙv b`xi gvwS (1936) Rbbx : cÖ_g Dcb¨vm
wèvivwÎi Kve¨ cyZzj bv‡Pi BwZK_v [38Zg wewmGm wjwLZ]
cÙv b`xi gvwS (1936) [‡iwR÷vW© cÖv_wgK we`¨vj‡qi mnKvix wkÿK:11; miKvix gva¨wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK: 11]
 Dcb¨vmwU 1934 mvj †_‡K mÄq fÆvPv‡h©i Kzwgjøvi Ôc~e©vkvÕ cwÎKvq avivevwnKfv‡e cÖKvwkZ nq| Dcb¨vmwUi
MÖš’vKv‡i cÖKvkKvj 1936| [AvenvIqv Awa`ß‡ii mnKvix AvenvIqvwe`: 93]
 1992 mv‡j †M․Zg †Nvl cwiPvwjZ ÔcÙv b`xi gvwSÕ| †R‡j‡ì RxebmsMÖv‡gi Kvwnbx‡K †K›`ª K‡i GB Dcb¨vmwU
iwPZ n‡q‡Q| [13Zg wewmGm wcÖwj:]
MíMÖš’
AZmx gvgx I Ab¨vb¨ Mí (1935) cÖv‣MwZnvwmK (1937)
wgwn I †gvUv Kvwnbx (1938) mixm„c (1939)
MíMÖš’ mgy‡`ªi ¯^v` ‡e․ ‡fRvj njy` †cvov
AvRKvj ciïi Mí ‡QvU eKzjcy‡ii hvÎx ‡dwiIqvjv
MíMÖš’ m¤ú‡K© Z_¨ :
 AZmx gvgx I Ab¨vb¨ Mí - cÖ_g cÖKvwkZ MíMÖš’| Gi Mí ÔAZmx gvgxÕ [GbGmAvBGi mnKvix cwiPvjK: 19]|
 cÖv‣MwZnvwmK [evsjv‡`k e¨vsK mnKvix cwiPvjK: 16; Z_¨ gš¿Yvj‡qi Aax‡b †Uwjwfkb cÖ‡K․kjx (†MÖW-2): 04] GKB bv‡g Mí i‡q‡Q|
 mixm„c - Gi Mí ÔggZvw`Õ| cwiw¯’wZ (1946)- Gi weL¨vZ Mí Ôgvwm wcwmÕ|
 ‡QvU eKzjcy‡ii hvÎx [miKvix gva¨wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK: 11; moK I Rbc_ Awa`ß‡ii DcmnKvix cÖ‡KŠkjx: 11|
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. ÔcÙv b`xi gvwSÕ Kvi †jLv? [‡iwR÷vW© cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (UMi) : 11]
K. gybxi †P․ayix L. gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq M. kirP›`ª N. wef~wZf~lY e‡›`¨vcva¨vq DËi : L
02. ÔcÙv b`xi gvwSÕ gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq iwPZ GKwU- [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (wgwmwmwc) : 13]
K. Dcb¨vm L. bvUK M. Mí N. ågYKvwnbx DËi : K
03. Ôw`bivwÎi MíÕ Kvi †jLv? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 18]
K. mywdqv Kvgvj L. gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq M. e‡›` Avjx wgqv N. †Mvjvg †gv¯Ídv DËi : L
cÖg_ †P․ayix (1868-1946)

 ÔexiejÕ QvovI KL‡bv KL‡bv Ôbxj‡jvwnZÕ eënvi Ki‡Zb|
 wZwb Rxe‡b R¨vVvwg I mvwn‡Z¨ b¨vKvwg mn¨ Ki‡Z cvi‡Zb bv| [27Zg wewmGm]
 evsjv M‡`¨ PwjZ fvlvixwZi cÖeZ©K| [16Zg wkÿK wbeÜb: 16; mg. 8 e¨v. wmwb Awd: 18; WvP
evsjv eªvsK wj. (GgwUI): 12; miKvwi gva¨wgK we`¨vjq mn. wkÿK: 10; Dc‡Rjv mn. wk. Awdmvi; 09]
 PwjZ fvlv‡K RbwcÖq K‡ib| [cÖv_wgK we`¨v. mn. wkÿK: 07; Z_¨ gš¿Yv. Aaxb mn. cwiPvjK: 04]
 QÙbvg/mvwnwZ¨K QÙbvg : exiej| [17Zg, 32Zg I 38Zg wewmGm; GbGmAvB-Gi IqvPvi: 19]
 cÖg_ †P․ayix PwjZ fvlvi eënv‡i iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi‡K cÖfvweZ K‡iwQ‡jb| [Dc‡Rjv
gwnjv I wkï welqK Kg©KZ©v : 07]
iex›`ªbv‡_i K_¨ fvlvq †jLv Dcb¨vm Ô†k‡li KweZvÕ meyRcÎ cwÎKvq cÖKvwkZ n‡j Zvi PwjZ fvlvi Av‡›`vjb e¨vcK
RbwcÖqZv jvf K‡i| evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ K_ïxwZi cÖPj‡b Ae`vb i‡q‡Q- meyRcÎ cwÎKvi| [29Zg wewmGm] 1914 mv‡j Gi cÖ_g
cÖKvk N‡U| wZwb PwjZ ixwZ‡Z 1902 mv‡j fviZx cwÎKvq Ôexie‡ji nvjLvZvÕ bv‡g cÖ_g M`¨ iPbv K‡ib| [mgwš^Z 8 e¨vsK wmwbqi
Awdmvi: 18] | evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ BZvwjq m‡b‡Ui cÖeZ©K|
Kve¨MÖš’  m‡bU cÂvkr (1913)  c`PviY (1919)
cÖg‡_i Pvi Bqvix K_v (1916) [mnKvix mvR©b (‡ijI‡q nvmcvZvj): 05]
MíMÖš’ AvûwZ (1919)
bxj‡jvwnZ I MímsMÖn (1914) g‡b ivLyb : AvbxPv
cÖeÜ-MÖš’
‡Zj-byb-jvKwo (1906) [35Zg wewmGm] exie‡ji nvjLvZv (1916) [24Zg wewmGm]
cÖg‡_i Avgv‡ì wkÿv (1920) bvbvK_v (1919)
cÖeÜMÖ‡š’i bvg ivq‡Zi K_v (1926) bvbvPP©v (1932)
AvZ¥K_v (1946) cÖeÜ msMÖn (1g LÐ 1952, 2q LÐ 1953)
 cÖeÜ msMÖn (1g LÐ 1952, 2q LÐ 1953) ÔeB covÕ cÖeÜ Gi AšÍ©MZ, mvwn‡Zï †Ljv- [†iv`üv GKRb
e¨w³i bvg]
. weL¨vZ cO&w³
 mywkwÿZ e¨w³ gvÎB ¯^wkwÿZ| (eB cov) [15Zg wewmGm I ciivóª gš¿Yvjq e¨w³MZ Kg©KZ©v : 2019]
 fvlv gvby‡li gyL ‡_‡K Kj‡gi gy‡L Av‡m, D‡ëvUv Ki‡Z †M‡j gy‡L ïay Kvwj c‡o| [fvlvi K_v] [24Zg wewmGm; iƒcvjx e¨vsK wmwbqi
Awdmvi; 19] | g‡bvRM‡Z evwZ R¦vjv‡bvi R‡b¨ mvwnZ¨PP©vi we‡kl cÖ‡qvRb|
 e¨vwaB msµvgK, ¯^v¯’¨ bq| mvwn‡Zï D‡Ïk¨ gvby‡li gb‡K RvMv‡bv|
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. PwjZ fvlv‡K RbwcÖq K‡ib- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (wm‡jU wefvM) : 07]
K. iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi L. KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg M. kvgmyi ivngvb N. cÖg_ †P․ayix DËi : N
 div‡qwR Av‡›`vj‡bi †bZv `y`y wgqvi mv‡_ Zv‡ì cvwievwiK AvZ¥xqZv wQj|
 Kve¨ : ¯^cm
œ va, mv_x, Aóv`kx|
ûgvqyb Kwei  Dcb¨vm : b`x I bvix (1945)| [38Zg wewm&Gm] DcRxe¨ : P‡ii gvby‡li Rxebv‡jL¨|
PwiÎ : bRy wgqv Avi AvmMi wgqv|
(1906-1969)  cÖeÜ : avivevwnK, kir mvwn‡Zï g~jZË¡, evOjvi Kve¨, gvK©mev`, bqv fvi‡Zi
wkÿv, wkÿK I wkÿv_x©, wgiRv Avey Zvwje Lvb|
gybxi †P․ayix (1925-1971)

 fvlv Av‡›`vj‡b mwµq AskMÖnY K‡ib| d‡j 1952-54 ch©šÍ Kviv‡fvM K‡ib|
 evsjv UvBc ivBwUs‡qi Kx-‡evW© Ôgybxi AcwUgvÕi (1965) D™¢veK|
 1971 mv‡ji 14 wW‡m¤î Avj eì KZ…©K wb‡LuvR nb| [WvK wefv‡Mi †gBj Acv‡iUi: 19; Rbkw³,
Kg©ms¯’vb I cÖwwkÿY ey¨‡ivi DcmnKvix cwiPvjK: 01]
 bvUK
Kei i³v³ cÖvšÍi `ÐKviY¨
 Abyev` bvUK : gyLiv igYx ekxKiY; iƒcvi †K․Uv, †KD wKQz ej‡Z cv‡i bv|
Kei :
ÔKeiÕ Zvi weL¨vZ bvUK| [Lv`¨ Awa`ß‡ii Dc-Lv`¨ cwi`k©K; 12; †mvbvjx e¨vsK wj. wmwbqi Awdmvi; 10; wmwU e¨vsK wj. wmwbqi Awdmvi: 11] gvwK©b bvU¨Kvi Irwin Shaw
iwPZ Bury The Dead bvU‡Ki Abymi‡Y bvU¨Kvi G †`kxq NUbv‡K †K›`ª K‡i G bvUKwU iPbv K‡ib| XvKv †K›`ªxq †R‡j
e‡m [RvZxq ivR¯^ mwPevj‡qi Aaxb mnKvix mwPe: 96] i‡Yk `vk¸‡ßi Aby‡iv‡a 17 Rvbyqvwi 1953 GKz‡ki cUf~wgKvq GB bvUKwU iPbv
K‡ib| [10g, 18Zg Ges 21Zg wewmGm; miKvwi gva¨wgK we`¨vj‡qi mnKvix wk&ÿK: 19; evsjv‡`k †ijI‡q mnKvix Kgv‡Û›U: 07] 21 †deªæqvwi ivZ 10 Uvq dYx
PµeZx©i wb‡`©kbvq GwU XvKv †K›`ªxq KvivMv‡ii KvivK‡ÿB ivRe›`x‡ì Øviv gÂ¯’ nq| [RvZxq ivR¯^ †ev‡W©i BÝ‡c±i/‡Mv‡q›`v Kg©KZ©v: 10]
QqwU PwiÎ : †bZv, nvwdR, gy`©v dwKi, `yRb Qvqvg~wZ©, cvnviv`vi| †Kvb bvix PwiÎ bvB| iv‡Zi AùzU Avuav‡i evsjvi ¸wjwe×
`vgvj †Q‡j‡ì jvk ¸g Kivi `vwqZ¡ †`qv nq cywjk BÝ‡c±i nvwdR I †bZv‡K| wQbœwfbœ jvk Kei¯’ bv K‡i gvwU Pvcv †`qvi wm×všÍ †bqv
nq| G‡Z evuav †`q †Mvi-Lv`K I gy`©v dwKi| cieZ©x‡Z jvk¸‡jv RxweZ n‡q Ki‡e †h‡Z A¯^xK…wZ Rvbvq|
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. Ôi³v³ cÖvšÍiÕ bvUKwUi iPwqZv †K? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (Ki‡Zvqv) : 12; cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (wkDjx) : 09]
K. gybxi †P․ayix L. AvKei †nv‡mb M. wØ‡R›`ªjvj ivq N. gxi gkviid †nv‡mb D : K
02. ÔKeiÕ bvUKwUi iPwqZv- [‡iwR÷vW© cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (Rev) : 11]
K. RmxgD`&`xb L. byiæj †gv‡gb M. gybxi †P․ayix N. Avãyjøvn Avj gvgyb DËi : M
03. gybxi ‡P․ayix iwPZ Ô‡KD wKQz ej‡Z cv‡i bvÕ GKwU- [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (kxZjÿ¨v ) : 13]
K. Dcb¨vm L. Mí M. cÖeÜ N. Abyev` bvUK DËi : N
04. 1952 mv‡ji 21 †deªæqvwi cUf~wgKvq iwPZ ÔKeiÕ bvU‡Ki iPwqZv †K? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (wm‡jU wefvM) : 05]
K. Kexi †P․ayix L. gybxi †P․ayix M. •mq` kvgmyj nK N. gybZvwmi gvgyb DËi : L
05. gybxi †P․ayix iwPZ ÔgyLiv igYx ekxKiYÕ GKwU- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (evMvbwejvm) : 12]
K. Mí L. Dcb¨vm M. cÖeÜ N. Abyev` bvUK DËi : N
nvmvb nvwdRyi ingvb (1932-1983)  jvj bxj `xcvewj ev evOjv mvwn‡Zï Rxebx
evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZvhy× : `wjjcÎ (1976) [mnKvix _vbv wkÿv Awdmvi : 16; cÖavbgš¿xi Kvh©vj‡qi
[MY‡hvMv‡hvM Awa`ß‡ii mnKvix Z_¨ Awdmvi: Aaxb mnKvix cwiPvjK : 13]
13; Dc‡Rjv gwnjv welqK Kg©KZ©v : 07] -  KZ b`x m‡ivei ev evOjv fvlvi AvZ¥Rxebx
Zvui m¤úv`bvq 15 L‡Û 1982-83 mv‡j
cÖKvwkZ nq| GKz‡k †deªæqvwi (1953) : c¨vixPvu` wgÎ (1814-1883)
Zvui m¤úv`bvq fvlv Av‡›`vjbwfwËK QÙbvg : ‡UKPvu` VvKzi| [wcGmwmi mnKvix cwiPvjK: 06] evsjv
[Kviv Awa`ß‡ii Kviv ZË¡veavqK: 13] cÖ_g fvlvi K…wZ‡Z¡i Rb¨ cvw`ª jO Zvu‡K ÔwW‡KÝ Ae †e½jÕ bv‡g
mvwnZ¨ msKjb| [wewfbœ gš¿Yvj‡qi e¨w³MZ Kg©KZ©v : 19; cwievi WvK‡Zb| c¨vixPvu` wgÎ‡K evsjv Dcb¨vm iPbv cw_K…r/cÖ_g
Kj¨vY cwi`wk©Kv cÖwkÿYv_©x : 15]| fvlv Av‡›`vjbwfwËK Jcb¨vwmK ejv nq| Avjvjx ev û‡Zvgx fvlv ejv nq-
cwÎKvi cÖ_g m¤úv`K| [37Zg wewmGm] PwjZ fvlv‡K| [13Zg †emiKvwi wkÿK wbeÜb cixÿv : 16] Zvui
iwPZ cÖ_g Dcb¨vmwUi bvg ÔAvjv‡ji N‡ii `yjvjÕ
ûgvq~b AvRv` (1947-2004) (1857)| Dcb¨vmwU ÔThe Spoiled Child’
Kve¨MÖš’ : A‡j․wKK Bw÷gvi (1973) [37Zg wewmGm], mewKQz wk‡ivbv‡g Bs‡iwR‡Z Ab~w`Z nq| G Dcb¨v‡mi PwiÎ-
bó‡ì AwaKv‡i hv‡e (1985), Kvd‡b Avjvj, `yjvj, VKPvPv [15Zg I 26Zg wewmGm; ciivóª
†gvov AkÖæwe›`y, R¦‡jv wPZvevN, h‡ZvB gš¿Yvj‡qi e¨w³MZ Kg©KZ©v : 2019]|
Mfx‡i hvB gay h‡ZvB Ic‡i hvB bxj,
Dcb¨vm Avjv‡ji N‡ii `yjvj [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK:
Avwg †eu‡P wQjvg Ab¨‡ì mg‡q,
10; KvwiMix wkÿv Awa`ß‡ii wPd BÝUªv±i : 03 ] ,
†c‡iv‡bvi wKQz bvB|
Ava¨vwZ¥Kv [30Zg wewmGm], A‡f`x|
Dcb¨vm : AveŸy‡K g‡b c‡o, cvK mvi Rwgb mv` ev`,
Qvcœvbœ nvRvi eM©gvBj [Lv`¨ Awa`ß‡ii Dc-Lv`¨ cwi`k©K: 12, me cÖkœ mgvavb
wKQz †f‡½ c‡o, gvbyl wn‡m‡e Avgvi Acivamg~n, hv`yK‡ii 04. c¨vixPvu` wgÎ iwPZ Dcb¨vm †KvbwU? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq
g„Zz¨, ivRbxwZwe`MY, Kwe A_ev `wÐZ Kwe, 10,000 Ges mnKvix wkÿK (BQvgwZ) : 10]
Av‡iv GKwU al©Y, kÖve‡Yi e„wó‡Z i³Rev, dvwj dvwj K‡i K. Avjv‡ji N‡ii `yjvj L. mxZvivg
KvuUv Pvu`, GKwU Ly‡bi ¯^cœ| M. PÂjv N. Kz‡nwjKv DËi : K
evsjv fvlv I mvwn‡Z¨ BwZnvm weqlK
05. ÔAvjv‡ji N‡ii `yjvjÕ MÖš’wU Kvi †jLv? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖkœ mgvavb
cÖavb wkÿK : 94] 01. ‡Kvb bvUKwU †mwjg Avj `x‡bi? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq
K. nicÖmv` kv¯¿xi L. c¨vixPvu` wg‡Îi mnKvix wkÿK (‡nvqvs‡nv) : 13]
M. PÂjv N. Kz‡nwjKv DËi : K K. cv‡qi AvIqvR cvIqv hvq
L. Kei M. myePb wbe©vm‡b
wØ‡R›`ªjvj ivq (1863-1913) N. gybZvmxi d¨v›Uvmx DËi : N
wØ‡R›`ªjvj ivq cÖavbZ bvU¨Kvi| [c~evjx e¨vsK wj. wmwbqi Awdmvi: 02. ÔwKËb‡LvjvÕ bvUKwUi iPwqZv †K? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq
11; mn. AvenvIqvwe`: 07] mnKvix wkÿK (wZ¯Ív) : 10]
K. wRqv nvq`vi L. †mwjg Avj `xb
HwZnvwmK bvUK M. `xbeÜz wgÎ N. Beªvnxg Lwjj DËi : N
ZvivevC [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK : 09; miKvwi gva¨wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix 03. ÔRwÛm I wewea †ejybÕ bvUKwUi iPwqZv †K? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK
wkÿK: 08], P›`ª¸ß, ivbv cÖZvcwmsn, `yM©v`vm, b~iRvnvb, we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (wSjvg) : 13]
‡gevi cZb, wmsnj weRq, Zvcmx [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK: K. gvgybyi ikx` L. ûgvq~b Avn‡g`
12]| M. Aveyj nvqvZ N. †mwjg Avj `xb DËi : N
mvRvnvb (1909) [21Zg I 26Zg wewmGm]: GwU †gvNj m¤ªvU 04. ÔRwÛmÕ GKwU- [‡iwR÷vW© cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 11]
kvnRvnv‡bi RxebPwiZ Aej¤^‡b iwPZ bvUK| wZwbB cÖ_g K. Kve¨MÖš’ L. Dcb¨vm
†gvNj m¤ªvU kvnRvnvb‡K wb‡q bvUK wj‡Lb| M. bvUK N. Mí msKjb DËi : M
ʘ abavb¨ cy‡®ú fiv... (mvRvnvb bvU‡Ki AšÍf~©³) kvgmyi ivngvb (1929-2006)
[33Zg wewmGm]
 Rb¥¯’vb : XvKvi gvûZUzwj| [_vbv cwievi cwiKíbv Awdmvi: 98]
 ‣cZ…K wbevm : biwms`x †Rjvi ivqcyivi cvovZwj MÖvg| [30Zg
‡mwjg Avj `xb (1949-2008) wewmGm; miKvwi gva¨wgK we`¨vjq: 19]
 wZwb bvwmiDwÏb BDmy‡di mv‡_ ÔMÖvg w_‡qUviÕ M‡o  evsjv‡`k I AvaywbK evsjv mvwn‡Zï Ab¨Zg cÖavb Kwe Ges
ÔbvMwiK KweÕ|
(1981-82) †Zv‡jb| [37Zg wewmGm]
 gyw³hy‡×i mgq KjKvZvi Ô†`kÕ cwÎKvq ÔgRjyg AvwèÕ
 evsjv‡`‡k bZzb avivi bvU‡Ki cw_K…r| [[wcwUAvB-Gi (wecbœ †jLK) bv‡g KweZv wjL‡Zb|
BÝUªv±i: 19]
 Kve¨MÖš’ :
 ÔbvU¨vPvh©Õ wn‡m‡e L¨vwZ jvf K‡ib| [wcwUAvB-Gi wkÿK: 19;
mnKvix _vbv wkÿv A. 12] - cÖ_g Mvb wØZxq g„Zzï Av‡M (1960) [Dc‡Rjv wbe©vPb
 wZwb evsjv bvU‡Ki dg© I fvlv wb‡q wbixÿvag©x KvR Awdmvi: 08]
K‡i‡Qb| [evsjv‡`k e¨vsK Awdmvi: 18] - †i․`ª K‡ivwU‡Z (1963) [gv`K`ªe¨ wbqš¿K Aw`ß‡ii.
Dc-cwi`k©K: 13]
 bvU¨MÖš’ :
- weaŸ¯Í bxwjgv (1967) [wewfbœ gš¿Yvj‡qi e¨w³MZ
- mc© welqK Mí I Ab¨vb¨ bvUK (1973), Kg©KZ©v : 19; mnKvix Dc‡Rjv wkÿv Awdmvi: 10]
- RwÛm I wewea †ejyb (1975) [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK: - wbiv‡jv‡K wèï_ (1968) [20Zg wewmGm]
13; cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK: 08; A_©gš¿Yvj‡qi †mvk¨vj †W‡fjc‡g›U
dvD‡Ûkb Gi K¬v÷vi AvBwU A¨vwm÷¨v›U : 12; †iwR÷vW© cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq - `y:mg‡qi gy‡LvgywL (1973) [dv÷ wmwKDwiwU Bmjvwg
mnKvix wkÿK: 11], e¨vsK wj. Awdmvi: 14: gv`K`ª. wb. Awa. mn. cwi: 13]
- gybZvwmi d¨v›Uvmx (1985) [26Zg wewmGm] - e›`x wkwei †_‡K (1972) [¯^v. I c. c. gš¿Yv. Dc-mn.
- wKËb‡Lvjv (1986) cÖ (wmwfj): 19; ciivóª gš¿Yvj‡qi cÖkvmwbK Kg©KZ©v: 19;
cjøx Dbœqb †ev‡W©i wnmve mnKvix; Kviv ZË¡veavqK: 13]
- PvKv (1991) [mgvR‡mev Awa`ß‡ii DcmnKvix cwiPvjK: 05] : - evsjv‡`k ¯^cœ `¨v‡L [cÖvK cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK : 10; Gwe
GKwU K_vbvU¨ [Rb¯^v¯’¨ Awa`ß‡ii Dc-mnKvix cÖ‡KŠkjx: 15] e¨vsK wj. A¨vwm÷¨v›U Awdmvi: 14; Kviv ZË¡veavqK :10]
- niMR, ebcvsïj (1996) [gva¨wgK I D”P gva¨wgK wkÿv - cÖwZw`b Ninxb N‡i [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK : 14;
Awa`ß‡ii wnmve mnKvix: 13; mgvR‡mev Awa`ß‡ii mgvR‡mev Awdmvi: 10, ciivóª gš¿Yvj‡qi Aax‡b cÖkvmwbK Kg©KZ©v : 19]
- •heZx Kb¨vi gb (1993) - D™¢U D‡Ui wc‡V P‡j‡Q ¯^‡`k (1982)
- nvZn`vB (1997) [KvwiMwi wkÿv Awa`ß‡ii Rywbqi BÝUªv±i: 18; - eyK Zvi evsjv‡`‡ki ü`q (1988)
kÖg I Kg©ms¯’vb gš¿Yvj‡qi mnKvix cÖavb cwi`k©K: 09] ,  cÖ_g Mvb wØZxq g„Zzï Av‡M : cÖ_g Kve¨MÖš’|
- cÖvP¨,  D™¢U D‡Ui wc‡V Pj‡Q ¯^‡`k : 1975-82 ch©šÍ
- G·‡cøvwmW I g~j mgm¨v [miKvwi cÖv_wgK we`¨v. mn. wkÿK: 08] msNwUZ GKvwaK mvgwiK Afy¨Ìv‡bi cÖwZdjb i‡q‡Q
- PiKvKovi WKz‡g›Uvwi [miKvwi cÖv_wgK we`¨v. mn. wkÿK: 08], GB Kve¨MÖ‡š’|
- nvo-nvwÇ (Amgvß)|  Dcb¨vm :
- A‡±vcvm (1983) [cÖvK cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK: 15;
mgvRKj¨vY gš¿Yvj‡qi Dc‡Rjv mgvR‡mev Awdmvi: 08]
- A™¢zZ Avuavi GK cÖkœ mgvavb
- G‡jv †m A‡ejvq 01. Ô¯^vaxbZv ZzwgÕ Kvi †jLv? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix
 wkï‡Zvl : wkÿK : 95]
- GjvwUs †ejvwUs [evsjv‡`k †W‡fjc‡g›U e¨vsK Awdmvi: 16; K. iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi L. KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg
cwi‡ek I eb gš¿Yvj‡qi cwi‡ek Awa`ß‡ii mn-cwiPvjK: 07;
cÖv_wgK I MYwkÿv Awa`ß‡ii mnKvix cwiPvjK: 01] M. kvgmyi ivngvb N. †eMg mywdqv Kvgvj D : M
- avb fvb‡j Kzu‡ov †è 02. ÔÔG Avgvi †QvU †Q‡j, †h †bB GLb,
 weL¨vZ KweZv cv_‡ii UzK‡iv gZb
- Avmv‡ì kvU© [37Zg wewmGm]: 1969 mv‡ji 20 Wz‡e †M‡Q Avgv‡ì MÖv‡gi cyKz‡i
Rvbyqvwi Avmv‡ì i³gvLv kvU© w`‡q evbv‡bv eQi-wZ‡bK Av‡M KvK-WvKv MÖx‡®§i `ycy‡i|-
cZvKv †`‡L KweZvwU †j‡Lb| cO&w³¸‡jv †Kvb Kwei iPbv? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK
(evMvbwejvm) : 12]
- Ô¯^vaxbZv ZzwgÕ[cwievi cwiKíbv mnKvix/cwievi cwiKíbv cwi`k©K: 11;
K. Rxebvb›` `vk L. kvgmyi ivngvb D : L
Dc‡Rjv cwimsL¨vb Kg©KZ©v: 10] I Ô†Zvgv‡K cvIqvi Rb¨
M. myKvšÍ fÆvPvh© N. †gvnv¤§` gywbiæ¾vgb
¯^vaxbZvÕ : gyw³hy‡×i cÖ_g w`‡K hy‡×i aŸsmjxjv
03. kvgmyi ivngvb iwPZ Kve¨MÖš’ †KvbwU? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq
†`‡L KweZv¸‡jv iPbv K‡ib| mnKvix wkÿK (Ki‡Zvqv) : 10]
- GKwU d‡UvMÖvd [K‡›Uªvjvi †Rbv‡ij wW‡dÝ dvBb¨vÝ Gi K. A‡bK AvKvk L. evsjv‡`k ¯^cœ `¨v‡L
AwWUi : 19]- KweZvwU Aÿie„Ë Q‡›` †jLv| M. ¯^Y© M`©f N. Avkvi emwZ DËi : L
- Zzwg Avm‡e e‡j ‡n ¯^vaxbZv [34Zg wewmGm, 04. ÔcÖwZw`b Ninxb N‡iÕ Kve¨MÖ‡š’i iPwqZv- [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK
ciivóª gš¿Yvj‡qi e¨w³MZ Kg©KZ©v: 19] mnKvix wkÿK (weUv) : 14]
 cO&w³ K. Avnmvb nvexe L. gvnv‡è mvnv
GB wb‡q‡Q H wbj hv: Kvb wb‡q‡Q wP‡j M. AvjvDwÏb Avj AvRv` N. kvgmyi ivngvb DËi : N
wP‡ji wc‡Q giwQ Ny‡i Avgiv mevB wg‡j 05. ÔA‡±vcvmÕ Dcb¨v‡mi †jLK †K? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq
Kv‡bi †Lvu‡R QzUwQ gv‡V, KvUwQ mvuZvi we‡j, mnKvix wkÿK : 15]
AvKvk †_‡K wPjUv‡K AvR †dje †c‡o wX‡j| K. kvgmyi ivngvb L. gvnv‡è mvnv DËi : K
(cÐzkÖg) M. Aveyj nvmvb N. †eMg mywdqv Kvgvj
G Avgvi †QvU †Q‡j, †h †bB GLb, 06. Ô‡gNbv b`x †è cvwo / Kj-Avjv GK bv‡q|
cv_‡ii UzK‡iv gZb Avevi Avwg hve Avgvi/ cvovZjx Mvu‡q|Õ- Dc‡iv³ cOvw³wU †Kvb
Wz‡e †M‡Q Avgv‡ì MÖv‡gi cyKz‡i Kwei iPbv? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (wkDjx) : 09]
eQi-wZ‡bK Av‡M KvK-WvKv MÖx‡®§i `ycy‡i| K. iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi L. KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg
[GKwU d‡UvMÖvd] M. kvgmyi ivngvb N. †eMg mywdqv Kvgvj D : M
[cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK: 12]
c„w_exi GK cÖvšÍ n‡Z Ab¨ cÖvšÍ R¦jšÍ •mq` kvgmyj nK (1935-2016)

‡NvlYvi aŸwb-cÖwZaŸwb Zz‡j,  evsjv‡`‡ki mvwnZ¨v½v‡b me¨mvPx †jLK wn‡m‡e
bZzb wbkvbv Dwo‡q, `vgvgv evwR‡q w`wM¦w`K cwiwPZ| [evsjv‡`k K…wl e¨vsK wmwbqi Awdmvi : 12; mnKvix
GB evsjvq Dc‡Rjv wkÿv Awdmvi: 09]
‡Zvgv‡KB Avm‡Z n‡e|  Dcb¨vm :
[‡Zvgv‡K cvIqvi Rb¨, †n ¯^vaxbZv] - wbwl× †jvevb : gyw³hy×wfwËK Dcb¨vm| G
[wcGmwm KZ©„K wba©vwiZ 12wU c`: 01] Dcb¨vm Aej¤^‡b wbwg©Z n‡q‡Q bvwmi DwÏb
BDmy‡di Ô†MwijvÕ Pjw”PÎ| [‡Wm‡Kvi mycvifvBRvi :
¯^vaxbZv Zzwg iex VvKz‡ii ARi KweZv| 19; mve-‡iwR÷ªvi : 16]
ÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑ - †Ljvivg ‡L‡j hv [ci. gš¿Yv.e¨.K.19]
¯^vaxbZv Zzwg wcZvi †Kvgj Rvqbvgv‡Ri D`vi Rwgb - mxgvbv Qvwo‡q [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wk: 12]
[¯^vaxbZv Zzwg] - bxj `skb (1981, gyw³hy×wfwËK Dcb¨vm)
[ciivóª gš¿Yvj‡qi mvBdvi Awdmvi: 12] - Avqbv wewei cvjv
‡gNbv b`x †è cvwo / Kj-Avjv GK bv‡q| - †`qv‡ji †`k (cÖ_g Dcb¨vm)
Avevi Avwg hve Avgvi/ cvovZjx Mvu‡q|  Kve¨bvU¨
[wcÖq ¯^vaxbZv] cv‡qi AvIqvR cvIqv hvq (1976) [‡hvMv‡hvM gš¿Yvj‡qi cÖkvmwbK
Kg©KZ©v: 06; miKvwi gva¨wgK we`¨vj‡qi mnKvix wkÿK: 19; Lv`¨ Awa`ß‡ii Lv`¨ cwi`k©K :
[cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK : 09] 11; ‡iwR÷vW© cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 11; mgwš^Z Pvi e¨vs‡Ki Awdmvi: 19]
- GwU gyw³hy×wfwËK bvUK [36Zg wewmGm, ciivó - ‡P․imwÜ (1968) [36Zg wewmGm]
gš¿Yvj‡qi cÖkvmwbK Kg©KZ©v: 19; Kviv Awa`ß‡ii Kviv - ewb Av`g (1943) [36Zg wewmGm]
ZË¡veavqK: 13; cÖavbgš¿xi Kvh©vj‡qi Aaxb mnKvix - Rbbx [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK: 13]
cwiPvjK : 13]
- gyw³hy‡×i †kl w`‡Ki NUbvcÖevn| [Avg`vwb-ißvwb  gyw³hy‡×i cUf~wg‡Z iwPZ Dcb¨vm
Awa`ß‡ii wbe©vwn Awdmvi: 07] - Rvnvbœvg nB‡Z we`vq (1971) [miKvwi gva¨wgK we`¨vj‡qi
byiæj`x‡bi mviv Rxeb (1982) [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : mnKvix wkÿK: 11; mnKvix _vbv cwievi cwiKíbv Awdmvi : 98] :
10; cÖwZiÿv gš¿Yvj‡qi Aaxb A¨vWwgwb‡÷ªkb Awdmvi I cv‡m©vbvj Awdmvi : 06)
- GB bvU‡K weL¨vZ Dw³- ÔRv‡Mv ev‡n Kz‡É mevBÕ| Dcb¨vmwU 1971 mv‡j KjKvZvq e‡m †j‡Lb|
K`g Avjx G Dw³wU e‡jb| [Avbmvi I wfwWwc Dcb¨v‡mi †K›`ªxq PwiÎ- wkÿK MvRx ingvb|
Awa`ß‡i mv‡K©j A¨vWRy‡U›U : 10] - Rjv½x [wcwUAvB BÝUªv±i : 19; GwUBI : 12; m. exgv K. m. e¨v: 19]
- iscyi-w`bvRcyi AÂ‡ji mvgšÍev` we‡ivax - †bK‡o AiY¨
K…lK †bZv byiæj`x‡bi 1783 mv‡ji msMÖvg - `yB •mwbK
 bvUK
wb‡q G bvUK iwPZ nq|
 Kve¨MÖš’ - Avgjvi gvgjv [7g we‡RGm, evsjv‡`k miKvwi Kwgk‡bi


mnKvix cwiPvjK : 06]
- civ‡Yi Mnxb wfZi (1980) [`ybx©wZ `gb Kwgk‡bi - KuvKogwb [cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK : 10]
mnKvix cwiPvjK : 13] - AvÂwjK fvlvixwZ‡Z iwPZ|
- aŸsm¯‘‡c Kwe I bMi|
 Mí Avey Rvdi Ievq`yjøvn (1934-2001)
- Avb‡›ì g„Zz¨ [mgvR‡mev Awa`ß‡ii mgvR‡mev Awdmvi: 10]
 Kve¨MÖš’
- R‡jkîxi Mí¸‡jv - Avwg wKse`wšÍi K_v ejwQ [cwi‡ek eb gš¿Yvj‡qi mnKvix
 cÖeÜ cwiPvjK: 07]
- ür Kj‡gi Uv‡b - mvZbix nvi [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK: 12]
- Avwg wKse`wšÍi K_v ejwQ| [27Zg I 36Zg wewmGm]
cÖkœ mgvavb  cO&w³
01. Ômxgvbv Qvwo‡qÕ Dcb¨vmwUi iPwqZv †K? [cÖv_wgK ÔAvwg wKse`šÍxi K_v ejwQ
we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (hgybv) : 12] Avwg Avgvi c~e©cyiæ‡li K_v ejwQ
K. Rwni ivqnvb L. •mq` kvgmyj nK Zvi wc‡V i³Revi g‡Zv ÿZ wQj|
M. Avwbm †P․ayix N. `vD` nvq`vi DËi : L (-Avwg wKse`wšÍi K_v ejwQ)
02.Ôcv‡qi AvIqvR cvIqv hvqÕ bvUKwUi iPwqZv †K? Kzg‡ov dz‡j dz‡j by‡q c‡o‡Q jZvUv,
[‡iwR÷vW© cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (nvmbv‡nbv) : 11; cÖv_wgK mR‡b WvuUvq f‡i †M‡Q MvQUv,
we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (emšÍ) : 11; cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK
(‡Mvjvc) : 09] Avi Avwg Wv‡ji ewo ïwK‡q †i‡LwQ|
K. †mwjg Avj `xb L. gvgybyi ikx` †LvKv ZzB K‡e Avmwe? (-‡Kvb GK gv‡K)
M. Avãyjøvn Avj gvgyb N. •mq` kvgmyj nK DËi : N
03. Ôb~ij`x‡bi mviv RxebÕ bvUKwUi iPwqZv †K? [cÖv_wgK Rwni ivqnvb (1935-1972)
we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (myigv) : 10]
K. wRqv nvq`vi L. AvjvDwÏb Avj AvRv`  Dcb¨vm
M. •mq` kvgmyj nK N. Ave`yjøvn Avj gvgyb DËi : M - nvRvi eQi a‡i (1964) [evsjv‡`k cjøx we`y¨Zvqb †ev‡W©i
mnKvix †Kv-AwW©‡bUi: 17; Kviv ZË¡veavqK: 10; GbGmAvB Gi IqvPvi]
kIKZ Imgvb (1917-1998) - Av‡iK dvêyb [13Zg †emiKvwi wkÿK wbeÜb cixÿv : 16;
 cÖK…Z bvg : ‡kL AvwRRyi ingvb| [RvZxq mÂq cwi`ß‡ii cÖv_wgK we`¨v. cÖavb wkÿK: 09] : fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi
mnKvix cwiPvjK: 09; cÖv_wgK we`¨vj‡qi mnKvix wkÿK: 06] †cÖwÿ‡Z iwPZ K_vgvjv| [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK: 14;
 Dcb¨vm wewmAvBwmÕi mnKvix e¨ve¯’vcK: 11; Dc‡Rjv mgvR‡mev Awdmvi: 08 ]
- µxZ`v‡mi nvwm (1962) [36Zg wewmGm]: cÖZxKvkÖqx - eid Mjv b`x (1969) [Kviv Awa`ß‡ii Kviv ZË¡veavqK: 13;
cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK: 12]
Dcb¨vm| Dcb¨vmwU Avie¨ iRbx ÔAvwjd jvqjv  Pjw”PÎ
Iqv jvqjvÕ Gi †kl Mí Gi Abyev` Z‡e cy‡ivcywi - Rxeb †_‡K †bqv (1970) [39Zg wewmGm wcÖ.; 13Zg
bq| G Dcb¨v‡mi Rb¨ †jLK ÔAv`gwR mvwnZ¨ ‡emiKvwi wkÿK wbeÜb: 16] : fvlv Av‡›`vjb wfwËK|
cyi¯‥viÕ (1966) jvf K‡ib| [28Zg wewmGm] GB Pjw”P‡Î cÖ_g RvZxq m½xZ evRv‡bv nq|
Dcb¨v‡mi g~j PwiÎ ZvZvix|
- Bs‡iwR Qwe ‘Let there be light’ : cÖvgvY¨wPÎ|  MíMÖš’
[40Zg wewmGm wcÖwj] - `y‡a fv‡Z DrcvZ [23Zg wewmGm]
- Stop Genocide [cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK: 19; PÆMÖvg - ‡`vR‡Li Ig [cÖavbgš¿xi Kvh©vj‡qi mn. cwi: 13]
e›ì Dbœqb KZ©„cÿ: 17] : gyw³hy‡×i Dci 20 wgwb‡Ui - ‡Luvqvwi
GKwU cÖvgvY¨ wPÎ|  weL¨vZ Mí
 MíMÖš’ - wgwji nv‡Z †÷bMvb [35Zg wewmGm]
- m~h©MÖnY [miKvix gva¨wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK: 09]  cÖeÜ msKjb
 ‡QvUMí - ms¯‥…wZi fv½v †mZy [20Zg wewmGm]
- GKz‡ki Mí [evsjv‡`k K…wl e¨vsK Awdmvi: 11] : GKz‡ki M‡íi
GKwU mvov RvMv‡bv Dw³- ÔZcy‡K Avevi wd‡i cÖkœ mgvavb
cve, GK_v fz‡jI fvwewbÕ| [evsjv‡`k e¨vs‡Ki mnKvix 01. ‡Kvb Dcb¨vmwU AvLZviæ¾vgvb Bwjqvm iwPZ? [cÖv_wgK
cwiPvjK: 08] we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (myigv) : 12]
- GKz‡k †deªæqvwi : fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi †cÖÿvc‡U iwPZ| K. Ave`yjøvn L. wP‡j‡KvVvi †mcvB
M. †`bvcvIbv N. †Kix mv‡n‡ei gyÝx D : L
cÖkœ mgvavb 02. Ô‡LvqvebvgÕ Dcb¨v‡mi iPwqZv †K? [‡iwR÷vW© cÖv_wgK
01. ÔnvRvi eQi a‡iÕ Dcb¨vmwU Kvi iPbv? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (Rev) : 11]
mnKvix wkÿK (K¨v‡gwjqv) : 12] K. KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg L. kIKZ Imgvb
K. dRj kvnveyÏxb L. k¼i M. AvLZviæ¾vgvb Bwjqvm N. •mq` kvgmyj nK DËi : M
M. Avwbm †P․ayix N. Rwni ivqnvb DËi : N 03. Ô`y‡afv‡Z DrcvZÕ MíMÖ‡š’i iPwqZv †K? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq
02. Rwni ivqnv‡bi ÔAv‡iK dvêybÕ Dcb¨vmwUi cUf~wg mnKvix wkÿK (ewikvj wefvM) : 07]
n‡jv- [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK (‡WjUv) : 14] K. gxi gkviid †nv‡mb L. AvLZviæ¾vgvb Bwjqvm
K. 71-Gi gyw³hy× L. weªwUk we‡ivax A‡›`vjb M. kIKZ Imgvb N. ey×‡è emy DËi : L
M. GKz‡k †deªæqvwii fvlv Av‡›`vjb
N. Gi †KvbwUB bq DËi : M
03. ÔAv‡iK dvêybÕ Dcb¨vmwUi iPwqZv †K? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK
†mwjbv †nv‡mb (1947 - )
mnKvix wkÿK (KY©dzjx) : 12]
K. cÖg_ †P․ayix L. Avey Rvdi kvgmyÏxb
 Dcb¨vm
M. gybxi †P․ayixi N. Rwni ivqnvb DËi : N - nvOi b`x †MÖ‡bW (1976) [wewmAvBwmÕi mnKvix eë¯’vcK
(cÖkvmb) : 18; mnKvix cwiPvjK (cwi‡ek Awa`ßi: 11] :
04. Ôeid Mjv b`xÕ Dcb¨vmwUi iPwqZv †K? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq
cÖavb wkÿK (cÙ) : 09] gyw³hy‡×i mg‡qi GKwU mZ¨ NUbv Aej¤^‡b
K. Rwni ivqnvb L. kIKZ Imgvb 1972 mv‡j GKwU Mí wj‡Lb| 1974 mv‡j G
M. Avey BmnvK N. ûgvq~b Avn‡g` DËi : K MíwU Dcb¨vm AvKv‡i wj‡Lb| GB Dcb¨vmwU
05. Rwni ivqnvb iwPZ Ôeid Mjv b`xÕ GKwU- [cÖv_wgK Aej¤^‡b Pjw”PÎ wbgv©Y K‡ib Pvlx bRiæj
we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (wµmvbw_gvg) : 12] Bmjvg|
K. Mí L. Dcb¨vm - hvwcZ Rxeb (1981) [mv‡K©j A¨vWRy‡U›U: 10] : G
M. bvUK N. cÖeÜ DËi : L Dcb¨v‡m 1947 †_‡K 1952 mv‡ji fvlv
06. ‡KvbwU Rwni ivqnvb iwPZ Dcb¨vm bq? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq Av‡›`vj‡bi hveZxq NUbv|
mnKvix wkÿK : 18]
K. †kl weKv‡ji †g‡q L. Z…òv
M. wb®‥…wZ N. K‡qKwU g„Zz¨ DËi : M wbg©‡j›`y ¸Y (1945-)
 Kve¨MÖš’
- Pvlvfzlvi Kve¨ [mvaviY exgv K‡cv©‡ik‡bi Rywbqi Awdmvi: 19;
AvLZviæ¾vgvb Bwjqvm (1943-1997) cÖv_wgK wkÿK wb‡qvM: 18; evsjv‡`k e¨vsK mnKvix cwiPvjK: 16]
- evsjvi gvwU evsjvi Rj (1978) [GwUBI: 10]
 Zvui cÖ_g cÖKvwkZ Dcb¨vm gyw³hy‡×i ‡cÖÿvc‡U iwPZ - ‡cÖgvsïi i³ PvB
ÔwP‡j‡KvVvi †mcvBÕ| [evsjv cjøx we`y¨Zvqb †ev‡W©i mn. cwi. (cÖkvmb) : - bv †cÖwgK bv wecøex
16; RvZxq ivR¯^ †ev‡W©i mn. iv. Kg©KZ©v: 12]
 Dcb¨vm  weL¨vZ KweZv
- wP‡j‡KvVvi †mcvB - ¯^vaxbZv-GB kãwU wKfv‡e Avgv‡ì n‡jv,
- ‡Lvqvebvg - ûwjqv [35Zg wewmGm; miKvwi gva¨wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK: 19]
 g„Zz¨ : 19 RyjvB 2012 wLª÷v‡ã| mgvwnZ Kiv nq bynvk
Zvivk¼i e‡›`¨vcva¨vq (1898-1971) cjøx‡Z| [34Zg wewmGm wj]
 &Dcb¨vm  ûgvq~b Avng` g~jZ evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ K_v mvwnwZ¨K
- nuvmyjx euv‡Ki DcK_v cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK cixÿv: wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ| [mnKvix _vbv wkÿv Awdmvi: 15]
12; mnKvwi eë¯’vcK (cÖkvmb) wewmAvBwm cixÿv: 11]  Dcb¨vm
- GKwU Kv‡jv †g‡qi K_v : gyw³hy×wfwËK Dcb¨vm - bw›`Z bi‡K (1972) [mnKvix Dc‡Rjv wkÿv Awdmvi: 12; cjøx
[40Zg wewmGm] we`y¨Zvqb †evW© mnKvix mwPe: 13; PÆMÖvg e›ì Dbœqb KZ©„cÿ: 17; ivRkvnx K…wl Dbœqb
- avÎx‡èZv (1939) e¨vsK Awdmvi: 14; ciivóª gš¿Yvj‡qi mycvwib‡Ub‡W›U: 19] : cÖKvwkZ 1g|
- MY‡èZv (1942) - k•Lbxj KvivMvi (1973) [RvZxq ivR¯^ †ev‡W©i cwi`k©K: 10;
- Kwe evsjv‡`k cjøx gvV Kg©KZ©v: 13]
- cÂMÖvg - Av¸‡bi cikgwb (1986) [39Zg wewmGm] :

 Îqx Dcb¨vm : avÎx‡èZv, MY‡èZv, cÂMÖvg| gyw³hy×wfwËK Dcb¨vm [ciivóª gšÍYvj‡qi e¨w³MZ Kg©KZ©v: 19;
cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK: 18; Kviv Awa`ß‡ii Kviv ZË¡veavqK: 19]|
 ‡QvUMí : WvKniKiv [WvK wefv‡Mi †cv÷vj Acv‡iUi : 16]
- Ô†Kv_vI †KD †bBÕ Gi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ PwiÎ ev‡Ki
fvB [cÖwZiÿv gš¿Yvj‡qi Aaxb A¨vW. Awdmvi I cv‡m©v. Awdmvi: 06]
Avnmvb nvexe (1917-1985) - iRbx [g‡b ivLyb : iRbx bv‡g ÔDcb¨vmÕ iPbv K‡ib ew¼gP›`ª
P‡Ævcva¨vq]
 Avnmvb nvex‡ei Ôe¨v½vZ¥K KweZv¸‡jvÕ cvVK‡K mn‡R - `xwNi R‡j Kvi Qvqv †Mv [cÖevm Kj¨vY e¨vsK wmwbqi
AvK…ó K‡i| †ijI‡q nvmcvZv‡ji mnKvix mvR©b: 05] Awdmvi: 14]
 Dcb¨vm - †`qvj (2012) : me©‡kl Dcb¨vm [34Zg wewmGm]|

- ivwÎ‡kl (1947) : cÖ_g cÖKvwkZ Kve¨MÖš’| [ciivóª GwU GKwU ivR‣bwZK Dcb¨vm| [‡R‡b ivLyb: ‡`qvj
(Dcb¨vm)- Avey Rvdi kvgmyÏxb|]
gš¿Yvj‡qi e¨w³MZ Kg©KZ©v: 19]
- mviv `ycyi (1964) [¯îvóª gš¿Yvj‡qi ewnivMgb I  gyw³hy×wfwËK Dcb¨vm
cvm‡cvU© Awa`ß‡ii mnKvix cwiPvjK: 19] : GwU Zvui - Av¸‡bi cikgwY
‡kÖô Kve¨MÖš’| - k¨vgj Qvqv (2003) [miKvwi gva¨wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK: 19]
- QvqvnwiY (1962) [evsjv‡`k e¨vs‡Ki mnKvix cwiPvjK: - †RvQbv I Rbbxi Mí (2004) [Avbmvi I MÖvg cÖwZiÿv
evwnbx mv‡K©j A¨vWRy‡U›U: 15; evsjv‡`k K…wl e¨vsK Awdmvi: 11]
08; wewfbœ gš¿Yvj‡qi e¨w³MZ Kg©KZ©v: 19; RbZv e¨vsK wj.
Gw·wKDwUf Awdmvi: 15] - Awbj evMPxi GKw`b [cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK: 18]
- †gN e‡j ‣P‡Î hv‡ev [mnKvix ivR¯^ Kg©KZ©v: 12;  wbwg©Z Pjw”PÎ
AvenvIqv Awa`ß‡ii mnKvix AvenvIqvwe`: 07] - Av¸‡bi cikgwY (1994)
 cO&w³ - kÖveY †g‡Ni w`b
Ôcvnvo mgvb †XD‡qi ey‡K †b․Kv Avgvi fv‡m, - `yB `yqvix
‡gN-gyKz‡ji cvnvo †_‡K S‡oi SvcUv Av‡m|Õ - k¨vgj Qvqv
- `viæwPwb Øxc
cÖkœ mgvavb - Avgvi Av‡Q Rj
01. ÔQvqv nwiYÕ Kve¨MÖš’wUi iPwqZv †K? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix - †NUzcyÎ Kgjv (2012) [evsjv‡`k cjøx Dbœqb †ev‡W©i cjøx
wkÿK (hgybv) : 12; †iwR÷vW© cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (‡Mvjvc) : 11]
Dbœqb Kg©KZ©v: 13] : me©‡kl Pjw”PÎ|
K. Avnmvb nvexe L. diiæL Avng`
M. kvgmyi ivngvb N. myKvšÍ fÆvPvh© DËi : K  Dcb¨vm Aej¤^‡b bvUK
02. Ôcvnvo mgvb †XD‡qi ey‡K †b․Kv Avgvi fv‡m, - A‡qvgq [‡iwR÷vW© cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK: 11 Ges 12]
‡gN-gyKz‡ji cvnvo †_‡K S‡oi SvcUv Av‡m|Õ- GB - GB me w`bivwÎ [cÖvK cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK: 13;
Kg©ms¯’vb e¨vsK wjwg‡UW (K¨vk): 15]
KweZvskUzKz †Kvb Kwei iPbv? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix - AvR iweevi [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK: 12; evsjv‡`k
wkÿK (cÙv) : 08]
K…wl e¨vsK mycvifvBRvi: 12]
K. mywdqv Kvgvj L. kvgmyi ivngvb - eûeªxwn [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK: 93]
M. Avey Rvdi Ievq`yjøvn N. Avnmvb nvexe DËi : N
 wgwmi Avjx
- ûgvq~b Avng‡ì m„ó Pwi‡Îi g‡a¨ RbwcÖq wgwmi Avjx|
ûgvq~b Avn‡g` (1948-2012) - †m ev¯Íeev`x, hyw³ wbf©i Ges LyeB inm¨gq|
- wgwmi Avjx Pwi‡Îi cÖ_g Dcb¨vm Ô†èxÕ|
 Rb¥ : 13 b‡f¤î 1948 wLª÷v†ã †bÎ‡KvYvi [cÖevmx Kj¨vY e¨vsK  wngy
†gvnbM‡Ä| ‣cZ…K wbevm: ‡K›`yqv
wjwg‡UW (K¨vk): 14]
- RbwcÖq I KvíwbK PwiÎ wngy
Dc‡Rjvi KzZzecyi|
- wgwmi Avjx Pwi‡Îi wVK D‡ëv|
- wngyi Avmj bvg wngvjq| c‡KUwenxb njy` cvÄvex wef~wZf~lY e‡›`¨vcva¨vq (1894-
Zvi †cvkvK|  cÖ_g Dcb¨vm/ †kÖô 1950)
Dcb¨vm : c‡_i cvuPvjx (1929)
- wngy †eKvi hyeK hvi AvPiY wKQzUv A¯^vfvweK| [RvZxq ivR¯^ †ev‡W©i Aaxb mnKvix ivR¯^ Kg©KZ©v: 15; cÖv_wgK we`¨v.
mnKvix wkÿK: 11; cwievi cwiKíbv Awa`ß‡ii wnmve-iÿK: 11;
- beŸB‡qi `k‡K Ôgq~ivÿxÕ Dcb¨v‡mi ga¨ w`‡q weAviwWweÕi cjøx Dbœqb Kg©KZ©v: 12; ¯^v¯’¨ I cwievi cwiKíbv gš¿Yvjq-
wngyi AvZ¥cÖKvk N‡U| 2019 (Dc-mnKvix cÖ‡K․kjx- wmwfj) ] Dcb¨vmwUi Ab¨Zg
PwiÎ- Acy I `yM©v| GB Dcb¨vm wb‡q Pjw”PÎ wbwg©Z
cÖkœ mgvavb nq| hv divwm Ges Bs‡iwR fvlvq Ab~w`Z nq|
01. ÔA‡qvgqÕ bvUKwUi iPwqZv †K? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix  Ab¨vb¨ Dcb¨vm : AcivwRZ, BQvgZx [mn. Z_¨ A. 13],
wkÿK (myigv) : 12] AviY¨K, Akwb ms‡KZ, Pvu‡ì cvnvo (wm‡bgv wbwg©Z
K. Bg`v`yj nK wgjb L. mybxj M‡½vcva¨vq nq), Av`k© wn›`y †nv‡Uj, `„wó cÖ`xc|
M. ggZvR DÏxb Avn‡g`N. ûgvq~b Avn‡g` DËi : N
 ‡QvUMí : cyuB gvPv, ‡g․widzj, ‡gNgjøvi [iƒcvjx e¨vsK Awdmvi:
02. ÔAcivnèÕ bvUKwUi iPwqZv †K? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq
2019], hvÎve`j|
mnKvix wkÿK (`vRjv) : 13]
K. ggZvR DÏxb Avng‡g` L. iv‡eqv LvZzb
M. ûgvq~b Avn‡g` N. Ave`yjøvn Avj gvgyb D : M cÖkœ mgvavb
03. ÔAvR iweeviÕ bvUKwU †K iPbv K‡ib? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb 01. ÔAcivwRZÕ Dcb¨v‡mi †jLK- [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix
wkÿK (wµmvbw_gvg) : 12; cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (Lyjbv wefvM) : 06] wkÿK (Avjdv) : 14]
K. ûgvq~b Avn‡g` L. gvmyg †iRv K. wef~wZf~lY e‡›`¨vcva¨vq
M. †gvRv‡¤§j nK N. †mwjbv †nv‡mb DËi : K L. gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq M. knx`yjøv Kvqmvi
04. ÔGBme w`bivwÎÕ bvUKwUi †jLK- [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq N. bvivqY e‡›`¨vcva¨vq DËi : K
mnKvix wkÿK (eywoM½v) : 13] 02. Ôwef~wZf~lY e‡›`¨vcva¨vq iwPZ Ôc‡_i cvuPvjxÕ GKwU-
K. ûgvq~b Avn‡g` L. Ave`yjøvn Avj gvgyb [‡iwR÷vW© cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (kvcjv) : 11]
M. Kj¨vY wgÎ N. Bg`v`yj nK wgjb DËi : K K. bvUK L. ågY Kvwnbx
05. ÔeûeªxwnÕ eBwUi iPwqZv †K? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK : 93] M. Mí N. Dcb¨vm DËi : N
K. mybxjKzgvi gy‡Lvcva¨vq L. Bg`v`yj nK wgjb
M. ûgvq~b Avn‡g` N. ggZvR DÏxb Avn‡g` DËi : M
06. ÔwngyÕ bvUKwUi iPwqZv †K? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK
(ivRkvnx wefvM) : 07] myKvšÍ fÆvPvh© (1926-1947)
K. †ivgvbv Avd‡ivR L. •mq` kvgmyj nK  gvÎ 21 eQi eq‡m h²vq AvµvšÍ n‡q hvècyi wUwe
M. ggZvR DÏxb Avn‡g` N. ûgvq~b Avn‡g` DËi : N nvmcvZv‡j gviv hvb| [Avbmvi A¨vWRy‡U›U: 05; weweGwW: 08]
07. ÔAwbj evMPxi GKw`bÕ Dcb¨vmwUi iPwqZv †K? [cÖv_wgK  evsjv mvwn‡Zï gvK©mev`x fveavivq wek¦vmx Ges
cÖMwZkxj †PZbvi AwaKvix ZiæY Kwe| Dcvwa : wK‡kvi
K. ûgvq~b Avn‡g` L. †mwjbv †nv‡mb
Kwe| [mgvR‡mev Awdmvi: 10]
M. ûgvq~b AvRv` N. •mq` kvgmyj nK DËi : K
08. ÔAv¸‡bi cikgwbÕ Dcb¨v‡mi DcRxe¨ welq wK? [cÖv_wgK  KweZvi welqe¯‘ : ÔAbvPvi I •el¨‡gï cªwZev`Õ|
[MY‡hvMv‡hvM Awa.mn.Z_¨.Awd: 05]
K. e½f½ L. †ZfvMv Av‡›`vjb  Kve¨MÖš’
M. gyw³hy× N. fvlv Av‡›`vjb DËi : M - QvocÎ (1947) [gv. mn. wk: 2000; Rywbqi AwWUi: 05]
- Nyg †bB
- c~e©vfvm
wenvixjvj PµeZ©x (1835-1894) - niZvj (1962) [33Zg wewmGm]
 wenvixjvj PµeZ©x‡K Ô†fv‡ii cvwLÕ [11Zg wewmGm] bv‡g  KweZv
AwfwnZ K‡i‡Qb iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi [e¨w³MZ Kg©KZ©v (AvBb, - ivbvi [cÖwZiÿv gš¿Yvj‡qi wgwjUvwi BwÄ. mvwf©‡mm †÷vi g¨vb:
wePvi, msm` I ¯îvóª gš¿Yvjq: 12]| 18; WvK wefv‡Mi †cv÷vj g¨vb: 16],
 wZwb AvaywbK evsjv MxwZKv‡eï cÖ_g I cÖavb Kwe| - AvVv†iv eQi eqm (QvocÎ),
[mnKvix cwimsL¨vb Kg©KZ©v: 98] - QvocÎ (QvocÎ)
 evsjv mvwn‡Zï mev©waK mg„× aviv ÔMxwZKweZvÕ| [12Zg - `yg©i (c~e©vfvm)
wewmGm]
- †n gnvRxeb|
 Kve¨MÖš’ : mvi`vg½j, †cÖg cÖevwnbx, eÜzwe‡qvM|
 cO&w³  ‡QvUMí
Ôÿzavi iv‡R¨ c„w_ex M`¨gq, - GKwU Zzjmx Mv‡Qi AvZ¥Kvwnbx (1965) : `yB
c~wY©gvi Puv` †hb Sjmv‡bv iæwU|Õ (-‡n gnvRxeb) Zxi I Ab¨vb¨ Mí eB †_‡K †bqv n‡q‡Q|
[cÖevmx Kj¨vY I •e‡`wkK Kg©ms¯’vb gš¿Yvj‡qi BÝUªv±i: 18; kÖg I - bqbPviv (1951) [mve-‡iwR÷ªvi: 16; wewfbœ gš¿Yvj‡qi
Kg©ms¯’vb gš¿Yvj‡qi Dc-mnKvix cwiPvjK: 01] e¨w³MZ Kg©KZ©v: 18]
mvevm, evsjv‡`k,  bvUK

G c„w_ex AevK ZvwK‡q iq, - ewncxi [24Zg wewmGm; ciivóª gš¿Yvj‡qi e¨w³MZ
Kg©KZ©v: 06; ivRkvnx K…wl Dbœqb e¨vsK: 11]
R¦‡j cy‡o g‡i QvoLvi Zey gv_v †bvqvevi bq| (`yg©i)
[wcGmwmÕi mnKvix mwPe: 05] - Zi½f½ [Dc‡Rjv mgvR‡mev Awdmvi: 08]
- myo½ [Dc‡Rjv mgvR‡mev Awdmvi: 08; iƒcvjx e¨vsK Awdmvi
G wek¦‡K wkïi evm‡hvM¨ K‡i hve Avwg, K¨vk: 18]
beRvZ‡Ki Kv‡Q G Avgvi A½xKvi| (-QvocÎ) - DRv‡b g„Zz¨|
[cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK wb‡qvM cixÿv : 10 I 19; 5g we‡RGm]
•mq` Avjx Avnmvb (1922-2002)

†ngP›`ª e‡›`¨vcva¨vq (1838-1903)
 Rxeb-mvqv‡ýi AÜ n‡q hvb Ges Pig `vwi‡`ªï m¤§yLxb  wZwb evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq msMx‡Zi Bs‡iwR Abyev`
nb| Zuv‡K evsjvi wgëb ejv nq| K‡ib| [gnv wnmve wbixÿK I wbqš¿‡Ki Kvh©vj‡qi Aaxb Rywbqi
AwWUi: 14]
 gnvKve¨ : e„Îmsnvi (1g LÛ-1875, 2q LÛ- 1877)
 wZwb bvwmiDwÏb ¯^Y©c`K (1963) jvf K‡ib| [34Zg
[26Zg wewmGm] Zuvi †kÖô iPbv| gnvfvi‡Zi Kvwnbx wewmGm]
Aej¤^‡b iwPZ| [mgmvgwqK mgv‡Ri Ab¨vq wb‡q iwPZ]  Kve¨MÖš’
 Kve¨ : wPšÍv Ziw½Yx [Dc-cwiPvjK (Kg©ms¯’vb I cÖwkÿY - GKK mÜ¨vq emšÍ|
ey¨‡iv): 07], exievû, wPËweKvk, bwjbxemšÍ|  KweZv
 cO&w³ : - Avgvi c~e© evsjv [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK:
gnvÁvbx gnvRb, †h c‡_ K‡i Mgb 07; kÖg I Kg©ms¯’vb gš¿Yvjqi Aaxb kÖg Awdmvi: 03]
n‡q‡Qb cÖvZ:¯§iYxq|
•mq` IqvjxDjøvn (1922-1971) Avey BmnvK (1926-2003)

 evsjv‡`‡k †PZbv cÖevnixwZi Dcb¨vm iPbv K‡ib| [Kviv  Dcb¨vm
ZË¡veavqK: 13]
- m~h© `xNj evwo : GwU GKwU mvgvwRK Dcb¨vm|
 Dcb¨vm Rq¸b [26Zg wewmGm], nvmy, gvqgybv, kwd, Wv.
- jvjmvjy [21Zg wewmGm] : GwU Bs‡iwR fvlvq ‘Tree i‡gk PµeZx© cÖf…wZ Pwi‡Îi gva¨‡g MÖv‡gi
without Roots’ bv‡g Ab~w`Z (1967) nq| gvby‡li `vwi`ª¨, Kzms¯‥vi, †gvoj †gvjøv‡ì
[‡hvMv‡hvM gš¿Yvj‡qi cÖkvmwbK Kg©KZ©v: 06] DcRxe¨ : Ôagx©q †`․ivZ¥ BZ¨vwì Nwbô cwiPq cvIqv hvq|
fÐvgxi wbLyuZ wPÎ I MÖvg evsjvi mgv‡Ri Awkÿv - cÙvi cwjØxc (1986) [mgwš^Z AvU e¨vs‡Ki wmwbqi
I Kzwkÿv| [Dc‡Rjv gwnjv I wkï welqK Kg©KZ©v: 07; cvm‡cvU© Awdmvi: 19]
GÛ Bwg‡MÖkb Awa. mn. cwi. 03] PwiÎ : Rwgjv [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK  ‡QvUMí : Awfkvc (Zvui cÖKvwkZ cÖ_g †QvUMí),
mnKvix wkÿK: 14], gwR` [bvwm©s †mev Awa`ß‡ii wgW-IqvBd: †RvuK [cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK: 19] (G M‡íi †K›`ªxq PwiÎ-
2017], Av‡gbv, iwngv, Lv‡jK e¨vcvix| cO&w³ : Imgvb), nv‡ig, gnvcZ½|
VM cx‡ii cvwb covq wK †Kvb Kvg nq? (-Lv‡jK
e¨vcvix) [gva¨wgK I D”P gva¨wgK wkÿv Awa`ß‡ii cÖ`k©K: 04]
- Puv‡ì Agvem¨v (1964) [ivRkvnx K…wl Dbœqb e¨vsK •mq` BmgvBj †nv‡mb wmivRx
(mycvifvBRvi): 10; mnKvix Dc‡Rjv wkÿv Awdmvi: 10; lô
we‡RGm: 11; mv‡K©j A¨vWRy‡U›U: 10] - g‡bvmgxÿvg~jK  Rb¥ : 13 RyjvB 1880 wLª÷vã| [Avevmb cwi`ß‡ii mnKvix
Dcb¨vm| [cvm‡cvU© A¨vÛ Bwg‡MÖkb Awa`ß‡ii mnKvix cwiPvjK: cwiPvjK: 11]
07; RvZxq ivR¯^ †ev‡W©i mnKvix ivR¯^ Kg©KZ©v: 15]  wmivRMÄ †Rjvq [ewnivMgb I cvm‡cvU© Awa`ß‡ii mnKvix
- Kuv‡`v b`x Kuv‡`v (1968) [¯^v¯’¨ Awa`ß‡ii ¯^v¯’¨ mnKvix: cwiPvjK: 11] Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib e‡j bv‡gi †k‡l ÔwmivRxÕ
10; Z_¨ gš¿Yvj‡qi Aaxb evsjv‡`k †Uwjwfkb Ges weÁvcb hy³ Kiv nq|
AvwaKvwiK (‡MÖW-02): 06] - Aw¯ÍZ¡ev`x Dcb¨vm|
 Dcb¨vm evZvwe †beyi dzj dz‡U‡Q wK?/
- ZvivevC, b~iDwÏb, wd‡ivRv †eMg, dz‡U‡Q wK Av‡gi gyKzj?
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- ivqw›`bx [f~-ZvwË¡K Rwic Awa`ß‡ii mnKvix cwiPvjK: Kz‡nwj DËix Z‡j gv‡Ni mbœ¨vmx-
06; mgvR‡mev mnKvix cwiPvjK: 05] : ew¼gP‡›`ªi
wMqv‡Q Pwjqv ax‡i cy®úk~b¨ w`M‡šÍi c‡_ wi³ n‡¯Í|
Ô`y‡M©kbw›`bxÕ Dcb¨v‡mi cÖwZwµqvq •mq` [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK: 07]
BmgvBj †nv‡mb Ôivqbw›`bxÕ Dcb¨vm wj‡Lb|
‡n Kwe, bxie †Kb dv¸b †h G‡m‡Q aivq,
 Kve¨
em‡šÍ ewiqv Zzwg j‡e bv wK Ze e›`bvq| [cÖv_wgK
- Abj cÖevn [13Zg I 29Zg wewmGm;] we`¨v. cÖavb wkÿK: 01 I 10]
- †¯úb weRq Kve¨ (1914) [kÖg cwi`ß‡ii RbmsL¨v
I cwievi Kj¨vY Kg©KZ©v: 09] : G‡Z gymwjg exi R‡b¥wQ gv‡Mv †Zvgvi †Kv‡j‡Z
Zv‡iK web whqv‡ì †¯úb weR‡qi Kvwnbx gwi †hb GB †`‡k| [¯^v¯’¨ I cwwievi cwiKíbv gš¿Yvjq [Dc-mnKvix
cwiPvjK)- 2019; gv I wkï welqK gš¿Yvj‡qi Dc‡Rjv gwnjv welqK
eY©bv Kiv n‡q‡Q| Kg©KZ©v: 07; cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK: 09]
cÖkœ mgvavb
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. ÔAbjcÖevnÕ iPbv K‡ib- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK
02. Ômvu‡Si gvqvÕ Kve¨MÖ‡š’i iPwqZv †K? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq
(W¨v‡dvwWj) : 14]
mnKvix wkÿK (XvKv wefvM) : 02]
K. BmgvBj †nv‡mb wmivRx K. †eMg mywdqv Kvgvj L. Rwni ivqnvb
L. ‡gvRv‡¤§j nK M. GqvKze Avjx †P․ayix M. †eMg †iv‡Kqv mvLvIqvZ
N. gwbiæ¾vgvb DËi : K N. Rxebvb›` `vk DËi : K
mywdqv Kvgvj (1911-1999) •mq` gyRZev Avjx (1904-1974)

 Dcvwa : Rbbx mvnwmKv| [kÖg I Kg©ms¯’vb gš¿Yvj‡qi Dc-  bRiæ‡ji ci mvwn‡Z¨ me‡P‡q †ewk Aviwe-dviwm k‡ãi
mnKvix cwiPvjK: 01] eënvi K‡ib| [cÖwZ.gš¿Yv.m.A: 05]
 wZwb GKRb MxwZKwe| [miKvwi gva¨wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix  Dcb¨vm
wkÿK: 06] - kebg (1960) [miKvwi cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK: 04]
 evsjv‡`‡ki †kÖô gwnjv Kwe| [cvm‡cvU© GÛ Bwg‡MÖkb : AvdMvwb¯Ív‡bi cUf~wg‡Z iwPZ|
Awa`ß‡ii mnKvix cwiPvjK: 2000; cwiKíbv gš¿Yvj‡qi WvUv - Awek^vm¨ [mve-‡iwR÷ªvi: 01]
cÖ‡mwms Acv‡i&Ui: 02]
- kni-Bqvi, Zzjbvnxb|
 cÖ_g gwnjv Kwe wn‡m‡e GKz‡k c`K (1976) jvf  ‡QvUMí
K‡ib| [c~evjx e¨vs wj. Rywb: 14]
- PvPv Kvwnbx [11Zg I 29Zg wewmGm]
 Kve¨MÖš’
- Uzwb ‡gg (1964) wkï‡Zvl Mí| ig¨
- muv‡Si gvqv (1938) [mnKvix Dc‡Rjv wkÿv Awdmvi:
10; 5g we‡RGm: 10; gva¨wgK I D”P-gva¨wgK wkÿv iPbv| [Z_¨ gš¿Yv. Aax‡b †Uwjwfkb cÖ‡K․kjx (‡MÖW-02): 04]
Awa`ß‡ii wnmve-mnKvix: 13]  igïPbv
- gvqv KvRj (1951) [mve-‡iwR÷ªvi : 16] - cÂZš¿ (1952) [34Zg wewmGm]
 KweZv  Mí : im‡Mvjøv, ivRv DwRi, a~cQvqv, cvÙxKv
- Zvnv‡iB c‡o g‡b [cvm‡cvU© I Bwg‡MÖkb Awa`ß‡ii [wcGmwmi mnKvix cwiPvjK: 04]|
mnKvix cwiPvjK: 14; mnKvix Dc‡Rjv wkÿv Awd: 16] |  ågY Kvwnbx
KweZvi welqe¯‘ kx‡Zi wi³Zv| - †`‡k we‡`†k (1949)
 ¯§„wZK_v - R‡j-Wv½vq
- GKvË‡ii Wv‡qwi (1989) [mgvR‡mev Awa`ß‡ii
mgvR‡mev Awdmvi: 10; A¨vwm÷¨v›U Bw÷‡gUi: 18; cÖkœ mgvavb
wcGmwmi wb‡qvM cixÿv: 18] 01. ÔPvPv KvwnbxÕ Gi †jLK ‡K? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK
 cO&w³ (Rev) : 09]
Nyg †_‡K †R‡M •ekvLx S‡o Kzov‡qwQ Sov Avg| K. •mq` kvgmyj nK L. kIKZ Imgvb
[evsjv‡`k Kgvm© e¨vsK wj. (‡MÖW-3) : 2000] M. diiæL Avng` N. •mq` gyRZev Avjx
weL¨vZ Dcb¨vm weL¨vZ Kve¨MÖš’

Avãyjøvn KvRx Bg`v`yj nK Siv cvjK, gnvc„w_ex, a~mi Rxebvb›` `vk
wZw_‡Wvi ey×‡è emy cvÐzwjwc, mvZwU Zvivi wZwgi,
mv‡is †e․, mskßK knx`yjøv Kvqmvi ebjZv †mb, †ejv A‡ejv
Kvke‡bi Kb¨v, KvÂbgvjv kvgmyÏxb Aveyj Kvjvg Kvj‡ejv, iƒcmx evsjv|
ivB‡dj †ivwU AvIivZ Av‡bvqvi cvkv De©kx I Av‡U©wgm, †Pvivevwj weòz †`
‡ZBk b¤î •ZjwPÎ, KY©dzjx, AvjvDwÏb Avj AvRv` Zš^x, A‡K©÷ªv, µ›`mx myax›`ªbv_ `Ë
ÿzav I Avkv gvbwPÎ AvjvDwÏb Avj AvRv`
wZZvm GKwU b`xi bvg A‣ØZ gjøeg©Y Aå-Avexi (‡g․wjK Kve¨) m‡Z¨›`ªbv_ `Ë
ÿzav †cÖg Av¸b Ave`yj gvbœvb •mq` gvQ wmwiR Ave`yj gvbœvb •mq`
fvIqvj M‡oi DcvL¨vb, cÙv Avey Rvdi kvgmyÏxb ewb Av`g ‡Mvjvg †gv¯Ídv
†gNbv hgybv, msKi msKxZ©b, ‡Zvgv‡K Awfev`b, wcÖqZgv knx` Kvìx
cÖcÂ, ‡`qvj| Rb¥B Avgvi AvRb¥ cvc, Avwg `vD` nvq`vi
mZ¨wg_¨v, Rxeb ÿzav, Av‡e Aveyj gbmyi Avng` fvj AvwQ Zzwg|
nvqvZ K‡qKwU KweZv mgi †mb
Mvfx weËvšÍ, I¼vi Avng` Qdv ‡h R¦‡j Av¸b R¦‡j ‡njvj nvwdR
Kv‡jv‡Nvov (gyw³hy×wfwËK) Bg`v`yj nK wgjb Dc`ªæZ DcK~j iæ`ª gyn¤§` knx`yjøvn
b~iRvnvb GB M„n GB mbœ¨vm gnv‡è mvnv
`xcwbe©vY ¯^Y©Kzgvix †èx  wÎ‡ki `k‡Ki wewkó 5 Rb Kwe iex›`ª cÖfv‡ei evB‡i
Av¸b cvwL nvmvb AvwRRyj nK wM‡q evsjv fvlvq AvaywbK KweZv m„wó K‡iwQ‡jb|
Avgvi eÜz iv‡k` gyn¤§` Rvdi BKevj Zvu‡ì 5 Rb‡K evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ cÂcvÐe ejv nq| Zvuiv
Av‡bvqviv ‡gvnv¤§` bwRei ingvb n‡jb- Rxebvb›` `vk, Awgq PµeZ©x, ey×‡è emy,
eUZjvi Dcb¨vm ivwRqv Lvb weòz †`, myax›`ªbv_ `Ë| [g‡b ivLyb AeyR (AeyS) wemy]
evqvbœ Mwji GK Mwj iv‡eqv LvZzb  Rxebvb›` `v‡ki Rb¥ : 17 †deªæqvwi 1899 wLª÷v‡ã
DËg cyiæl, Avgvi hZ Møvwb ikx` nvq`vi ewikv‡j| [16Zg wewmGm; miKvwi gv. we.m.wk: 11]
cÖv‡`v‡l cÖvK…ZRb, Iqvwik kIKZ Avjx  Rxebvb›` `v‡ki cwiwPwZ : cÖavbZ cÖK…wZi Kwe| [¯îvóª
c~e-© cwðg mybxj M‡½vcva¨vq gš¿Yvj‡qi Aaxb cywjk mnKvix imvqbwe`: 02; AvBwmwe e¨vsK
 ÔAvãyjøvnÕ Dcb¨vmwUi DcRxe¨ nj ÔZrKvjxb gymwjg wjwg‡UW wmwbqi Awdmvi: 11] Rxebvb›` `vk Ab¨ †h mKj
ga¨weË mgv‡Ri wPÎÕ| [18Zg wewmGm] bv‡g cwiwPZ : wZwgi nb‡bi Kwe [cvwb Dbœqb †ev‡W©i Awdm
 kvgmyÏxb Aveyj Kvjv‡gi mvwn‡Zï gyL¨ DcRxe¨ welq mnKvix: 19], wbR©bZvi Kwe, a~miZvi Kwe, iƒcmx evsjvi
Ôwb¤œe‡M©i gvbyl I Zv‡ì RxebÕ| [evsjv‡`k e¨vsK Awdmvi: 18] Kwe [12Zg mve-‡iwR÷ªvi: 16], wPÎ iƒcgq Kwe [AvenvIqv
 Aveyj gbmyi Avng` we`ªæcvZ¥K iPbvi Rb¨ weL¨vZ Awa`ß‡ii mnKvix AvenvIqvwe`: 07]|
wQ‡jb| [cÖevmx K. I •e. Kg©ms¯’vb gš¿Yvj‡qi mnKvix cwiPvjK: 12]  Rxebvb›` `v‡ki Kv‡e¨ eëüZ Ôk•LgvjvÕ nj iƒcK_vi
 AvaywbK evsjv mvwn‡Zï cÖ_g gwnjv Jcb¨vwmK ¯^Y©Kzgvix PwiÎ| [mgwš^Z 5 e¨vs‡Ki Awdmvi K¨vk : 19]
†èx| [Rbkw³, Kg©ms¯’vb I cÖwkÿY ey¨‡ivi Dc-mnKvix cwiPvjK: 01;  avbwmuwo b`x- ewikv‡j|
ewnivMgb I cvm‡cvU© Awa`ß‡ii mnKvix cwiPvjK: 11]  Rxebvb›` `v‡mi iƒcmx evsjv Ô¯^‡`k cÖxwZ I
wbmM©gqZvi cwiPvqKÕ| [Dc‡Rjv wkÿv Awdmvi: 96; ¯îvóª
weL¨vZ bvUK gš¿Yvj‡qi Aaxb mnKvix imvqbwe`: 01]
 weòz `Ë‡K gvK©mev`x Kwe ejv nq| [mvBdvi Awdmvi: 15]
Zc¯^x I Ziw½Yx ey×‡è emy  myax›`ªbv_ KL‡bv Dcb¨vm †j‡Lbwb| [23Zg wewmGm]
myePb wbe©vm‡b Avãyjøvn Avj gvgyb  myax›`ªbv_ `‡Ëi Ôµ›`mxÕ Kve¨MÖ‡š’i weL¨vZ KweZv
gvbwPÎ Avwbm †P․ayix ÔDUcvwLÕ Ges Gi cO&w³- ÔAÜ n‡j wK cÖjq eÜ _v‡K?Õ
gvqvex cÖni AvjvDwÏb Avj AvRv` [iƒcvjx e¨vsK wmwbqi Awdmvi: 13]
we‡iva AvmKvi Be‡b kvBL  Awgq PµeZ©x kvwšÍ wb‡KZ‡b iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii mvwnZ¨
Kv‡djv, Av‡bvqvi cvkv Beªvnxg Lvu mwPe wQ‡jb| [cvm. I Bwg. mn. cwi: 14]
‡b‡gwmm byiæj †gv‡gb  weL¨vZ KweZv AvjvDwÏb Avj AvRv‡ì Ô¯§„wZ¯Í¤¢Õ [RvZxq
ivR¯^ †ev‡W©i BÝ‡c±i : 10] G Kv‡eï AšÍM©Z|
Iiv K`g Avjx, Bewjk ivgybyi ikx`
 iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi m‡Z¨›`ªbv_ `Ë‡K ÔQ‡›ì Rv`yKiÕ B¯Í¤^yj hvÎxi cÎ (ågY Kvwnwb) Beªvnxg Lvu
Dcvwa †`b| [cÖavbgš¿xi Kvh©vjqvaxb (Rywbqi wdì Awdmvi) : 19; fwel¨‡Zi evOvjx Gm. Iqv‡R` Avjx
cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK wb‡qvM: 18; †mvbvjx I RbZv e¨vs‡Ki wmwbqi
Awdmvi: 18] û‡Zvg c¨vuPvi bKkv (bKkvag©x) KvjxcÖmbœ wmsn
 iæ`ª gyn¤§` knx`yjøv‡ni KweZv-evZv‡m jv‡ki MÜ| G wek^bex (RxebxMÖš’) ‡Mvjvg †gv¯Ídv
KweZvi weL¨vZ jvBb- ÔRvwZi cZvKv Lvg‡P a‡i‡Q Av‡evj-Zv‡evj (wkï‡Zvl) myKzgvi ivq
AvR cyiv‡bv kKzbÕ| [¯îvóª gš¿Yvj‡qi Aax‡b cÖkvmwbK Kg©KZ©v : 01] GKvË‡ii w`b¸wj (¯§„wZPviYg~jK) Rvnvbviv Bgvg
VvKzigvi Szwj `wÿYviÂb wgÎ gRyg`vi
weL¨vZ KweZv
cvjv‡g․ (ågYKvwnwb) mÄxeP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq
KweZvi bvg Kwe AvZ¥Rv I GKwU Kiex MvQ, nvmvb AvwRRyj nK
ebjZv †mb, Avevi Avwme Rxebvb›` `vk bvgnxb †MvÎnxb
wd‡i, AvKvkbxjv wejv‡Z mv‡o mvZk w`b (ågY gyn¤§` Ave`yj nvB
evsjv‡`k Awgq PK©eZ©x Kvwnwb)
gvbe e›`bv Aÿq Kzgvi eovj gbxlv gÄylv gyn¤§` Gbvgyj nK
Av`k© †Q‡j KzmygKzgvix `vk
Rxeb wewbgq ‡Mvjvg †gv¯Ídv  fvlvZË¡we` W±i gyn¤§` knx`yjøvn‡K (1885-1969)
KvRjv w`wb hZx›`ª‡gvnb evMPx ÔPwjòz AwfavbÕ ejv nq| [mnKvix gva¨wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix
wkÿK: 06]
 evsjv mvwnZ¨ m¤úwK©Z M‡elYvi Rb¨ W±i gyn¤§`
¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ab¨vb¨ iPbv knx`yjøvni bvg G‡`‡ki mvwn‡Zï BwZnv‡m AwZ D¾¡j
MÖ‡š’i bvg MÖš’Kvi n‡q Av‡Q| [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK: 1993]
evsjv fvlvi BwZe„Ë  evsjv fvlvi Awfavb iPbvi Rb¨ W±i gyn¤§` knx`yjøvn
evsjv‡`‡ki AvÂwjK fvlvi Awfavb 1960 mv‡j evsjv GKv‡Wwg‡Z †hvM`vb K‡ib| [eb I
cwi‡ek gš¿Yvj‡qi mnKvix cwiPvjK: 95]
evsjv mvwn‡Zï K_v W±i gyn¤§` knx`yjøvn  RvwZmËv m¤ú‡K© gyn¤§` knx`yjøvn&Õi ¯§iYxq Dw³ wQj
wkKIqvn I RIqv‡e wkKIqvn
ÔAvgiv wn›`y ev gymjgvb †hgb mZ¨, Zvi †P‡q †ewk
(Abyev` MÖš’)
mZ¨ Avgiv evOvwjÕ| [mvBdvi Awdmvi: 99; beg we‡RGm cÖv_wgK
kvk^Z e½ KvRx Ave`yj I`y` cixÿv: 14 ]
mÂqb KvRx †gvZvnvi †nv‡mb  Ô‡h †`‡k ¸‡Yi mgvì bvB, †m‡`‡k ¸YxRb Rb¥v‡Z
KweZvi K_v (cÖeÜ MÖš’) Rxebvb›` `vk cv‡i bv| (-W±i gyn¤§` knx`yjøvn)
nVvr Av‡jvi SjKvwb (cÖeÜ MÖš’) ey×‡è emy  1926 wLª÷v‡ã XvKvq cÖwZwôZ nq ÔXvKv gymwjg
c_ Rvbv bvB (Mí) kvgmyÏxb Aveyj Kvjvg mvwnZ¨ mgvRÕ [24Zg evwZj wewmGm]|
‡R‡M AvwQ, avbKb¨v AvjvDwÏb Avj  gymwjg mvwnZ¨ mgv‡Ri KY©avi wQ‡jb KvRx †gvZvnvi
AvRv` †nv‡mb, KvRx Ave`yj I`y` [kÖg gš¿Yvjqi Aax‡b mnKvix cwiPvjK:
‡divix Wv‡qix (gyw³hy×wfwËK) 05], Aveyj dRj Ges Aveyj û‡mb [15Zg wewmGm]|
mvM‡ii inm¨cyix (weÁvb Avãyjøvn Avj gyZx ‡MvôxwUi Kvh©µg P‡j : 1937 mvj ch©šÍ|
welqK)  ÔÁvb †hLv‡b mxgve×, eyw× †mLv‡b Avoó, gyw³ †mLv‡b
Avqbv, dzW Kbdv‡iÝ (MíMÖš’) Aveyj gbmyi Avng` Am¤¢eÕ wkLv cwÎKvi cÖwZ msL¨vq †jLv _vK‡Zv! [16Zg
Avgvi †`Lv ivRbxwZi cÂvk wewmGm; mÂq cwi`ß‡ii mnKvix cwiPvjK: 07]
eQi (ivRbxwZ welqK MÖš’)  gymwjg mvwnZ¨ mgv‡Ri gyLcvÎ wQj ÔwkLvÕ cwÎKv| [wegvb I
ch©Ub gš¿Yvj‡qi mnKvix cwiPvjK: 05; †ijc_ gš¿Yvj‡qi DcmnKvix cÖ‡K․kjx05]
ms¯‥…wZi msKU, c~e© evsjvi eìæÏxb Igi  evsjv‡`‡ki weÁvb †jLK‡ì g‡a¨ Avãyjøvn Avj-gyZx
fvlv Av‡›`vjb I ZrKvjxb kidzwÏb wØZxq whwb BD‡b‡¯‥v Kwj½ cyi¯‥vi (1983)
ivRbxwZ (cÖeÜ) jvf K‡ib| [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mn. wk: 12; kÖg cwi`ß‡ii †gwW‡Kj
eyw×e„wËi bZzb web¨vm, h`¨wc Avng` Qdv Awdmvi: 05]
Avgvi ¸iæ  eìæÏxb Igi fvlv Av‡›`vjb m¤ú‡K© me‡P‡q cÖvgvY¨ I
wewPZ wPšÍv, evOvjx I evOjv W. Avng` kixd †g․wjK MÖ‡š’i †jLK| [gva¨wgK we`¨vj‡qi mnKvix cÖavb wkÿK : 03]
mvwnZ¨ (cÖeÜ MÖš’)  wMwikP›`ª †mb eªvþ a‡g©i Abymvix wQ‡jb| [gva¨wgK mnKvix
cÖ.wk: 03; wbe©vPb Kwgkb mwPevj‡qi cÖkvmwbK Kg©KZ©v I e¨w³MZ Kg©KZ©v: 04]
ms¯‥…wZ (cÖeÜ)
wZwb cweÎ KziAvb kixd cÖ_g evsjvq Abyev` K‡ib|
gg©‡e`bv (MíMÖš’) Bg`v`yj nK wgjb [10Zg I 16Zg wewmGm]
 ‡gvwnZjvj gRyg`vi evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ me©cÖ_g cÖPzi miKvwi gva¨wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK: 11; wewfbœ gš¿Yvj‡qi e¨w³MZ
Kg©KZ©v : 18]
cwigvY Aviwe I dviwm k‡ãi eënvi K‡ib|
[cwimsL¨vb ey¨‡ivi mnKvix cwimsL¨vb Kg©KZ©v (wØZxq
†kÖwY): 98; cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK: 13]  K…òP›`ª gRyg`v‡ii cO&w³
†Kb cvš’! ÿvšÍ nI ‡n‡i `xN© c_? D`¨g wen‡b Kvi

AvZ¥Rxebx c~‡i g‡bvi_? KuvUv †nwi ÿvšÍ †Kb Kgj Zzwj‡Z/`ytL
webv myL jvf nq wK gnx‡Z? (m™¢vekZK : `y:L webv myL
AvZ¥Rxebx ‡jLK nq bv) [33Zg wewmGm; RbZv e¨vsK wj. Gw·wKDwUf Awdmvi: 12;
‡iLvwPÎ Aveyj dRj iƒcvjx e¨vsK wj. Awdmvi: 10] | cO&w³wUi Øviv eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q
ÔAce¨‡qi cwiYvg AZ¨šÍ `ytLRbK| [lô †emiKvwi wkÿK
weL¨vZ cO&w³ wbeÜb : 10; _vbv/Dc‡Rjv gva¨wgK wkÿv Awdmvi : 15; mnKvix Dc‡Rjv
cwievi cwiKíbv Awdmvi: 98]
 Rxebvb›` `v‡ki cO&w³
‡mvbvi ¯^‡cœi mva c„w_ex‡Z K‡e Avi S‡i| [cwievi cwiKíbv †h Rb wè‡m g‡bi ni‡l R¦vjvq †gv‡gi evwZ, AvïM„‡n
mnKvix cwi`k©K : 18] Zvi †`wL‡e bv Avi wbkx‡_ cÖ`xc evwZ| (m™¢vekZK :
Avgv‡i `y`Ð kvwšÍ w`‡qwQj bv‡Uv‡ii ebjZv †mb|
Ace¨‡qi dj)
Pyj Zvi K‡eKvi AÜKvi wew`kvi wbkv
gyL Zvi kÖve¯Íxi KviæKvh©| wPimyLxRb å‡g wK KLb, e¨w_Z‡e`b eywS‡Z cv‡i| Kx
[c~evjx e¨vsK wj. wmwbqi Awdmvi: 13] hvZbv we‡l, eywS‡e †m wK‡m Kfy Avkxwe‡l `s‡kwb
cvwLi bx‡oi gZ †PvL Zz‡j hv‡i| (m™¢vekZK : myLx `yLxi `y:L ‡ev‡S bv)
bv‡Uv‡ii ebjZv‡mb| [Kg©ms¯’vb e¨vsK A¨vwm÷¨v›U Awdmvi : 01;
Kg©ms¯’vb e¨vsK WvUv Gw›Uª Awdmvi : 11]
GK`v wQj bv Ry‡Zv PiY hyM‡j, `wnj ü`q gg †mB
GLv‡b ÔbxoÕ kãwU Ôbv›`wbKÕ A‡_© eëüZ n‡q‡Q| †ÿvfvb‡j| (`y‡Li Zzjbv)
[13Zg †emiKvwi cÖfvlK wbeÜb: 16]
Avevi Zvnv‡i †Kb †W‡K Av‡bv?  we‡`¨‡evSvB eveygkvB Pwo k‡Li †ev‡U,
gvwS‡i Kb, ej‡Z cvwim m~wh© †Kb I‡V? (-myKzgvi ivq)
†K nvq ü`q Lyu‡o ‡e`bv RvMv‡Z fvjev‡m| [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK: 09]
[Z_¨ gš¿Yvj‡qi †Uwjwfkb cÖ‡K․kjx (‡MÖW-02) : 04]
 ‡gv‡ì Mie, †gv‡ì Avkv Av gwi evsjv fvlv..
myiÄbv, Zzwg IBLv‡b †hq bv‡Kv Zzwg, [AZzjcÖmv` †mb]
‡ev‡jvbv‡Kv K_v IB hye‡Ki mv‡_;  ÔGLb †h․eb hvi wgwQ‡j hvevi Zvi †kÖô mgq
[‡Rjv wbe©vPb Awdmvi: 04; cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK: 15] GLb †h․eb hvi hy‡× hvevi Zvi †kÖô mgq|Õ (-‡njvj
evsjvi gyL Avwg †`wLqvwQ, ZvB Avwg nvwdR) [iƒcvjx e¨vsK wj. wmwbqi Awdmvi: 13]
c„w_exi iƒc LyuwR‡Z hvB bv Avi|
[evsjv‡`k Kgvm© e¨vsK wjwg‡UW (‡MÖW-3]: 2000; cÖv_wgK mnKvix  KweZvq Avi wK wjLe?
wkÿK wb‡qvM: 18] hLb ey‡Ki i‡³ wj‡LwQ GKwU bvg evsjv‡`k|
(knx` ¯§i‡Y) [‡gvnv¤§` gwbiæ¾vgvb] [gva¨wgK we`¨vjq
 ‡kL dRjj Kwi‡gi cO&w³ mnKvix wkÿK: 2000; wewfbœ gš¿Yvj‡qi mnKvix †cÖvMÖvgvi]
†Kv_vq ¯^M©, †Kv_vq biK †K e‡j Zv eû`yi,
gvby‡liB gv‡S ¯^M© biK gvby‡l‡Z myivmyi|  gayi †P‡q Av‡Q gayi
[16Zg wewmGm; evsjv‡`k e¨vsK mn. cwi: 16; cÖvK-cÖv_wgK ‡m GB Avgvi †`‡ki gvwU
mnKvix wkÿK: 13]
Avgvi †`‡ki c‡_i a~jv
my›ì †n, `vI `vI my›ì Rxeb LvuwU †mvbvi PvB‡Z LvuwU| [17Zg wewmGm] [m‡Z¨›`ªbv_ `Ë]
nDK `~i AKj¨vY mKj A‡kvfb|
[15Zg wewmGm; beg we‡RGm; cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mn.wkÿK: 10; 2000]  ÔAvgvi ÿzavi Kv‡Q wKQzB †djbv bq|
fvZ †` nvivgRv`v, Zv bv n‡j gvbwPÎ Lve|Õ [iwdK
 mÄxeP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨v‡qi cO&w³ : AvRv`] [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK: 07]
Ôe‡bïv e‡b my›ì, wkïiv gvZ…‡µv‡oÕ| [ewnivMg I cvm‡cvU©  Avgv‡ì †`‡k n‡e †mB †Q‡j K‡e .....(Av`k© ‡Q‡j)
Awa`ß‡ii mnKvix cwiPvjK: 94] Dw³wUi Zvrch© : Rxe gvÎB [9eg we‡RGm; iƒcvjx e¨vsK wj. Rywbqi Awdmvi: 13; KwgwbDwbwU
†nj_ †Kqvi †cÖvfvBWvi: 18]
¯^vfvweK Ae¯’v‡b my›ì| [6ô †emiKvwi cÖfvlK wbeÜb: 10;
 i½jvj e‡›`¨vcva¨v‡qi cO&w³- Kvb‡b KzmygKwj mKwj dzwUj| [27Zg wewmGm; miKvwi gva¨wgK
we`¨vjq mn. wkÿK: 19]
Ô¯^vaxbZv nxbZvq †K euvwP‡Z PvqÕ (cwÙbx DcL¨vb)
[12Zg wewmGm; AvBb, wePvi I msm` welqK gš¿Yvj‡qi
mve-‡iwR÷ªvi: 16; cÖwZiÿv gš¿Yvj‡qi wmwfwjqvb ÷vd  ÔGLv‡b hviv cÖvY w`‡q‡Q /
Awdmvi I mnKvix cwiPvjK: 16] igbvi EaŸ©gyLx K…òP~ovi bx‡P
 ÔhZw`b i‡e cÙv hgybv †M․wi †gNbv engvb, ZZw`b †mLv‡b Avwg Kuv`‡Z Avwmwb
i‡e KxwZ© †Zvgvi †kL gywReyi ingvb|Õ [-Abœ`vk¼i duvwmi `vwe wb‡q G‡mwQ|Õ [gvneye Dj Avjg †P․ayix]
ivq] [wmwbqi ÷vd bvm©: 18; ciivóª gš¿Yvj‡q mvBdvi Awdmvi: 12; 12Zg
wewmGm; `ybx©wZ `gb ey¨‡ivi cwi`k©K: 92]
 g`b‡gvnb ZK©vj¼v‡ii cO&w³
mKv‡j DwVqv Avwg g‡b g‡b ewj,  ÔmK‡ji Z‡i mK‡j Avgiv
mviw`b Avwg ‡hb fvj n‡q Pwj| [30Zg I 40Zg wewmGm; cÖ‡Z¨‡K Avgiv c‡ii Z‡i|Õ [-Kvwgbx ivq]
wcGmwmi wb‡qvM cixÿv: 18; GwUBI: 12] [weAviwm Awdmvi: 99; wd‡gj †m‡KÛvwi GWz‡Kkb cÖ‡R± Awdmvi
: 99]
cvwL me K‡i ie ivwZ †cvnvBj|
wewfbœ cÎ-cwÎKv
cwÎKvi bvg m¤úv`‡Ki bvg cwÎKvi bvg m¤úv`‡Ki bvg
†e½j †M‡RU †Rg&m AMv÷vm wnwK (1780) jnix †gvRv‡¤§j nK (1900)
mgvPvi `c©Y Rb K¬vK© gvk©g¨vb (1818) beb~i •mq` Gg`v` Avjx (1903)
eªvþY‡mewa ivRv ivg‡gvnb ivq (1821) †mvjZvb gybkx †iqvR DÏxb (1905)
Ávbv‡š^lY (mvßvwnK) `wÿYviÄb gy‡Lvcva¨vq mviw_ `wÿYviÄb wgÎ gRyg`vi
msev` cÖfvKi (mvßvwnK) CkîP›`ª ¸ß (1831) Avh©eZ© (gvwmK) †n‡g›`ª cÖmv` †Nvl
msev` cÖfvKi (•`wbK) CkîP›`ª ¸ß (1839) fviZel© (gvwmK) Rjai †mb (1913)
weweav_© msMÖn (gvwmK) iv‡R›`ªjvj wgÎ (1851) weKvk ejvBPuv` gy‡Lvcva¨vq
mvßvwnK evZ©ven i½jvj e‡›`¨vcva¨vq e½xq gymjgvb mvwnZ¨ cwÎKv W. gyn¤§` knx`yjøvn
XvKv cÖKvk (mvßvwnK) K…òP›`ª gRyg`vi (1861) †gvm‡jg fviZ †gvRv‡¤§j nK [13Zg wewmGm
MÖvgevZ©v cÖKvwkKv KvOvj nwibv_ (1863) [36Zg wewmGm]
e½`k©b (gvwmK) ew¼gP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq (1872) [15Zg I 25Zg wewmGm; 12Zg †emiKvwi cÖfvlK wbeÜb: 15]
AvwRRb‡bnvi gxi gkviid †nv‡mb •`wbK †gvnv¤§`x gvIjvbv AvKig Luv
evÜe (gvwmK) KvjxcÖmbœ †Nvl (1874) K‡jøvj (gvwmK) `x‡bk iÄb `vk (1923) [27Zg
we‡bvw`bx (gvwmK) bexbP›`ª gy‡Lvcva¨vq (1875) I 37Zg wewmGm]
mÄxebx (mvßvwnK) K…òKzgvi wgÎ (1883) kwbev‡ii wPwV (mvßvwnK) †hvMvb›` `vm, mRbxKvšÍ `vm
exYv (gvwmK) ivRK…ò ivq (1887) wnZKix gxi gkviid †nv‡mb
myavKi [27Zg wewmGm] ‡kL Ave`yi iwng (1889) wgwni ‡kL Ave`yi iwng
†Kvwnbyi iIkb Avjx/ GqvKze Avjx †P․ayix [cwievi cwiKíbv Awa`ß‡ii cwievi Kj¨vY cwi`wk©Kv: 13]
a~g‡KZz KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg [GbGmAvB Rywbqi wdì Awdmvi: 19; 28Zg wewmGm;†emiKvwi K‡jR wkÿK wbeÜb: 17]
jvOj KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg [‡mvbvjx e¨vsK Awdmvi (K¨vk): 14]
‣`wbK behyM KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg [cÖavbgš¿xi Kvh©vj‡qi cv‡m©vbvj Awdmvi: 04] ‡gvRvddi Avng‡ì mv‡_ G cwÎKv m¤úv`bv K‡ib|
 evsjv fvlvq cÖ_g cwÎKv (mvgwqKcÎ) cÖKvk K‡ib- kÖxivgcy‡ii wgkbvixiv| [mnKvix kÖg cwi: 06] cwÎKvi bvg- w`M`k©b
(1818)| [28Zg wewmGm; †mvbvjx e¨vsK wj: wmwbqi Awdmvi: 14]
 evsjv fvlvq cÖKvwkZ cÖ_g msev`cÎ- mgvPvi `c©Y| [evsjv‡`k K…wl e¨vsK : 12;Dc‡Rjv wbe©vPb Awdmvi: 04] Gi m¤úv`K
wQ‡jbÑ Rb K¬vK© gvk©g¨vb| [35Zg wewmGm; cjøx we`y¨Zvqb †evW© : 17] cwÎKvwU 1818 wLª÷v‡ã cÖKvwk nq| [kÖg cwi`ß‡ii
RbmsL¨v I cwievi Kj¨vY Kg©KZ©v : 09; Dc‡Rjv wkÿv Awdmvi: 10]
 evsjv fvlvq cÖKvwkZ cÖ_g •`wbK msev`cÎ- msev` cÖfvKi| [14Zg wewmGm; 16Zg cÖfvlK wbeÜb: 19]
 ZË¡‡evwabx cwÎKv cÖ_g cÖKvwkZ nqÑ 1843 mv‡j| [17Zg wewmGm} cwÎKvwUi m¤úv`K wQ‡jbÑ AÿqKzgvi `Ë| [26Zg I
24Zg wewmGm]
 evsjv‡`k cÖKvwkZ cÖ_g msev`cÎ- iscyi evZ©ven| [cÖwZiÿv gš¿Yvj‡qi Aaxb cÖkvmwbK Kg©KZ©v: 06]
 XvKv cÖKvwkZ cÖ_g msev`cÎ- XvKv cÖKvk| [40Zg wewmGm; RvZxq msm‡` cÖkvmwbK Kg©KZ©v: 10]
 evOvwj KZ©„K cÖKvwkZ cÖ_g msev`cÎ- evOvj ‡M‡RU (M½vwK‡kvi fÆvPvh©)|
 Dcgnv‡`‡ki cÖ_g cwÎKv- †e½j †M‡RU|
 evsjv GKv‡Wwg †_‡K cÖKvwkZ cwÎKv- DËivwaKvi, †jLv, avb kvwj‡Ki †`k|
 K‡jøvj cwÎKvi cÖ_g m¤úv`‡Ki bvg wK? `x‡bkiÄb `vk| [37Zg wewmGm]
 Ôc~e©vkvÕ cwÎKvi m¤úv`K wQ‡jbÑ mÄq fÆvPvh©| [30Zg wewmGm]
 XvKv †_‡K cÖKvwkZ cwÎKvÑ µvwšÍ| [27Zg wewmGm]
 XvKv †_‡K cÖKvwkZ wmKv›`vi Avey Rvdi m¤úvw`Z cwÎKvi bvgÑ mgKvj| [24Zg wewmGm]
 evsjv GKv‡Wwg †_‡K cÖKvwkZÑ DËivwaKvi| [15Zg wewmGm; Z_¨ gš¿Yvj‡qi †Uwjwfkb cÖ‡K․kjx]
Kvwj Kjg (gvwmK) †cÖ‡g›`ª wgÎ [10g †emiKvwi evmbv †kL dRjj Kwig (1908)
cÖfvlK wbeÜb: 14] †gvnv¤§`x (mvßvwnK) gvIjvbv AvKig Luv (1908)
KweZv ey×‡è emy wkï (gvwmK) ei`vKvšÍ gRyg`vi (1912)
cÖMwZ ey×‡è emy I AwRZ `Ë m‡›`k (gvwmK) D‡c›`ªwK‡kvi ivq †P․ayix
mIMvZ (mvßvwnK) †gvnv¤§` bvwmiDÏxb meyR cÎ (mvgwqK cÎ) cÖg_ †P․ayix (1914)
(1918) [16Zg I 22Zg wewmGm]
Av½yi (wK‡kvi gvwmK) W. gynv¤§` knx`yjøvn [`y`K mn-
†gvnv¤§`x (gvwmK) gvIjvbv AvKig Luv Dccwi`k©K: 04]
wPÎ‡jLv wef~wZf~lY e‡›`¨vcva¨vq †g․PvK (wkï wK‡kvi cwÎKv) myaxiP›`ª miKvi
DËiv (gvwmK) AZzj cÖmv` †mb behyM (•`wbK) KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg
msnwZ (gvwmK) my‡ib wb‡qvMx wkÿK (gvwmK) KvRx Bg`v`yj nK
cye©vkv mÄq fÆvPvh© gvwmK b~i BmgvBj †nv‡mb wmivRx
[30Zg I 38Zg wewmGm] mvgëv`x †gvnv¤§` Iqv‡R` Avjx
PZzi½ [wewe GwW: 15] ûgvqyb Kwei/ ey×‡è emy mxgvšÍ (PÆMÖvg †_‡K cÖKvwkZ) gvneye Dj Avjg †P․ayix
mvwnZ¨ cwÎKv gyn¤§` Ave`yj nvB (1926, bvixkw³ [miKvix gva¨wgK Wv. jyrdi ingvb
cÖwZôvZv m¤úv`K) we`¨vjq: 08]
w`M`k©b (gvwmK) Rb K¬vK© gvk©g¨vb (1815) ¯^‡`k Avng` Qdv
ev½vj †M‡RU M½vwK‡kvi fÆvPvh© (1818) wkLv Aveyj û‡mb (1927)
m¤^v` †K․gy`x ivRv ivg‡gvnb ivq (1821) DËiv AZzjcÖmv` †mb
e½`~Z (mvßvwnK) bxjgwY nvj`vi (1829) cwiPq myax›`ªbv_ `Ë (1931)
[gnv wnmve wb. I wb. AwWUi: 11] †`k (mvßvwnK) m‡Z¨›`ªbv_ gRyg`vi
mgvPvi mfviv‡R›`ª †kL Avwjgyjøvn (1831) KweZv (•ÎgvwmK) ey×‡è emy (1935)
weÁvb †meax (gvwmK) AgjP›`ª Mv½yjx (1832) [evsjv‡`k e¨vsK mn. cwi: 14]
cvlÐ cxob (mvßvwnK) CkîP›`ª ¸ß (1846) RqZx (gvwmK) Ave`yj Kvwì
we‡`¨vrmvwnbx cwÎKv KvjxcÖmbœ wmsn (1853) µvwšÍ (XvKv †_‡K cÖKvwkZ) i‡Yk `vk¸ß [27Zg wewmGm]
c~wY©gv wenvixjvj PµeZ©x mvßvwnK hy‡Mi `vwe †Lv›`Kvi †gvnv¤§` Bwjqvm
inm¨ m›`f© (gvwmK) iv‡R›`ªjvj wgÎ (1861) gv‡nbI Ave`yi ikx` (cÖ_g m¤úv`K)
mvaviYx (mvßvwnK) AÿqP›`ª `Ë (1873) cÖevn (mvßvwnK) Kwe Avnmvb nvexe
ågi (gvwmK) mÄxeP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq mgKvj wmKvb`vi Avey Rvdi
fviZx (gvwmK) wØ‡R›`ªbv_ VvKzi  meyRcÎ mvgwqKcÎwU [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mn. wk: 14; weAviwUG
cÂb›` (gvwmK) B›`ªbv_ e‡›`¨vcva¨vq mnKvix cwiPvjK: 05] Ñ 1914 mv‡j cÖKvwkZ nq|
cÖPvi (gvwmK) ivLvjP›`ª e‡›`¨vcva¨vq [36Zg wewmGm] cwÎKvwUi m¤úv`bv K‡ibÑ cÖg_ †P․ayix|
•efvwlKx K…òP›`ª gRyg`vi (1886) [Kviv ZË¡veavqK : 10; evsjv‡`k e¨vsK K¨vk Awdmvi: 16; wewfbœ
mvwnZ¨ my‡ikP›`ª mgvRcwZ (1890) gš¿Yvj‡qi e¨w³MZ Kg©KZ©v: 19]
Bmjvg cÖPviK †gv: †iqvRyÏxb Avng`  gvwmK †gvnv¤§`x cwÎKvwU cÖKvwkZ nqÑ 1927 mv‡j|
[27Zg wewmGm]
mv_x (gvwmK) fzeb‡gvnb ivq (1893)
e‡›` gvZig (•`wbK) wewcbP›`ª cvj (1899)  mvßvwnK †eMg cwÎKv cÖKvwkZ nqÑ 1947 mv‡j|
[MYgva¨g BÝwUwUD‡Ui mnKvix cwiPvjK: 03]
Avhv` gvIjvbv AvKivg Luv
 Ôw_‡qUviÕ cwÎKv m¤úv`KÑ iv‡g›`y gRyg`vi| [miKvwi
wnZev`x (mvßvwnK) K…òKgj fÆvPvh© (1903) gva¨wgK we`¨vj‡qi mn. wkÿK: 08]
LvBiæjÕm cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq wkÿK wb‡qvM MvBW n‡Z †bqv [UwcK †U÷-01] English, evsjv, evsjv‡`k#260
Parts of Speech
Avgiv mK‡jB Rvwb, ev‡K¨ eëüZ cÖ‡Z¨KwU A_©‡evaK kã‡K G‡KKwU Parts of Speech e‡j|
Parts of Speech Gi Part A_© Ask Ges Speech A_© e³…Zv|
Part = Ask
Speech = e³…Zv
Parts of Speech = e³…Zvi Ask¸‡jv
myZivs Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi, ev‡Kï Parts ev Ask¸‡jv‡KB ejv nq Parts of Speech.
wb‡Pi evK¨wU jÿ¨ Kiæb—
Jim is a very good boy who lives in Feni.
Parts 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Jim is a very good boy who lives in Feni
Parts of
Speech
noun adverb adjective noun verb Preposition noun
Dc‡ii D`vniYwU †_‡K mn‡RB †evSv hvq, GKwU evK¨ ev sentence Gi A‡bK¸‡jv Part _vK‡Z cv‡i|
ev‡K¨ eëüZ GB A_©‡evaK kã¸‡jvi cÖ‡Z¨KwU‡K G‡KKwU Parts of Speech e‡j|
g‡b ivLyb : ev‡K¨ eënvi Qvov GKwU kã‡K †Kvb Parts of Speech Zv mwVKfv‡e wbiƒcY Kiv m¤¢e bq| †hgb
: Next kãwUi wewfbœ Parts of Speech G eënvi ‡`Lyb|
I shall see you next Tuesday (Adjective)

What next? (Adverb)
She was sitting next her. (Preposition) Ges
He will tell you more about it in the next. (Noun)
myZivs GKwU kã sentence G eënvi †f‡` GKvwaK Parts of Speech Gi KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i|
Parts of Speech ‡gvU 08 (AvU) cÖKvi|
ʘ Noun ʘ Adverb ʘ Preposition wb‡Pi

ʘ Pronoun ʘ Adjective ʘ Interjection evK¨wU jÿ¨
ʘ Verb ʘ Conjunction Kiæb-
Interjection Pronoun Verb Adjective Preposition Noun Noun

Great! Abeer and his friend are the only brilliant boys with highest score in class
Noun Conjunction Noun Adverb Noun Adjective Preposition
Wow! Faisal and his wife Noun = Faisal, wife, Peru Pronoun = his
are happily enjoying their Verb = are Adverb = happily
most romantic honeymoon Adjective = romantic Conjunction = and
in Peru. Preposition = in Interjection = Wow!
wb‡R wb‡R Parts of Speech Lyu‡R †ei Kivi †Póv Kiæb :

Alas! the evil teacher assigns us work daily and expects it on his desk by eight the next
morning.
Noun
e¨w³, e¯‘, ¯’vb, Dw™¢`, cÖvYx, ¸Y, NUbvi bvgmn †h †Kvb wKQzi bvgB Noun. wb‡Pi D`vniY¸‡jv jÿ¨ Kiæb
o Mehadey (e¨w³i bvg) reads a book (e¯‘i bvg)
o Runa (e¨w³i bvg) lives in Dhaka (¯’v‡bi bvg) Mehadey (e¨w³i bvg), Book (e¯‘i bvg),
o The Mango tree (Dw™¢‡ì bvg) is the national Dhaka (¯’v‡bi bvg), Mango tree (Dw™¢‡ì
tree of Bangladesh (†`‡ki bvg). bvg), Bangladesh (‡`‡ki bvg)
o Forgiveness (¸‡Yi bvg) is a great virtue. Forgiveness (¸Y) cÖf…wZ Noun.
o He was singing a song (¸‡Yi bvg).
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. Sit down and rest a while. GLv‡b ‘while’ kãwU- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (wZZvm) : 2010]
a. Noun b. Pronoun c. Adverb d. Adjective ans: a
e¨vL¨v: ‘while’ g~jZ Conjunction n‡jI, GLv‡b ‘rest’ verb Gi object wn‡m‡e eëüZ nIqvq Zv GKwU
noun-G cwiYZ n‡q‡Q|
A‡_©i gva¨‡g †Pbv hvq| ‡hgb— Hymn (e›`bv), Honey (gay)|
02. ÔGenocide’ is a- (cwievi cwiKíbv Awa`ß‡ii mnKvix cwiPvjK-2012)
K. Noun L. Adjective M. Preposition N. Adverb DËi : K
e¨vL¨v : ÔGenocide’ k‡ãi A_© ÔMYnZ¨vÕ| k‡ãi A_© Rvbvi gva¨‡g mn‡RB †evSv hvq GwU GKwU noun|
03. ‘Please’ kãwUi noun n‡”Q— [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (‡Mvjvc) : 2009]
K. Pleased L. Pleasure M. Pleasing N. Pleaseness DËi : L
e¨vL¨v : Please (verb) Gi A_©— AbyMÖn Kiv, cwiZ…ß Kiv| Pleasure A_©— Z…wß, Avivg|
04. ‘Lose’ kãwUi noun form n‡e— [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (XvKv wefvM) : 2008]
K. Lost L. Loss M. Loose N. Losing DËi : L
e¨vL¨v: ÔLose’ (verb) Gi A_©— nviv‡bv, ÿwZ nIqv| ÔLoss’ (noun) Gi A_©— ÿwZ|
05. ‘Fly’ kãwUi Noun n‡”Q— [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (BQvgwZ) : 2010]
a. Plight b. Fleet c. Flew d. Flight Ans : d
e¨vL¨v: Fly(v) A_©— ÔD‡o hvIqvÕ| kãwUi Noun n‡”Q— Flight hvi A_©— AcMgb, k~bäveb|
Suffix এর মাধ্যমম noun চেনা যায়। age, al, ance, ce, cy, dom, hood, ism, ment, mony,
ness, tion, sion, er, ry, ty, th, or ইত্যাদি suffix ঴মূ঵ লমের চলম঳ থাকম঱ ত্ামক noun বম঱।
চযমন : Goodness, childhood, employee, marriage, advice, agency, freedom, parsimony,
criticism, agreement, emotion, victory, poverty, painter, Admission, youth, actor etc.
06. Which word is noun? [Z_¨ gš¿Yvj‡qi Aaxb MY‡hvMv‡hvM Awa`ß‡ii mnKvix Z_¨ Awdmvi 2013]
K. Assure L. Assurance M. Assured N. Assuredly DËi : L
e¨vL¨v : cÖ`Ë ev‡K¨ Assurance (wbwðZ) n‡jv— Noun, Assure (wbwðZ Kiv) n‡jv— Verb,
Assured (Avk^¯Í) n‡jv— Adjective. k‡ãi †k‡l Ôance’ suffix (‡h affix ev eY©mg‚n g‚j k‡ãi c‡i
ev †k‡l hz³ nq) ‡`‡L mn‡RB †Pbv hvq †h, assurance GKwU noun.
07. What is the noun of ÔAccept’? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mn. wkÿK (K‡cvZvÿ) : 2010; cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 19]
K. Acceptably L. Acceptance M. Accepted N. Acceptable DËi : L
e¨vL¨v : word Gi †k‡l suffix (tion, ance, ness, hood) BZ¨vw` hy³ n‡q noun MwVZ nq| †hgb :
accept + ance = accetance.
08. Reproduction kãwU †Kvb ai‡bi Parts of Speech? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK 2015]
e¨vL¨v : ÔReproductionÕ k‡ãi A_© ÔcÖRbbÕ| cÖ‡kœ cÖ`Ë kãwUi †k‡l Ôtion’ suffix _vKvq mn‡RB †evSv
hvq kãwU GKwU noun Gi D`vniY|
09. ÔFrequency’ is— [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2019]
K. Noun L. Adverb M. Verb N. Adjective DËi : K
e¨vL¨v : ‘Frequency’ A_© cybtcyb msNUb hv GKwV Noun. cÖ‡kœ cÖ`Ë kãwUi †k‡l Suffix Ôcy’ ‡`‡L
mn‡RB চেনা যায় MVbMZ w`K †_‡K GwU noun।
10. ‘Rely’ kãwUi Noun n‡”Q— [‡iwR÷vW© cÖv. we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (UMi) : 11; [cÖv. we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (Lyjbv I PÆMÖvg wefvM) : 08]
K. Relement L. Rely M. Reliance N. Reliment DËi : M
e¨vL¨v : Rely GKwU verb, hvi A_© Ôwbf©i KivÕ| Gi Noun n‡jv Reliance (wbf©iZv)| cÖ`Ë kãwUi
†k‡li Suffix Ôance’ ‡`‡L mn‡RB †evSv hvq, MVbMZ w`K †_‡K GwU GKwU noun.
11. ‘Remove’ kãwUi Noun— [‡iwR÷vW© cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (‡Mvjvc) : 2011]
K. Removing L. Remove M. Removal N. Re-movement DËi: M
e¨vL¨v : ÔRemoval’ k‡ãi A_© AcmviY, Ac‡bv`b| cÖ‡kœ cÖ`Ë kãwUi mv‡_ ‘al’ suffix ‡hvM K‡i noun Kiv nq|
Remove GKwU verb hvi Noun n‡jv removal.
12. The word ÔGravity' is— [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2018]
K. An adjective L. a gerund M. a noun N. An adverb DËi : M
e¨vL¨v : Gravity' A_© n‡jv gva¨vKl©Y/ M¤¢xi Ae¯’v, MVbMZ w`K n‡ZI kãwU we‡kl¨| kãwUi †k‡l
suffix Ôty’ ‡`‡L mn‡RB †evSv hvq †h, MVbMZ w`K †_‡K GwU GKwU noun.
13. ‘True’ kãwUi Noun n‡”Q— [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (BQvgwZ) : 2010]
K. Truly L. Truthful M. Truthfulness N. Truth DËi : N
e¨vL¨v : cÖ‡kœ cÖ`Ë Ackbmg~‡ni g‡a¨ Truth, Truthfulness DfqB noun. evKx Ackb¸‡jvi gv‡S Truly-
adverb; Truthful – adjective; ‘True’ kãwUi mwVK Noun n‡”Q— Truth. Truthfulness—noun wKš‘
GB noun cÖ‡kœ cÖ`Ë ‘True’ kãwU †_‡K bv G‡m Truthful, adjective wU †_‡K G‡m‡Q| ZvB PZz_© AckbB mwVK
DËi| suffix (th, ness) ‡`‡LI kã `ywU †Pbv hvq|
14. ‘Refuse’ kãwUi Noun n‡”Q— [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (Ki‡Zvqv) : 2010]
K. Refusement L. Refuse M. Refusing N. Refusal DËi : N
e¨vL¨v : Refusal(n) A_©— A¯^xKvi, cÖZ¨vL¨vb| ‘Refuse’ verb wUi †k‡l ‘al’ suffix ‡hv‡M noun MwVZ nq|
15. ‘Brief’ kãwUi Noun wb‡Pi †KvbwU? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (‡ejx) : 2009]
K. Briefly L. Brevity M. Briefing N. Short DËi: L
e¨vL¨v : Brief k‡ãi A_©— mswÿß, hv Adjective| kãwUi mv‡_ Ôty’ suffix hy³ n‡q noun MwVZ n‡q‡Q|
Brevity k‡ãi A_©— mswÿßZv|
16. ‘Admit’ kãwUi Noun wb‡Pi †KvbwU? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (‡ejx) : 2009]
K. Admission L. Admissible M. Admittance N. Admitted DËi : K
e¨vL¨v : ÔAdmit’ verb Gi mv‡_ Ôsion’ suffix hy³ n‡q noun nq| Admission A_©— fwZ©, ¯^xK…wZ|
17. Abstract noun of the word ‘Long’ is— [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (ivRkvnx wefvM) : 2008]
K. Length L. Longer M. Lengthier N. Lengthen DËi : K
e¨vL¨v : ÔLong’ kãwUi mv‡_ suffix (th) hy³ n‡q Noun (Length) n‡q‡Q|
18. ‘Poor’ kãwUi Noun— [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (Lyjbv I PÆMÖvg wefvM) : 2008]
K. Poority L. Poorify M. Poverty N. Poorness DËi : M
e¨vL¨v : Adjective (Poor) kãwUi mv‡_ suffix (ty) hy³ n‡q Noun (Poverty) n‡q‡Q|
19. ‘Compel’ kãwUi Noun n‡”Q— [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (BQvgwZ) : 2010]
K. Compelness L. Compulsion M. Tranquil N. Compelled DËi : L
e¨vL¨v: ‘Compel’(v) kãwUi A_©—Ôeva¨ Kiv, hvi Noun n‡”Q— Compulsion. GLv‡b Suffix— sion.
20. ‘Laugh’ kãwUi noun n‡”Q— [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (K‡cvZvÿ) : 2010]
K. Laugh L. Laughing M. Laughable N. Laughter DËi : N
e¨vL¨v: Laugh— nvwm(v), nvmv, Dcnvm Kiv(n)| Laughter (nvwm) GKwU— Abstract noun Gi
D`vniY| Laughter Gi †k‡li suffix (-er) ‡`‡L mn‡RB kãwU‡K Noun wn‡m‡e †Pbv hvq|
Noun ‡Pbvi AviI wKQz Dcvq
o Noun ‡Pbvi wKQz Prefix— co, sub, auto, anti, mis etc, ‡hgb- co-founder,
subdivision, autobiography, anticlimax, misdeed etc.
o Gerund (verb + ing = Noun) ‡h‡nZz Function Gi gva¨‡gI ‡Pbv hvq|
GKB mv‡_ noun + verb Gi KvR K‡i ZvB  Verb এর subject দ঵ম঴মব বযব ত্
G‡K noun wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv nq| †hgb— ঵য়। Nahid (sub) is (v) sleeping
Please stop reading (gerund). now.
o Adjective, noun wn‡m‡e eëüZ nq hw`  Verb এর complement দ঵ম঴মব
adjective Gi Av‡M ‘The’ e‡m| †hgb— বযব ত্ ঵য়। Hasan is (v) a
professor (complement).
The poor are not always happy. ev‡K¨
 Verb এর object wn‡m‡e eëüZ
Adjective ÔPoor’ Gi c~‡e© ÔThe’ emvq
nq| I helped (v) Taqwa (object).
ÔPoor’ noun n‡q‡Q|  Preposition Gi object wn‡m‡e
o Determiners Gi ci mvaviYZ noun e‡m| eëüZ nq| I spoke to
†hgb— Some boys are coming here. (preposition) Rahima (obj.).
o wKQz wKQz phrase, noun Gi g‡Zv KvR K‡i|  Possessive case Gi c‡i eëüZ nq|
†hgb— For good, in general, in short, Kamal hates Aporna for her
at present, in black and white. talkativeness.
Noun Gi cÖKvi‡f` (Classification of Noun)
Proper Noun
Concrete A_©vr
Noun ধ্ানত্ ( ই) কার। Noun
Common Noun Noun
4 cªKvi
Abstract Noun Concrete Noun ‡gvU 5
Collective Noun cªKvi
(¸YevPK we‡kl¨) (Bw›`ªqMÖvn¨ we‡kl¨)
Material Noun
Anger (ivM)
Abstract Noun, Proper Noun, Common
D`vniY Noun, Collective Noun, Material Noun.
Bravery (mvnm)
Proper Noun
চয Noun দ্বারা চকান বযদি (person), বস্তু (thing), ধ্ারণা (idea) বা স্থামনর (place) দনদিিষ্ট নাম চবাঝায় ত্ামক Proper
Noun বম঱। চযমন : Al Mahmud, Nazrul, Thakurgaon, Quran, Newton’s Theory (দনউটমনর ত্ত্ত্ব) etc.
Ͽ ‡R‡b ivLyb : Proper Noun &Gi cÖ_g eY© ev Letter wU Capiatal Letter–G wjL‡Z nq|
†hgb I am Salam, He reads Arabian Night’s.
iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi KziAvb wµ‡KU ej Bangladesh Avgvi ‡`Lv bqvPxb bRiæj

 Nazrul is the national poet of Bangladesh. (bRiæj evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq Kwe)
 The Meghna is the deepest river of Bangladesh. (‡gNbv evsjv‡`‡ki MfxiZg b`x)
 Rangpur is the 7th administrative division of Bangladesh. (iscyi evsjv‡`‡ki mßg cÖkvmwbK wefvM)
 Today is Friday. (AvR ïµevi)
Dc‡ii D`vniY¸‡jv †_‡K mn‡RB †evSv hvq—
o Nazrul— GKRb wbw`©ó e¨w³i bvg
o Quran— GKwU wbw`©ó MÖ‡š’i bvg e¨w³, e¯‘, aviYv, ¯’v‡bi GB mywbw`©ó
o Cricket ball— GKwU wbw`©ó †Ljvi e‡ji bvg bvg¸‡jv‡K ejv nq Proper Noun.
o Thakurgaon— GKwU wbw`©ó kn‡ii bvg
o Friday— mßv‡ni GKwU wbw`©ó ev‡ii bvg
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. What type of noun the word ÔChemistryÕ is— [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2019]
K. Material L. Proper M. Common N. Abstract DËi : L
e¨vL¨v: ÔChemistryÕ (imvqbwe`¨v) kãwU GKwU mve‡R± ev wel‡qi bvg| Avi Subject Gi bvg Proper noun
wn‡m‡e MY¨ nq| Proper noun Gi cÖ_g AÿiwU Capital letter G nq|
01. G‡ì c~‡e© ‡Kvb determiner e‡m bv| Z‡e KL‡bv KL‡bv proper noun Gi mvg‡b article ewm‡q
proper noun wU‡K common noun wn‡m‡e eënvi Kiv hvq| GgbwU NU‡j ev‡Kï A‡_©i Dci
02wU †Lqvj ivL‡Z n‡e—
welq o Kazi Nazrul Islam is the Shelley of Bangladesh. (KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg n‡jb
‡R‡b evsjv‡`‡ki †kjx)
ivLyb o The Padma is a big river. (cÙv GKwU eo b`x)
GLv‡b Shelley n‡”Q Common Noun. GwU ev‡Kï ai‡bi Dci wbf©i K‡i| jÿ¨ K‡ib,
Dc‡ii D`vni‡Y Shelley ‡K Common e¨w³ aiv n‡q‡Q|
02. এমিরমক plural করা যায় না। ত্মব proper noun চক যখন plural করা ঵য় ত্খন যদি nounদট দনদিিষ্ট কাউমক না বুদঝময়,
common noun এর ন্যায় একদট ঴াধ্ারণ নাম বুঝায় ত্খন চ঴দট Common Noun ঵ময় যায়। চযমন : There are two
Nahids in this class. এখামন Nahids দ্বারা ’জন Nahid চক চবাঝামনা ঵ময়মে। ’জমনর common নাম ঵ম঱া Nahid.
চ঴জন্য Nahids ঵ম঱া একদট common noun এর উিা঵রণ।
Common Noun
cv‡ki wP‡Î jÿ¨ Kiæb,
bvwn` - 01 Nahids
‡kÖwYK‡ÿ `yBRb bvwn` Av‡Q| cÖ‡Z¨K bvwn‡ì
bvg Proper Noun Gi D`vniY| Z‡e hw`
bvwn` - 02 `yBRb‡K GKmv‡_ †evSv‡bv nq, †m‡ÿ‡Î GwU
Common Noun n‡q hvq|
Proper Noun
01. Common Noun

‡h Noun Øviv e¨w³ ev e¯‘i mv`„k¨/mvaviY bvg †evSvq Zv‡K common noun e‡j| †hgb boy, girl,
river, ocean, cricketer, man etc.
common noun ‡Pbvi mnR Dcvq
GKvwaK proper noun Gi gv‡S Kx Kx mv`„k¨ ev common Av‡Q Zv †Lqvj ivLv| †hgb Nahid,
Khairul, Abir, Faisal G¸‡jv proper noun Gi D`vniY| ‡Lqvj K‡ib, G‡ì mevB‡K GKwU
common kã Øviv man ev gvbyl ejv hvq| myZivs GLv‡b man n‡jv common noun.
Avevi aiv hvK, Nahid, Khairul, Abir, Faisal mevB wµ‡KU †L‡j| Zv‡ì GKUv common kã
cricketer Øviv wPwýZ Kiv hvq| Zvn‡j Cricketer n‡jv common noun.
Common Noun ‡Pbvi GKUv Dcvq Avgiv Lyu‡R †cjvg

ÔÔGKvwaK Proper Noun Gi g‡a¨ mv`„k¨B n‡jv Common NounÕÕ. wb‡Pi D`vniY¸‡jv ‡`Lyb
Man (gvbyl) Infant (wkï) Village (MÖvg) River (b`x) Mouth (gyL)
Dc‡ii D`vniY¸‡jv‡Z Man ej‡Z— mKj gvbyl‡KB †evSvq| Infant (wkï) ej‡Z— mKj wkï‡KB †evSvq,
Village (MÖvg) ej‡Z— mKj MÖvg‡KB †evSvq, Mouth (gyL) ej‡Z— mK‡ji gyL‡KB †evSvq|
ev‡K¨ Av‡iv common noun Gi D`vniYmg~n jÿ¨ Kiæb
 The cow is a domestic animal. (Miæ M„ncvwjZ cÖvYx)
 The elephant has great strength. (nvwZ A‡bK kw³kvjx)
 Dhaka is a big city. (XvKv GKwU eo kni)
 Farida is a good girl. (dwi`v Lye fvj †g‡q)
cow (‡h †Kvb Miæ), elephant (‡h †Kvb nvwZ), city (‡h †Kvb kni), girl (‡h †Kvb evwjKv) wbw`©ó K‡i
†Kvb wKQz‡K ‡evSvq bv| GB D`vniY¸‡jv‡Z GKvwaK proper noun Gi mv`„k¨ Lyu‡R cvIqv hvq| ZvB G¸‡jv
common noun Gi D`vniY|
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. ‡KvbwU Common Noun? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (KY©dzjx) : 2012]
K. Truth L. Bank M. Victory N. Length DËi : L
e¨vL¨v : Bank (e¨vsK) e¨vsK Øviv mKj e¨vsK †K eySvq, †Kvb wbw`©ó GKUv e¨vsK †K bq, ZvB GwU Common
Noun. ‡h we‡kl¨ Øviv G‡KB RvZxq e¯‘, cÖvYxi bvg eySvq Zv‡K common noun e‡j| Common ej‡Z
mvaviYfv‡e GK †kÖwY‡K eySvq| †hgb— Infant (wkï) wkï ej‡Z mKj wkï‡K eySv‡bv nq|
02. Which one is common noun? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK cixÿv : 2016]
K. Infant L. Salt M. Studentship N. Army DËi : K
e¨vL¨v : Infant (wkï) wkï ej‡Z mKj wkï‡K eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q| cÖ‡kœ, Salt n‡jv— material noun, Studentship
n‡jv— abstract noun, Army n‡jv— collective noun Gi D`vniY|
03. Which one is a common noun? [cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK cixÿv : 2019]
K. Salt L. Army M. Studentship N. Child DËi : N
e¨vL¨v : Salt— jeY (Material noun), Army— ‡mbvevwnbx (Collective noun), Studentship— QvÎve¯’v
(Abstract noun), Child— wkï, AcÖvß eq¯‥ (Common noun)| Child ‡Kvb wbw`©ó wkï‡K bv eywS‡q mKj
wkï‡K †evSv‡”Q)| ZvB GwU GKwU Common Noun.
04. The elephant has great strength. GLv‡b ‘elephant’ n‡”Q— [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (wkDjx) : 2009]
K. Proper noun L. Common noun
M. Collective noun N. Material noun DËi : L
e¨vL¨v: Elephant n‡”Q— Common noun Gi D`vniY| KviY GLv‡b Elephant GKwU nvwZ‡K bv eywS‡q mKj
nvwZ‡K †evSv‡”Q|
05. What kind of noun is ÔGirl’? (10g wewmGm)
K. Proper L. Common M. Collective N. Material DËi : L
e¨vL¨v : ÒGirl” (evwjKv) ‡Kvb we‡kl †g‡q‡K bv eywS‡q mvaviYfv‡e mKj ‡g‡q‡K †evSvq| myZivs GwU GKwU
Common Noun Gi D`vniY|
06. Farida is good girl GLv‡b ‘girl’ kãwU †Kvb cÖKv‡ii noun? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (wkDjx) : 2009]
07. Which one is a common noun in the following words? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (Ki‡Zvqv) : 2012]
K. Pupils L. Shamim M. Class N. Team DËi : K
e¨vL¨v : Pupils (QvÎ-QvÎxiv)— common noun. Common noun Øviv GKB RvZxq e¯‘, cÖvYxi bvg eySvq| cÖ‡kœ
cÖ`Ë Ack‡b Team, Class— Collective noun (mgwwóevPK), Shamim— Proper noun|
08. ‡KvbwU Common Noun? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2011]
K. March L. Class M. Jute N. Mouth DËi : N
e¨vL¨v : March (gvP©)— gv‡mi bvg GKwU Proper noun. Class (‡kÖwY)— Collective noun. Jute (cvU)—
GK ai‡bi e¯‘ hv Material noun. Mouth (gyL)— Common noun ev RvwZevPK we‡kl¨| myZivs cÖ`Ë
Ackbmg~‡ni g‡a¨ mwVK DËi (N)|
09. We hate the Ghoseti Begums. Here ÔGhoseti Begums’ is a _____ noun?
e¨vL¨v : GB ev‡K¨ ÒGhoseti Begums” ‡Kvb we‡kl e¨w³‡K bv eywS‡q mvaviYfv‡e Plural noun wn‡m‡e mKj
Lvivc e¨w³‡K †evSv‡”Q| myZivs GwU GKwU Common Noun.
10. Nazrul is the Shelly of Bangladesh. The underlined word used as___
M. Material noun N. Abstract noun DËi : L
e¨vL¨v : GB ev‡K¨ ÒShelly” ej‡Z †K ÒShelly” bv eywS‡q wfbœ e¨w³‡K (Shelly) ÒByron” Gi wn‡m‡e ‡`Lv‡bv
n‡q‡Q| myZivs GwU GKwU Common Noun.
11. Drive the nail (‡c‡iK) into the table. GLv‡b Nail kãwU †Kvb cÖKv‡ii Noun?
Common Noun Gi wKQz D`vniY

man (gvbyl), woman (¯¿x‡jvK), country(‡`k), city (bMix), student (wkÿv_©x), boy (evjK), girl (evwjKv),
harbor (‡cvZvkÖq), doctor (wPwKrmK), pupils (QvÎ‡ì), bank, human, waiter (‡nv‡Uj ev †i‡¯Ívivi
cwiPviK), word, child (wkï), Children (‡Q‡j‡g‡q) hand, Pirate (Rj`my¨), family, College
(gnvwe`¨vjq), student, firefighter, public, river (b`x), mouth, sailors (bvweK), Island (Øxc), Fighter
(‡hv×v), flower (dzj), player (‡L‡jvqvo), dancer, ship, robber, cow, bee, book, people, elephant,
chair, teacher, soldier BZ¨vw`|
Collective Noun
‡h Noun GKB ai‡bi e¨w³ ev e¯‘‡K c„_Kfv‡e bv eywS‡q Zv‡ì mgwó‡K †evSvq Zv‡K collective noun e‡j|
†hgb army, police, jury (wePviKgÐjx), committee (`j), gang, flock, gentry, Fleet, Herd
(Mevw`cïi cvj), Team, Audience (‡kÖvZvgÐjx), School (gv‡Qi SvuK), Cattle, Crowd (RbvKxY©),
Pack, Navy, Library, Class, Team, Parliament, Public, Covey, Gentry, Orchestra, Infantry
(c`vwZK evwnbx) etc.
‡evSvi Rb¨ wb‡Pi D`vniY¸‡jv jÿ Kiæb
gvbyl m¤úwK©Z Collective noun
A panel of speakers e³ve„›` A crew of sailors bvwe‡Ki `j
A staff of employees Kg©Pvixe„›` A team of players ‡L‡jvqv‡oi `j
A gang of thieves ‡Pv‡ii `j A gang of laborers kÖwg‡Ki `j
A band of musicians msMxZ‡Ái `j A crowd of people `k©K
A troupe of artists bvU¨`j
cï-cvwL m¤úwK©Z Collective noun
A school of fishes gv‡Qi SvuK A swarm of bees †g․gvwQi SvuK
A herd of cows Miæi cvj A colony of ants wcucovi `j
A drove of camels D‡Ui cvj A colony of penguins ‡c½yB‡bi `j
A drove of horses ‡Nvovi cvj A flock of animals/birds cï/cvwLi SvuK
A pride of lions wms‡ni `j A swarm of rats Bu`y‡ii SvuK
Ab¨vb¨ Collective Noun
A group of islands ØxccyÄ (Archipelago) A basket of fruits GK Szuwo dj
A fleet of ships †b․eni (Fleet) A bunch of keys GK †MvQv Pvwe
A stack of wood Kv‡Vi ¯Í~c A hedge of bushes †Svuc-Sv‡oi mvwi
A range of mountains ce©Zgvjv (Mountain range) A album of photographs Qwe ivLvi A¨vjevg
A galaxy of stars ZviKvivwR A sting of pearls gy³v gvjv
A bouquet of flowers dz‡ji †Zvov A cloud of dust a~wji †gN
ØxccyÄ (Archipelago) †b․eni (Fleet) ce©Zgvjv gv‡Qi SvuK GK Szwo dj
Dc‡ii D`vniYmg~n †_‡K collective noun GKUv msÁv †`qv hvq, ÔmgRvZxq wKQz e¨w³ ev wel‡qi mgwó‡K
GKwU bv‡g †evSv‡jB Zv‡K collective noun e‡jÕ| ev‡K¨ eënvimg~n jÿ¨ K‡ib—
01. The committee has taken its decision (KwgwUwU Zvi wm×všÍ wb‡q‡Q)
02. The committee are divided on one decision. (KwgwU GKwU wm×v‡šÍi e¨vcv‡i wef³)
03. The jury has reached a decision. (Rywi‡evW© GKwU wm×v‡šÍ †c․u‡Q‡Q)
04. The jury are divided in their opinions (Rywi‡ev‡W©i m`mïv Zv‡ì gšÍ‡e¨ wef³ n‡q‡Q)
`ywU welq jÿ¨ K‡ib
 committee, jury mgRvZxq wKQz e¨w³i mgš^‡q MwVZ n‡q‡Q| myZivs GB kã¸‡jv collective noun
Gi D`vniY|
 committee, jury Gi m`mïv hLb wm×všÍ MÖn‡Y HKg‡Z¨ †c․‡Q‡Q, ZLb singular verb eëüZ
n‡q‡Q| hLb wm×všÍ MÖn‡Y HKgZ¨ nqwb, ZLb plural verb eëüZ n‡q‡Q|
 Collective noun ev‡Kï subject n‡j Ges member- iv GK‡Î KvR Ki‡j verb = Singular nq|
 Collective noun ev‡Kï subject n‡j Ges member- iv Avjv`vfv‡e KvR Ki‡j verb = Plural nq|
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. ‘The police dispersed the crowd’ ev‡K¨ ‘crowd’ kãwU †Kvb cÖKv‡ii noun? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK
(gyw³‡hv×v/knx` gyw³‡hv×vi mšÍvb) : 2010]
K. Common L. Collective M. Material N. Abstract DËi : L
 e¨vL¨v: ‘crowd’ k‡ãi A_© n‡jv ÕRbZv ev wfoÕ| GLv‡b, ‘crowd’ kãwU Øviv A‡bK †jv‡Ki mgwó‡K eywS‡q‡Q|
†h noun Øviv †Kv‡bv e¨w³ ev e¯‘ BZ¨vwì Awef³ mgwó‡K †evSvq Zv‡K Collective noun e‡j|
02. ‡KvbwU collective noun? (cwievi cwiKíbv Awa`ß‡ii Awdm mnvqK- 2015)
K. Book L. Girl M. Cattle N. Soldiers DËi : M
 e¨vL¨v : Book, Girl, Soldiers G¸‡jv common noun Gi D`vniY| ÔCattle’ n‡jv Collective noun.
03. Shahed did not join the army’ ev‡K¨ Ôarmy’ kãwU †Kvb cÖKv‡ii noun? (8g cÖfvlK wbeÜb cixÿv- 2012)
K. Common noun L. Collective noun
 e¨vL¨v : evK¨wUi A_© Òkv‡n` †mbvevwnbx‡Z †hvM`vb K‡iwbÓ| GLv‡b ÔArmyÕ kãwUi A_© ‡mbvevwnbx hv GKB
ai‡bi ev mg‡MvÎxq A‡bK e¨w³i mgwó‡K †evSvq| myZivs GwU GKwU Collective noun Gi D`vniY|
04. The jury found the prisoner guilty. GLv‡b ‘jury’ ‡Kvb cÖKv‡ii Noun? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK
(wZZvm) : 2010]
K. Proper L. Common M. Collective N. Abstract DËi : M
 e¨vL¨v: ‘Jury’ k‡ãi A_© n‡jv- wePviK‡ì mgš^‡q MwVZ †evW©| GLv‡b mgwóMZfv‡e weÁ e¨w³‡ì †evSv‡”Q, G
Kvi‡Y GwU GKwU Collective Noun.
05. The jury were divided in their opinion. ev‡K¨ `vM †`qv AskwU †Kvb noun? (cÖv. we`¨v. mn. wk-1993)
K. Collective L. Proper M. Common N. Abstract DËi : K
 e¨vL¨v : evK¨wUi A_© ÒRywi‡ev‡W©i m`mïv Zv‡ì gšÍ‡e¨ wef³ n‡qwQjÓ| Rywi‡evW© MwVZ nq mg‡MvÎxq m`m¨ wb‡q|
myZivs GwU GKwU Collective noun Gi D`vniY|
06. ÔAli saw a flock of sheep Õ ev‡K¨ ÔflockÕ kãwU †Kvb cÖKv‡ii noun? [cÖvK cÖv. mn. wkÿK-2013]
 e¨vL¨v : evK¨wUi A_© ÒAvjx GKwU †fovi cvj †`‡LwQjÕ GLv‡b ÔflockÕ kãwUi A_© `j (cï nIqvq ÔcvjÕ eëüZ
nq) hv mg‡MvÎxq GKvwaK m`m¨ wb‡q| myZivs GwU GKwU Collective noun Gi D`vniY|
07. ÔThe audience remains seated during intermission’.-Ô audience’ †Kvb cÖKv‡ii noun?
K. Material L. Proper M. Common N. Collective DËi : N
 e¨vL¨v : ÔaudienceÕ k‡ãi A_© `k©K hv A‡bK mgRvZxq e¨w³i mgš^‡q MwVZ nq, ZvB GwU GKwU Collective
noun Gi D`vniY|
08. Which one is collective noun? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (Ki‡Zvqv) : 2012]
K. Truth L. Harbour M. Bank N. Committee DËi : N
 e¨vL¨v : ‡h noun Øviv mgRvZxq/ Homogenous e¨w³, e¯‘ Ges cÖvYxi mgwó eySvq Zv‡K Collective noun
e‡j| cÖ‡kœ DwjøwLZ Committee A‡bK m`‡mï mgwó| Ab¨vb¨ Ackbmg~‡ni g‡a¨ Truth— Abstract noun,
Harbor I Bank— Common noun|
09. †KvbwU Collective Noun? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2019]
K. Library L. Mouth M. Boy N. Books DËi : K
 e¨vL¨v : Library— A‡bK¸‡jv eB wb‡q GKwU Library Mov nq, ZvB GwU Collective noun. Mouth, Boy,
Books cÖf…wZ Common noun Gi D`vniY|
10. Kamal did not join the army. Here the word ÔArmy’ is— [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2019
K. a collective noun L. a material noun
M. an abstract noun N. a common noun DËi : K
11. ‡KvbwU Collective Noun? [‡iwR÷vW© cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (kvcjv) : 2011]
K. Girl L. Books M. Library N. Soldiers DËi : M
 e¨vL¨v : Option (K) ‡Z Girl kãwU— Common noun, Ackb (L) ‡Z cÖ`Ë ‘Books’— Common
noun, Ackb (M) ‡Z cÖ`Ë ‘Library’ kãwU— Collective noun, Ackb (N) ‡Z cÖ`Ë ‘Soldier’ kãwU—
Common noun.
12. ‡KvbwU Collective Noun? [‡iwR÷vW© cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (wkDwj) : 2012]
K. Bashar L. Class M. Youth N. Island DËi : L
 e¨vL¨v : cÖ‡kœ cÖ`Ë Ackbmg~‡ni g‡a¨ Bashar (e¨w³i bvg)— Proper noun, Class (‡kÖwY)— Collective
noun, Youth (ZviæY¨)— Abstract noun.
13. ‡KvbwU Collective Noun? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (XvKv wefvM) : 2006]
K. Colaboration L. Colaboretion M. Collaboration N. Collaboretion DËi : M
 e¨vL¨v : Collaboration— mn‡hvwMZv| cÖ‡kœ cÖ`Ë Ab¨vb¨ Ackbmg~‡ni evbvb fzj i‡q‡Q|
14. The ...... of the Camel was found lying by the side of the canal. [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mn. wkÿK cixÿv : 2016]
K. Carcass L. Corps M. Corpees d. Corpse DËi : K
 e¨vL¨v : Carcass—cïi g„Z‡`n| Corps—‣mb¨`j, Corpse—g„Z‡`n/ke/gov| myZivs Carcass eënvi
GLv‡b mwVK I A_©en|
Material Noun
 †Kvb e¯‘ †h wRwbm Øviv MwVZ nq Zv‡K A_©vr e¯‘i Dcv`vbwU‡KB material noun e‡j|
 ‡h noun Øviv †Kvb e¯‘i bvg eySvq, wKš‘ MYbv Kiv hvq bv (KZ¸‡jv Øviv cÖkœ Ki‡j DËi cvIqv hvq bv), ïay
cwigvc (wK cwigvY Øviv cÖkœ Ki‡j DËi cvIqv hvq) Kiv hvq Zv‡K material noun e‡j|
 GKwU ¯^‡Y©i nvi evbv‡bvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb Gold (‡mvbv)| myZivs †mvbv (Gold) GKwU material noun Gi
D`vniY|
Gold (‡mvbv) Rice (fvZ) Water (cvwb) Suger (wPwb) Oil (‡Zj)
‡mvbv GKwU e¯‘i bvg, hv MYbv Kiv hvq bv, Z‡e cwigvc Kiv hvq| hw` ejv nq, KZ¸‡jv (msL¨v) †mvbv
Zvn‡j ‡Kvb DËi cvIqv hvq bv (1wU †mvbv ejv hvq bv)| jÿ¨ K‡ib, Kx cwigvY Øviv cÖkœ Ki‡j DËi cvIqv
hvq (1 cvDÛ †mvbv)| myZivs GwU GKwU material noun Gi D`vniY|
Abyiƒcfv‡e, Kx cwigvY Øviv cÖkœ Ki‡j DËi n‡Z cv‡i : 1 †KwR Pvj, 1 wjUvi cvwb, 1 ‡KwR wPwb| Avgiv wKš‘
ewj bv, 10wU fvZ, 20wU cvwb, 30wU wPwb|
Zvn‡j, †evSv †Mj, material noun ‡K cwigvc Kiv hvq, wKš‘ MYbv Kiv hvq bv|
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. The ring is made of gold. ev‡K¨ Ôgold’ kãwU †Kvb cÖKv‡ii noun? (cÖv_wgK we`¨vj‡qi mnKvix wkÿK-2005)
M. Material noun N. Abstract noun DËi : M
 e¨vL¨v : eY©bvi cÖ_g kZ©wU jÿ¨ Kiæb Ô†Kvb e¯‘ †h wRwbm Øviv MwVZ nq Zv‡K A_v©r e¯‘i Dcv`vbwU‡KB
material noun e‡jÕ| evK¨wU‡Z ejv n‡q‡Q Ring ‣Zwi Kiv nq Gold w`‡q| myZivs Gold GKwU Material
noun Gi D`vniY|
02. Diamond is a precious metal. Which type of noun Ôdiamond’ belongs to-
K. Material noun L. Common noun
M. Collective noun N. Abstract noun DËi : K
 e¨vL¨v : ÔDiamond’ GKwU e¯‘i bvg, MYbv Kiv hvq bv, Z‡e cwigvc Kiv hvq| ZvB GwU Ômaterial noun’.
03. Iron is a useful metal GLv‡b ‘Iron’ kãwU †Kvb cÖKv‡ii noun? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (Lyjbv wefvM) : 07]
K. Collective L. Common M. Material N. Abstract DËi : M
 e¨vL¨v : ÔIron’ GKwU e¯‘i bvg, MYbv Kiv hvq bv, Z‡e cwigvc Kiv hvq| ZvB GwU Ômaterial noun’.
04. ‡KvbwU Material Noun? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (XvKv wefvM) : 2006; ‡iwR÷vW© cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK
(wkDwj) : 2012]
K. Ring L. River M. Book N. Paper DËi : N
 e¨vL¨v : River, Book cÖf…wZ— Common noun. Paper n‡jv e¯‘i bvg— Material Noun.
05. This necklace is made of gold ev‡K¨ ‘Gold’ kãwU †Kvb cÖKv‡ii Noun? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK
(ivRkvnx wefvM) : 2005]
K. Proper Noun L. Common Noun
M. Collective Noun N. Material Noun DËi : N
06. Rafan prefers coffee to tea. ev‡K¨ Ôcoffee’ kãwU †Kvb cÖKv‡ii noun?
AviI wKQz D`vniY jÿ¨ Kiæb

Silver (iƒcv), iron (‡jvnv), cotton (Zyjv), diamond (nxiv), milk (`ya), paint (is), rubber
(ievi), paper (KvMR), steel (B¯úvZ), wood (KvV), sand (evwj), mutton (QvMj/‡fovi gvsm),
sugar (wPwb), oil (‡Zj) etc.
Abstract Noun
‡h noun ¯úk© Kiv hvq bv, †Kej Abyfe Kiv hvq (‡Kvb Ae¯‘MZ aviYv A_v©r †Kvb e¨w³ ev e¯‘i ‡`vl, ¸Y
†evSvq) Zv‡K abstract noun e‡j| †hgb : Honesty, goodness, love, kindness, beauty, fraility,
youth etc.
 ‡`vl, ¸Y, Ae¯’vi bvg †evSvq|

Abstract Noun
 ‡Pv‡L †`Lv hvq bv|
‡Pbvi Dcvq
 Abyf~wZi mvn‡h¨ Dcjwä Ki‡Z nq|
wb‡Pi D`vniY¸‡jvi gv‡S Dc‡ii •ewkó¨ LyuRyb—

Kindness (D`viZv) Honesty (mZZv) Ability (mvg_©¨) Arrangement (Av‡qvRb)
Attitude (AvPiY) Boyhood (evj¨Kvj) Childhood (‣kkeKvj) Bravery (exiZ¡/mvnwmKZv)
Forgiveness (ÿgv) Esteem (kÖ×v) Depth (MfxiZv) Chairmanship (mfvcwZZ¡)
Goodwill (mybvg) Happiness (myL) Height (D”PZv) Hope (Avkv)
Integrity (mZZv) Joy (Avb›`) Length (‣`N©¨) Knowledge (Ávb)
Love (fvjevmv) Memory (m¥„wZ) Nature (¯^fve) Obligation (evaëvaKZv)
Obscurity (`y‡e©va¨Zv) Proficiency (`ÿZv) Purpose (D‡Ïk¨) Quality (¸Y)
Result (djvdj) Service (‡mev) Scholarship (e„wË) Requirement (cÖ‡qvRb)
Strength (kw³) Victory (Rq) Fatherhood Urgency (AZ¨vek¨KZv)
Youth (ZviæY¨) Zenith (P~ov) Zest (iƒwP) Truth (mZ¨Zv, wbfy©jZv)
Saddness (welYœZv, †kvK) Agency Bankruptcy Understanding (‡evakw³)
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. Honesty is the best policy. (gva¨wgK I D”Pwkÿv Awa`ß‡ii D”Pgvb mnKvix – 2013)
K. Proper L. Common M. Abstract N. Collective DËi: M
e¨vL¨v : Honesty k‡ãi A_© mZZv| hv †Pv‡L †`Lv hvq bv, e¨w³i ¸Y‡K †evSvq Ges Abyf~wZi mvnv‡h¨ Dcjwä Kiv
hvq| myZivs ÔhonestyÕ GKwU Abstract noun.
02. ÔBeauty is truth’ Here Ôbeauty’ is _____noun. (9g wkÿK wbeÜb 14)
K. Common L. Proper M. Abstract N. Collective DËi : M
e¨vL¨v : Beauty k‡ãi A_© ‡m․›`h© hv †Pv‡L †`Lv hvq bv, e¨w³/e¯‘i Ae¯’v‡K †evSvq Ges Abyf~wZi mvnv‡h¨ Dcjwä
Kiv hvq| myZivs ÔBeautyÕ GKwU Abstract noun Gi D`vniY|
03. ÔSlaveÕ kãwUi Abstract Form n‡e [cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK (myigv) 11]
K. Slaverhood L. Slavery M. Slavership N. Slaverness DËi : L
e¨vL¨v : Slave (µxZ`vm) kãwU GKwU Common noun. kãwUi mv‡_ suffix (-ry) hy³ n‡q Slavery kãwU MwVZ
n‡q‡Q hvi A_© Ô`vmZ¡Õ| hv †Pv‡L †`Lv hvq bv, e¨w³i Ae¯’v‡K †evSvq Ges Abyf~wZi mvnv‡h¨ Dcjwä Kiv hvq|
Slaverhood, Slavership, Slaverness cÖf…wZ kã Awfav‡b †bB|
04. ÔThe soldier were rewarded for the bravery’. GLv‡b Ôbravery’ kãwU [mnKvix Dc-cwi`k©K (`ybx©wZ `gb
Kwgkb) 2004]
e¨vL¨v : ÔBravery’ k‡ãi A_© ÔmvnmÕ hv †Pv‡L †`Lv hvq bv, e¨w³i Ae¯’v‡K †evSvq Ges Abyf~wZi mvnv‡h¨ Dcjwä
Kiv hvq| myZivs ÔBraveryÕ GKwU Abstract noun Gi D`vniY|
05. ‡KvbwU Abstract Noun? [‡iwR÷vW© cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (kvcjv) : 2011]
K. Man L. Height M. Jury N. Long DËi : L
e¨vL¨v : Man (gvbyl)— Common noun, Jury (wePviKgÐjx)— Collective noun, Long— adjective|
Height (D”PZv)— Abstract Noun. mwVK DËi (L)|
06. ‡KvbwU Abstract Noun? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (KY©dzjx) : 2012]
K. Elephant L. Harbour M. Strength N. Dhaka DËi : M
e¨vL¨v : hv aiv hvq bv, †Qvuqv hvq bv, †`Lv hvq bv, evwn¨K Aw¯ÍZ¡ bvB wKš‘ Kíbvi Øviv Abyfe Kiv hvq Zv‡K
Abstract noun e‡j| cÖ`Ë Ackbmg~‡ni g‡a¨ Elephant— Common noun, Dhaka— Proper noun Ges
Strengh— Abstract noun. Harbour— Common noun.
07. ‡KvbwU Abstract Noun? [‡iwR÷vW© cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (nvmbv‡nbv) : 2011]
K. Manhood L. Friend M. Fleet N. Anwar DËi : K
e¨vL¨v: ‡h noun Øviv Ae¯’v ev ¸Y †evSvq Zv Abstract Noun; Options ¸‡jvi gv‡S (K) Manhood Øviv
Ae¯’v/¸Y †evSvq e‡j GwU Abstract Noun. myZivs mwVK DËi (K)| Ab¨vb¨ Ackbmg~‡ni g‡a¨ Fleet—
Collective noun, Anwar— Proper noun, Friend— Common Noun.
08. What type of noun the word ÔInfancyÕ [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2018]
K. Common L. Abstract M. Material N. Collective DËi : L
e¨vL¨v : ÔInfancyÕ n‡”Q Abstract noun| Abstract noun n‡”Q hv aiv hvq bv, †Qvuqv hvq bv, †`Lv hvq bv, evwn¨K
Aw¯ÍZ¡ bvB wKš‘ Kíbvi Øviv Abyfe Kiv hvq Zv‡K Abstract noun e‡j| †hgb-Honesty.
09. ‘Broad’ kãwUi Abstract form n‡e- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (wZZvm) : 2010]
K. Breadth L. Broadness M. Broader N. Broadship DËi : L
e¨vL¨v: ‘Broad’ kãwUi ‡k‡l ‘ness’ suffix ‡hvM K‡i Abstract noun Kiv nq|
10. ‘Truth must prevail in the long run’ ev‡K¨ ‘truth’ kãwU †Kvb cÖKv‡ii noun? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq
mnKvix wkÿK (gyw³‡hv×v/knx` gyw³‡hv×vi mšÍvb) : 2010]
M. Material noun N. Abstract noun DËi : N
e¨vL¨v : Truth k‡ãi A_© n‡jv ÔmZ¨Õ Ges GB ÕmZ¨Õ-‡K †`Lv hvq bv, aiv hvq bv, ‡Quvqv hvq bv ïay Kíbv
Kiv ev Dcjwä Kiv hvq| G Kvi‡Y ‘Truth’ GKwU Abstract noun.
10. Wisdom is better than strength GLv‡b ‘strength’ kãwU— [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (wkDjx) : 2009]
M. Collective noun N. Abstract noun DËi: N
11. wb‡Pi †KvbwU Abstract noun- Gi D`vniY? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (Rev) : 2009]
K. Child L. Boy M. Family N. Childhood DËi : N
e¨vL¨v : Childhood k‡ãi A_©— ‣kke hv aiv, †Qvuqv hvq bv Z‡e Abyfe Kiv hvq|
12. Honesty is the best policy. GLv‡b ‘honesty’ n‡”Q- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (kvcjv) : 2009]
M. Collective Noun N. Abstract Noun DËi : N
13. ‡KvbwU abstract noun? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (ewikvj wefvM) : 2006]
K. long L. height M. man N. jury DËi: L
17. ‘Forgiveness’ is a great virtue. ev‡K¨ Forgiveness kãwU †Kvb cÖKv‡ii Noun? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix
wkÿK (XvKv wefvM) : 2005]
K. Proper noun L. Common Noun
M. Abstract Noun N. Collective Noun DËi : M
 Abstract noun ev‡Kï Subject n‡j Verb singular nq| †hgb- Honesty is the
‡R‡b best policy.
ivLyb  Abstract noun Gi Pronoun ÔIt’ nq| †hgb- Success means achieving
something. It applies to a lucky person.
Verb ‡_‡K Abstract Noun

Verb Abstract noun Verb Abstract noun
Advise (Dc‡`k ‡Ìqv) Advice (Dc‡`k) Act Action (Kg©)
Choose (cQ›` Kiv) Choice (cQ›`) Depart (cÖ¯’vb Kiv) Departure (Mgb)
Die (gviv hvIqv) Death (g„Zz¨) Hate (N„Yv Kiv) Hatred (N„Yv)
Know (Rvbv) Knowledge (Ávb) Persevere (D`¨g Kiv) Perseveranc (Aaëmq)
Seize (ev‡Rqvß Kiv) Seizure (ev‡RqvßKiY) Behave (AvPiY Kiv) Behaviour (AvPiY)
Laugh (nvmv) Laughter (nvwm) Think (fvev) Thought (fvebv)
Lose (nviv‡bv) Loss (ÿwZ) Obey (gvb¨ Kiv) Obeyance (AvbyMZ¨)
cÖkœ mgvavb
15. Abstract noun of the word ‘Obey’ is – . [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (XvKv I ewikvj wefvM) : 2008]
K. Obedient L. Obediently M. Obedience N. None DËi : M
02. Which is the noun form of the word ‘laugh’? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (ivRkvnx wefvM) : 2008]
K. Laughing L. Laughed M. Laughter N. Laughable DËi: M
Adjective ‡_‡K Abstract Noun

Adjective Abstract Noun Adjective Abstract Noun
Able (mÿg) Ability (mvg_©¨) Angry (µzä) Anger (‡µva)
Beautiful (my›ì) Beauty (‡m․›`h©) Deep (Mfxi) Depth (MfxiZv)
Hot (Mig) Heat (DËvc, Zvc) Long (`xN©) Length (‣`N©¨)
Poor (Mixe) Poverty (`vwi`ª¨) Free (webvg~‡j¨) Freedom (¯^vaxbZv)
Healthy (¯^v¯’¨Ki) Health (¯^v¯’¨) Kind (`qvjy) Kindness (`qv)
Strong (kw³kvjx) Strength (kw³) Ill (Amy¯’) Illness (Amy¯’Zv)
cÖkœ mgvavb
Common Noun ‡_‡K Abstract Noun

Common Noun Abstract Noun Common Noun Abstract Noun
Agent (cÖwZwbwa) Agency (cÖwZwbwaZ¡) Bond (eÜb) Bondage (`vmZ¡eÜb)
Bankrupt (‡`Dwjqv) Bankruptcy (‡`Dwjqvcbv) Boy (evjK) Boyhood (evj¨Kvj)
Coward (Kvcyiæl) Cowardice (KvcyiælZv) Friend (eÜz) Friendship (eÜzZ¡)
Infant (wkï) Infancy (‣kke) Thief (‡Pvi) Theft (Pzwi)
Mother (gv) Motherhood (gvZ…Z¡) Member (m`m¨) Membership (m`m¨Zv)
Patriot (‡`k‡cÖwgK) Patriotism (¯^‡`k‡cÖg) Neighbor Neighborhood
Hero (exi) Heroism (exiZ¡) (cÖwZ‡ekx) (‣bKU¨, DcKÉ)
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. ÔKing’ Gi Absract Form n‡”Q – (cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK – 10)
K. Kingship L. King M. Kinghood N. Kingly DËi: K
e¨vL¨v : ÔKing’ kãwU GKwU Common noun Gi D`vniY| kãwUi mv‡_ suffix ( ship) hy³ n‡q
Kingship kãwU MwVZ n‡q‡Q hvi A_© ivRc` hv †Pv‡L †`Lv hvq bv, e¨w³i Ae¯’v‡K †evSvq Ges
Abyf~wZi mvnv‡h¨ Dcjwä Kiv hvq|
Abstract noun ‡_‡K Common noun

 The + abstract noun + of …….. GB MV‡b Abstract noun wU Common
noun nq| †hgb— The kindness of you makes me joyful. GLv‡b
‡R‡b Ôkindness’ Common noun Gi D`vniY|
ivLyb Common noun ‡_‡K Abstract noun
 The + common noun + in …….. GB MV‡b Common noun wU Abstract
noun nq| †hgb— The father in him impressed me very much. GLv‡b ÔThe
father in him’ (wcZ…Z¡) Øviv ¸Yvejx †evSv‡”Q hv Abstract noun Gi D`vniY|
Compound Noun
Bs‡iwR fvlvq GKwU noun Gi mv‡_ Av‡iKwU noun Gi mgš^q A_ev adjective Gi mv‡_ noun Gi mgš^q
A_ev gerund Gi mv‡_ noun Gi mgš^‡q †h †h․Mc` •Zwi nq ZvB compound noun. ‡hgb—
Noun + Noun— Bedroom, water tank, motorcycle, printer cartridge.
Adjective + Noun— Software, green house, redhead, hotplate, Sweetheart.
Gerund + Noun— Washing machine, driving license, Closing time, running shoes.
Adjective + Verb— Dry-cleaning, public speaking.
Noun + Gerund— Sightseeing, taxi-driving. Noun + Verb— Rainfall, train-spotting.
Adverb + Noun— Onlooker, bystander. Adverb + Verb— Output, overthrow, input
Verb + Noun— Bathroom, playboy, search engine, postman, rest house, call girl.
Verb + Adverb— Lookout, drawback, take-off. Noun + Adverb— Hanger on, Passer by.
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. Which one is a compound noun? (10g ‡emiKvwi cÖfvlK wbeÜb 2014)
K. Hair-brush L. Holiday M. Entertainment N. Comprehension DËi: K
e¨vL¨v : Hair-brush—Noun (Hair) + noun (brush).
Countable & Uncountable Noun

MYbvi wfwË‡Z noun ‡K `yB fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v— Countable noun & Uncountable noun.
Countable noun
‡h noun ¸‡jv‡K MYbv Kiv hvq, †m¸‡jv‡K ejv nq Countable noun. h_v— Pencil, Chair, Cow etc.
Countable noun Ôsingular’ Ges Ôplural’ DfqB n‡Z cv‡i|
Uncountable noun
‡h noun ¸‡jv‡K MYbv Kiv hvq bv, †mme noun ‡K ejv nq Uncountable noun| Uncountable noun
mg~n me©`vB Singular wn‡m‡e eëüZ nq| wKQz Uncountable noun Gi D`vniY|
Accomodation Advice (Dc‡`k) Courage (mvnm) Decision (wm×všÍ)
Equipment (DcKiY) Information (Z_¨) Leisure (Aemi) Knowledge (Ávb)
Money (UvKv) Music (Mvb) News (Lei) Patience (‣ah©)
Permission (AbygwZ) Scenery (`„k¨) Soap (mvevb) Bravery (mvnm)
Determiners
চয ঴ক঱ লে noun/pronoun এর দনদিিষ্টত্া, অদনদিিষ্টত্া, ঴ংখযা বা পদরমাণ দনমিিল কমর ত্ামিরমক Determiner
e‡j| h_v : a, an, many, much, few, little BZ¨vw`|
Types of Determiners
e¯‘evPK msL¨v ev cwigvYevPK
Determiners Determiners
e¯‘evPK Determiners : †hme determiners e¯‘‡K e¯‘evPK wn‡m‡e determine Ki‡Z mnvqZv K‡i
Zv‡ì‡K e¯‘evPK determiners e‡j| h_v—
Articles A, An, The
Demonstrative This, These, That, Those
Possessives My, Your, His, Her, Its, Our, Your, Their, One’s, Whose
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. ____ amazing song haunted me for a long time. (35Zg wewmGm)
K. These L. Those M. Thus N. That DËi : N
msL¨v/cwigvYevPK Determiners : msL¨v ev cwigvY wb‡`©k K‡i Ggb me Determiners hv‡ì‡K

quantifier ejv nq| h_v—
Some, Any, No All, Both, Half
Each, Every, Either, Neither One, Two, Three, Four., Other
What, Whatever, Which, Whichever
Countable/Uncountable determiners
wKQz wKQz Determiner Av‡Q †h¸‡jv
Ab¨w`‡K uncountable determiner
Countable. Giv countable noun Gi mv‡_
eëüZ nq| ‡hgb : Either, Many, Few, A,
mg~n uncountable noun Gi mv‡_|
An, Several, Neither, Each, Every etc. †hgb : Much, little, less, least etc.
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. Which word is the determiner in the sentence ÔÔWill it take much time?’’ (35Zg wewmGm)
K. will L. take M. much N. time DËi : M
e¨vL¨v : চয ঴ক঱ লে noun/pronoun এর দনদিিষ্টত্া, অদনদিিষ্টত্া, ঴ংখযা বা পদরমাণ দনমিিল কমর ত্ামিরমক Determiner
e‡j| GLv‡b Ômuch’ kãwU Øviv mg‡qi cwigvY †evSv‡bv n‡”Q| ZvB GwU GKwU Determiner.
o wKQz wKQz determiner Av‡Q †h¸‡jv countable Ges uncountable Dfq cÖKvi noun Gi mv‡_
em‡Z cv‡i| †hgb : Some, a lot of, number.
wKQz ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wbqg

Many, Much, A lot of, Lot’s of
Much kãwU uncountable noun Gi c~‡e© e‡m Avi n¨vu †evaK ev‡K¨ A lot of, plenty of eëüZ
Ges many kãwU Countable Noun Gi c~‡e© nq | wKš‘ Lots of ïay countable plural noun
e‡m| Giv mvaviYZ bv †evaK Ges cÖkœ‡evaK ev‡K¨ Gi c~‡e© eëüZ nq| h_v—
eëüZ nq|
 I don’t have much spare time in these three days.

 There are a lot of dangerous drivers.
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. There are _________ dangerous drivers. [24Zg wewmGm, ms¯’vcb gš¿Yvj‡qi cÖkvmwbK Kg©KZ©v : 07]
K. a very lof of L. a lot of
M. very much of N. very many of DËi : L
Few, A few, The few
 Few gv‡b Aí msL¨K, †bB ej‡jB P‡j| GUv †bwZevPK A_© cÖ`vb K‡i| h_v He has few friends
in Chicago. (Zvui wkKv‡Mv‡Z Aí msL¨K eÜz Av‡Q)| Few A‡_© A‡bK mgq Very Few eënvi Kiv
nq|
 A few wKQz msL¨K | h_v I have a few friends in Bangladesh. (evsjv‡`‡k Avgvi K‡qKRb eÜz
Av‡Q)| Ges
 The few A_© Aí †h KRb/KwU Av‡Q Zvi me¸‡jv/mevB|
Giv mvaviYZ countable noun Gi c~‡e© e‡m| Zv Avgiv D`vniYmg~n †`‡L B‡Zvg‡a¨B ey‡SwQ|
cÖkœ mgvavb
02. Which of the following is the correct meaning of Ôa few’? [mve-‡iwR÷ªvi 92]
K. Not many, hardly any L. Not many, but all there are
M. Some N. Not much DËi : M
e¨vL¨v : A few A_© wKQz msL¨K ev Some.
03. Zvi †Kvb eÜz †bB ej‡jB P‡j| [6ô cÖfvlK wbeÜb 10, 11Zg wkÿK wbeÜb (2) 14]
K. He has a few friends. L. He has no friends.
M. He has few friends. N. He has the few friends. DËi : M
e¨vL¨v : Few gv‡b Aí msL¨K, †bB ej‡jB P‡j| A few wKQz msL¨K Ges The few A_© Aí †h KRb/KwU Av‡Q
Zvi me¸‡jv/mevB| mwVK DËi (M)|
Little, A little, The little

 Little A_© Lye mvgvb¨, †bB ej‡jB P‡j| kãwU †bwZevPK A_© cÖ`vb K‡i| h_v— There is a little of
hope of recovery. (Zvi AviM¨jv‡fi Avkv †bB ej‡jB P‡j)| Little A‡_© Very little eënvi Kiv nq|
 A little A_© mvgvb¨ cwigvY| I still have a little money. (Avgvi GLbI wKQz UvKv Av‡Q)— 38Zg wewmGm
 The little ej‡Z mvgvb¨ †hUzKz Av‡Q Zvi meUzKz| †hgb : We should use the little time we have at
our disposal to settle the dispute.
Giv mvaviYZ uncountable noun Gi c~‡e© e‡m, Zv Avgiv D`vniYmg~n †_‡K mn‡RB eyS‡Z cvwi|
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. A lot of food was prepared, but hardly any of it was eaten. (Avbmvi I wfwWwc Awa`ß‡ii mv‡K©j
A¨vWRy‡W›U 15)
K. little L. a little M. few N. a few DËi : K
02. ___ milk he gave me has been split. Choose the correct option.
K. Few L. A few M. A little N. The little DËi : N
03. There is – milk in the glass? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2019]
K. a big amount L. much M. small N. a little DËi: N
e¨vL¨v : GLv‡b uncountable noun (milk) Gi †ÿ‡Î determiner ‘a little’ nq|
04. Give me ______ milk. [wewfbœ gš¿Yvj‡qi mnKvix †cÖvMÖvgvi : 2017]
K. the little L. little M. a little N. a few DËi : M
e¨vL¨v : ÔThe little’eënvi nq mvgvb¨ †hUzKz Av‡Q Zvi meUzKz †evSv‡Z| ÔLittle’ eëüZ nq ÔLye mvgvb¨Õ
(A_©vr †bB ej‡jB P‡j A‡_©) Ges Ôa little’ eëüZ nq mvgvb¨ cwigvY A‡_©| ZvB cÖ`Ë Ackbmg~‡ni g‡a¨
Ackb ÔMÕ nIqvq hyw³hy³|
Less, Fewer
Little Gi comparative degree n‡”Q Less Ges Few Gi Comparative degree n‡”Q fewer.
Uncountable noun Gi Av‡M Less Ges Countable noun Gi Av‡M Fewer e‡m ÔZzjbvg~jK KgÕ A_©
cÖ`vb K‡i| h_v—
 Fewer people get American Visa’s nowadays. (AvRKvj Lye Kg gvbyl Av‡gwiKvb wfmv
cvq)|
 Less traffic means fewer traffic accidents, people should use public transportation
more.
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. There were ________ guests than I expected. [cwievi Kj¨vY cwi`wk©Kv : 2018]
K. less L. lesser M. fewer N. few DËi : M
02. We had ________ applicants this year than we had last year. [evsjv‡`k e¨vsK (GwW) : 08]
Each, Every
GB `yBwU determiner Gi ci singular form e‡m Ges verb I singular nq| wKš‘ Each Gi ci of
_vK‡j noun plural nq, Z‡e verb singular _v‡K| Each of the three boys gets a prize.
Any, Some, No
o Awbw`©ó msL¨K e¨w³ ev e¯‘‡K †evSv‡Z some eëüZ nq| Z‡e mvaviYZ n¨vu †evaK ev‡Kï †ÿ‡Î Some
e‡m| †hgb—I need some money. (Avgvi wKQz UvKv cÖ‡qvRb)|
o Any Ô‡Kv‡bvÕ A‡_© n¨vu‡evaK ev‡K¨ Singular countable noun Gi c~‡e© Any e‡m Z‡e bv
†evaK/cÖkœ‡evaK ev‡Kï †ÿ‡Î Any e‡m Plural noun Gi c~‡e©| ‡hgb— Have you got any
information?
o No – Ô‡bBÕ A‡_© Countable I uncountable Dfq cÖKvi noun Gi c~‡e© e‡m| †hgb Rahim has
no children.
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. A person of ___ age may suffer from defects of vision. (mnKvix cjøx Dbœqb Kg©KZv©-13)
K. every L. Any M. Certain N. Some DËi : L
02. I have__ interest in the matter. (24Zg wewmGm)
K. some L. any M. none N. No DËi : N
03. They have ___ Children. (MYc~Z© Awa`ß‡ii Dc-mnKvix cÖ‡KŠkjx 2018)
K. no L. none M. not N. nothing DËi : K
04. He has done no wrong. The underlined word is a/an—[cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2019]
K. pronoun L. adverb M. adjective N. noun DËi : N
05. I would like _____ information, please. [Lv`¨ cwi`k©K : 2011; cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿL : 2019]
K. an L. some M. few N. piece DËi : L
06. I have _____ new books at home. [wcwUAvB-Gi Bb÷ª±i : 2006]
K. some L. any M. little N. one DËi : K
Many of, Much of

o Many of Gi ci plural countable noun nq| h_v Many of them may commit crime.
(Zv‡ì A‡b‡K Aciva Ki‡Z cv‡i)| Many of the people may commit crime. (A‡bK gvbyl
Aciva Ki‡Z cv‡i)|
o Much of Gi ci uncountable noun nq| h_v Much of the time we had left together
was spent looking for the right papers and documents. (mwVK KvMRcÎ Ges bw_ †LvuRvi Rb¨
Avgiv †ewki fvM mgq GKmv‡_ wM‡qwQjvg)|
The number of + plural noun + singular verb

A number of + plural noun + singular verb
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. Today _______ people who enjoy cricket is bigger than that of thirty years ago.
K. a great deal of L. number of
M. many N. the number of DËi : N
Number
Number Øviv e¯‘ ev cÖvYxi msL¨v †evSvq| Number `yB cÖKvi| h_v—
 Singular Number ‡KejgvÎ GKRb e¨w³, e¯‘ ev cÖvYx‡K †evSvq|
 Plural Number – G‡Ki AwaK e¨w³, e¯‘ ev cÖvYx‡K †evSvq|
Number ‡evSvi Rb¨ Person ‡evSv cÖ‡qvRb| wewfbœ Sentence Gi Rb¨ Avgiv Person eënvi K‡i _vwK|
Avmyb †R‡b †bB wewfbœ Person Gi Subjective Ges Objective Form mg~n|
1st Person 2nd Person 3rd Person
Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural
Sub Obj Sub Obj Sub Obj Sub Obj Sub Obj Sub Obj
I me We us You you You You He/ she Him/her They Them
It It
rd
Any kinds of name (Salam, Rangpur etc) 3 Person Singular Number
Third Person Singular Number
3 Person Singular Number Gi †ÿ‡Î Verb Gi mv‡_ s/es ‡hvM Ki‡Z nq| ZvB Kviv 3rd Person
rd
Singular number ‡mUv Rvbv cÖ‡qvRb| †hgb

o ‡h †Kvb e¨w³i bvg, †`‡ki bvg, gywfi bvg, Dcb¨v‡mi bvg, MÖn-DcMÖ‡ni bvg memgq third person
singular number nq|
g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e, Gme bv‡gi gv‡S hw` s ev es A_ev and I hw` _v‡K Zvic‡iI Zvuiv singular
number n‡e| †hgb : The Arabian Nights (eB‡qi bvg), Liver Brothers (‡Kv¤úvwbi bvg),
The United States of America (‡`‡ki bvg), Baby’s Day Out (gywfi bvg)|
o wKQz wKQz noun ‡`L‡Z plural g‡b n‡jI Giv g~jZ 3rd person singular number. ‡hgb: Ethics,
Economics, Gallows, Mathematics, News, Politics, Physics, Statistics.
‡R‡b ivLyb : Dc‡ii noun ¸‡jv Øviv †Kvb e¨w³ ev e¯‘i ‣ewkó¨/¸Y eySv‡j G‡ì c‡i plural verb e‡m|
†hgb: His mathematics are weak.
o ‡h †Kvb planet Gi bvg 3rd person singular number nq| †hgb : Mercury, Venus, Earth,
Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune BZ¨vw` Singular Number.
cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK cixÿvi Rb¨ evQvB Kiv ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Singular & Plural Number
Singular Plural Singular Plural
Singular Plural
Agendum Agenda Crisis (msKU) Crises Focus Foci
Alumnus Alumni Cherub Cherubim Fez Fezes
Analysis Analyses Commander- Commanders- Genus Genera
Appendix Appendices in-chief in-chief Goose Geese
Axis (Aÿ) Axes Datum Data Hypothesis Hypotheses
Bandit Bandits Deer Deer Hoof Hoves
Bacterium Bacteria Erratum Errata Index Indexes
Basis (wfwË) Bases Foot Feet Locus Loci
Criterion Criteria Formula Formulae Lord-justice Lords-justice
Louse Lice Norman Normans Syllabus Syllabi
Leaf Leaves Oasis (giƒ`¨vb) Oases Step brother Step brothers
Loaf Loaves Ox Oxen Thesis Theses
Medium Media Passer-by Passers-by Terminus Termini
Memorandum Memoranda Phenomenon Phenomena Tooth Teeth
Maid-servant Maid-servants Parenthesis Parentheses Ultimatum Ultimata
Man-servant Man-servants Referendum Referenda Vertex Vertices
Mussalaman Mussalmans Radius Radii Wharf Wharfs/
Matriarch Matriarchs Sheep Sheep Wharves
Knife Knives Seraph Seraphim Fungus Fungi
Bureau Bureaux
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. Which of the following words is in singular form? (37Zg I 38Zg wewmGm)
K. formulae L. agenda M. oases N. radius DËi : N
02. What is the plural form of the word Ôlouse’? (38Zg wewmGm)
K. louses L. lice M. lices N. licess DËi : L
03. What is the plural form of Ôit’--- [cªv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 19]
K. its L. they M. these N. those DËi : L
04. Identify singular number— [cªv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 19]
K. Fungi L. Agenda M. Formula N. Data DËi : M
05. Which one is plural? [cªv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 19]
K. Oasis L. Terminus M. Vertex N. Bureaux DËi : N
06. The plural of ÔFez’ is -- . [cªv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 19]
K. Fez L. Fezees M. Feezes N. Fezes DËi : N
16. wb‡Pi †KvbwU GKePb? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (Rev) : 2009]
K. public L. crowd M. knife N. mice DËi : M
me mgqB Singular nq GKB Ggb wKQz Noun
Information (Z_¨) Furniture (AvmevecÎ) Scenery (`„k¨) Poetry (KweZv)
Machinery (hš¿cvwZ) News (Lei) Traffic (PjvPj) Money (UvKv)
Expenditure (e¨q) Advice (civgk©) Baggage (jUeni) Research (M‡elYv)
Bread (iæwU, Lv`¨)
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. Which one of the following words is not plural? [cªv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 19]
K. Men L. Feet M. Lice N. News DËi : N
e¨vL¨v : GLv‡b News kãwU n‡”Q all time singular. Ab¨w`‡K Man, Foot, louse Gi plural iƒc h_vµ‡g
Men, Feet, Lice.
02. The plural of Ôwildlife’ is
K. wildlives L. wildlifes M. wildlife N. wildlive DËi : M
e¨vL¨v : wildlife ev eb¨cÖvYx (e‡bi cï, cvwL, Dw™¢` BZ¨vw`) n‡jv Uncountable noun. ZvB GwU Singular-B
_vK‡e, Plural n‡e bv| KviY Uncountable noun memgqB Singular nq|
03. We need to buy some new--.[cªv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 19]
K. furnishers L. furniture M. furnisher N. furnitures DËi : L
04. Which one is always used as singular? [cªv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 19]
K. Horse L. Bread M. Custom N. Staff DËi : L
‡`L‡Z Plural n‡jI Singular nq Ggb wKQz Noun

Athletics (kixiPP©v) Economics (A_©bxwZ) Physics (c`v_©we`¨v) Mathematics (MwYZ)
Politics (ivRbxwZ) News (Lei) Optics (Av‡jvKwe`¨v) Ethics (bxwZkv¯¿)
Wages (gRywi) Statistics (cwimsL¨vb) Gallows (dvuwmKvô) Innings (Bwbsm)
Electronics (B‡jKUªwb·)
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. Which one of the following word is a plural? [cvm‡cvU© Awa`ß‡ii mnKvix cwiPvjK 14]
K. news L. crises M. mathematics N. economics DËi : L
e¨vL¨v : Crises kãwU Crisis kãwUi Plural. News, mathematics, economics kã wZbwU Singular. KviY
wKQz wKQz Noun Av‡Q †h¸‡jv †`L‡Z Plural n‡jI GKwU welq‡K †evSv‡bvi Rb¨ singular nq|
‡`L‡Z Singular n‡jI Plural nq Ggb wKQz Noun

Aristocracy (AwfRvZZš¿) Clergy (cvw`ªeM©) Nobility (AvwfRvZ¨) Peasantry (Pvlxm¤úª`vq)
Government (miKvi) Gentry (f`ªm¤úª`vq) Cattle (Mevw` cï) Vermin (RNb¨ †jvK)
Perfumery (myMÜ `ªe¨mg~n) Poultry Majority (AwaKvsk) Mankind (gvbeRvwZ)
People (m¤úª`vq/RvwZ) Police Tenantry (cÖRveM©)
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. Which of the following is Ôplural’?
K. Gallows L. Wages M. Ethics N. Majority DËi : N
e¨vL¨v : Gallows, Ethics, Wages ‡`L‡Z Plural n‡jI Giv Avm‡j Singular Noun Ges Majority kãwU
†`L‡Z Singular noun n‡jI Plural noun.
wKQz noun Av‡Q hv me mgq Plural nq

Scissors Glasses Spectacles Bellows `ywU Ask wb‡q •Zwi K‡qKwU hš¿
Trousers Drawers Breeches K‡qKwU †cvkvK
Bowels Alms Ashes Assets Annals Ab¨vb¨
Fetters Proceeds Belongings Tidings
KZ¸‡jv noun i‡q‡Q hv‡ì Singular Ges Plural GKB
Deer (nwiY) Sheep (‡gl) Canon (Abykvmb) Pair (‡Rvov) Gross (¯’’j)
Apparatus (hš¿cvwZ) Swine (k~Ki) Pice (cqmv) Salmon
Species (cÖRvwZ) Troop (‡mbv`j) Stone (cv_i)
singular noun Gi †k‡l um _v‡K Zvn‡j Plural Kivi mgq um Gi cwie‡Z© Ôa’ e‡m
Singular Plural
Agendum (wePvh© welq) Agenda Ovum (wW¤^vYy) Ova
Addendum (cwiwkó) Addenda Symposium (Av‡jvPbv mfv) Symposia
Bacterium (e¨vK‡Uwiqv) Bacteria Forum (m‡¤§jb ¯’j) Fora/Forums
Datum (DcvË) Data Aquarium (Kvu‡Pi grm¨vavi) Aquaria/Aquariums
Dictum (mZ¨ evYx) Dicta Ultimatum (PigcÎ) Ultimata
Erratum (ïw×cÎ) Errata Cranium (gv_vi Lywj) Crania/Craniums
Stratum (¯Íi) Strata Gymnasium (e¨qvgvMvi) Gymnasia/Gymnasiums
Medium (gva¨g) Media Exordium (f~wgKv) Exordia / Exordiums
Memorandum Memoranda Encomium (D”P cÖksmv) Encomia/Encomiums
(¯§viKwjwc)
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. What is the plural number of Ôovum’? (39Zg wewmGm)
K. ovams L. ovumes M. ovums N. ova DËi : N
02. Singular form of Ôdata’ is ? [cªv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 19]
K. dat L. datas M. none N. datum DËi : N
Singular noun Gi †k‡l is _v‡K, Zvn‡j is Gi cwi‡eZ© es em‡e

Axis Axes Diagnosis Diagnoses Parenthesis Parentheses
Analysis Analyses Synopsis Synopses Oasis Oases
Basis Bases Hypothesis Hypotheses Crisis Crises
Thesis Theses
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. Which one of the following is the plural form of Ôhypothesis’? ÷vÛvW© e¨vsK – 2012
K. Hypothesises L. Hypotheses M. Hypothisis N. Hypothesus DËi: L
Singular noun Gi †k‡l f ev fe _v‡K, Zvn‡j Plural G Zvi ¯’‡j Ôves’ e‡m
Wife Wives Self Selves Half Halves
Knife Knives Thief Thieves Wolf Wolves
Leaf Leaves Loaf Loaves Sheaf Sheaves
Calf Calves Life Lives
cÖkœ mgvavb
02. Plural form of Ôwolf’ is – (mnKvix RR 10, cÖv_wgK wkÿv Awa`ß‡ii wnmve mnKvix 11)
K. Wolfs L. Wolfes M. Wolffier N. Wolves DËi : N
02. Which one is the singular of ÔLeavesÕ— [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2018]
K. Leafe L. Leaf M. Leave N. Leave DËi : L
Singular noun Gi †k‡l Ôo’ _v‡K Ges Zvi c~‡e© Consonant _v‡K, Zvn‡j
kãwUi †k‡l Ôes’ ‡hvM K‡i Plural Ki‡Z nq
Mango Mangoes Echo Echoes Hero Heroes
Mosquito Mosquitoes Buffalo Buffaloes Zero Zeroes
Potato Potatoes Tomato Tomatoes
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. Echo Gi mwVK Plural ‡KvbwU? (A_© gš¿Yvj‡q Awdm mnKvix 11)
K. Echo L. Echoes M. Echoistic N. Echoed DËi : L
hw` †Kvb Singular noun Gi †k‡l Ôf’ _v‡K Ges Zvi c~‡e© vowel _v‡K,
Zvn‡j kãwUi †k‡l Ôs’ ‡hvM K‡i Plural Ki‡Z nq
Chief Chiefs Spoof Spoofs Proof Proofs
Roof Roofs Hoof Hoofs Brief Briefs
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. Which of the following does not add Ôves’ in the plural form? [evsjv‡`k we`y¨r Dbœqb †ev‡W©i mnKvix
cwiPvjK (cÖkvmb) 13]
K. wife L. roof M. wolf N. shelf DËi : L
2010 mvj n‡Z cixÿvq Avmv cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK cixÿvi cÖkœ we‡kølY (evsjv fvlv)
Uwc‡Ki bvg mKj †Rjvi GKB m‡½ (wb‡Pi Q‡K Avjv`v K‡i cÖkœ we‡kølY Kiv n‡q‡Q)
2012 2018 2019* (µwgK b¤^‡ii e¨vL¨v wb‡P †`Lyb)
1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
evsjv evbv‡bi wbqg 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 1 1 4 3 4 5 4
I evK¨ ïw×
DcmM© 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
mgv_©K kã 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
cwifvlv 1
wecixZv_©K kã 1 1 1 1 1 1 1Ô 2 1 3 1 1 1 1
aŸwb 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
eY© 1 2 1 1 1 1 1
kã 3 1 2 1 2 2 1
c` 1 1 1 1 3 3 2 1 1
KviK I wefw³ 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1
evK¨, evMaviv, 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 5 5 4 8 3 3 3 2 4
GK K_vq cÖKvk 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2
avZz, cÖK…wZ I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
cÖZ¨q
mwÜ 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 3 1 1 1 1 1 1
mgvm 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 1
Ab¨vb¨ (weivg 2 2 4 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 1
wPý, AbymM©,
wØiæw³, wj½,
evP¨, Kvj)
‡gvU 12 12 11 12 11 12 1 1 1 1 19 19 19 19 18 19 19 19 18
3 6 7 7
2019 mv‡ji cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK cixÿvq †gvU PviwU ch©v‡q AbywôZ nq Ges 9 †mU cÖkœ n‡Z †`Lv hvq| 2018 mv‡j
†gvU 4 †mU cÖ‡kœ mviv‡`‡k cixÿv nq| GQvovI 2012 mv‡j Qq †mU cÖ‡kœ mviv‡`‡k cixÿv AbywôZ nq|
fvlv Kx?
 gvby‡li gy‡L D”PvwiZ A_©‡evaK I g‡bvfve cÖKvkK aŸwbmgwó‡K fvlv e‡j| fvlv Rxebvbyf~wZi evnb|
 fvlv n‡jvfv‡ei D”PviY| [ciivóª gš¿Yvj‡qi e¨w³MZ Kg©KZ©v: 06]
 g‡bi fve cÖKv‡ki gva¨g- fvlv| [cwievi Kj¨vY cwi`wk©Kv cÖwkÿYv_©x: 13; evsjv‡`k e¨vsK Awdmvi: 05]
 wbw`©ó cwi‡e‡k gvby‡li e¯‘ I fv‡ei cÖZxK- fvlv| [GbGmAvB-Gi Rywbqi wdì Awdmvi: 19/ cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK: 05]
 e¨vKiY I fvlvi g‡a¨ Av‡M m„wó n‡q‡Q- fvlv| [10g †emiKvwi wkÿK wbeÜb: 14]
4 (Pvi) wU| [RbZv e¨vs‡Ki Gw·wKDwUf Awdmvi: 19; cjøx Kg©mnvqK dvD‡Ûk‡bi mnKvix eë¯’vcK: 09]
cÖ‡Z¨K fvlvi h_v- K. aŸwb L. kã M. A_© N. evK¨
‡g․wjK Ask wKQz e¨vKiY eB‡q wZbwU †g․wjK As‡ki K_v ewY©Z n‡q‡Q| h_v- aŸwb, kã, evK¨| [cÖavbgš¿xi
Kvhv©j‡qi Aaxb GbGmAvB Gi mnKvix cwiPvjK: 17; cjøx Kg©mnvqK dvD‡Ûk‡bi mnKvix eë¯’vcK: 09]
 fvlvi †g․wjK Dcv`vb aŸwb| KviY, k‡ãB cÖ_g A‡_©i mswkøóZv †`Lv hvq|
 evK¨ fvlvi g~j DcKiY| KviY GKwU m¤ú~Y© evK¨B fvlvi cÖvY|
 ‡`k-Kvj-cwi‡ek‡f‡` fvlvi cv_©K¨ N‡U|
A_©‡`¨vZKZv cÖkœ: ‡KvbwU fvlvi •ewkó¨ bq? [9g †emiKvwi cÖfvlK wbeÜb: 14]
fvlvi gvby‡li KÉwbtm„Z aŸwb K. A_©‡`¨vZKZv L. Rbmgv‡R eënv‡ii †hvM¨Zv
‣ewkó¨mg~n Rbmgv‡R eënv‡ii †hvM¨Zv L. gvby‡li KÉwbtm„Z aŸwb N. Bkviv ev A½fw½ DËi: N
evsjv fvlvixwZ
 c„w_exi eû DbœZ fvlvi g‡Zv evsjv fvlv‡ZI `yB evsjv fvlv
ai‡bi fvlvixwZ we`¨gvb| [RbZv e¨vsK wj. wmwbqi
Awdmvi: 11; c~evjx e¨vsK wmwbqi Awdmvi: 2000; 13Zg ‡g․wLK ‣jwLK
cÖfvlK wbeÜb: 16]
 GB ixwZ wewfbœ iƒc I cÖKvkfw½i ga¨ w`‡q AvÂwjK fvlv PwjZ fvlv mvay fvlv
dz‡U I‡V| Gi GKwU †g․wLK ev K_¨ ixwZ Ges (Dcfvlv) (cÖwgZ ev gvb¨ (mvwnwZ¨K
AciwU •jwLK ev †jL¨ ixwZ| [evsjv‡`k e¨vs‡Ki
mnKvix cwiPvjK: 01] PwjZ iƒc) ‡jL¨ iƒc)
o ‡g․wLK evsjv‡K `y‡Uv cÖavb fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v- K. AvÂwjK fvlv, L. cÖwgZ fvlv|
o ‣jwLK evsjv‡K `y‡Uv ixwZ‡Z fvM Kiv hvq| [12Zg †emiKvwi wkÿK wbeÜb: 15] h_v- K. gvb¨ PwjZ fvlv, L.
mvay fvlv|
o A_©vr evsjv fvlvixwZ‡Z †Kej †jLïƒ‡c eënvi Kiv nq- mvay fvlv| [Lv`¨ Awa`ß‡ii Lv`¨ cwi`k©K: 11]
o ÔmvayfvlvÕ cwifvlvwU cÖ_g eënvi K‡ib- ivRv ivg‡gvnb ivq| [8g †emiKvwi cÖfvlK wbeÜb: 14]
o ÔmvayfvlvÕ †K gvb¨ ev PwjZ fvlv wn‡m‡e cÖwZôv Kivi Rb¨ Av‡›`vjb K‡iwQ‡jb- cÖg_ †P․ayix|
o ÔmvayfvlvÕ ej‡Z †evSvq- Zrmg kãeûj fvlvixwZ| [cwievi cwiKíbv Awa`ß‡ii wnmvi iÿK: 11]
o ÔDcfvlvÕ n‡jv- AÂj we‡k‡li gvby‡li gy‡Li fvlv ev AvÂwjK fvlv|
mvay ixwZ I PwjZ ixwZi cv_©K¨

 mvay I PwjZ fvlvi cv_©K¨- wµqvc` I me©bvg c‡ì iƒ‡c| [15Zg, 16Zg I 39Zg wewmGm]
 mvay I PwjZ ixwZ‡Z Awfbœ iƒc eëüZ nq- Ae¨q c‡ì| [15Zg cÖfvlK wbeÜb (K‡jR): 19; 7g †emiKvix cÖfvlK
wbeÜb: 11]
 mvay ixwZ‡Z `xN© ev c~Y©v½ iƒc nq bv- Ae¨q c‡ì| [8g †emiKvwi cÖfvlK wbeÜK: 11]
 PwjZ fvlvq iƒc mswÿß nq- Abym‡M©i| [9g †emiKvwi cÖfvlK wbeÜb: 13]
mvay ixwZ PwjZ ixwZ
c`web¨vm mywbqwš¿Z I mywbw`©ó| [9g †emiKvwi wkÿK wbeÜb: 13; PwjZ ixwZ cwieZ©bkxj| [6ô †emiKvwi cÖfvlK wbeÜb: 10; 12Zg
6ô †emiKvwi wkÿK wbeÜb: 10] †emiKvwi wkÿK wbeÜb (2): 15; cjøx Dbœqb †ev‡W©i gvV msMVK]
mvay fvlv ev mvay ixwZi M`¨ GK cÖKvi AvwfRvZ¨ I PwjZ ixwZi M`¨ K…wÎgZv ewR©Z Ges gvby‡li g‡bvfve
Mv¤¢x‡h©i AwaKvix| [gv`K`ªe¨ wbqš¿Y Awa`ß‡ii mnKvix cwiPvjK: 13; cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ A‡cÿvK…Z †ewk Dc‡hvMx| [Gw·g e¨vsK wj.
evsjv‡`k e¨vsK Awdmvi: 15; cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK: 13] Awdmvi: 11]
mvay fvlvq Zrmg ev ms¯‥…Z k‡ãi cÖfve †ewk| PwjZ fvlvq Z™¢e, †`wk I we‡`wk k‡ãi cÖvavb¨|
mvay fvlv ev mvay fvlvixwZi M`¨ bvU‡Ki msjvc I G ixwZ bvU‡Ki msjvc I e³…Zvq Dc‡hvMx| [13Zg
e³…Zvi Abyc‡hvMx| [18Zg wewmGm; GbGmAvB Gi Rywbqi wdì Awdmvi] wkÿK wbeÜb cixÿv (¯‹zj-2): 16]
G ixwZ‡Z me©bvg, wµqvc`, AbymM© BZ¨vwì c~Y©v½iƒc G ixwZ‡Z me©bvg, wµqvc`, AbymM© BZ¨vwì mswÿß
(we‡kl MVb c×wZ) eëüZ nq| [12Zg †emiKvwi cÖfvlK (cwiewZ©Z I mnRZi iƒc) jvf K‡i|
wbeÜb: 15]
mvay fvlvi kã PwjZ fvlvi kã Kievi/Kivi nB‡jb n‡jb

cÖv‡Z mKv‡j cvBqvwQ‡jb ‡c‡qwQ‡jb nBqv n‡q
mwnZ m‡½/mv‡_ Zvunviv/ Dnviv Zvuiv / Iuiv Avwmqv G‡m
mvÿvr Kwievi ‡`Lv c~‡e©B Av‡MB nBj nj
Zvnv‡K/Dnv‡K Zv‡K/I‡K cwoj coj n¯Í nvZ
†Rvmbv/‡Rvr¯œv ‡RvQbv Kwiqv K‡i Dnv IUv
myZv my‡Zv ï®‥/ ïKbv ïK‡bv mwnZ mv‡_
A‡cÿv ‡P‡q RyZv Ry‡Zv wbwgË Rb¨/R‡b¨
mvay fvlvi kã PwjZ fvlvi kã fv½vBZ fvO‡Zv cwoqv‡Qb c‡o‡Qb
Zvnv‡K Zv‡K ‡h‡Z jvwMj ‡h‡Z jvMj iwnqv‡Q i‡q‡Q
Øviv w`‡q eb¨ ey‡bv PwKZ nBqv Pg‡K
e¨ZxZ Qvov mvay fvlvi kã PwjZ fvlvi kã ‡`wLqv ‡`‡L
dzwUqv dz‡U wjLv ‡jLv Pvwnqv ‡P‡q
QovB‡j Qov‡j Rywoqv Ry‡o
wjwL‡ZwQ‡jb wjLwQ‡jb Zzjv Zz‡jv
cvi nBqv ‡cwi‡q iw½b iwOb
e¨vKiY
 e¨vKiY (= we + Av + K… + Ab) kãwUi ey¨rcwËMZ A_© we‡klfv‡e we‡kølY| [RbZv e¨vsK wj. wmwbqi Awdmvi: 11; miKvwi
gva¨wgK we`¨vj‡qi mnKvix wkÿK: 19; D”P gva¨wgK wkÿv‡ev‡W©i wkÿv cwi`k©K: 04]
 e¨vKiY fvlvi weÁvbm¤§Z we‡køl‡Yi kv¯¿| A_©vr e¨vKi‡Yi cÖavb KvR fvlvi we‡kølY| [iƒcvjx e¨vs‡Ki wmwbqi Awdmvi: 19;
cwiKíbv gš¿Yvj‡qi Aax‡b WvUv cÖ‡mwms Acv‡iUi: 02]
 e¨vKi‡Yi KvR-fvlvi Af¨šÍixY k„•Ljv Avwe®‥vi Kiv| [mgvR‡mev Awa`ß‡ii mgvR‡mev Awdmvi: 06; RbZv e¨vsK wj. wmwbqi Awdmvi:
11]
 e¨vKiY fvlv‡K- eY©bv K‡i| [mnKvix ivR¯^ Kg©KZ©v: 15]
 cvwYwb wQ‡jb- GKRb •eqvKiYwe`| [‡mvbvjx I RbZv e¨vs‡Ki wmwbqi Awdmvi (AvBwU) : 18; evsjv‡`k K…wl e¨vsK wmwbqi Awdmvi: 12]
 evsjv fvlvi cÖ_g e¨vKiY iPbv K‡ib- g‡bvGj `¨ Avmmy¤úmvD| [RvZxq mÂq cwi`ß‡ii mnKvix cwiPvjK: 09]
 evsjv fvlvi cÖ_g e¨vKiYwe`- g‡bvGj `¨ Avmmy¤úmvuD| [iƒcvjx e¨vs‡Ki wmwbqi Awdmvi: 10]
 me©cÖ_g evsjv UvBc mn‡hv‡M evsjv gy`ªY K‡ib- n¨vj‡nW| [26Zg wewmGm]
 cÖ_g evOvwj wn‡m‡e evsjv fvlvq e¨vKiY iPbv K‡ib- ivRv ivg‡gvnb ivq| [RvZxq ivR¯^ †ev‡W©i mnKvix Kg©KZ©v (gyw³‡hv×v I
ÿz`ª b„‡Mvôx): 15 Zvui iwPZ evsjv e¨vKi‡Y bvg- †M․oxq e¨vKiY| [cÖevmx Kj¨vY e¨vs‡Ki Gw·wKDwUf Awdmvi: 19; miKvwi gva¨wgK
we`¨vj‡qi mnKvix wkÿK: 19; Dc‡Rjv wkÿv Awdmvi: 10]
evsjv e¨vKi‡Yi Av‡jvP¨ welq

o PviwU| [ciivóª gš¿Yvjq e¨w³MZ Kg©KZ©v : 2019]
K. aŸwbZË¡ eY©, mwÜ, Y-Z¡ weavb, l-Z¡ weavb, aŸwb cwieZ©b I †jvc,
evsjv (Phonology) e‡Y©i web¨vm|
e¨vKi‡Yi L. kãZË¡ ev iƒcZË¡ wj½, mgvm, KviK, ePb, avZz, msL¨vevPK c`, c`vwkÖZ wb‡`©kK,
(Morphology) wØiæw³, wµqv, Kvj, cyiæl, DcmM©, c`, cÖK…wZ I cÖZ¨q|
Av‡jvP¨ welq
M. evK¨ZË¡ hwZwPý, evMaviv, c`µg, evP¨, Dw³ I evK¨ msµvšÍ mKj
(Syntax) welq, c‡ì iƒc cwieZ©b, evK¨ZË¡|
N. A_©ZË¡ (Semantics) kã I ev‡Kï A_©wePvi, wecixZv_©K, gyL¨v_© I †M․Yv_©
LvBiæjÕm cÖv_wgK wkÿK wb‡qvM MvBW evsjv‡`k welqvewj #791
Aa¨vq GK : evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq welqvewj

cÖvPxbKvj n‡Z mg-mvgwqK Kv‡ji BwZnvm, K…wó I ms¯‥…wZ| evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv hy‡×i BwZnvm; fvlv
Av‡›`vjb; 1954 mv‡ji wbe©vPb; Qq-`dv Av‡›`vjb 1966; MY Afz¨Ìvb 1968-69; 1970 mv‡ji wbe©vPb;
Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vjb 1971; 7 gv‡P©i HwZnvwmK fvlY; ¯^vaxbZv †NvlYv; gywRebMi miKv‡ii MVb I Kvh©vewj;
gyw³hy‡×i iY‡K․kj; gyw³hy‡× e„nr kw³e‡M©i f~wgKv; cvK evwnbxi AvZ¥mgc©Y Ges evsjv‡`‡ki Afz¨`q|
cÖvPxbKvj n‡Z mg-mvgwqK Kv‡ji BwZnvm, K…wó I ms¯‥…wZ

cÖvPxb evsjvi Rbc`
evsjv bv‡gi GKwU ALÐ †`‡ki Rb¥ GKev‡i nqwb| Gi hvÎv ïiæ nq Rbc`¸‡jvi ga¨ w`‡q| DrKxY© wkjvwjwc I
wewfbœ mvwnZ¨MÖ‡š’ cÖvq 16wU Rbc‡ì K_v Rvbv hvq| Z‡e cÖwZwU Rbc‡ì mxgv memgq GKB iKg _v‡Kwb|
KL‡bv †Kv‡bv Rbc‡ì mxgv ‡e‡o‡Q, Avevi KL‡bv K‡g‡Q|
cÖvPxb cyÐª Rbc`

o gnv¯’vbMo‡K ÔcyÐªÕ bv‡g Rbc`wU M‡o Zz‡jwQj— cyÐª RvwZ|
o mxgvbv— iscyi, ivRkvnx, w`bvRcyi, e¸ov (kU©KvU- isivwè)| gnv¯’vbMo
o ivRavbxi bvg wQj— cyÐªbMi| cieZ©xKv‡j Gi bvg nq gnv¯’vbMo|
o cwÐZiv g‡b K‡ib— gnv¯’vbMo cÖvPxb cyÐªbMixi aŸsmve‡kl|
o cÖvPxb mf¨Zvi wb`k©‡bi w`K w`‡q mg„× cÖvPxb Rbc` wQj— cyÐª|
o cv_‡ii PvKwZ‡Z †Lv`vB Kiv wjwc cvIqv hvq— cyÐª‡Z|
aviYv Kiv nq, evsjv‡`‡k cÖvß GwUB cÖvPxbZg wkjvwjwc|
o cyÐª RvwZi D‡jøL cvIqv hvq— •ew`K mvwn‡Z¨ I gnvfvi‡Z|
o cÖvPxb cyÐª ivR¨ ¯^vaxb mË¡v nvivq—m¤ªvU A‡kv‡Ki ivRZ¡Kv‡j|
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. gnv¯’vbM‡oi cyivZb bvg wK? (cÖvK- cÖv_wgK wkÿK wb‡qvM cixÿv- 2016)
K. myeY©MÖvg L. cyÐªbMi M. P›`ªØxc N. wmsnRvbx DËi : L
02. gnv¯’vbMo †Kvb b`xi Zx‡i Aew¯’Z? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK- 2012]
K. hgybv L. Ki‡Zvqv M. cïi N. gnvb›`v DËi : L
e¨vL¨v: gnv¯’vbMo Ki‡Zvqv b`xi Zx‡i Aew¯’Z, GLv‡b Aew¯’Z weL¨vZ mvaK kvn myjZvb ejLxi (int) Gi gvRvi|
G b`xi ZxieZx© kni n‡”Q- gnv¯’vbMo, e¸ov, cÂMo| hgybv b`xi Dcb`x n‡jv— Ki‡Zvqv|
03. gnv¯’vbMo GKmgq evsjv‡`‡ki ivRavbx wQj| ZLb Zvi bvg wQ‡jv— [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK- 2012]
K. cyÐªbMi L. ivgveZx M. KY©myeY© N. gnv¯’vb DËi : K
04. eZ©gvb evsjv‡`‡ki †Kvb Ask‡K mgZU ejv n‡Zv? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2019]
K. PUªMÖvg I K·evRvi L. w`bvRcyi I iscyi
M. Kzwgjøv I †bvqvLvjx N. ivRkvnx I e¸ov DËi : M
05. বাং঱ার ঴বি ােীন জনপমির নাম কী? A_ev, evsjvi cÖvPxbZg RvqMv †KvbwU? [21Zg I 36Zg wewmGm; ‡lvok wkÿK
wbeÜb (¯‹zj ch©vq)- 2019)]
K. cyÛª L. Zv¤ªwjß M. †M․o N. nwi‡Kj DËi : K
06. weL¨vZ mvaK kvn myjZvb ejLxi gvRvi †Kv_vq? (10g I 12Zg wewmGm)
K. gnv¯’vbM‡o L. kvnRv`cy‡i M. †bÎ‡KvYvq N. ivgcv‡j DËi: K
07. gnv¯’vbMo †Kvb b`xi Zx‡i Aew¯’Z? (11Zg wewmGm)
K. Ki‡Zvqv L. M½v M. eªþcyÎ N. gnvb›`v DËi : K
08. gnv¯’vbMo GK mgq evsjvi ivRavbx wQj, ZLb Gi bvg wQj (12Zg wewmGm)
K. gnv¯’vb L. KY©myeY© M. cyÐªbMi N. ivgveZx DËi : M
09. evsjvi cÖvPxbZg bMi‡K›`ª †KvbwU? (24Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi- evwZj)
K. gqbvgwZ L. cvnvocyi M. gnv¯’vbMo N. †mvbvi Mvu DËi : M
10. cÖvPxb cyÐªea©b bMi †Kvb ¯’v‡b Aew¯’Z? [13Zg I 25Zg wewmGm; ‡lvok wkÿK wbeÜb (¯‹zj ch©vq)- 2019)]
K. gqbvgwZ L. weµgcyi M. gnv¯’vbMo N. cvnvocyi DËi: M
cÖvPxb ‡MŠo Rbc`

o AšÍf©y³ GjvKv— PvucvBbeveMÄ, gvj`n, gywk©`vev`, b`xqv| [g‡b ivLyb Pvcv gvgy b`x‡Z]
o †M․o Rbc‡ì GKgvÎ evsjv‡`‡ki †Rjv— PvucvBbeveMÄ|
o evsjvq gymjgvb hy‡Mi ïiæ‡Z j²YveZx‡K †M․o ejv n‡Zv| me©‡kl †M․o ej‡Z †evSvq mgMÖ evsjv‡K|
o 6ô kZ‡K c~e© evsjvi DËi As‡k M‡o I‡V— †M․o ivR¨ e‡j GKwU ¯^vaxb ivR¨|
o ‡M․o Rbc` M‡o D‡VwQj— fvMxi_x b`xi Zx‡i|
o mßg kZ‡K ‡M․oivR ejv n‡Zv— kkv¼‡K| ‡M․o Rbc`
o †M․‡oi ivRavbx wQj— KY©myeY©|
o KY©myeY© Gi Ae¯’vb wQj— eZ©gvb gywk©`vev` †Rjvq|
o kkv‡¼i kvmbvg‡ji c‡i e½‡`k wZbwU Rbc‡` wef³ wQj| h_v— cyÐª, †M․o, e½|
o ivRv‡ì †M․‡ok¦i Dcvwai Rb¨ ‡M․o Rbc`wU cwiwPwZ jvf K‡i|
o 637 wLª÷v‡ã ivRv kkv‡¼i g„Zzï ga¨ w`‡q evsjvq m„wó nq— gvrm¨b¨vq| gvrm¨b¨vq †`Lv †`q— cvj-
Zv¤ª kvmbvg‡j|
cÖvPxb e½ Rbc`
 ‡hLv‡b M‡o D‡VwQj— evsjv‡`‡ki c~e© I `wÿY-c~e© w`‡K|
 AšÍf©y³ GjvKv— XvKv, MvRxcyi, gqgbwmsn, dwi`cyi, Lyjbv, ewikvj, ev‡MinvU, cUzqvLvjx|
(g‡b ivLyb : DGM dwi` Lye evMcUz)
 Abygvb Kiv nq GLv‡b Ôe½Õ bv‡g GKwU RvwZ evm KiZ| ZvB G Rbc`wU cwiwPZ nq Ôe½Õ bv‡g|
 cÖvPxb wkjvwjwc‡Z e‡½i `yÕwU AÂ‡ji bvg cvIqv hvq| GKwU weµgcyi Ges Ab¨wU bve¨| eZ©gv‡b bve¨
e‡j †Kvb RvqMvi Aw¯ÍZ¡ †bB| aviYv Kiv nq dwi`cyi, ev‡KiMÄ I cUzqvLvjxi wbuPz Rjvf~wg G bve¨
AÂ‡ji AšÍf©y³ wQj| e‡½i AvqZb msKzwPZ n‡q c‡o— cvj I †mbeskxq ivRv‡ì Avg‡j|
 evOvwj RvwZi DrcwË— e½ Rbc` †_‡K| ÔHZ‡iq AviY¨KÕ MÖ‡š’ me©cÖ_g Ôe½Õ k‡ãi D‡jøL cvIqv hvq|
†`kevPK ÔevsjvÕ k‡ãi cÖ_g eënvi nq Aveyj dR‡ji ÔAvBb-B-AvKewiÕ MÖ‡š’|
 M½v I fvMxi_xi gvSLv‡bi AÂj‡K ejv n‡Zv— e½| ‡`kevPK
cÖvPxb nwi‡Kj Rbc`

mßg kZ‡Ki †jL‡Kiv nwi‡Kj bv‡gi Rbc‡ì eY©bv K‡i‡Qb| G Rbc‡ì Ae¯’vb wQj evsjvi c~e© cÖv‡šÍ| g‡b
Kiv nq AvaywbK wm‡jU †_‡K PÆMÖvg ch©šÍ G Rbc` we¯Í…Z wQj| ivRavbx : kÖxnÆ|
cÖvPxb mgZU Rbc`

 mxgvbv— c~e© I `wÿY-c~e© evsjvq e‡½i cÖwZ‡ekx Rbc` wn‡m‡e mgZ‡Ui Ae¯’vb| ‡KD †KD g‡b K‡ib
mgZU eZ©gvb Kzwgjøvi cÖvPxb bvg|
 M½v-fvMxi_xi c~e© Zxi †_‡K ïiæ K‡i †gNbvi †gvnbv ch©šÍ mgy`ªK~jeZx© AÂj‡K ejv n‡Zv— mgZU|
 Kzwgjøv kni †_‡K eo KvgZvi (mgZ‡Ui ivRavbx) `~iZ¡— 12 gvBj| Kzwgjøvi gqbvgwZ‡Z kvjeb wenvi
Aew¯’Z| Ôeo KvgZvÕ 7g kZ‡K mgZ‡Ui ivRavbx wQj|
 wnD‡qb mvO-Gi weeiY Abymv‡i Kvgiƒ‡c ÔmgZUÕ bv‡g Rbc` wQj|
cÖvPxb e‡i›`ª Rbc`

e‡i›`ª DËie‡½i GKwU cÖvPxb Rbc`| cy‡Ðªi GKwU Ask Ry‡o e‡i›`ªi Ae¯’vb wQj| e¸ov, w`bvRcyi I ivRkvnx
†Rjvi A‡bK AÂj Ges m¤¢eZ cvebv †Rjv Ry‡o e‡i›`ª AÂj we¯Í…Z wQj| G Rbc`wU M½v I Ki‡Zvqvi gaëZ©x
AÂ‡j M‡o I‡V| Rbc`wUi Ab¨ Av‡iKwU bvg ev‡i›`ªx Rbc`| evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g hv`yNi ÔÔe‡i›`ª hv`yNiÕÕ
ivRkvnx‡Z cÖwZwôZ nq 1910 mv‡j|
cÖvPxb Zv¤ªwjß Rbc`

 nwi‡K‡ji `wÿ‡Y Aew¯’Z wQj—Zv¤ªwjß Rbc`|
 mßg kZK †_‡K GwU `Ðfzw³ bv‡g cwiwPZ n‡Z _v‡K|
cÖvPxb P›`ªØxc Rbc`

P›`ªØxc evsjvi Rbc`¸‡jvi g‡a¨ me‡P‡q ÿz`ª Rbc` P›`ªØxc| ewikvj †Rjvi c~e© bvg P›`ªØxc| eZ©gvb ewikvj
†RjvB wQj P›`ªØx‡ci g~j f~-LÐ I cÖvY‡K›`ª| P›`ªØxc AwaKvi K‡ib •Î‡jvK¨P›`ª| G cÖvPxb Rbc`wU ev‡jkî I
†gNbvi gaëZ©x ¯’v‡b Aew¯’Z wQj|
cÖkœ mgvavb
11. eZ©gv‡b e„nËg XvKv †Rjv cÖvPxbKv‡j †Kvb Rbc‡ì AšÍf©y&³ wQj? (24Zg wewmGm - evwZj)
K. mgZU L. cyÐª M. e½ N. nwi‡Kj DËi: M
12. cÖvPxb †M․o bMixi Askwe‡kl evsjv‡`‡ki †Kvb †Rjvq Aew¯’Z? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK- 12; cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq
mnKvix wkÿK (‡gNbv) : 12]
K. Kzwóqv L. e¸ov M. Kzwgjøv N. PvucvBbeveMÄ DËi : N
13. †KvbwU evsjvi cÖvPxb Rbc‡ì bvg bq? (cÖv_wgK wkÿK wb‡qvM cixÿv- 2018)
K. cyÐª L. †M․o M. ivp N. †g․h© DËi : N
e¨vL¨v: cÖvPxb evsjvq 16 wU Rbc‡ì g‡a¨ cyÐª, †M․o, ivp Rbc` D‡jøL‡hvM¨| myZivs Ack‡b _vKv †g․h© bv‡g
cÖvPxb evsjvq ivResk wQ‡jv (cÖvPxb Rbc`)|
14. ivRkvnxi DËivsk, e¸ovi cwðgvsk, iscyi I w`bvRcy‡ii wKQz Ask wb‡q MwVZ— (19Zg wewmGm)
K. cjj MwVZ mgf~wg L. e‡i›`ªf~wg M. DËie½ N. gnv¯’vbMo DËi : L
15. cÖvPxb ÔP›`ªØxcÕ Gi eZ©gvb bvg — (11Zg I 30Zg wewmGm)
K. gvjØxc L. m›Øxc M. ewikvj N. nvwZqv DËi : M
16. cÖvPxbKv‡j ÔmgZUÕ ej‡Z evsjv‡`‡ki †Kvb Ask‡K eySv‡bv n‡Zv? [RvZxq ivR¯^ †ev‡W©i BÝ‡c±i: 10; wbe©vPb Kwgkb
mwPevj‡q Dc‡Rjv ev _vbv wbe©vPb Awdmvi : 08]
K. e¸ov I w`bvRcyi AÂj L. Kzwgjøv I †bvqvLvjx AÂj
M. XvKv I gqgbwmsn AÂj N. e„nËg wm‡jU AÂj DËi : L
17. e‡i›`ªf~wg bv‡g cwiwPZ— [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (hgybv) : 12; cÖv_wgK I MYwkÿv wefv‡M mnKvix cwiPvjK : 01]
K. gqbvgwZ I jvjgvB cvnvo L. gaycyi I fvIqvj Mo
M. my›ìeb N. ivRkvnx wefv‡Mi DËi-cwðgvsk DËi : N
18. ÔDqvix-e‡UkîÕ MÖv‡g †Kvb mg‡q bMi mf¨Zv M‡o D‡VwQj? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2019]
K. cvuP †KvwU eQi Av‡M L. wZb †KvwU eQi Av‡M
M. `yB kZ eQi Av‡M N. AvovB nvRvi eQi Av‡M DËi : N
19. Ôgvrm¨b¨vqÕ †Kvb kvmb Avg‡j †`Lv †`q? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2019]
K. wLjwR kvmb Avg‡j L. †mb kvmb Avg‡j
M. †gvMj kvmb Avg‡j N. cvj Zv¤ª kvmb Avg‡j DËi : N
cÖvPxb evsjvi ivR‣bwZK BwZnvm
‡g․h© hy‡M evsjv

327-326 wLª÷c~e©v‡ã wMÖK exi Av‡jKRvÛv‡ii fviZ Avµg‡Yi mgq †_‡K cÖK…Z BwZnvm cvIqv hvq| wMÖK
†jLK‡ì K_vq evsjv‡`‡k ÔM½vwiWBÕ bv‡g GKwU kw³kvjx RvwZi evm¯’vb wQj fvMxi_x I cÙvi gaëZx© AÂ‡j|
wMÖK MÖš’KviMY M½vwiWB QvovI ÔcÖvwmAqÕ bv‡g Aci GK RvwZi D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| Av‡jKRvÛv‡ii Avµg‡Yi mgq
evsjvi ivRv gMavw` †`k Rq K‡i cvÄve ch©šÍ ivR¨ we¯Ívi K‡iwQ‡jb| wZwb wQ‡jb cvUwjcy‡Îi b›èskxq †Kvb
ivRv|
o gnv¯’vbM‡o ‡g․h© esk cÖwZwôZ nq— 321 wLª÷c~e©v‡ã| Av‡jKRvÛv‡ii fviZ Z¨v‡Mi gvÎ `yB eQi ci
321 wLª÷c~e©v‡ã ‡g․h© m¤ªvU P›`ª¸ß †g․h© fvi‡Zi GK wekvj AÂ‡ji Ici †g․h© es‡ki cÖfzZ¡ ¯’vcb K‡ib|
o cÖvPxb evsjv †g․h© kvm‡bi cÖwZôvZv— P›`ª¸ß †g․h©|
o GwU me©fviZxq cÖ_g— mv¤ªvR¨| P›`ª¸ß †g․h©‡K ejv nq fvi‡Zi cÖ_g m¤ªvU|
o Av‡jKRvÛv‡ii †mbvcwZ †mjyKvm‡K civwRZ K‡ib— P›`ª¸ß ‡g․h©|
o wLª÷c~e© 302 A‡ã wMÖK `~Z †gMvw¯’wbm‡K `~Z wn‡m‡e P›`ª¸‡ßi ivRìev‡i †cÖiY K‡ib— †mjyKvm|
o wMÖK cwieªvRK †gMvw¯’wbm K‡qK eQi G ‡`‡k Ae¯’vb K‡i †g․h© kvmb m¤ú‡K© Zvui AwfÁZv ÔBwÛKvÕ bvgK
MÖ‡š’ wjwce× K‡ib|
o P›`ª¸ß †g․‡h©i ivRavbx— cvUvwjcyÎ|
PvYK¨
PvYK¨ wQ‡jb P›`ª¸ß †g․‡h©i cÖavbgš¿x| Zvi QÙbvg— †K․wUj¨| †K․wUj¨ iwPZ MÖ‡š’i
bvg ÔA_©kv¯¿Õ| PvY‡Kï Ab¨ Av‡iKwU bvg Ôweòz¸ßÕ| fviZ PvYK¨ bxwZ‡Z P‡j|
ÔÔ‡h ivRv kÎæi MwZwewa m¤ú‡K© aviYv Ki‡Z cv‡i bv Ges ïay
Awf‡hvM K‡i †h Zvi wc‡V QzwiKvNvZ Kiv n‡q‡Q, Zv‡K
wmsnvmbPz¨Z Kiv DwPZ|ÕÕ (-PvYK¨)
m¤ªvU A‡kvK (wLª÷c~e© 269-232 Aã)
→ DËi evsjvq †g․h© kvmb cÖwZwôZ nq— m¤ªvU A‡kv‡Ki (‡g․h© es‡ki Z…Zxq kvmK) ivRZ¡Kv‡j| AÂjwU
†g․h©‡ì GKwU cÖ‡`‡k cwiYZ n‡qwQj| cÖvPxb cyÐªbMi wQj G cÖ‡`‡ki ivRavbx|
→ m¤ªvU A‡kv‡Ki GKwU wkjvwjwc cvIqv hvq— gnv¯’vbM‡o|
→ Kw_Z Av‡Q, m¤ªvU A‡kvK Kwj½ hy‡×i fqvenZv †`‡L ‡e․×ag© MÖnY K‡i|
→ m¤ªvU A‡kvK †e․×ag©‡K wekâ‡g© cwiYZ K‡ib| GRb¨ Zv‡K †e․× a‡g©i Kb÷vbUvBb ejv nq|
→ Kwj½ hy× msMwVZ nq— 260 gZvšÍ‡i 261 wLª÷c~e©v‡ã|
¸ß hy‡M evsjv
 fvi‡Zi BwZnv‡m ¯^Y©hyM wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv nq— ¸ß hyM‡K|
 ¸ß‡ì mg‡q ivRZš¿ wQj— mvgšÍ wbf©i|
 ¸ß ivRv‡ì Aax‡b eo †Kv‡bv AÂ‡ji kvmK‡K ejv n‡Zv— gnvmvgšÍ|
 ‡g․h©‡ì g‡Zv G‡`‡k ¸cÍ‡ì ivRavbx wQj— gnv¯’vbM‡oi cyÐªbMi|
 ¸ß es‡ki cÖK…Z cÖwZôvZv ejv nq— cÖ_g P›`ª¸ß‡K| wZwb ¸ß mv¤ªvR¨ cÖwZôv K‡ib— 320 wLª÷v‡ã|
mgy`¸
ª ß (340-380 wLª÷vã)
¸ß es‡ki ‡kÖô kvmK mgy`ª¸ß mgMÖ evsjv Rq K‡ib| Zvu‡K cÖvPxb fvi‡Zi ‡b‡cvwjqb ejv nq| mgy`ª¸‡ßi
ivRZ¡Kv‡j mgMÖ evsjv Rq Kiv n‡jI mgZU wQj Ki` ivR¨|
wØZxq P›`ª¸ß (380-415 wLª÷vã)

mgy`ª¸‡ßi g„Zzï ci cvUvwjcy‡Îi wmsnvm‡b e‡mb wØZxq P›`ª¸ß| Zvui Dcvwa wQj Ôweµgvw`Z¨Õ| wØZxq P›`ª¸‡ßi
kvmbvg‡j •PwbK Zx_©hvÎx dv-wn‡qb fviZe‡l© G‡mwQ‡jb| wZwbB cÖ_g Pxbv cwieªvRK wn‡m‡e fviZe‡l©
G‡mwQ‡jb| Zvui fviZ md‡ii 7wU eB‡qi g‡a¨ Ô‡dv-Kz‡qv-wKsÕ we‡klfv‡e D‡jøL‡hvM¨|
Ͽ g‡b ivLyb : dvnv` (dvnv- dv- wn‡qb, `- wØZxq P›`ª¸ß)|
¯^vaxb †M․o ivR¨, kkv¼ I gvrm¨b¨vq

kkv¼
→ mvgšÍivRv kkv¼ †M․o AÂ‡j ÿgZv `Lj K‡ib- 594 wLª÷v‡ãi †Mvovi w`‡K|
→ kkv¼ cÖ_g ‡M․‡o ivR¨ ¯’vcb K‡ib| wZwb wQ‡jb cÖvPxb evsjvi BwZnv‡m cÖ_g mve©‡f․g b„cwZ|
→ kkv¼‡K gnvmvgšÍ ejv nq KviY ¸ß‡ì Aax‡b eo AÂ‡ji kvmK wQ‡jb| aviYv Kiv nq kkv¼ ¸ß ivRv
gnv‡mb¸‡ßi GKRb ÔgnvmvgšÍÕ Ges Zvui cyÎ A_ev åvZz®úyÎ|
→ kkv‡¼i ivRavbxi bvg KY©myeY© (gywk©`vev‡` Aew¯’Z)|
→ wnD‡qb mvO ivRv kkv¼‡K †e․× a‡g©i wbMÖnKvix wn‡m‡e AwfwnZ K‡i‡Qb| kkv¼ 637 wLª÷v‡ãi wKQz Av‡M
g„ZzëiY K‡ib| kkv‡¼i ag© wQj- ‣ke|
nl©ea©b
ivRëa©‡bi g„Zzï ci wmsnvm‡b e‡mb nl©ea©b| nl©ea©‡bi ivRZ¡Kv‡ji Pxbv †e․× cwÐZ wnD‡qb mvO 630
wLª÷v‡ã fviZ md‡i Av‡mb| wnD‡qb mvO bvj›`v gnvwenv‡ii Aa¨ÿ kxjf‡`ªi Kv‡Q †e․× ag©kv¯¿ Aa¨qb K‡ib|
Gici wZwb ÔwmwÜÕ bv‡g GK MÖš’ iPbv K‡ib| wnD‡qb mvO ivRv kkv¼‡K †e․×ag© we‡Ølx e‡j AvL¨vwqZ K‡ib|
nl©ea©‡bi mfvi evbfÆ Ônl©PwiZÕ iPbv K‡ib|
wewfbœ †`k †_‡K Dcgnv‡`‡k AvMZ cwieªvRK
cwieªvR‡Ki bvg ‡`‡ki bvg ‡Kvb kvm‡Ki Avg‡j
dv-wn‡qb Pxb wØZxq P›`ª¸ß
gv-ûqvb Pxb wMqvmDwÏb AvRg kvn
wnD‡qb mvO Pxb nl©ea©b
‡gMvw¯’wbm wMÖm P›`ª¸ß †g․h©
Be‡b eZzZv gi‡°v gynv¤§` web ZzNjK (fviZ)
dLiæwÏb gyeviK kvn (evsjv)
kkv‡¼i g„Zzï ci evsjvi BwZnv‡m cÖvq 100 eQi (mßg-Aóg kZK) a‡i GK `y‡h©vMc~Y© AÜKvigq hy‡Mi m~Pbv
nq| G mgqKvj‡K gvrm¨b¨vq ejv nq|
gvrm¨b¨vq (7g-8g kZK)

evsjvi AivRKZvi mgqKvj‡K cvj Zv¤ªkvm‡b AvL¨vwqZ Kiv n‡q‡Q Ôgvrm¨b¨vqÕ| cyKz‡i eo gvQ †QvU gvQ‡K a‡i
wM‡j †djvi g‡Zv wek„•Lj cwiw¯’wZ‡K e‡j gvrm¨b¨vq| G AivRKZvi hyM P‡j GKk eQie¨vcx| Aóg kZ‡Ki
gvSvgvwS G AivRKZvi Aemvb N‡U cvj ivR‡Z¡i DÌv‡bi ga¨ w`‡q|
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. cÖvPxb evsjvi cÖ_g ¯^vaxb bicwZi bvg wK? (cÖv_wgK wkÿK wb‡qvM cixÿv- 2018)
K. ivRv kkv¼ L. wMqvmDwÏb AvRg kvn
M. dLiæwÏb gyeviK kvn N. j²Y †mb DËi : K
02. ‡K †M․‡oi ¯^vaxb b„cwZ wQ‡jb? cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK- 1992]
K. kkv¼ L. eg©b M. fv¯‥I N. †è¸ß DËi : K
03. Pxbv cwieªvRK wnD‡qb mvO Gi `xÿv¸iæ †K wQ‡jb? (35Zg wewmGm)
K. AZxk `xc¼i L. gvûqvb M. kxjf`ª N. †gMvw¯’wbm DËi : M
04. gnv¯’exi kxjf`ª †Kvb gnvwenv‡ii AvPvh© wQ‡jb? (35Zg wewmGm)
K. Avb›` wenvi L. †Mvwm‡cv wenvi M. bvj›`v wenvi N. †mvgcyi wenvi DËi : M
05. wb‡¤œi †Kvb ch©UK †mvbviMvuI G‡mwQ‡jb? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK- 2012]
K. Be‡b eZzZv L. dv-wn‡qb M. gv‡Kv© †cvjv N. wnD‡qb mvs DËi : K
e¨vL¨v: gi‡°vi ch©UK Be‡b eZzZv myjZvb dLiæwÏb †gyeviK kv‡ni Avg‡j evsjvq Av‡mb (1345-46)|
•PwbK cwieªvRK dv-wn‡qb wØZxq P›`ª¸‡ßi Avg‡j fviZ Dcgnv‡`‡k Av‡mb| wnD‡qb mvO fviZe‡l© Av‡mb
ivRv nl©ea©b Gi ivRZ¡Kv‡j|
cvjesk (750-1162 wLª÷vã)

 evsjvq cÖ_g eskvbyµwgK kvmb ïiæ nq— cvj es‡ki gva¨‡g| cvj ivRviv wQ‡jb †e․× ag©vej¤^x|
 cvj ivRv‡ì mg‡q evsjv mvwn‡Zï GKgvÎ cÖvPxb wb`k©b ÔPh©vc`Õ iwPZ nq|
 cvj ivRv‡ì wcZ…f~wg wQj e‡i›`ª AÂj| GB hy‡M fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡k Bmjv‡gi cÖ_g Avwef©ve nq|
 evsjvi `xN©¯’vqx ivRes‡ki bvg— cvj esk|
‡Mvcvj (750-781)
gvrm¨b¨v‡qi AivRKZv‡K †`‡L evsjvi ivRc‡` ‡Mvcv‡ji kvmb mK‡j ‡g‡b †bq A_©vr †Mvcvj cvj es‡ki
cÖwZôvZv| A‡b‡Ki g‡Z, †Mvcvj 27 eQi kvmb K‡iwQ‡jb| wKš‘ AvaywbK M‡elKMY g‡b K‡ib, †Mvcvj 750
wLª÷vã †_‡K 781 wLª÷vã ch©šÍ †`k kvmb K‡ib| ‡Mvcv‡ji wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivn‡Yi ga¨ w`‡q evsjvq cvj es‡ki
ivR‡Z¡i ïiæ nq| cvj es‡ki ivRvMY GKUvbv ÔPvikÕ eQi G‡`k kvmb K‡ib|
ag©cvj (781-821 wLª÷vã)

 cvj ivRv‡ì g‡a¨ me©‡kÖô wQ‡jb— ag©cvj (781-821 wLª÷vã) |
 evsjv I wenvie¨vcx Zvui kvmb cÖwZwôZ wQj|
 cvj ivRv‡ì g‡a¨ wZwbB m‡e©v”P mve©‡f․g Dcvwa ci‡gkî, cigfÆviK gnvivRvwaivR Dcvwa aviY K‡ib|
 fvMjcy‡ii 24 gvBj c~‡e© wZwb GKwU †e․× wenvi ev gV wbg©vY K‡ib| weµgkxj Zvui wØZxq bvg ev Dcvwa
Abymv‡i GwU Ôweµgkxj wenviÕ bv‡g L¨vZ wQj|
 bIMvu †Rjvi cvnvocyi bvgK ¯’v‡bI ag©cvj wenvi cÖwZôv K‡ib| GwU Ô†mvgcyi wenviÕ bv‡g cwiwPZ| GB
¯’vcZ¨ RvwZms‡Ni BD‡b‡¯‥v KZ©„K 1985 mv‡j wek^mf¨Zvi wb`k©b wn‡m‡e (Iqvì© †nwi‡UR) ¯^xK…Z n‡q‡Q|
 ag©cv‡ji cyÎ ‡ècv‡ji c„ô‡cvlKZvq bvj›`v wek¦we`¨vjq mgMÖ Gwkqvq ‡e․× ms¯‥…wZi cÖavb cÖvY‡K›`ª n‡q
D‡VwQj| Rvfv, mygvÎv I gvj‡qi •k‡j›`ª es‡ki gnvivR evjcyÎ‡è‡K bvj›`vq GKwU gV cÖwZôvi AbygwZ
`vb K‡iwQ‡jb| G NUbv †_‡K `wÿY-c~e© Gwkqvi Øxccy‡Äi mv‡_ evsjvi Nwbô m¤ú‡K©i cÖgvY cvIqv hvq|
gnxcvj
→ gnxcv‡ji ivRZ¡Kvj wQj— 50 eQi|
→ w`bvRcy‡ii gnxcvj `xwN I gywk©`vev‡ì gnxcv‡ji mvMi`xwN wbg©vY K‡ib—gnxcvj|
‣KeZ© we‡`ªvn (e‡i›`ª we‡`ªvn)
DËie‡½i e‡i›`ª AÂ‡ji mvgšÍeM© wØZxq gnxcv‡ji mg‡q cÖKv‡k¨ we‡`ªvn †NvlYv K‡ib| BwZnv‡m G we‡`ªvn
Ô‣KeZ© we‡`ªvnÕ bv‡g cwiwPZ| ‣KeZ© we‡`ªv‡ni †bZv wQ‡jb •KeZ© bvqK w`‡e¨vK ev wè¨| wZwb wØZxq gnxcvj‡K
nZ¨v K‡i e‡i›`ª `Lj K‡i †bb Ges wbR kvmb cÖwZôv K‡ib|
ivgcvj
→ cvj es‡ki me©‡kl mdj kvmK wQ‡jb— ivgcvj|
→ cÖvPxb evsjvi Kwe mÜ¨vKi b›`x iwPZ ÔivgPwiZÕ †_‡K ivgcv‡ji RxebK_v Rvbv hvq|
→ ivgcvj ivRavbx ¯’vcb K‡ib— gvj`‡ni KvQvKvwQ ÔivgveZxÕ bvgK ¯’v‡b|
→ w`bvRcyi kn‡ii wbKU †h ÔivgmvMiÕ i‡q‡Q Zv ivgcv‡ji KxwZ©|
→ mÜ¨vKi b›`xi ÔivgPwiZgÕ MÖš’ †_‡K ivgcv‡ji ivRZ¡ m¤ú‡K© Rvbv hvq|
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. ÔgnvivRvwaivRÕ c`we Kviv aviY K‡ib? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2019]
K. AKei, ûgvqyb I Rvnv½xi L. Bwjqvm kvn, ZzNjK I RvjvjDwÏb
M. ag©cvj, †Mvcvj N. †MvP›`ª, ag©vw`Z¨ I mgvPvi‡è DËi : M
02. Kvi c„ô‡cvlKZvq Ôbvj›`v wek^we`¨vjqÕ cÖvY‡K›`ª n‡q D‡V? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2019]
K. †ècvj L. ag©cvj M. weMÖn cvj N. bvivqb cvj DËi : K
e¨vL¨v : ag©cv‡ji cyÎ ‡ècv‡ji c„ô‡cvlKZvq bvj›`v wek¦we`¨vjq mgMÖ Gwkqvq ‡e․× ms¯‥…wZi cÖavb cÖvY‡K›`ª
n‡q D‡VwQj|
03. mßg kZvãx‡Z wbwg©Z cvnvocy‡ii †e․×wenviwU wK bv‡g cwiwPZ wQj? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK- 2012; 10g
wewmGm]
K. kÖx wenvi L. †mvgcyi wenvi M. ag©cvj wenvi N. RMÏj wenvi DËi : L
04. cvnvocyi †e․× wenv‡ii wbg©vZv †K? (24Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi- evwZj)
K. ivgcvj L. ag©cvj M. P›`ª¸ß †g․h© N. Avw`k~i DËi : L
‡mb kvmbvg‡j evsjv (1061-1204 wLª÷vã)

 ‡mb es‡ki cÖ_g cyiæl wQ‡jb— mvgšÍ †mb| ‡mb es‡ki cÖwZôvZv— ‡ngšÍ †mb|
 ‡mb es‡ki ivRv‡ì Avw`wbevm— `wÿYv‡Zï KY©vUK|
 KY©v‡U exiZ¡ cÖ`k©b K‡i †kl eq‡m ivp AÂ‡j M½v b`xi Zx‡i emwZ ¯’vcb K‡ib— mvgšÍ †mb|
 G‡`‡k eY©cÖ_vi cÖPjb K‡iwQ‡jb— ‡mb ivRviv|
 ‡mb ivRv ejøvj †m‡bi Avg‡j eªvþY a‡g©i cÖwZcwË e„w× cvq| d‡j †e․× ag© `ye©j n‡q c‡o| A‡b‡K g‡b
K‡ib- G Kvi‡YB Ph©vc` †bcv‡j cvIqv hvq|
‡ngšÍ †mb
→ mvgšÍ †m‡bi cyÎ †ngšÍ †mb‡K †mb es‡ki cÖwZôvZv ejv nq| Kvib mvgšÍ †mb ivR¨ cÖwZôv Ki‡Z cv‡ibwb|
→ aviYv Kiv nq ‡ngšÍ †mb cvj ivRv‡ì Aax‡b GKRb mvgšÍ ivRv wQ‡jb|
→ ‣KeZ© we‡`ªv‡ni mgq cvj es‡ki ivRv ivgcvj‡K mvnvh¨ K‡ib ‡ngšÍ †mb|
weRq †mb (1098-1160 wLª÷vã)

→ ‡ngšÍ †m‡bi g„Zyï ci evsjvi wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnY K‡ib weRq †mb (1098-1160 wLª÷vã)|
→ ‡mb es‡ki me©‡kÖô ivRv— weRq †mb|
→ cvj es‡ki cZb N‡U— weRq †m‡bi nv‡Z|
→ ûMjx †Rjvi wÎ‡eYx‡Z Aew¯’Z weRqcyi wQj weRq †m‡bi cÖ_g ivRavbx| wØZxq ivRavbx ¯’vcb Kiv nq eZ©gvb
gyÝxMÄ †Rjvi weµgcy‡i| a‡g©i w`K †_‡K weRq †mb wQ‡jb •ke|
ejøvj †mb (1160-1178 wLª÷vã)

→ weRq †m‡bi ci wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnY K‡ib— Zvui cyÎ ejøvj †mb |
→ Ô`vbmvMiÕ I ÔA™¢zZmvMiÕ MÖ‡š’i †jLK— ejøvj †mb| ÔA™¢zZmvMiÕ MÖš’wU wZwb mgvß K‡i †h‡Z cv‡ibwb| GwU
mgvß K‡i Zvui cyÎ j²Y †mb|
→ ejøvj †mb wQ‡jb— Zš¿ wn›`ya‡g©i c„ô‡cvlK| wZwb ivgcv‡j ivRavbx ¯’vcb K‡ib|
→ ejøvj †mb wn›`y mgvR‡K bZzb K‡i MVb Kivi Rb¨ Ô‡K․wjb¨ cÖ_vÕ cÖeZ©b K‡iwQ‡jb| ejøvj †mb †kl Rxeb
AwZevwnZ K‡ib evbcÖ¯’ Aej¤^b K‡i| ejøvj †m‡bi we‡kl Dcvwa wQj AwiivR wb:k¼ k¼i|
j²Y †mb ( 1178-1204 wLª÷vã)

‡mb es‡ki me©‡kl ivRv| ‡Wv¤§b cvj we‡`ªvnx nq 1196 wLª÷v‡ã| e„× eq‡m j²Y †mb `ye©j n‡q ci‡j M½vZx‡i
wØZxq ivRavbx beØx‡c emevm ïiæ K‡ib| d‡j Af¨šÍixY †Mvj‡hv‡Mi m„wó nq| G my‡hv‡M my›ìeb GjvKvq †Wv¤§b
cvj we‡`ªvnx n‡q GKwU ¯^vaxb ivR¨ cÖwZôv K‡ib| j²Y †m‡bi cÖavbgš¿x I agx©q cÖavb wQ‡jb njvqya wgkÖ whwb
evsjv mvwn‡Zï AÜKvi hy‡Mi m„wóKg© Ô†mK ï‡fv`qvÕ iPbv K‡ib| 1204 wLª÷v‡ã gymwjg ‡mbvcwZ BLwZqvi DwÏb
eLwZqvi LjwR b`xqv AvµgY Ki‡j j²Y †mb †Kvb cÖwZ‡iva bv K‡i b`xc‡_ c~e©e‡½i ivRavbx eZ©gvb gyÝxMÄ
†Rjvi weµgcy‡i AvkÖq MÖnY K‡ib| Gfv‡e j²Y †m‡bi civR‡qi ga¨ w`‡q evsjvq †mb kvm‡bi Aemvb N‡U|
wewfbœ ivR esk I cÖwZôvKvj
esk/iv‡Rï bvg cÖwZôvKvj esk/iv‡Rï bvg cÖwZôvKvj
¸ß cieZ©x esk lô kZK eg© esk GKv`k kZK
LoM esk mßg kZK ïi esk GKv`k kZK
‡è esk Aóg kZK ‡mb esk Øv`k kZK
KvwšÍ‡`‡ei ivR¨ beg kZK BLwZqvi LjwRi evsjv AvµgY Î‡qv`k kZ‡K
P›`ª esk `kg kZK Z_¨m~Î- beg-`kg †kÖwYi evsjv‡`‡ki BwZnvm I wek^mf¨Zv
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. evsjvi †kl wn›`y ivRv †K wQ‡jb? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (PÆMÖvg wefvM) : 07]
K. weRq †mb L. j²Y †mb M. †ngšÍ †mb N. ejøvj †mb DËi : L
evsjvi ga¨hyM
gymjgvb‡ì kvmbvg‡j evsjv
1192 mv‡j ZivB‡bi wØZxq hy‡× gyn¤§` Nyix c„w_¡ivR †P․nvb‡K civwRZ K‡i fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡k cÖ_g gymwjg
kvm‡bi m~Pbv K‡ib| Z‡e 712 wLª÷v‡ã gynv¤§` web Kvwkg wmÜz R‡qi gva¨‡g fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡k cÖ_g Bmjv‡gi
kvmb cÖPj‡bi cÖ‡Póv Pvjvb|
gymwjg kvmb
evsjvq w`wjø‡Z
myjZvwb Avgj (1204-1538) w`wjø mvjZvbvZ (1206-1526)
¯^vaxb myjZvwb Avgj (1338-1538) gyNj kvmb (1526-1540)
AvdMvb kvmb (1538-1576) AvdMvb kvmb (1540-1555)
gyNj kvmb (1576-1857) gyNj kvmb (1576-1857)
my‡e`vix kvmb
bevex kvmb
w`wjø mvjZvbvZ
 w`wjø mvjZvbv‡Zi cÖwZôvZv— KzZzeDwÏb AvB‡eK| wZwb w`wjøi ÔKyZze wgbviÕ wbg©vY K‡ib|
 fviZe‡l© ZzwK© mv¤ªv‡Rï cÖK…Z cÖwZôvZv— KzZzeDwÏb AvB‡eK|
 w`wjøi mv¤ªv‡Rï cÖK…Z cÖwZôvZv— kvgmywÏb BjZzrwgk| wZwb wQ‡jb KzZzeDwÏ‡bi RvgvZv| Zvi Dcvwa
wQ‡jv— ÔmyjZvb- B- AvhgÕ|
 w`wjøi wmsnvm‡b cÖ_g bvix gymwjg kvmK— ivwRqv myjZvbv (BjZzrwg‡ki Kb¨v)
 dLiæwÏb gyeviK kv‡ni kvmbvg‡j w`wjøi kvmK wQ‡jb- gyn¤§`-web-ZzNjK| [gynv¤§` web ZzNjK w`wjø †_‡K
†èwMwi‡Z ivRavbx ¯’vbvšÍi K‡ib| wZwb †mvbv I iæcvi gy`ªvi cwie‡Z© cÖZxK Zv¤ªgy`ªv cÖPjb K‡ib|]
 w`wjø mvjZvbv‡Zi †kl kvmK— Beªvwng †jvw`|
cvwbc‡_i cª_g hy× cvwbc‡_i Z…Zxq hy×

gyNj m¤ªvU evei 1526 mv‡j msNwUZ GB hy‡×i gva¨‡g fvi‡Z gyNj 1761 mv‡ji GB hy×wU Avng` kvn
mv¤ªvR¨ cÖwZôv K‡ib| GB hy‡× Beªvwng †jv`x civwRZ I wbnZ nb| Ave`vwj I gvivVv‡ì g‡a¨ msNwUZ
Beªvwng †jvwì civR‡qi NUbvi gva¨‡g w`wjøi myjZvwb kvm‡bi Aemvb nq| 18 kZ‡Ki me‡P‡q eo GB hy‡×
nq| evei GB hy‡× fvi‡Zi BwZnv‡m cÖ_g Kvgvb eënvi K‡ib| gvivVviv civwRZ nq|
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. wmÜz weR‡qi gva¨‡g †K fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡k Bmjvg cÖwZôvi c_ myMg K‡ib? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb. wkÿK : 93]
K. nv¾vR-web-BDmyd L. gyn¤§`-web-Kvwmg
M. gyn¤§` Nyix N. BLwZqvi-gyn¤§`-web-eLwZqvi-wLjwR DËi : L
02. myjZvb gvngy` KZ evi fviZel© AvµgY K‡ib? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb. wkÿK (evMvbwejvm) : 12]
K. 15 evi L. 17 evi M. 18 evi N. 20 evi DËi : L
03. fvi‡Z cÖ_g gy`ªv cÖPjb K‡ib—— [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2018]
K. jW© KY©Iqvwjk L. †kikvn M. gynv¤§` web ZzNjK N. BjZzrwgk DËi : N
04. †Kvb wLª÷v‡ã w`wjøi myjZvwb kvm‡bi Aemvb nq? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2019]
K. 1527 L. 1523 M. 1526 N. 1524 DËi : M
BLwZqvi DwÏb gyn¤§`-web-eLwZqvi LjwR

Î‡qv`k kZ‡Ki ïiæ‡Z (1204 mv‡j) ZzwK© exi BLwZqvi DwÏb gyn¤§`-web-eLwZqvi LjwR evsjvi DËi I DËi
cwðgvs‡k †mb kvm‡bi Aemvb NwU‡q (b`xqv weRq) gymjgvb kvm‡bi m~Pbv K‡ib| Z‡e 1204 †_‡K 1338 mvj
ch©šÍ evsjvi myjZvbiv w`wjøi mvjZvbv‡Zi Aaxb¯Í wQ‡jb|
wZwb GZ wÿcÖMwZ‡Z c_ AwZµg K‡iwQ‡jb †h, gvÎ 17/18 Rb •mwbK Zvu‡K AbymiY Ki‡Z †c‡iwQj| Avi g~j
evwnbx cðv‡ZB wQj| j²Y †mb wcQ‡bi ìRv w`‡q cvwj‡q mcwiev‡i Lvwj cv‡q †Mvc‡b †b․Kv‡hv‡M c~e©e‡½i
gyÝxMÄ †Rjvi weµgcy‡i AvkÖq MÖnY K‡ib| mgqUv wQj ga¨vý‡fv‡Ri mgq Avi j²Y †mb wQ‡jb e„×| BLwZqvi
DwÏb eLwZqvi LjwR QÙ‡e‡k †c․uQvb Ges Ak^ we‡µZv g‡b K‡i Zv‡K iv‡R¨ cÖ‡e‡ki AbygwZ cÖ`vb Kiv nq|
eLwZqvi LjwR ivRavbx ¯’vcb K‡ib j²YveZx (‡M․o)| j²YveZxB gymjgvb Avg‡j jL‡b․wZ bv‡g cwiwPZ nq|
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. evsjv‡`‡k gymwjg kvm‡bi m~ÎcvZ K‡ib—— [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2019]
K. AvjvDwÏb LjwR L. BLwZqvi DwÏb gyn¤§` eLwZqvi LjwR
M. m¤ªvU evei N. dKiæwÏb gyeviK kvn DËi : L
02. বাং঱ায় মু঴দ঱ম লা঴ন (আদধ্পত্য দবস্তামরর) ঴ূেনা কমরন – (24Zg evwZj wewmGm)
K. Avjx g`©vb LjRx L. ZzNwij Lvb DËi : N
M. kvgmywÏb wd‡ivR N. BLwZqvi DwÏb gyn¤§` web eLwZqvi LjwR
03. ইখদত্য়ার উদিন gy঵ম্মি বখদত্য়ার খ঱জী বাং঱া জয় কমরন চকান ঴াম঱? (30Zg wewmGm)
K. 1212 L. 1200 M. 1204 N. 1211 DËi : M
evsjvq ZzwK© kvm‡bi BwZnvm

kvmbvgj— 1204 †_‡K 1338 wLª÷vã ch©šÍ| kvmK‡ì mK‡jB w`wjøi myjZvb‡ì Aax‡b evsjvi kvmbKZ©v n‡q
G‡mwQ‡jb| gymwjg kvm‡bi G hyM wQj we‡`ªvn-wek„•Ljvq c~Y©| ZvB HwZnvwmK wRqvDwÏb evivbx evsjv‡`‡ki bvg
w`‡qwQ‡jb ÔeyjMvKcyiÕ| Gi A_© Ôwe‡`ªv‡ni bMixÕ| eLwZqvi DwÏb LjwR g„Zzï ci Zvui mn‡hv×v‡ì g‡a¨ ïiæ
n‡q hvq ÿgZvi Ø›Ø| Zvui mn‡hv×v wZbRb LjwR gvwj‡Ki bvg Rvbv hvq| Zvuiv n‡”Qb- gyn¤§` wkivb LjwR, Avwj
g`©vb LjwR Ges ûmvgDwÏb BIR LjwR|
 LjwR gvwjK‡ì g‡a¨ me©‡kÖô wQ‡jb— myjZvb wMqvmDwÏb BIR LjwR|
 evsjvq gymjgvb kvmK‡ì g‡a¨ †b․evwnbxi †MvovcËb K‡ib— myjZvb wMqvmDwÏb BIR LjwR|
 AveŸvmxq Lwjdv Avj-bvwm‡ii wbKU †_‡K ¯^xK…wZcÎ jvf K‡iwQ‡jb— wMqvmDwÏb BIR LjwR|
BIR LjwRi g„Zzï ci †_‡K 1287 wLª÷vã ch©šÍ lvU eQi evsjv w`wjøi gymjgvb kvmK‡ì GKwU cÖ‡`‡k
cwiMwYZ nq| G mgq c‡b‡iv Rb kvmbKZ©v evsjv kvmb K‡ib| Zvu‡ì `kRb wQ‡jb `vm| `vm‡ì ÔgvgjyKÕ
ejv n‡Zv| G Kvi‡Y lvU eQ‡ii evsjvi kvmb‡K A‡b‡K `vm kvmb ev gvgjyK kvmb e‡j AwfwnZ K‡ib|
→ gvgjyK kvmbvg‡ji c‡b‡iv Rb kvm‡Ki mK‡jB wQ‡jb— ZzwK©|
→ gvgjyK ZzwK©‡ì g‡a¨ me©‡kÖô wQ‡jb— ZzNwij|
→ ‣Zgyi jO fviZ AvµgY K‡ib— 1398 mv‡j|
evsjvq ¯^vaxb myjZvwb kvm‡bi BwZnvm

w`wjøi myjZvbMY 1338-1538 wLª÷vã ch©šÍ `yBk eQi evsjv‡K Zvu‡ì AwaKv‡i ivL‡Z cv‡ibwb| cÖ_gw`‡K w`wjøi
myjZv‡bi †mbvevwnbx AvµgY Pvwj‡q‡Q| ‡Póv K‡i‡Q evsjv‡K wb‡Ri AwaKv‡i Avbvi Rb¨| Ae‡k‡l mdj n‡Z bv
†c‡i nvj †Q‡o w`‡q‡Q| ZvB, G mg‡q evsjvi myjZvbMY ¯^vaxbfv‡e Ges wbwð‡šÍ G‡`k kvmb Ki‡Z †c‡i‡Qb|
dLiæwÏb gyeviK kv‡ni gva¨‡g ¯^vaxbZvi m~Pbv n‡jI Bwjqvm kvnx es‡ki myjZvb‡ì nv‡Z evsjv cÖ_g w¯’wZkxjZv
jvf K‡i|
1352 wLª÷v‡ã dLiæwÏb gyeviK kvn‡K civwRZ K‡i †mvbviMvuI `Lj Ki‡Z mÿg nb Bwjqvm kvn| d‡j cy‡iv
evsjv Zvui KZ…©Z¡vaxb P‡j Av‡m| wZwb cvÐzqvq ivRavbx ¯’vcb K‡ib| Bwjqvm kvnx es‡ki cÖ_g ch©vq mgvß nq
ivRv M‡Y‡ki DÌv‡b| cybivq gymwjg weR‡qi gva¨‡g ivRv M‡Y‡ki cyÎ h`y Bmjvg ag© MÖnY K‡ib Ges evsjvi
wmsnvm‡b e‡mb| Zvui bZzb bvg nq RvjvjyÏxb gynv¤§`| wZwb `y ch©v‡q 1415-1416 Ges 1418-1433 mvj ch©šÍ
evsjv kvmb K‡ib| wZwb 1418 mv‡j ivRavbx cvÐzqv †_‡K †M․‡o ¯’vbvšÍi K‡ib| Gici myjZvwb kvm‡bi †kl ch©šÍ
(1538 mvj ch©šÍ) evsjvi ivRavbx _v‡K †M․‡o| ZvB ejv hvq, myjZvwb Avg‡j evsjvi ivRavbx wQj †M․‡o|
dLiæwÏb gyeviK kvn (1338-1349)

†mvbviMvu‡qi kvmbKZ©v evnivg Lv‡bi g„Zz¨ nq 1338 wLª÷v‡ã| evnivg Lv‡bi g„Zzï ci Zvui eg©iÿK ÔdLivÕ
bv‡gi GK Kg©Pvix ¯^vaxbZv †NvlYv K‡ib Ges ÔdLiæwÏb gyeviK kvnÕ bvg w`‡q †mvbviMvuI kvmb K‡ib| Gfv‡eB
m~Pbv nq evsjvi ¯^vaxb myjZvwb hy‡Mi|
 evsjv cÖ_g ¯^vaxb myjZvb| A_©vr evsjvi cÖ_g ¯^vaxb gymwjg mvjZvbv‡Zi cÖwZôvZv|
 Zvui ivRavbx wQj HwZnvwmK †mvbviMvuI|
 Zvui kvmbvg‡j w`wjøi kvmK wQ‡jb— gyn¤§`-web-ZzNjK|
 dLiæwÏb me©cÖ_g Rq K‡ib— PÆMÖvg| wZwb PÆMÖvg †_‡K Pvu`cyi ch©šÍ ivRc_ •Zwi K‡ib|
 dLiæwÏ‡bi gy`ªvq †Lvw`Z ZvwiL †`‡L aviYv Kiv hvq, wZwb 1338-1349 wLª÷vã ch©šÍ †mvbviMvu‡qi ivRZ¡
K‡ib| GKRb ¯^vaxb myjZvb wn‡m‡e wZwb wbR bv‡g gy`ªv cÖPjb K‡iwQ‡jb|
Be‡b eZzZv
gi‡°vi ch©UK Be‡b eZzZv 1333 wLª÷v‡ãi 12B †m‡Þ¤î gynv¤§` web ZzNj‡Ki
ivRZ¡Kv‡j fviZe‡l© AvMgb K‡ib| myjZv‡bi mv‡_ cwiPq NU‡j wZwb GB
cwieªvRK‡K KvwRi c‡` wbhy³ K‡ib| wZwb dLiæwÏb gyeviK kv‡ni ivRZ¡Kv‡j
(1345-46 wLª÷v‡ã) evsjvq Av‡mb| evsjv‡`‡k Avmvi Zvui g~j D‡Ïk¨ wQj wm‡j‡U
wM‡q nhiZ kvnRvjv‡ji m‡½ mvÿvr Kiv| wZwb `wÿY fviZ †_‡K mgy`ªc‡_ PÆMÖvg
Av‡mb| †mLvb †_‡K wZwb wm‡jU hvb| wm‡jU †_‡K wZwb b`xc‡_ †mvbviMvuI Av‡mb|
wZwb cÖ_g we‡`wk wn‡m‡e Ôev½vjvÕ kã eënvi K‡ib| wZwb evsjvi bvgKiY K‡ib
Ô‡`vhLcyi Avh wbqvgZÕ ev ÔAvkxe©v`cyó biKÕ ev abc~Y© biK| Zvui ÔwKZveyj †invjvÕ
bvgK MÖ‡š’ evsjvi Aciƒc eY©bv cvIqv hvq|
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. evsjvq Ô¯^vaxb myjZvbÕ kvmb cÖwZôv K‡ib †K? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2019]
K. BLwZqvi DwÏb gynv¤§` eLwZqvi LjwR L. beve wmivRD‡Ï․jv
M. dLiæwÏb gyeviK kvn N. beve Avjxe`©x Lv DËi : M
02. myjZvwb Avg‡j evsjvi ivRavbx bvg wK wQj? [29Zg wewmGm; cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK (†WjUv): 14]
K. †mvbviMvuI L. Rvnv½xibMi M. XvKv N. †M․o DËi : N
03. Be‡b eZzZv Kvi kvmbvg‡j ‡mvbviMvuI Av‡mb? (25Zg Zg wewmGm)
K. kvgmywÏb wd‡ivR kvn L. nvRx Bwjqvm kvn
M. ‡nv‡mb kvn N. dLiæwÏb gyeviK kvn DËi : N
Bwjqvm kvnx esk (1342-1412 wLª÷vã)

 Bwjqvm kvn → wmKv›`vi kvn → wMqvmDwÏb ÔAvRg kvnÕ
‡mvbviMvu‡q dLiæwÏb gyeviK kvn hLb ¯^vaxb myjZvb ZLb jL‡b․wZi wmsnvmb `Lj K‡iwQ‡jb ‡mLvbKvi †mbvcwZ
Avwj gyeviK| wmsnvm‡b e‡m wZwb ÔAvjvDÏxb Avjx kvnÕ Dcvwa MÖnY K‡ib| jL‡b․wZ‡Z wZwbI ¯^vaxb ivR¨ M‡o
†Zv‡jb| c‡i ivRavbx ¯’vbvšÍi K‡ib cvÐzqvq (wd‡ivRvev`)| Avjx kvn ÿgZvq wQ‡jb 1342 wLª÷vã ch©šÍ| Zvui
`yafvB wQ‡jb nvwR Bwjqvm| wZwb Avjx kvn‡K civwRZ I wbnZ K‡i ÔkvgmywÏb Bwjqvm kvnÕ bvg wb‡q evsjvq
GKwU ivResk cÖwZôv K‡ib| GB ivRes‡ki bvg Bwjqvm kvnx esk|
kvgmywÏb Bwjqvm kvn (1342-1358 wLª÷vã)

 evsjvi cÖ_g cÖK…Z ¯^vaxb myjZvb| Bwjqvm kvn wd‡ivRvev‡ì wmsnvmb AwaKv‡ii gva¨‡g DËi I DËi-cwðg
evsjvi AwacwZ nb— 1342 wLª÷v‡ã| 1338 mv‡j dLiæwÏb gyeviK kvn evsjvi ¯^vaxbZv m~Pbv Ki‡jI
cÖK…Z ¯^vaxbZv cÖwZôv K‡ib— Bwjqvm kvn 1352 wLª÷v‡ã| w`wjøi kvmK wd‡ivR kvn kvmK Bwjqvm kv‡ni
mv‡_ mwÜ K‡i evsjvi ¯^vaxbZv †g‡b †bb|
 evsjvi mKj AÂ‡ji Awaevmx evOvwj e‡j cwiwPZ nq- Bwjqvm kv‡ni kvmbvg‡j| Bwjqvm kvn Ôkvn-B evOvjvÕ
I Ôkvn-B-evOvwjqvbÕ Dcvwa MÖnY K‡ib|
wMqvmDwÏb AvRg kvn (1393-1410 wLª÷vã)

o wmKv›`vi kv‡ni g„Zzï ci evsjvi wmsnvm‡b e‡mb— wMqvmDwÏb AvRg kvn (1393-1410 wLª÷vã)| wZwb
ÔAvRg kvnÕ Dcvwa MÖnY K‡ib| wZwb ‡R․bcy‡ii ivRv Lvb Rvnv‡bi mv‡_ eÜzZ¡ ¯’vcb K‡ib| wiqvR-Dm-
mvjvwZb MÖ‡š’ wMqvmDwÏb AvRg kv‡ni b¨vqwePv‡ii K_v D‡jøL i‡q‡Q|
o cÖL¨vZ Kwe nvwd‡Ri mv‡_ Zvui cÎvjvc n‡Zv|
o wZwb wQ‡jb Bwjqvm kvnx es‡ki me‡P‡q RbwcÖq myjZvb| ivRavbx wQj— †mvbviMvuI|
o wMqvmDwÏb AvRg kv‡ni ivRZ¡Kv‡j cÖ_g evOvwj gymjgvb Kwe kvn& gyn¤§` mMxi ÔBDmyd-Ry‡jLvÕ Kve¨ iPbv
K‡ib| AvRg kv‡ni ivRZ¡Kv‡jB weL¨vZ mywd mvaK b~i KzZze-Dj-Avjg cvÐzqvq Av¯Ívbv M‡o †Zv‡jb|
o wZwb evsjvi cÖ_g myjZvb wn‡m‡e Px‡bi wgs mv¤ªv‡Rï mv‡_ K~U‣bwZK m¤úK© M‡o †Zv‡jb|
o wZwb wQ‡jb Bwjqvm kvnx es‡ki †kl myjZvb| Zvui g„Zzï ci †_‡KB G es‡ki cZb kyiæ nq|
hy‡M hy‡M evsjvi wewfbœ bvg

e½ ঴ াট আকবমরর ঴ াকদব আবু঱ জম঱র বই ‘আইন- ই- আকবরীমত্’ ােীন নাম ব
঴ মকি জানা যায়। me©cÖ_g e½ bv‡gi D‡jøL cvIqv hvq ÔHZ‡iq AviY¨KÕ MÖ‡š’|
ev½vjvn ঴াম঱ ঱ত্ান ইদ঱য়া঴ লা঵ বম র নামকরণ কমরন ‘বা া঱া঵’।
RvbœvZvev` ঴াম঱ মুঘ঱ ঴ াট মায়ুন বা া঱ার নাম চিন ‘জা াত্াবাি’।
my‡e evsjv ঴াম঱ মুঘ঱ ঴ াট আকবর জা াত্াবামির নামকরণ কমরন ‘ মব বাং঱া’। মব লমের অথি
মিল। অথিা ঴ াট আকবর বাং঱ামক থম মিলদ দ ক াগ কমরন।
‡e½j †cÖwm‡WwÝ ঱ ি া঱ম঵ সি ঴াম঱ মব বাং঱ার নামকরণ কমরন ‘‡e½j †cÖwm‡WwÝ’।
c~e© e½ ঱ ি কাজিমনর আমম঱ ঴াম঱ ব ঵ম঱ বম র নাম ঵য় ‘পূবি ব ’।
c~e© cvwK¯Ívb ঴াম঱ ঴াংদবধ্াদনক ামব পূবি বম র নাম ‘পূবি পাদকস্তান’ ঵য়।
MYcÖRvZš¿x ঴াম঱র দ ম঴ র বাং঱ামিমলর ঴ংদবধ্ান কাযিকর ঵ য়ার মাধ্যমম পূবি পাদকস্তামনর নাম
evsjv‡`k ঵য় ‘গণ জাত্ ী বাং঱ামিল’।
cieZ©x Bwjqvm kvnx es‡ki kvmb

ivRv M‡Yk I Zvui eska‡ii wÎk eQ‡ii kvmbvemv‡bi ci ‡M․‡oi wmsnvmb k~b¨ _vKvi †cÖÿvc‡U 1452 mv‡j
Bwjqvm kv‡ni GK eskai‡K †M․‡oi wmsnvm‡b emvb AwfRvZeM©| BwZnv‡m wZwb bvwmiDwÏb gvngy` kvn bv‡g
cwiwPZ| Bwjqvm kv‡ni eskaiMY Gfv‡e cybivq ¯^vaxb ivRZ¡ ïiæ K‡ib| ZvB G hyM‡K ejv nq ÔcieZx© Bwjqvm
kvnx hyMÕ|
lvU-M¤^y^R gmwR`
evsjv‡`‡ki ev‡MinvU †Rjvi `wÿY cwð‡g Aew¯’Z GKwU ga¨hyMxq
gmwR`| myjZvb bvwmiDwÏb gvngy` kv‡ni (1435-59) Avg‡j Lvb
Avj-AvRg DjyM LvbRvnvb my›ìe‡bi †Kvj †Nu‡l Lwjdvev` ivR¨ M‡o
†Zv‡jb| LvbRvnvb •eVK Kivi Rb¨ GKwU ìevi M‡o †Zv‡jb, hv
c‡i lvU ¸¤^yR gmwR` nq| gmwR`wU‡Z 81wU M¤^yR i‡q‡Q| G‡Z
ZzNjwK I †R․bcyix wbg©vY‣kjx my¯úó| GwU evsjv‡`‡ki wZbwU wek^
HwZnëvnx ¯’v‡bi GKwUi g‡a¨ Aew¯’Z| ev‡MinvU kniwU‡KB wek^
HwZnëvnx ¯’v‡bi gh©v`v †`qv n‡q‡Q| 1983 wLª÷v‡ã UNESCO
GB gh©v`v cÖ`vb K‡i| (Z_¨m~Î parjatan.portal.gov.bd)
 1459 wLª÷v‡ã bvwmiDwÏb gvngy` kv‡ni g„Zzï ci evsjvi wmsnvm‡b e‡mb— iæKbDwÏb eieK kvn|
 ‡M․‡oi Ô`vwLj ìIqvRvÕ bv‡g cwiwPZ weivU I my›ì †ZviYwU wbg©vY K‡iwQ‡jb— eieK kvn|
nvewm kvmb (1487-1493)

o evsjvq nvewm kvmb ¯’vqx n‡qwQj— gvÎ Qq eQi| PviRb nvewm myjZv‡bi wZbRb‡KB nZ¨v Kiv nq|
o nvewm †bZv myjZvb kvnRv`v ÔeieK kvnÕ Dcvwa wb‡q cÖ_g evsjvi ÿgZvq e‡mb| wKš‘ K‡qK gv‡mi g‡a¨
nvewm †mbvcwZ gvwjK Avw›`‡ji nv‡Z wbnZ nb|
o gvwjK Avw›`j ÔmvBdzwÏb wdiæR kvnÕ Dcvwa wb‡q wmsnvm‡b e‡mb| GKgvÎ Zvui wZb eQ‡ii ivRZ¡Kv‡ji
(1487-1490 wLª÷vã) BwZnvm wKQzUv †M․iegq wQj|
o nvewm kvm‡bi Aemvb N‡U— kvgmywÏb gyRvddi kv‡ni g„Zzï gva¨‡g|
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. me©cÖ_g e½ bv‡gi D‡jøL cvIqv hvq ‡Kvb MÖ‡š’? [‡lvok wbeÜb (¯‹yj ch©vq) 2019]
K. AvBb B AvKewi L. HZ‡iq AviY¨K
M. Dcwbl` N. gnvfviZ DËi : L
02. ‡Kvb kvm‡Ki mgq †_‡K mgMÖ evsjv fvlvfvlx AÂj cwiwPZ n‡q D‡V Ôev½vjvnÕ bv‡g? (12Zg wewmGm)
K. dLiæwÏb gyeviK kvn L. kvgmywÏb Bwjqvm kvn
M. AvKei N. Ckv Lvb DËi : L
03. cÖvPxb evsjvi me¸‡jv Rbc`B GK‡Î evsjv bv‡g cwiwPZ jvf K‡i Kvi Avgj †_‡K? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK
(BQvgwZ) : 10]
K. myjZvb wmKv›`vi kvn L. myjZvb kvgmDwÏb Bwjqvm kvn
M. beve wmivRD‡Ï․jv N. beve Avjxew`© Lvu DËi : L
04. ইরামনর কদব ঵াদ মজর ঴ামথ পত্রা঱াপ ঵ময়দে঱ বাং঱ার চকান ঱ত্ামনর? (24Zg evwZj wewmGm)
K. wMqvmDwÏb AvRg kvn L. AvjvDwÏb ‡nv‡mb kvn
M. dLiæwÏb gyeviK kvn N. mvZ M¤^yR gmwR` DËi : K
05. ev‡Minv‡U Lvb Rvnvb Avjxi cÖwZwôZ gmwR`wU KZ M¤^yR wewkó? (19Zg wewmGm)
K. Avwk L. GKvwk M. lvU N. †P․lwÆ DËi : L
06. ‡K ÔlvU M¤^yRÕ gmwR`wU wbg©vY K‡ib? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK (Ki‡Zvqv, wgwmwmwc) : 13; cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix
wkÿK (kvcjv) : 11]
K. nhiZ AvgvbZ kvn L. ev‡qwR` †ev¯Ívgx
M. cxi Lvb Rvnvb Avjx N. mydx kvn gL`yg DËi : M
07. evsjv‡`‡ki me‡P‡q eo ga¨hyMxq gmwR` †KvbwU? (24Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi- evwZj)
K. Kzmy¤^v gmwR` L. eo †mvbv gmwR`
M. lvU M¤^yR gmwR` N. mvZ M¤^yR gmwR` DËi : M
‡nv‡mb kvnx esk (1494-1538 wLª÷vã)

AvjvDwÏb ‡nv‡mb kvn (1494-1519 wLª÷vã)
 wZwb evsjvi AvKei bv‡g cwiwPZ| ‡nv‡mb kvnx hy‡Mi †kÖô myjZvb wQ‡jb— myjZvb AvjvDwÏb ‡nv‡mb kvn|
 AvivKvwb‡ì PÆMÖvg ‡_‡K weZvwoZ K‡ib— AvjvDwÏb †nv‡mb kvn|
 AvjvDwÏb ‡nv‡mb kv‡ni kvmbvg‡j •eòe a‡g©i cÖeZ©K— kÖx‣PZb¨‡`‡ei Avwef©ve N‡U|
 wZwb ‡M․‡oi Ô‡QvU †mvbv gmwR`Õ I ¸gwZØvi cÖwZôv K‡ib| Zvui kvmbvgj‡K e‡½i gymjgvb kvm‡bi BwZnv‡m
Ô¯^Y©hyMÕ ejv nq|
 AvjvDwÏb ‡nv‡mb kvn g„ZzëiY K‡ib— 1519 mv‡j| wZwb `xN© 26 eQi (1493-1519) ivRZ¡ K‡ib|
ivRavbx wQj— GKWvjv|
bvwmiDwÏb Aveyj gyRvddi bymiZ kvn

AvjvDwÏb †nv‡mb kv‡ni g„Zzï ci Zvui †R¨ô cyÎ bymiZ kvn ÔbvwmiDwÏb Aveyj gyRvddi bymiZ kvnÕ Dcvwa wb‡q
evsjvi wmsnvm‡b e‡mb|
→ bymiZ kv‡ni kvmbvg‡j ev‡Minv‡Ui ÔwgVvcyKziÕ Lbb Kiv nq|
→ ‡M․‡oi weL¨vZ ÔK`g imyjÕ fe‡bi cÖ‡Kv‡ô bymiZ kvn GKwU gÂ wbgv©Y K‡ib| Zvui Dci nhiZ gynv¤§‡ì
(mv.) c`wPý msewjZ GKwU Kv‡jv KviæKvh© LwPZ gg©i †ew` emv‡bv nq|
→ †M․‡oi weL¨vZ Ôeo †mvbv gmwR`Õ ev Ôev‡iv`yqvwi gmwR`Õ Zvui Avg‡ji KxwZ©|
→ ‡nv‡mb kv‡ni †mbvcwZ civMj Lvu I Zvi cyÎ QzwU LvuÕi c„ô‡cvlKZvq Kex›`ª ci‡gkî I kÖxKi b›`x evsjv
fvlvq gnvfviZ Abyev` K‡ib|
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. AvjvDwÏb ‡nv‡mb kvn KLb e„nËi evsjv kvmb K‡ib? (40Zg wewmGm)
K. 1498 1516 wLª. L. 1498-1517 wLª.
M. 1498-1518 wLª. N. 1498-1519 wLª. DËi : N
e¨vL¨v : beg-`kg †kÖwYi evsjv‡`‡ki BwZnvm I wek^mf¨Zv eBwUi Z_¨g‡Z, ‡nv‡mb kv‡ni kvmbvgj wQj
1493-1519 wLª.| Avi ‡nv‡mb kvnx Avgj wQj 1493-1538 wLª÷vã ch©šÍ| ‡nv‡mb kv‡ni mgq evsjvi
ivR¨mxgv e„w× cvq| wZwb Kvgiƒc I KvgZv Rq K‡ib| Dwol¨v I wÎcyiv iv‡Rï wKQz AskI Zvui KivqË wQj|
DËi I `wÿY wenv‡ii wKQz AskI Zvui AwaKv‡i Av‡m| evsjvwcwWqvi Z_¨vbymv‡i, ‡nv‡mb kvn Kvgiƒ‡ci †Lb
ivResk‡K DrLvZ K‡i Kvgiƒc I KvgZv‡K evsjviv‡Rï AšÍf©y³ K‡ib| wZwb Kvgiƒc I KvgZv‡K evsjvi
AšÍfy©³ K‡ib 1498 mv‡j| ZvB cÖ‡kœi Ôe„nËi evsjvÕ kvm‡bi hyw³ Ackb ÔNÕ Gi gva¨‡gB †gjv‡bv m¤¢eci|
02. ‡M․‡oi ‡mvbv gmwR` Kvi Avg‡j wbwg©Z nq? (29Zg wewmGm)
K. dLiæwÏb †gveviK kvn L. †nv‡mb kvn
M. kv‡q¯Ív Lvu N. Cmv Lvu DËi : L
03. †Kvb gymwjg kvmb Kvj‡K Ô¯^Y©hyMÕ ejv nq? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2019]
K. eLwZqvi wLjwR L. m¤ªvU kvnRvnvb
M. ‡nv‡mb kvn N. m¤ªvU evei DËi : M
04. ev‡Minv‡Ui ÔwgVvcyKziÕ †K Lbb K‡ib? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 12; cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (ewikvj wefvM) : 08]
K. mgªvU ûgvq~b L. myRvDÏxb
M. AvjvDÏxb †nv‡mb kvn N. myjZvb bymiZ kvn DËi : N
05. ‡Kvb Avg‡j evsjv MRj I mywd mvwnZ¨ m„wó nq? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (‡gNbv) : 2019]
K. Bwjqvm kvnx L. ‡nv‡mb kvnx M. myjZvwb N. gyNj DËi : L
06. d«v‡Ýi ivRv PZz`©k jyB Gi b¨vq †Kvb myjZvb †NvlYv K‡ib- ÔAvwgB ivóªÕ?
K. wMqvmDwÏb ejeb L. RvjvjDwÏb LjRx
M. web ZzNjKv N. AvjvDwÏb LjRx DËi : N
AvdMvb kvmb
`yBk eQ‡ii ¯^vaxb myjZvwb Avg‡ji mgvwß nq- 1538 wLª÷v‡ã †ki kvn k~i †M․o `Lj Ki‡j| gyNj m¤ªvU evei I
Zvui cyÎ ûgvq~b, ‡nv‡mb kvnx hy‡Mi †kl w`K †_‡KB †Póv KiwQ‡jb evsjv‡K gyNj AwaKv‡i wb‡q Avm‡Z| wKš‘
AvdMvb‡ì Kvi‡Y gyNj‡ì G D‡Ïk¨ mdj nqwb|
‡ki kvn
→ †kikvn 1537 wLª÷v‡ã `yBevi evsjvi ivRavbx †M․o AvµgY K‡ib| ZLb w`wjøi m¤ªvU ûgvqyb †ki kv‡ni
(cÖK…Z bvg- †ki Lvb) wcQz avIqv K‡i evsjvi ivRavbx †M․o AvµgY K‡ib| †M․‡oi PgrKvi cÖvmv` I
cÖvK…wZK †m․›`‡h© gy» n‡q ûgvqyb Gi bvgKiY K‡ib ÔRvbœvZvev`Õ|
→ ‡ki Lv‡bi mv‡_ ûgvqyb civwRZ nb—1539 mv‡j| gyNj m¤ªvU ûgvqyb‡K civwRZ K‡i †ki Lvb Dcvwa †bb
†ki kvn| K‡b․‡Ri hy‡× n‡qwQj— ûgvqy‡bi civRq| G hy‡× civR‡qi gva¨‡g †ki kvn w`wjøi wmsnvmb
AwaKvi K‡ib| Gfv‡e `xN©w`b ci evsjv Avevi w`wjøi kvm‡b P‡j Av‡m| †ki kvn k~i es‡ki e‡j G mg‡qi
evsjvi kvmb wQj k~i AvdMvb es‡ki kvmb| wZwb w`wjø †_‡K cZ©ywMR‡ì weZvwoZ K‡ib|
→ ‡ki kvn evsjv `Lj K‡ib— 1540 wLª÷v‡ã|
→ †kikvn †Nvovi Wv‡Ki cÖPjb K‡ib| fviZe‡l© Ô`vgÕ gy`ªvi cÖPjb K‡ib— ‡ki kvn|
→ MÖ¨vÛ Uª¨v¼ †ivW wbgv©Zv †ki kvn‡K ejv nq— mo‡K AvRg| ‡ki kvn RvwZ‡Z wQ‡jb— cvVvb|
→ wZwb KeywjqZ I cvÆv cÖ_vi cÖeZ©K| wZwb †mvbviMvuI n‡Z jv‡nvi ch©šÍ iv¯Ív wbg©vY K‡ib|
→ cvwbc‡_i wØZxq hy× msNwUZ nq 1556 mv‡j| GB hy‡× AvKe‡ii †mbvcwZ ‣eivg Lvb Avw`j kvn mywii
cÖavbgš¿x wngy‡K civwRZ K‡ib| G hy‡× wngy wbnZ n‡j AvKei w`wjø AwaKvi K‡ib| cvwbc_ DËi-cwðg
fvi‡Zi nwiqvbv iv‡R¨ Aew¯’Z hgybv b`xi ZxieZ©x GKwU kni|
 evsjvq †kl AvdMvb kvm‡Ki bvg— `vD` Lvb Kiivwb|
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. wek^ weL¨vZ MÖ¨vÛ Uª¨v¼ †ivW evsjv‡`‡ki †Kvb GjvKv †_‡K ïiæ n‡q‡Q? [ciivóª gš¿Yvjq (e¨w³MZ Kg©KZ©v) : 2019]
K. XvKv L. †mvbviMvuI M. jv‡nvi N. †KvbwUB bq DËi : L
02. ÔKeywjqZ I cvÆv cÖ_vi cÖeZ©KÕ †K wQ‡jb? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK wkÿK wb‡qvM cixÿv- 2018]
K. m¤ªvU evei L. Bwjqvm kvn M. †ki kvn N. bymiZ kvn DËi : M
03. fviZe‡l© Ô‡Nvovi WvKÕ Gi cÖPjb K‡ib— [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (KY©dzjx)- 2012; cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb
wkÿK (ewikvj wefvM) : 07]
K. AvKei L. †ki kvn M. gyn¤§` web ZzNjK N. AvIi½‡Re DËi : L
04. ÔMÖ¨vÛ Uªv¼ †ivWÕ Gi wbg©Zv— [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (K‡cvZvÿ)- 2010; cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mn. wkÿK: 92]
K. evei L. AvKei M. kvnRvnvb N. †ki kvn DËi : N
gyNj kvmb
(fviZe‡l©- 1526-1757 wLª. Ges evsjvq 1576-1757 wLªóvã)
gyNj m¤ªvU‡ì µg
g‡b ivLyb
RwniDwÏb gyn¤§` evei †K․k‡j
gyn¤§` evei
bvwmiDwÏb gyn¤§` ûgvqyb evevi nBj AvRvi
gyn¤§` evei R¦i kvwij
AvIi½‡R‡ei
RvjvjDwÏb AvKei kvwn evnv`ywi
‡`‡L| A_©vr
gyn¤§`gynevei
†mwjg b~i DwÏb ¤§` Rvnv½xi evei, ûgvqyb,
AvKei,
gyn¤§` evei
kvnRvnvb Ii‡d Lyiig Rvnv½xi,
kvnRvnvb,
gyAvIi½‡Re
n¤§` evei AvIi½‡Re,
gynv¤§` kvn,
evnv`yi kvn|
gyn¤§`
wØZxq eveii kvn
evnv`y
m¤ªvU RwniDwÏb gyn¤§` evei (1526-1530 wLª÷vã)

 gyNj mv¤ªv‡Rï cÖwZôvZv— evei|
 wZwb ZzhyK-B-evei ev eve‡ii Rxebx bv‡g AvZ¥Rxebx‡Z (gyNj‡ì g‡a¨ cÖ_g AvZ¥Rxebx) Zvui Rq civR‡qi
Mí wjwce× K‡ib| ÔZzhyK-B-eveiÕ ev ÔeveyibvgvÕ bvgK AvZ¥Rxebxg~jK MÖš’wU iwPZ n‡qwQj— ZzwK© fvlvq|
 eZ©gvb iæk ZzwK©¯Ív‡bi AšÍM©Z dviMvbvq eve‡ii Rb¥|
 wZwb wcZvi w`K †_‡K •Zgyi jO Ges gv‡qi w`K †_‡K †Pw½m Lv‡bi eskai wQ‡jb|
 fvi‡Zi DËi cÖ‡`‡ki A‡hva¨vq wZwb 1527 wLª÷v‡ã Ôevewi gmwR`Õ wbgv©Y K‡ib| 1992 mv‡ji 6 wW‡m¤î
DMÖev`x wn›`y‡Mvôx HwZnvwmK GB gmwR`wU †f‡½ †d‡j| evewi gmwR`-ivg Rb¥f~wg gvgjvi P~ovšÍ ivq ‡NvlYv
K‡i— fvi‡Zi mywc«g ‡KvU© (9 b‡f¤î 2019 wL«÷v‡ã)|
 1526 mv‡ji 12B GwcÖj cvwbc‡_i cÖ_g hy‡× m¤ªvU evei Beªvwng †jvw`‡K civwRZ I wbnZ K‡i gyNj mv¤ªvR¨
cÖwZwôZ K‡ib|
 evei g„ZzëiY K‡ib— 1530 wLª÷v‡ã| mgvwnZ Kiv nq— Kveyj|
m¤ªvU bvwmiDwÏb gyn¤§` ûgvq~b (1530-1540 wLª÷vã)

 eve‡ii †R¨ô cy‡Îi bvg— ûgvq~b| ûgvq~b k‡ãi A_©— fvMëvb|
 ûgvq~b ÿgZv jvf K‡i— 1530 wLª÷v‡ã| c‡ii eQi †ki kv‡ni weiæ‡× Avevi Awfhvb cwiPvjbv K‡ib|
wKš‘ K‡b․‡Ri wbKU wejMÖv‡gi G hy‡× civR‡qi gva¨‡g †ki kv‡ni wbKU civwRZ n‡q wmsnvmbPy¨Z nb—
1540 wLª÷v‡ã|
 ûgvq~b civwRZ nb— 1539 wLª÷v‡ã †ki kv‡ni mv‡_ †P․mv‡ii hy‡× ‡ki kv‡ni wbKU|
 cvim¨ m¤ªv‡Ui mnvqZvq ûgvq~b cybivq w`wjøi wmsnvmb D×vi K‡ib— 1555 wLª÷v‡ã|
 wZwb MÖš’vMv‡ii wmuwo †_‡K c‡o gviv hvb— 1556 wLª÷v‡ã|
 †M․‡oi PgrKvi cÖvmv` I cÖvK…wZK †m․›`‡h© gy» n‡q ûgvq~b Gi bvgKiY K‡ib ÔRvbœvZvev`Õ|
m¤ªvU RvjvjDwÏb AvKei (1556-1605 wLª÷vã)

o gyNj mv¤ªv‡Rï †kÖô kvmK wQ‡jb— AvKei| wZwb 13 eQi eq‡m wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnY K‡ib|
o m¤ªvU AvKei KZ©„K 1576 mv‡j evsjv weR‡qi gva¨‡g evsjvq gyNj mv¤ªv‡Rï AvwacZ¨ ¯’vwcZ nq|
o fvi‡Z Bmjvgx kvmbvg‡j wnRwi cwÄKv Abymv‡i mKj KvRKg© n‡Zv| AvKei cÖPwjZ wnRwi Pv›`ª el©cwÄKv‡K
†m․icwÄKvq iƒcvšÍwiZ Kivi wm×všÍ †bb| Biv‡bi wewkó weÁvbx I ‡R¨vwZwe©` Igi dZzjøvn wkivRxi mycvwi‡k
AvKei 992 wnRix (1584 wLª÷vã) – G evsjv ‡m․i el©cÄxi cÖeZ©b K‡ib| 29 eQi c~‡e© Zvui wmsnvm‡b
Av‡ivn‡Yi w`b †_‡K G cwÄKv cÖPj‡bi wb‡`©k †`b| GRb¨ 963 wnRwi (1556 wLª÷vã) mvj †_‡K e½vã
MYbv ïiæ nq| evsjv beel© Ôc‡njv •ekvLÕ Pvjy K‡ib— RvjvjDwÏb gyn¤§` AvKei|
o wZwb `xb-B-Bjvnx bv‡g GKkîv` ag©gZ cÖPjb K‡ib hvi Abymvix wQ‡jb 17 (gZvšÍ‡i 19 Rb) Rb|
o ÔwRwRqv KiÕ I ÔZx_© KiÕ ¯’wMZ K‡ib m¤ªvU AvKei|
o m¤ªvU AvKe‡ii ivR¯^gš¿x wQ‡jb †UvWigj| G †`‡ki miKvwi Kv‡R dviwm fvlv Pvjy K‡ib— †UvWigj|
o m¤ªvU AvKe‡ii mg‡q ev‡iv fu~Bqv‡ì DÌvb N‡U|
o wZwb ÔAg„Zmi ¯^Y©gw›ìÕ, Ôeyj›` ìIqvRÕ wbg©vY K‡ib|
o AvKe‡ii mgvwa †m‡K›`ªvq|
o cvwbc‡_i 2q hy× msNwUZ nq AvKe‡ii †mbvcwZ •eivg Lvb (AvKe‡ii AwffveK) I AvdMvb †bZv wngyi
g‡a¨| ‣eivg Lvb wQ‡jb AvKe‡ii wcZv ûgvq~‡bi eÜz|
o ÔAvBb-B-AvKeixÕ bv‡g GKwU weL¨vZ MÖš’ iPbv K‡ib— gyNj m¤ªvU AvKe‡ii mfvm` Aveyj dRj| wZwb GB
MÖ‡š’ †`kevPK ÔevsjvÕ kã eënvi K‡ib| G †`‡ki Rwgi mxgvbvm~PK ÔAvjÕ ( Avwj, AvBj) cÖZ¨q‡hv‡M
cÖvPxb bvg Ôe½Õ k‡ãi mv‡_ hy³ n‡q ÔevsjvÕ kã MwVZ n‡q‡Q eBwU‡Z GiKg AwfgZ e¨³ K‡i‡Qb eBwUi
†jLK| AviI mfvKwe wQ‡jb †UvWigj, ‣dwR, exiej, gvbwmsn cÖf…wZ| eyjeyj-B-wn›` ejv nq Zvb‡mb‡K|
o ivRcyZ bxwZi cÖeZ©K— AvKei| Ôgbme`vwi cÖ_vÕ cÖPjb K‡ib— AvKei| Ôgbme`vwi cÖ_vÕ n‡j †mbvevwnbx
ms¯‥vi cwiKíbv|
m¤ªvU †mwjg byi DwÏb ‡gvnv¤§` Rvnv½xi (1605-1627 wLª÷vã)

→ m¤ªvU AvKei cyÎ Rvnv½x‡ii ivRZ¡Kv‡j fviZe‡l© AvMgb K‡i— Bs‡iRiv|
→ Rvnv½xi wb‡Ri bv‡g gy`ªv cÖeZ©b K‡ib| Zvui ¯¿x byiRvnv‡bi cÖK…Z bvg †g‡niæb-‡bmv|
→ evsjv AwaKv‡ii Rb¨ my‡e`vi wn‡m‡e Bmjvg Lvb‡K †cÖiY K‡ib| Zvui Avg‡jB Bmjvg Lvb KZ©„K ev‡iv
fzuBqv‡ì `gb Kiv nq| G mg‡q Bmjvg Lvb 1610 wLª÷v‡ã evsjvi ivRavbx XvKvq ¯’vbvšÍi K‡ib|
→ XvKvi bvgKiY Kiv nq Rvnv½xibMi| 1612 mv‡j mgMÖ evsjv gyNj‡ì kvm‡b Avbqb K‡ib|
→ Zvui kvmbvg‡j Bs‡iRiv ÔB÷ BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwbÕ evsjvq Avbqb K‡i|
→ Zvui iwPZ AvZ¥Rxebxg~jK MÖ‡š’i bvg— ÔZzRyK-B-Rvnv½xiÕ| Zvui mgvwa Aew¯’Z— jv‡nv‡i|
m¤ªvU kvnRvnvb Ii‡d Lyiig (1605-1627 wLª÷vã)

 m¤ªvU kvnRvnvb‡K ejv nq ÔwcÖÝ Ae weìvm©Õ| c„w_exi mßvðv‡h©i Ab¨Zg fvi‡Zi DËi cÖ‡`‡ki hgybv b`xi
Zx‡ii AvMÖvi ZvRgnj wZwb wbg©vY K‡ib| ZvRgn‡ji ¯’cwZ I¯Ív` Ckv gv÷vi wmivwR| wZwb w`wjø‡Z
jvj‡Kjøv wbg©vY K‡ib|
 ÔkvnRvnvbÕ Dcvwa †`b— m¤ªvU Rvnv½xi|
 Zvui wbwg©Z wmsnvm‡bi bvg gq~i wmsnvmb| 1739 mv‡j cvi‡mï Awaevmx bvwì kvn fviZel© AvµgY K‡i
†Kvwnbyi nxiv, gq~i wmsnvmbmn cÖPzi ab-iZœ n¯ÍMZ K‡i Biv‡b P‡j hvb|
 ‡Ìqvb-B-Avg, †Ìqvb-B-Lvm m¤ªvU kvnRvnv‡bi w`wjøi ìev‡i wbwg©Z Agi KxwZ©|
 Zvui AbygwZµ‡g B÷ BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwb evsjvi wcwcjvB bvgK ¯’v‡b cÖ_g evwYR¨ KzwV ¯’vcb K‡i|
 kvnRvnv‡bi ¯¿x ggZvR gnj g„ZzëiY K‡ib 1631 mv‡j|
 m¤ªvU kvnRvnv‡bi cyÎ Pvi Rb I †g‡q `yB Rb| `viv, gyiv`, AvIi½‡Re, myRv, Rvnvb Aviv I iIkb Aviv|
 m¤ªvU kvnRvnv‡bi kvmbvg‡j cZ©ywMR‡ì ûMwj †_‡K D‡”Q` Kiv nq|
m¤ªvU AvIi½‡Re (1658-1707 wLª÷vã)

→ AwZkq ag©cÖvY nIqvi Kvi‡Y AvIi½‡Re‡K ejv nq— wR›`vcxi| wZwb ev`kvn AvjgMxi bv‡gI cwiwPZ
KviY m¤ªvU kvnRvnvb Zvi cyÎ AvjgMx‡ii ‡hvM¨Zvi ¯^xK…wZ¯îƒc G Dcvwa cÖ`vb K‡ib|
→ m¤ªvU AvIi½‡R‡ei AvZ¥Rxebxg~jK iPbv Ôd‡Zvqv-B-AvjgMxixÕ|
→ m¤ªvU kvnRvnvb wRwRqv Ki cyb¯’vcb K‡ib|
→ m¤ªvU kvnRvnv‡bi DËivwaKvi Ø‡›Ø Rvnvb Aviv `viv cÿ Ges iIkb Aviv AvIi½‡R‡ei cÿ Aej¤^b K‡i|
→ AvIi½‡R‡ei kvmbvg‡j evsjvi kvmbKZ©v wQ‡jb— kv‡q¯Ív Lvb|
wØZxq evnv`yi kvn

wZwb wQ‡jb me©‡kl gyNj m¤ªvU| wmcvwn we‡`ªv‡ni ci 1858 wLª÷v‡ã Zvu‡K †i½y‡b wbe©vmb †`qv nq Ges †mLv‡bB
wZwb g„ZzëiY K‡ib|
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. gyNj es‡ki cÖwZôvZv †K? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK wkÿK wb‡qvM- 2016]
K. evei L. ûgvqyb M. kvnRvnvb N. AvKei DËi : K
02. evsjv beel© Ô c‡njv •ekvLÕ Pvjy K‡ib— [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK- 2012]
K. j²Y †mb L. Bwjqvm kvn M. AvKei N. weRq †mb DËi : M
03. evsjv beel© c‡njv •ekvL Pvjy K‡iwQ‡jb— [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2019; 32Zg wewmGm]
K. W. gyn¤§` knx`yjøvn L. m¤ª&vU AvKei
M. kv‡q¯Ív Lvb N. †kL nvwmbv DËi : L
04. gyNj m¤ªvU‡ì gv‡S ‡K cÖ_g AvZ¥Rxebx wj‡LwQ‡jb? (38Zg wewmGm)
K. AvKei L. evei M. kvnRvnvb N. ûgvqyb DËi : L
05. ‡Kvb gyNj mg«vU evsjvi bvg ‡`b ÔRvbœvZvev`Õ? [10g wewmGm; cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK (`Rjv, ivBb) : 13]
K. evei L. ûgvqyb M. AvKei N. Rvnv½xi DËi : L
06. ‡K evsjv mb MYbv ïiæ K‡ib? (10g, 26Zg I 31Zg wewmGm; 32Zg wewmGm)
K. j²Y †mb L. Bwjqvm kvn M. weRq †mb N. AvKei DËi : N
07. evsjv (‡`k I fvlv) bv‡gi DrcwË welqwU ‡Kvb M«‡š’ me©vwaK D‡jøwLZ n‡q‡Q? (36Zg wewmGm)
K. AvjgMxibvgv L. AvBb-B-AvKeix M. AvKeibvgv N. ZzRyK-B-AvKeix D : L
08. G ‡`‡k miKvwi Kv‡R ÔdviwmÕ fvlv Pvjy K‡ib ‡K? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (Ki‡Zvqv)- 2012]
K. û‡mb kvn L. m¤ªvU Rvnv½xi M. ivRv †UvWigj N. Bs‡iRiv DËi : M
e¨vL¨v: m¤ªvU AvKe‡ii ivR¯^gš¿x wQ‡jb ivRv †UvWigj| ZvB ivR¯^ kãwU Zvi bv‡gi mv‡_ RwoZ| wZwb G
‡`‡k miKvwi Kv‡R ÔdviwmÕ fvlv Pvjy K‡ib|
09. ‡kl gyNj m¤ªvU evnv`yi kv‡ni Kei †Kv_vq? (cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK- 2015)
K. w`wjø L. AvMÖv M. Bqv½yb N. jv‡nvi DËi : M
10. AvMÖvi `y‡M©i wbg©vZv †K? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (‡ngšÍ) : 10]
K. m¤ªvU kvnRvnvb L. m¤ªvU ûgvqyb
M. m¤ªvU AvIi½‡Re N. m¤ªvU Rvnv½xi DËi : ‡bvU
‡bvU : AvMÖvi `y‡M©i KvR ïiæ nq AvKe‡ii mgq, †kl K‡ib AvIi½‡Re| Z‡e m¤ªvU kvnRvnvb I m¤ªvU
Rvnv½x‡ii mg‡qI Gi `„k¨gvb AMÖMwZ nq| eZ©gvb iƒc †`b m¤ªvU kvnRvnvb|
11. ‡Kvb Avg‡j Ôgmwjb KvcoÔ XvKvq •Zwi nq? (cÖv_wgK wkÿK wb‡qvM cixÿv- 2018)
K. †mb Avg‡j L. Bs‡iR Avg‡j M. cvj Avg‡j N. gyNj Avg‡j DËi : N
e¨vL¨v: gyNj Avg‡j evsjvi ivRavbx XvKvq nIqvq gmwjb Kvc‡oi Pvwn`v †e‡o hvq GgbwK wekê¨vcx L¨vwZ
jvf K‡i|
my‡e`vix Avgj
1576 mv‡j ivRgn‡ji wbKU evsjvi †kl AvdMvb kvmK `vD` Kiivbx civwRZ n‡j evsjvq gyNj kvmb ïiæ nq|
G mgq gyNj kvmK wQ‡jb m¤ªvU AvKei| myev`vwi I bevwe— G `yB c‡e© evsjvq gyNj kvmb AwZevwnZ nq|
ev‡ivf~uBqv‡ì `g‡bi ci mgMÖ evsjvq my‡e`vix cÖwZwôZ nq| G mgq mgMÖ e½ †`k Ômyen -B-ev½vjvnÕ bv‡g cwiwPZ
nq| gyNj cÖ‡`k¸‡jv ÔmyevÕ bv‡g cwiwPZ wQj| cÖv‡`wkK kvmbKZ©v‡K ejv n‡Zv— myev`vi|
Bmjvg Lvub
 Zvu‡K 1608 mv‡j m¤ªvU Rvnv½xi Ômy‡e`viÕ wn‡m‡e wb‡qvM †`q| wZwb ev‡ivf~uBqv‡ì `gb K‡i mgMÖ evsjvq
myev`vwi kvmb cÖwZôv K‡ib|
 1610 mv‡j my‡e`vi Bmjvg Lvu wenv‡ii ivRgnj ‡_‡K ivRavbx XvKvq wb‡q Av‡mb Ges bvgKiY K‡ib
Rvnv½xibMi|
 wZwb XvKvi Ô‡avjvB LvjÕ Lbb K‡ib| •mq` AvIjv` †nv‡mb †j‡bi gmwR`wU Bmjvg Lvu wbwg©Z e‡jB Abygvb
Kiv nq| XvKvi †K›`ªxq KvivMvi hv GKwU `yM© wQj Zv Bmjvg Lvb cybwbg©vY K‡iwQ‡jb|
 myev`vi Bmjvg Lvb g„ZzëiY K‡ib— 1613 mv‡j|
ev‡ivf~uBqv‡ì BwZnvm
m¤ªvU AvKei evsjvi Dci cy‡ivcywi AwaKvi cÖwZwôZ Ki‡Z cv‡ibwb| evsjvi eo eo Rwg`viiv gyNj‡ì AaxbZv
†g‡b †bqwb| fvwU AÂ‡ji Rwg`viMY Zv‡ì wbR wbR Rwg`vwi‡Z ¯^vaxb wQ‡jb| ¯^vaxbZv iÿvi Rb¨ Zviv
GK‡RvU n‡q gyNj †mbvcwZi weiæ‡× Svuwc‡q co‡Zb| evsjvi BwZnv‡m fvwU AÂ‡ji G Rwg`viMY ev‡iv f~uBqv
bv‡g cwiwPZ| Awbw`©ó msL¨K Rwg`vi‡K †evSv‡Z Ôev‡ivÕ kãwU eënvi Kiv nq|
 evsjv‡`‡k ev‡iv fyuBqv‡ì Afz¨Ìvb N‡U— AvKe‡ii mgq|
 evsjvi Rwg`viNY gyNj kvm‡bi weiæ‡× cÖwZ‡iva M‡o †Zv‡jb| G‡ì msL¨v wbw`©ó Kiv cÖvq Am¤¢e| Zvuiv
cwiwPZ wQ‡jb— ev‡iv f~uBqv bv‡g|
 ev‡ivf~uBqv‡ì AšÍf©y³ wQ‡jb— Cmv Lvu (‡mvbviMvuI), cÖZvcvw`Z¨ (h‡kvi I P¨vwÐKvb), Pvu` ivq I †K`vi
ivq (kÖxcyi ev weµgcyi), K›`c© ivh I ivgP›`ªivq (evK&jv ev P›`ªØxc), j²Y gvwYK¨ (fzjyqv), gyKz›`yivg ivq
I mÎvwRr ivq (f~lYv ev d‡Znvev`), dRj MvRx (fvIqvj I Pvu`cÖZvc), KsmbvivqY ivq (Zvwnicyi), exi
nv¤^xi (weòzcyi), cxZv¤î I bxjv¤î (cyuwUqv), Ckv Lvu †jvnvbx I Dmgvb Lvu †jvnvbx (Dwol¨v I wnRjx) cÖgyL|
 Cmv Lvu Gi RxebKvj— 1529-1599 wLª÷vã| Cmv Lvui ivRavbx wQj— ‡mvbviMvuI|
 gyNj m¤ªvU Rvnv½xi myev`vi Bmjvg Lvu‡K †cÖiY Ki‡j wZwb evsjv †_‡K ev‡ivf~uBqv‡K weZvwoZ K‡ib| A_©vr G
mgq evsjv wewRZ nq|
hy‡M hy‡M evsjvi ivRavbx ÔXvKvÕ
µg ¯’vbvšÍiKvix AÂj mgqKvj cÖvmw½K eY©bv
cÖ_gevi myev`vi Bmjvg Lvu my‡e evsjv 1610 wenv‡ii ivRgnj †_‡K XvKvq wb‡q Av‡mb
Ges bvgKiY K‡ib Rvnv½xibMi|
1638 mv‡j kvn myRv ivRavbx XvKv ‡_‡K wenv‡ii ivRgn‡j wb‡q ‡M‡j c«_gevi XvKv ivRavbxi
gh©v`v nvivq|
wØZxqevi myev`vi gxi Rygjv my‡e evsjv 1660 wenv‡ii ivRgnj †_‡K XvKvq Av‡bb|
1717 mv‡j beve gywk©`Kywj Lvb XvKv ‡_‡K gKmy`vev` wb‡q ‡M‡j wØZxqevi XvKv ivRavbxi gh©v`v
nvivq (c‡i bvgKiY Kiv nq gywk©`vev`)|
Z…Zxqevi jW© KvR©b c~e©e½ I Avmvg 1905 e½f½ ‡NvlYv Ki‡j c~e©e½ I Avmvg‡K
wb‡q MwVZ nq DËi c«‡`‡ki ivRavbx XvKv|
1911 mvj jW© nvwW©Ä e½f½ i` Ki‡j c~e©evsjv, cwðg evsjvi mv‡_ hy³ nq| 1912 mv‡j
ivRavbx XvKv n‡Z KjKvZvq ¯’vbvšÍwiZ n‡j, XvKv Z…Zxqev‡ii gZ ivRavbxi gh©v`v nvivq|
PZz_©evi cvwK¯Ívb miKvi c~e© cvwK¯Ívb 1947 cvwK¯Ívb ¯^vaxb n‡j c~e© evsjv cvwK¯Ív‡bi
Ask nq Ges c~e© evsjvi ivRavbx nq
XvKv|
cÂgevi evsjv‡`k miKvi evsjv‡`k 1972 msweav‡bi 5g Aby‡”Q‡` XvKv‡K
evsjv‡`‡ki ivRavbx ‡NvlYv Kiv nq|
o XvKv †gvU ivRavbx nq 5 evi (evsjvi ivRavbx nq 4 evi Ges evsjv‡`‡ki ivRavbx nq 01 evi)|
o XvKv ivRavbxi gh©v`v nvivq 3 evi|
Kvwmg Lvb Rywqwb  me©cÖ_g Avmvg I KzPwenvi ivR¨ gyNj mv¤ªvR¨fz³

m¤ªvU kvnRvnvb KZ©„K wb‡qvMK…Z cÖ_g myev`vi wQ‡jb Kvwmg K‡ib— gxi Rygjv| Zvui Avmvg hy‡× eëüZ KvgvbwU
Lvb Rywqwb (1628 wLª÷v‡ã)| û‡mb kvwn hyM †_‡KB evsjvq Imgvbx D`¨v‡b msiwÿZ Av‡Q|
cZz©wMRiv evwYR¨ KiZ| cZ©ywMR‡ì AZ¨vPv‡ii gvÎv Pi‡g
‡c․uQ‡j m¤ªvU kvnRvnv‡bi Av‡`‡k Kvwmg Lvb Zv‡ì‡K k³ kv‡q¯Ív Lvb (1664-1688 wLª÷vã)
nv‡Z `gb K‡ib| o kv‡q¯Ív Lvb 1664 wL÷v‡ã evsjvi myev`vi wbhy³ nb|
AvIi½‡R‡ei gvgv wQ‡jb kv‡q¯Ív Lvb (1664-1688
kvn myRv wLª÷vã)| gM‡ì DrcvZ †_‡K evsjvi Rvb I gvj iÿv
→ m¤ªvU kvnRvnv‡bi 2q cyÎ kvn myRv 20 eQi evsjvq K‡ib— kv‡q¯Ív Lvb| wZwb m›Øxc I PÆMÖvg AwaKvi
myev`vwi K‡ib| K‡i AvivKvwb (gM) Rj`myy¨‡ì m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c DrLvZ
→ wZwb Bs‡iR‡ì webv ï‡é evwYR¨ Kivi AbygwZ cÖ`vb K‡ib|
K‡ib| d‡j G mgq Bs‡iR ewYKiv kw³kvjx nq| o myev`vwii †kl w`‡K kv‡q¯Ív Lv‡bi mv‡_ Bs‡iR B÷
→ wZwb XvKvi PKevRv‡ii eoKvUiv wbg©vY K‡ib| BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwbi we‡iva evu‡a| `xN©w`‡bi †Póvi ci
kv‡q¯Ív Lvb evsjv †_‡K Bs‡iR‡ì weZvwoZ K‡ib|
gxi Rygjv (1660-1663) o AvivKvwb Rj`my¨‡ì nwU‡q wZwb PÆMÖv‡gi bvg
 AvIi½‡R‡ei †mbvcwZ gxi Rygjv (1660-1663 iv‡Lb— ÔBmjvgvev`Õ| Gi gva¨‡g PÆMÖvg cÖ_gev‡ii
wLª÷vã) myRv‡K `g‡bi Rb¨ evsjvi ivRavbx gZ c~Y©fv‡e evsjvi mv‡_ hy³ nq|
Rvnv½xibMi ch©šÍ G‡mwQ‡jb| ZvB m¤ªvU AvIi½‡Re o UvKvq AvU gY Pvj cvIqv ‡hZ— kv‡q¯Ív Lv‡bi
gxi Rygjv‡K (1660-1663 wLª÷vã) evsjvi myev`v‡ii Avg‡j|
`vwqZ¡ †`b| o kv‡q¯Ív Lv‡bi Avg‡ji ¯’vcZ¨ wkí— †QvU KvUiv,
 K…lK‡ì wbKU †_‡K cÖ_g ivR¯^ Av`vq K‡ib— gxi jvjevM †Kjøv, wewe cwii (kv‡q¯Ív Lv‡bi †g‡q) mgvwa-
Rygjv| wZwb XvKv †MU (c~e© bvg gxi Rygjv) wbg©vY K‡ib| ‡m․a, †nv‡mbx `vjvb, mwd Lv‡bi gmwR`, eywoM½vi
gmwR`, PK gmwR`, mvZ ¸¤y^R gmwR` cÖf…wZ|
LvBiæjÕm cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq wkÿK wb‡qvM mnvwqKv evsjv‡`k welqvewj #812
cwiwewe
cwiwewe wQ‡jb kv‡q¯Ív Lv‡bi Kb¨v I ev`kvn AvIi½‡R‡ei cyÎ gyn¤§`
AvRg Gi ¯¿x| evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii KvUivi IqvKd cwi`ß‡i msiwÿZ
kv‡q¯Ív Lv‡bi Kb¨v wn‡m‡e wbR¯^ AwQqZbvgv †_‡KB kv‡q¯Ív Lv‡bi Kb¨v
wn‡m‡e wewe cwi‡K (Bivb `yLZ ingZ evby) wPwýZ Kiv hvq| jvjevM `yM©
Af¨šÍ‡i feb wZbwUi g‡a¨ me‡P‡q AvKl©Yxq eM©vKvi feb| fe‡bi †K‡›`ªi
eM©vKvi KÿwU‡Z i‡q‡Q wewe cwii mgvwa| (Z_¨m~Î evsjvwcwWqv)| cwiwewei gvRvi
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. XvKvq cÖ_g ivRavbx ¯’vcb K‡ib— (cÖv_wgK wkÿK wb‡qvM cixÿv- 2018)
K. m¤ªvU Rvnv½xi L. Bmjvg Lvu M. kv‡q¯Ív Lvb N. m¤ªvU AvKei DËi : L
e¨vL¨v: evsjvi ev‡ivf‚uBqv‡ì DrLvZ K‡i c~e© evsjvi cÖv‡`wkK ivRavbx ivRgnj †_‡K XvKv‡Z ¯’vbvšÍi K‡ib
Bmjvg Lvu 1610 mv‡j| ZLb gyNj m¤ªvU wQ‡jb m¤ªvU Rvnv½xi| Zvi bvgvbymv‡i XvKvi bvgKiY nq
Rvnv½xibMi|
02. XvKvi Ô†avjvBLvjÕ †K Lbb K‡ib? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2019; 36Zg wewmGm]
K. Cmv Lvb L. kv‡q¯Ív Lvb M. cwiwewe N. Bmjvg Lvb DËi : N
03. Kvi mgq evsjvi ivRavbx XvKvq ¯’vcb Kiv nq? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK : 93]
K. eLwZqvi LjRx L. gywk©` Kzwj Lvu M. m¤ªvU Rvnv½xi N. †ki kvn DËi : M
04. XvKvq evsjvi ivRavbx ¯’vc‡bi mgq gyNj my‡e`vi †K wQj? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK (‡nvqvs‡nv) : 13; 26Zg wewmGm]
K. Bmjvg Lvb L. Beªvnxg Lvb M. kv‡q¯Ív Lvb N. gxi Rygjv DËi : K
05. XvKvi bvg ÔRvnv½xibMiÕ iv‡Lb †K? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (`voUvbv) : 2008; cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK
(cÙv): 12]
K. kv‡q¯Ív Lvb L. myev`vi Bmjvg Lvb M. Beªvwng Lvb N. gxi Rygjv DËi : L
06. XvKv me©c«_g evsjvi ivRavbx n‡qwQj? (10g, 21Zg, 24Zg I 28Zg wewmGm)
K. 1610 mv‡j L. 1576 mv‡j M. 1905 mv‡j N. 1947 mv‡j DËi : K
07. ‡K evsjvi ivRavbx XvKv †_‡K gywk©`vev‡` ¯’vbvšÍi K‡ib? (15Zg wewmGm)
K. beve wmivRD‡Ï․jv L. beve gywk©` Kzwj Lvu
M. myev`vi Bmjvg Lvb N. myev`vi kv‡q¯Ív Lvb DËi : L
08. XvKvi †QvU KvUiv I eo KvUiv †Kvb GjvKvq? (17Zg wewmGm)
K. PK evRv‡i L. mìNv‡U M. †cv¯Í‡Mvjvq N. k¨vgevRv‡i DËi : K
e¨vL¨v : XvKvi Ô†QvU KvUivÕ I Ôeo KvUivÕ Aew¯’Z PKevRvi GjvKvq| †QvU KvUiv wbg©vY K‡ib kv‡q¯Ív Lvb Ges eo
KvUiv wbg©vY K‡ib m¤ªvU kvnRvnvb cyÎ XvKvi myev`vi Ôkvn myRvÕ|
09. XvKvi weL¨vZ †QvU KvUiv wbg©vY K‡ib †K? [‡iwR÷vW© cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (nvmbv‡nbv) : 11; cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq
mnKvix wkÿK (Lyjbv wefvM) : 05]
K. beve wmivRD‡Ï․jv L. kv‡q¯Ív Lvu M. Cmv Lvu N. gywk©` Kzwj Lvb DËi : L
10. wewe cwi †K wQ‡jb? (24Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi- evwZj)
K. AvIi½‡R‡ei Kb¨v L. kv‡q¯Ív Lv‡bi Kb¨v
M. gywk©` Kzwj Lv‡bi ¯¿x N. AvRgymkv‡bi gvZv DËi : L
11. jvjevM `y‡M©i Af¨šÍ‡ii mgvwa‡Z mgvwnZ kv‡q¯Ív Lv‡bi GK Kb¨vi Avmj bvg (17Zg wewmGm)
K. wewe cwi L. Bivb `yL&Z M. Rvnvbviv N. gwiqg DËi : L
12. jvjevM †Kjøv ¯’vcb K‡ib †K? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK- 2012]
K. Bmjvg Lvub L. kvn myRv M. wUcy myjZvb N. kv‡q¯Ív Lvb DËi : N
e¨vL¨v: XvKvi jvjev‡M Aew¯’Z jvjevM †Kjøv wbgv©Y KvR AvIi½‡R‡ei cyÎ ïiæ Ki‡jI wZwb Zv †kl Ki‡Z
cv‡ib wb| kv‡q¯Ív Lvb evsjvi myev`vi wbhy³ n‡j wZwb Gi KvR †kl K‡ib| jvjev‡Mi wfZ‡i Aew¯’Z Zvi
Kb¨v cwi wewei gvRvi hvi Avmj bvg Bivb `yL&Z|
13. ¯^vaxb evsjv‡`‡ki ivRavbx nIqvi c~‡e© XvKv evsjv‡`‡ki ivRavbx wQj— [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (‡Mvjvc) : 2012]
K. wZbevi L. Pvievi M. `yBevi N.GKevi DËi : L
14. ‡Kvb bMix gyNj Avg‡j myev bv‡g cwiwPZ wQj? (16Zg wewmGm)
K. †M․o L. †mvbviMvuI M. XvKv N. ûMwj DËi : M
15. Ôev‡ivfzuBqvÕ Kv‡ì ejv n‡Zv? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2019]
K. gyNj Avg‡ji 12 Rb †mbvcwZ‡K L. weªwUk hy‡Mi kw³kvjx †hv×v‡ì
M. Dc‡ii DwjøwLZ mKj‡K N. eo eo ¯^vaxb Rwg`vi DËi : N
16. XvKvq jvjev‡Mi `yM© wbg©vY K‡ib †K? (16Zg I 36Zg wewmGm)
K. kvn myRv L. kv‡q¯Ív Lvb
M. gxi Rygjv N. my‡e`vi Bmjvg Lvb DËi : L
17. XvKvi P‡Ki gmwR‡ì wbg©vZv— [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (wkDwj) : 2011]
K. gxi Rygjv L. Bmjvg Lvb M. gywk©` Kzwj Lvb N. kv‡q¯Ív Lvb DËi : N
18. evsjvi `wÿY AÂ‡ji gvbyl‡K cZz©wMR I gM Rj`my¨‡ì AZ¨vPvi †_‡K †K iÿv K‡ib? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix
K. gywk©`Kzwj Lvb L. Bmjvg Lvb M. kv‡q¯Ív Lvb N. Cmvv Lvb DËi : M
19. ‡Kvb gyNj myev`vi cZz©wMR‡ì PÆMÖvg †_‡K weZvwoZ K‡ib? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (eywoM½v) : 2013]
K. Kvwmg Lvb L. Bmjvg Lvb M. gxi Rygjv N. kv‡q¯Ív Lvb DËi : N
20. ‡Kvb gyNj myev`vi PÆMÖvg `Lj K‡i Gi bvg iv‡Lb Bmjvgvev`? (24Zg evwZj wewmGm)
K. Bmjvg Lvb L. ivRv gvbwmsn M. gxi Rygjv N. kv‡q¯Ív Lvb DËi : N
21. evsjv‡`‡ki eZ©gvb †f․‡MvwjK GjvKv gymjgvb KZ©„K kvwmZ nq—
K. PZz`©k †_‡K Aóv`k kZvãx ch©šÍ L. cÂ`k kZvãx‡Z
M. gyNj kvmbvg‡j N. PZz`©k kZvãxi c~‡e© DËi : M
e¨vL¨v : evsjv wewfbœ mg‡q wewfbœ kvmK KZ©„K kvwmZ n‡jI PÆMÖvg AšÍf©y³ wQj bv| gyNj m¤ªvU AvIi½‡Re
KZ©K„ wbhy³ my‡e`vi kv‡q¯Ív Lvu AvivKvwb Rj`my¨‡ì nwU‡q PÆMÖv‡gi bvg iv‡Lb— ÔBmjvgvev`Õ| Gi gva¨‡g
PÆMÖvg cÖ_gev‡ii gZ c~Y©fv‡e evsjvi mv‡_ hy³ nq|
evsjvq bevex Avgj

gywk©` Kzwj Lvb → myRvDwÏb Lvb → midivR Lvb → Avjxew`© Lvb → wmivRD‡Ï․jv|
gywk©` Kzwj Lvb (1717-1727)

gyNj m¤ªv‡Ui diiyL wkqvi ivRZ¡Kv‡j gywk©` Kzwj Lvb (1727-1739) evsjvi myev`vi wbhy³ nb| gywk©` Kzwj Lv‡bi
me©vwaK ¯§iYxq KxwZ© ivR¯^ ms¯‥vi (ivR¯^ eë¯’vi bvg- gvjRvwgbx)| m¤ªvU AvIi½‡R‡ei g„Zzï ci `ye©j gyNj
m¤ªvUMY `~ieZx© myev¸‡jvi w`‡K †Zgb `„wó w`‡Z cv‡ibwb| d‡j, Gme AÂ‡ji myev`viMY A‡bKUv ¯^vaxbfv‡e
wb‡R‡ì AÂj kvmb Ki‡Zb Ges evwl©K 1 †KvwU 3 jÿ UvKv ivR¯^ cvVv‡Zb| Zvui kvmbvg‡j evsjv myev cÖvq
¯^vaxb n‡q c‡o| G mgq myev‡K ejv n‡Zv ÔwbRvgZÕ Avi myev`v‡ii e`‡j c`we nq ÔbvwRgÕ|
→ gywk©` Kzwj Lv‡bi mgq D‡”Q`K…Z Rwg`vi‡ì cÖ`Ë fiY‡cvl‡Yi eë¯’vi bvg n‡jv—bvbKi|
→ wZwb evsjvq 1717 mv‡j ¯^vaxb bevex kvmb Pvjy K‡ib|
Avjxew`© Lvb
o Avjxew`© Lvb (cÖK…Z bvg— gxRv© †gvnv¤§` Avjx) wQ‡jb— wenv‡ii bv‡qe-B-bvwRg| wZwb midivR Lvb‡K civwRZ
K‡i evsjvi ÿgZv evsjvi beve nb|
o wZwb evsjvi cÖ_g cÖK…Z ¯^vaxb beve KviY wZwb gyNj m¤ªvU‡ì ivR¯^ cÖ`vb eÜ K‡ib|
o gymjgvb kvmbvg‡j G‡`‡k G‡m AZ¨vPvi I jyU K‡i‡Q— eM©xiv| evsjv †_‡K eMx©‡ì weZvwoZ K‡ib Avjxew`© Lvb|
AÜK~c nZ¨v
beve wmivRD‡Ï․jvi KjKvZv Awfhv‡bi mgq njI‡qjmn KwZcq Bs‡iR Kg©Pvix †dvU© DBwjqv‡g e›`x n‡q wQ‡jb|
njI‡q‡ji eY©bv Abymv‡i Rvbv hvq, beve 146 Rb BD‡ivcxq Bs‡iR e›`x‡K GKwU ÿz`ª AÜKvi cÖ‡Kv‡ô Ave× iv‡Lb| cÖPÐ
Mi‡g ÿz`ª RvqMvq 146 R‡bi g‡a¨ 123 Rb k^vmiæ× n‡q gviv hvq| evsjvi beve wmivR‡Ï․jv‡K ‡nq c«wZcbœ Kivi D‡Ïk¨
wb‡qB m¤¢eZ GB Kvwnbx iwPZ I c«PvwiZ n‡qwQj e‡j Abygvb Kiv nq| njI‡qj KZ©„K cÖPvwiZ GB Kvwnwb AÜK~c nZ¨v
bv‡g cÖPvwiZ nq hvi †Kvb HwZnvwmK mZ¨Zv cvIqv hvqwb|
‡kl beve I cjvkx hy×

→ cÖK…Z bvg—wgR©v †gvnv¤§`| wZwb wQ‡jb ‡kl ¯^vaxb beve| Zvui wcZvi bvg— R‡qb DwÏb|
→ Avjxew`© Lvb beve g‡bvbxZ K‡ib Zvui Kwbô Kb¨v Av‡gbv †eM‡gi cyÎ wmivRD‡Ï․jv‡K Zvui DËivwaKvix g‡bvbxZ
K‡ib| wmivR evsjv, wenvi, Dwol¨vi wmsnvm‡b e‡mb gvÎ 23 eQi eq‡m 10 GwcÖj, 1756 mv‡j|
→ 1756 mv‡j Bs‡iR‡ì KjKvZv †dvU© DBwjqvg `yM© `Lj K‡i †bb Ges KjKvZvi bvg iv‡Lb AvjxbMi|
→ Avjxew`©i cÖ_g Kb¨v N‡lwU †eM‡gi B‡”Q wQj Zvui wØZxq fwMœi cyÎ kIKZ R½ beve n‡eb| d‡j wZwb wmivRD‡Ï․jvi
weiæ‡× lohš¿ Ki‡Z _v‡Kb|
→ cjvkxi hy× msNwUZ nq— 1757 mv‡ji 23 Ryb| G hy‡× Bs‡iR‡ì c‡ÿ †bZ…Z¡ †`b ievU© K¬vBf| Zv‡K loh‡š¿
mvnvh¨ K‡ib N‡lwU †eMg, ivq`yj©f, RMr‡kV, gxi Rvdi, DwgPvu`, ivRejøf cÖgyL|
1757 mv‡ji 23 Ryb cjvwki hy‡× bev‡ei †mbvcwZ gxi Rvdi wek^vmNvZKZv K‡i hy‡× AskMÖn‡Y weiZ _v‡Kb|
Amnvqfv‡e civRq N‡U wmivRD‡Ï․jvi| Gfv‡eB cjvwki hy‡×i ga¨ w`‡q evsjvq Bs‡iR kvm‡bi wfwË ¯’vwcZ nq| Avi
GKB mv‡_ evsjvq ga¨hy‡MiI Aemvb N‡U Ges bZzb hy‡Mi m~Pbv nq|
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. evsjvi cÖ_g ¯^vaxb beve †K? (37Zg wewmGm)
K. beve wmivRD‡Ï․jv L. gywk©` Kzwj Lvb
M. Bwjqvm kvn N. AvjvDwÏb ‡nv‡mb kvn DËi : L
02. cjvkxi hy× msNwUZ nq 1757 mv‡ji— [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2019; 39Zg we‡kl wewmGm]
K. 22 Ryb L. 23 Ryb M. 24 Ryb N. 21 Ryb DËi : L
03. XvKvi Avnmvb gwÄj †K wbg©vY K‡ib? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2019]
K. beve KzZze DwÏb L. beve nvwdRyi ingvb
M. beve Avãyj MwY N. beve Avãyj jwZd DËi : M
04. evnv`yi kvn cvK© †Kv_vq Aew¯’Z? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2019]
K. w`jøx‡Z L. AvMÖvq M. ivRkvnx‡Z N. XvKvq DËi : N
evsjvq ewYK‡ì AvMgb

1648 mv‡j BD‡iv‡ci hy×iZ wewfbœ †`‡ki g‡a¨ GKwU kvwšÍPzw³ nq| G‡K e‡j ÔI‡q÷dvwjqvi Pzw³Õ| GwU
m¤úvw`Z nIqvi ci kvwšÍ cÖwZwôZ n‡j BD‡ivcxq wewfbœ RvwZ bZzb D`¨‡g evwY‡Rï D‡Ï‡k¨ †ewi‡q c‡o| G‡ì
AwaKvs‡ki jÿ¨ wQj fviZel©|
cZz©wMR o fvi‡Z Avmvi Rjc_ Avwe®‥vi (1487 mv‡j)|
o 1487 mv‡j— ev_©‡jvwgD w`qvR DËgvkv AšÍix‡c ‡c․uQvb|
o fv‡¯‥v `v Mvgv Avwd«Kv gnv‡`‡ki `wÿY DcK~‡j Aew¯’Z DËgvkv AšÍixc n‡q fviZe‡l©
Av‡mb— 1498 mv‡j| wZwb KvwjKU e›`‡i ‡c․uQvb|
o fvi‡Z Avm‡Z fv‡¯‥v `v Mvgv Avie bvweK‡ì mvnvh¨ ‡bb|
o BD‡ivcxq‡ì g‡a¨ c«_g fvi‡Z Av‡m I NvuwU ¯’vcb— 1516 mv‡j|
o fvi‡Z cZ©ywMR ev BD‡ivcxq‡ì cÖ_g `yM© wQj Ô‡KvwPbÕ|
o Zviv evsjv‡Z wdwiw½ bv‡g cwiwPZ wQj|
Ij›`vR o †b`vij¨vÛ ev nj¨v‡Ûi Awaevmx‡ì ejv nq— Ij›`vR|
o Dcgnv‡`‡k gmjvi †kÖô eëmv wQj— Ij›`vR ewYK‡ì|
o Zviv B‡›`v‡bwkqv‡Z Dcwb‡ek ¯’vcb K‡iwQj|
o Zviv evsjvq Av‡m— 1602 mv‡j|
Bs‡iR o gyNj m¤ªvU Rvnv½x‡ii Avg‡j Bs‡iRiv webv ï‡é evwYR¨ Kivi AbygwZ cvq| m¤ªvU AvKe‡ii
AbygwZµ‡g ûMwj‡Z cZ©ywMRiv kni cÖwZwôZ K‡i| ewYKMY mivmwifv‡e e½‡`‡k evwYR¨ †K›`ª
¯’vcb K‡ib— m¤ªvU kvnRvnv‡bi Avg‡j|
o eëmvi D‡Ï‡k¨ Bswjk B÷ BwÛqv ‡Kv¤úvwb MVb— 1600 mv‡j|
o Dcgnv‡`‡k/evsjvq Bs‡iR‡ì c«_g KywV— myiv‡U (1608 mv‡j)|
o Bs‡iR evwYwR¨K †Kv¤úvwb KjKvZvq †dvU© DBwjqvg `yM© wbg©vY K‡ib|
‡Wwbk o †Wbgv‡K©i Awaevmx‡ì ejv nq— †Wwbk ev w`‡bgvi|
o ‡Wwbk B÷ BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwb MVb K‡i— 1616 mv‡j|
divwm o BD‡ivcxq‡ì g‡a¨ mevi †k‡l Av‡m| D‡Ïk¨ wQj— mv¤ªvR¨ ¯’vcb|
o divwmiv me©cÖ_g fvi‡Z evwYR¨ KzwVi ¯’vcb K‡i— myiv‡U| cwÐ‡Pix bvgK divwm Dcwb‡ekwU
¯’vcb K‡i d«vu‡mvqv gvwU©b| divwm B÷ BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwb cÖwZôv K‡i A_©mwPe †KvjevU|
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. evsjvq BD‡ivcxq ewYK‡ì g‡a¨ cÖ_g evwY‡Rï D‡Ï‡k¨ cÖ_g G‡mwQ‡jb [10g I 16Zg wewmGm; gva¨wgK
we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 09; cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (K‡cvZvÿ) : 10]
K. Bs‡iRiv L. Ij›`vRiv M. divmxiv N. cZz©wMRiv DËi : N
e¨vL¨v : 27 †g, 1498 mv‡j (Rjc_ Avwe®‥…Z nq— 1487 mv‡j) cZz©wMR bvweK fv‡¯‥v-`v-Mvgv Avwd«Kv
gnv‡`‡ki `wÿY DcK~‡j Aew¯’Z DËgvkv AšÍixc n‡q `wÿY fvi‡Zi KvwjKU e›`‡i †c․u‡Q fviZel©‡K wek^
evwYR¨ we¯Ív‡ii cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq wb‡q Av‡mb| Avi `ÿ bvweK Avj eyKvK© fviZ gnvmvM‡ii KZ…©Z¡ AwaKvi K‡i
GK K_vq cy‡iv fvi‡Zi ewne©vwYR¨ KivqË K‡i †bb|
02. KZ mv‡j BD‡ivc n‡Z Avwd«Kvi DËgvkv AšÍixc n‡q mgy`ªc‡_ c~e©w`‡K Avmvi Rjc_ Avwe®‥…Z nq? [cÖv_wgK
mnKvix wkÿK : 10]
03. BD‡ivc ‡_‡K mgy`ªc‡_ fviZe‡l© Avmvi c_ Avwe®‥…Z nq †Kvb mv‡j? [cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK (BQvgwZ) : 10, cÖv_wgK
we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (ivRkvnx wefvM) : 08]
04. ‡Kvb mv‡j cZ©ywMR bvweK fv‡¯‥v `v Mvgv fvi‡Z †c․‡Qb?
05. KjKvZv bMixi cÖwZôvZv †K?
K. K¬vBf L. Wvj‡n․wm M. I‡q‡jmwj N. Re Pvb©K DËi : N
evsjvq Jcwb‡ewkK kvmb

fviZe‡l© evwYR¨ we¯Ív‡ii j‡ÿ¨ 1600 mv‡j Bsj¨v‡Û ¯’vwcZ nq Ôw` weªwUk B÷ BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwbÕ| 1651 mv‡j ûMwj‡Z Ges
1658 mv‡j KvwkgevRv‡i Zviv evwYR¨KzwV ¯’vcb K‡i| ÔWvP B÷ BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwbÕ 1630 mv‡j evsjvq cÖ‡ek Ki‡jI
weªwUk‡ì mv‡_ wU‡K _vK‡Z bv †c‡i wKQzKvj c‡i B‡›`v‡bwkqv I gvj‡qwkqvi w`‡K P‡j hvq| Ô‡d«Â B÷ BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwbÕ
cÖwZôv K‡i divwmiv 1664 mv‡j evsjvq cÖ‡ek K‡i Ges P›`bbMi Ges PzuPovq k³ NvuwU M‡o †Zv‡j| Z‡e Bs‡iR‡ì mv‡_
wZb `dv hy‡× †n‡i ZvivI cÖvq GKk eQ‡ii evwYR¨ ¸wU‡q B‡›`vPx‡bi w`‡K P‡j hvq|
Mfb©i  B÷ BwÛqv ‡Kv¤úvwbi Aaxb kvmK‡ì ejv nZ Mfb©i|
 c«_g Mfb©i- jW© K¬vBf (1765-1772)|
 me©‡kl Mfb©i-Iqv‡ib ‡nw÷sm (1772-1785)|
Mfb©i  B÷ BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwbi kvmK Z‡e weªwUk cvj©v‡g‡›Ui Aaxb wQ‡jb|
†Rbv‡ij  fviZ kvmb msµvšÍ ‡i¸‡jwUs A¨v± 1773 Gi gva¨‡g Gi Kvh©Ki Kiv nq|
 c«_g Mfb©i ‡Rbv‡ij Iqv‡ib ‡nw÷sm (1772-1785) Ges
 me©‡kl Mfb©i ‡Rbv‡ij wQ‡jb jW© K¨vwbs (1856-1858)|
fvBmiq  ivYx wf‡±vwiqvi Aaxb kvmbKZ©v‡K fvBmiq ev eo jvU ejv nq|
 1857 mv‡ji wmcvnx we‡`«v‡ni djkÖæwZ‡Z ‡Kv¤úvwbi kvmb ‡kl nq Ges fvBmiq c‡ì ïiæ nq|
 cÖ_g fvBmiq jW© K¨vwbs (1858-1862) Ges
 me©‡kl fvBmiq jW© gvD›Ue¨v‡Ub (gvP© 1947-AvM÷ 1947)
ievU© K¬vBf
 Dcgnv‡`‡ki cÖ_g Bs‡iR Mfb©i ievU© K¬vBf|
 †Kv¤úvwbi †Ìqvwb jvf : 1765 mv‡j e·v‡ii hy‡×i (1764 mvj) ci K¬vBf w`wjøi m¤ªvU kvn Avj‡gi mv‡_ Gjvnvev‡`
GKwU Pzw³ ¯^vÿi K‡ib| GB Pzw³i d‡j ÔB÷ BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwbÕ gyNj ev`kvn kvn Avj‡gi wbKU n‡Z AvbyôvwbKfv‡e
evsjv, wenvi, Dwol¨vi †Ìqvwb jvf K‡i|
 ‣ØZ kvmb eë¯’v (1765) : w`wjøi m¤ªvU kvn& Avj‡gi wbKU n‡Z †Ìqvwb jv‡fi ci evsjvi beve‡K e„wË‡fvMx‡Z cwiYZ
K‡i ievU© K¬vBf Ô•ØZ kvmbÕ cÖeZ©b K‡ib| •ØZ kvmb eë¯’vq K¬vBf evsjvi bev‡ei Dci kvmb I wePvi wefv‡Mi `vwqZ¡
Ac©Y K‡ib| ivR¯^ Av`vq I cÖwZiÿvi `vwqZ¡ b¨¯Í K‡ib ‡Kv¤úvbxi Dci| Gi d‡j beve †c‡jb ÔÿgZvnxb `vwqZ¡Õ
Ges †Kv¤úvwb jvf Kij Ô`vwqZ¡nxb ÿgZvÕ| ‣ØZ kvmb eë¯’vi gvivZ¥K cwiYwZ nj wQqvË‡ii gš^šÍi|
jW© KvwU©qvi
 wQqvË‡ii gš^šÍ‡ii mgq evsjvi Mfb©i wQ‡jb jW© KvwU©qvi|
 wQqvË‡ii gš^šÍi : •ØZ kvm‡bi AvIZvq ivR¯^ Av`v‡qi `vwqZ¡ †c‡q Bs‡iRiv cÖRv‡ì Dci AwZwi³ Ki Av‡ivc K‡i Zv
Av`v‡q cÖPÐ Pvc m„wó K‡i| AwZwi³ K‡ii Pv‡c hLb RbMY I K…l‡Ki bvwfk^vm IVvi Ae¯’v †mmgq †`‡k cici wZb
eQi Abve„wói d‡j Livq dm‡ji e¨vcK ÿwZ nq| evsjv 1176 e½vã ev Bs‡iwR 1770 wLªóv‡ã †b‡g Av‡m `ywf©‡ÿi
Kivj Qvqv| `ywf©‡ÿ jÿ jÿ †jvK Abvnv‡i gviv ‡M‡jI †Kv¤úvwb K‡ii †evSv Kgv‡bvi †Kvb c`‡ÿc †bqwb| GB
`ywf©‡ÿ evsjvi cÖvq GK Z…Zxqvsk ‡jv‡Ki g„Zz¨ n‡qwQj| BwZnv‡m GwU ÔwQqvË‡ii gš^šÍiÕ bv‡g cwiwPZ|
‡i¸‡jwUs A¨v±, 1773
•ØZ kvmb eë¯’vq Bs‡iR †Kv¤úvwbi AZ¨vPvi wbcxo‡bi wewfbœ w`K weªwUk cÎ-cwÎKvq cÖKvwkZ n‡j Bsj¨v‡Û ‣ØZ kvm‡bi
weiæ‡× Zzgyj ZK© weZK© ïiæ nq| GRb¨ weªwUk cvj©v‡g‡›Ui mycvwikµ‡g fviZ kvmb msµvšÍ ‡i¸‡jwUs A¨v±, 1773 Kvh©Ki
Kiv nq| Gi d‡j †Kv¤úvwbi Mfb©‡ii c` Mfb©i †Rbv‡ij c‡` DbœxZ nq|
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. Bs‡iR B÷-BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwb KLb evsjv, wenvi I Dwol¨vi ‡Ìqvwb jvf K‡ib? (24Zg wewmGm- evwZj)
K. 1690 L. 1765 M. 1793 N. 1829 DËi : L
02. evsjvi ÔÔwQqvË‡ii gš^šÍiÕÕ Gi mgqKvj?
K. 1770 wLª÷vã L. 1760 wLª÷vã M. 1765 wLª÷vã N. 1756 wLª÷vã DËi : K
03. ÔwQqvË‡ii gš^šÍiÕ bvgK fqven `ywf©ÿ KZ mv‡j N‡U? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK (Avjdv) : 14 ; cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK :
19; 14Zg wewmGm]
K. evsjv 1076 mv‡j L. evsjv 1176 mv‡j
M. evsjv 1376 mv‡j N. Bs‡iRx 1876 mv‡j DËi: L
04. ÔwQqvË‡ii gš^šÍiÕ bvgK fqven `ywf©ÿ n‡qwQj KZ mv‡j? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (evMvbwejvm) : 12; cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb
wkÿK (wµmbw_gvg) : 12]
K. 1768 mv‡j L. 1769 mv‡j M. 1770 mv‡j N. 1772 mv‡j DËi : M
evsjv †cÖwm‡WwÝi Mfb©‡ii kvmb

Iqv‡ib †nw÷sm (1772-1785)
→ Iqv‡ib †nw÷sm wQ‡jb— cÖ_g Mfb©i †Rbv‡ij|
→ Dcgnv‡`‡k me©cÖ_g ivR¯^ †evW© MVb K‡ib|
→ AvBb-B-AvKeix MÖš’wU Bs‡iwR‡Z Abyev` Kivi D‡`¨vM MÖnY K‡ib|
→ fvi‡Z weªwUk mv¤ªvR¨ we¯Ív‡i cÖ_g m~Pbv K‡ib wZwb| GÛgÛ evK©
Iqv‡ib ‡nw÷sm‡K gvbeRvwZi kÎæ e‡j D‡jøL K‡ib|
→ wZwb gywk©`vev` ‡_‡K ivR‡Kvl I ivRavbx KjKvZvq ¯’vbvšÍi K‡ib|
→ 1772 mv‡j †evW© Ae wW‡i±i‡mi wb‡`©‡k ‣ØZ kvmb eë¯’v iwnZ K‡ib|
→ wZwb cvuPkvjv e‡›`ve¯Í cÖeZ©b K‡ib|
jW© Kb©Iqvwjm (1785-1798)
 jW© Kb©Iqvwjm miKvwi Kg©Pvix‡ì Rb¨ †h wewa weavb Pvjy K‡ib
cieZ©xKv‡j Zv ÔBwÛqvb wmwfj mvwf©mÕ bv‡g cÖPwjZ nq|
 wZwb 1789 wLª÷v‡ã evsjvq `k kvjv e‡›`ve¯Í Pvjy K‡ib|
 1793 mv‡j wZwb `k kvjv e‡›`ve¯Í‡K ÔwPi¯’vqx e‡›`ve¯ÍÕ e‡j †NvlYv †`b|
wPi¯’vqx e‡›`ve‡¯Í Rwgi gvwjK nq Rwg`viMY|
 m~h©v¯Í AvB‡bi Kvi‡Y wbw`©ó w`‡b ivR¯^ cÖ`v‡b e¨_© nIqvq eû Rwg`vi
Zv‡ì Rwg`vwi nvivq|
jW© I‡q‡jmwj (1798-1805)
→ gnxk~‡ii kvmbKZ©v wUcy myjZvb wØZxq gnxk~i hy‡× Bs‡iR †mbvcwZ
†eªB_I‡qU‡K civwRZ K‡ib|
→ mv¤ªvR¨ we¯Ív‡i jW© I‡q‡jmwj KZ©„K M„nxZ bxwZi bvg AaxbZvg~jK wgÎZv|
jW© I‡q‡jmwj wUcy myjZvb‡K AaxbZvg~jK wgÎZv bxwZ MÖn‡Yi Avgš¿Y
Rvbvb| wUcy myjZvb GB Avgš¿Y cÖZ¨vL¨vb Ki‡j I‡q‡jmwj 1799 mv‡j wUcyi
weiæ‡× ÔPZz_© gnxk~i hy×Õ †NvlYv K‡ib| wUcy ex‡ii b¨vq hy× K‡i knx` nb|
→ wZwb †dvU© DBwjqvg K‡j‡Ri cÖwZôvZv (1800 wLª÷v‡ã)|
→ fvi‡Z I‡q‡jmwji kvmbvg‡j mg-mvgwqK BD‡iv‡ci kvmK wQj †b‡cvwjqb
†evbvcvU©| jW© I‡q‡jmwj
‡WwfW †nw÷sm (1813-1823)

→ 1817 mv‡j KjKvZv wn›`y K‡jR cÖwZôv K‡ib|
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. Ôevsjvq wPi¯’vqx e‡›`ve¯ÍÕ cÖeZ©b Kiv nq KZ mv‡j? (10g I 34Zg wewmGm)
K. 1700 L. 1762 M. 1965 N. 1793 DËi : N
02. evsjvq wPi¯’vqx f~wg eë¯’v ‡K cÖeZ©b K‡ib? [22Zg wewmGm]
K. jW© Kb©Iqvwjm L. jW© †ew›UsK M. jW© K¬vBf N. jW© Iqv‡fj DËi : K
fvi‡Zi Mfb©i †Rbv‡i‡ji kvmb

jW© DBwjqvg †ew›U¼ (1823-1835 wLª.)
 mZx`vn cÖ_v : 1829 mv‡ji 4 wW‡m¤î jW© DBwjqvg †ew›U¼ AvBb K‡i mZx`vn cÖ_v iwnZ K‡ib| GB ms¯‥vi Kv‡R jW©
DBwjqvg †ew›U¼ ivRv ivg‡gvnb iv‡qi mn‡hvwMZv jvf K‡ib| mZx`vn n‡jv ¯^vgxi wPZvq RxešÍ ¯¿x‡KI `vn| ZrKvjxb
wn›`y mgv‡R g„Z ¯^vgxi mv‡_ RxweZ ¯¿x‡KI †cvov‡bv n‡Zv|
 fviZe‡l© cvðvZ¨ wkÿvi cÖmv‡i me©cÖ_g AvBb cÖYqb K‡ib|
jW© Wvj‡n․wm (1848-1856 wLª.)

→ Dcgnv‡`‡k Bs‡iR kvmK‡ì g‡a¨ me‡P‡q †ewk mv¤ªvRëv`x jW© Wvj‡n․wm Ô¯^Z¡ we‡jvc bxwZÕ cÖ‡qvM K‡i mvuZviv, Svuwm,
bvMcyi, m¤^jcyi cÖf…wZ ivR¨¸‡jv weªwUk mv¤ªvR¨fz³ K‡ib|
→ 1850 mv‡j wZwb me©cÖ_g KjKvZv †_‡K WvqgÛ nvievi ch©šÍ ‡UwjMÖvd jvBb ¯’vcb K‡ib|
→ 1853 mv‡j wZwb Dcgnv‡`‡k ‡ij †hvMv‡hvM eë¯’v Pvjy K‡ib|
→ 1856 mv‡j wZwb wn›`y weaev weevn AvBb (The Hindu Widows Re-marriage Act, 1856) cvm K‡i wn›`y
weaev‡ì cybtweevn Pvjy K‡ib| GB AvBb cÖPj‡b CkîP›`ª we`¨vmvM‡ii f~wgKv Ab¯^xKvh©|
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. mZx`vn cÖ_v KZ mv‡j iwnZ nq? [22Zg wewmGm; cÖv_wgK wkÿK wb‡qvM cixÿv- 2018; cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK
(`Rjv, ivBb) : 13]
K. 1819 L. 1829 M. 1839 N. 1849 DËi: L
02. ÔmZx`vnÕ cÖ_v iwnZKiY AvBb cvm K‡ib †K? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (hgybv)- 2012]
K. jW© K¨vwbs L. jW© †ew›U¼ M. jW© wicb N. jW© KvR©b DËi : L
Mfb©i †Rbv‡ij I fvBmi‡qi kvmb

jW© K¨vwbs (1858-1862 wLª÷vã)
 jW© K¨vwbs wQ‡jb Dcgnv‡`‡ki me©‡kl— Mfb©i †Rbv‡ij|
 wZwb me©‡kl Mfb©i †Rbv‡ij wn‡m‡e 1856 1858 mvj ch©šÍ `vwqZ¡ cvjb
K‡ib| Gi ci 1858 1862 mvj ch©šÍ fvBmiq ev eojvU wn‡m‡e `vwqZ¡
cvjb K‡ib| ZvB wZwb Dcgnv‡`‡ki— cÖ_g fvBmiq|
 K¨vwbs-Gi Avg‡j 1857 mv‡j Dcgnv‡`‡k wmcvwn we‡`ªvn nq|
 1861 mv‡j jW© K¨vwbs Dcgnv‡`‡k cywjk mvwf©m I BwÛqvb wmwfj mvwf©m
Pvjy K‡ib|
 wZwb Dcgnv‡`‡k KvM‡Ri gy`ªv Pvjy K‡ib|
 Rwg`vi‡` i nvZ †_‡K ivqZ‡ì iÿv‡_© K¨vwbs wUb¨vwÝ A¨v± Pvjy K‡ib|
jW© †g‡qv (1869-1872 wLª÷vã)
o 1872 mv‡j jW© †g‡qvi kvmbvg‡j fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡k cÖ_g Av`gïgvwi cwiPvwjZ nq|
jW© wjUb (1876-80 wLª÷vã)
 1878 mv‡j A¯¿ AvBb (The Arms Act) cvm K‡i webv jvB‡m‡Ý A¯¿ ivLv wbwl× K‡ib|
 msev`cÎ AvBb (Vernacular Press Act) cvm K‡i †`kxq fvlvq cÖPvwiZ msev`c‡Îi ¯^vaxbZv niY K‡ib|
jW© wicb (1880-84 wLª.)

→ 1881 mv‡j kÖwgK Kj¨v‡Yi Rb¨ Ôd¨v±wi AvBbÕ Pvjy K‡i we‡kl L¨vwZ AR©b K‡ib| G AvB‡bi Øviv kÖwgK‡ì 8 NÈv
Kv‡Ri weavb Pvjy Kiv nq|
→ 1882 mv‡j wZwb DBwjqvg nv›Uvi‡K ‡Pqvig¨vb K‡i cÖ_g fviZxq wkÿv Kwgkb MVb K‡ib|
→ KviLvbv‡Z wkï kÖwgK wb‡qvM wbwl× K‡ib|
→ msev`cÎ AvBb iwnZ K‡i msev`c‡Îi ¯^vaxbZv cÖ`vb K‡ib|
→ fvi‡Z ¯’vbxq miKvi eë¯’vi cÖeZ©K| BjevU© wej cvm K‡ib|
→ Judge me by my acts and not by my words. (jW© wicb KjKvZvi cÖ_g Rbmfvq e‡jb|)
jW© KvR©b (1899-1905 wLª÷vã)

 e½f‡½i mgq fvBmi‡qi wQ‡jb|
 fvi‡Zi e„nËg jvB‡eªwi ÔB‡¤úwiqvj jvB‡eªwiÕ cÖwZôv K‡ib|
e½f½ (1905) I e¨vgwdì dzjvi

 1905 mv‡ji 19 RyjvB miKv‡ii P~ovšÍ wm×všÍ ‡gvZv‡eK 1905 mv‡ji 16B A‡±vei Kvh©Ki nq|
 e½f‡½i gva¨‡g evsjv 2wU fv‡M wef³ nq| c«‡`k `yBwU M‡o I‡V—
c~e©e½ I Avmvg o evsjv‡`k I Avmvg‡K wb‡q M‡o I‡V| ¦evsjv G hveZ `yÕevi wef³ nq—
cÖ‡`k o G cÖ‡`‡ki ivRavbx wQj XvKv|
o G cÖ‡`‡ki 1g †jd‡Ub¨v›U Mfb©i wQ‡jb  1905 mv‡j e½f‡½i
e¨vgwdì dyjvi| gva¨‡g|
cwðge½, wenvi o cwðg evsjv, wenvi Ges Dwol¨v wb‡q|  1947 mv‡j fviZ wefw³i
I Dwol¨v cÖ‡`k o G cÖ‡`‡ki ivRavbx wQj KjKvZv| gva¨‡g|
jW© wg‡›Uv (1905-1910)

→ gwj©-wg‡›Uv ms¯‥vi AvB‡bi gva¨‡g jW© wg‡›Uv gymjgvb‡ì c„_K wbe©vP‡bi AwaKvi †`b|
→ 1910 mv‡j †cÖm A¨v± cÖYqb K‡ib|
jW© nvwW©Ä (1910-1916 wLª÷vã), ¯^‡`kx Av‡›`vjb I e½f½ i`

jW© KvR©b 1905 mv‡ji 19 RyjvB miKvwifv‡e e½f‡½i ‡NvlYv ‡`b| c«wZwµqvq
Av‡›`vj‡bi ïiæ nq| Av‡›`vj‡bi iY‡K․k‡ji AšÍM©Z wQj weªwUk cY¨ eqKU Ges
‡`kxq wkí I Drcv`b c«wµqvi DbœwZ mvab| GwU 1911 mvj ch©šÍ P‡jwQj| GB
Av‡›`vjb wQj cÖvK-MvÜx hy‡Mi mdjZg Av‡›`vjb¸wji Ab¨Zg| 1911 mv‡j e½f½
i` nq| e½f½ i‡ì mgq we«‡U‡bi ivRv wQ‡jb 5g RR© Ges fvBmiq wQ‡jb jW©
nvwW©Ä| 1912 mv‡j ivRavbx KjKvZv Kiv n‡jI 1912 mv‡j w`wjø‡Z n¯ÍvšÍi Kiv
nq (c~e© + cwðg evsjv = ‡e½j cÖ‡`k)|
XvKv wek^we`¨vjq cÖwZôv
o 1912 mv‡j XvKvq wek^we`¨vjq cÖwZôvi cÖwZkÖæwZ †`b ZrKvjxb weªwUk fvi‡Zi fvBmiq jW© nvwW©Ä|
o 1913 mv‡j cÖKvwkZ nq bv_vb KwgwUi BwZevPK wi‡cvU© Ges †m eQiB wW‡m¤î gv‡m †mwU Aby‡gvw`Z nq|
o 1917 mv‡ji gvP© gv‡m •mq` bIqve Avjx †P․ayix Bg‡cwiqvj †jwRm‡jwUf KvDwÝ‡j Awej‡¤^ XvKv wek^we`¨vjq wej
cv‡ki AvnŸvb Rvbvb| 1920 mv‡ji 23 gvP© Mfb©i †Rbv‡ij G we‡j m¤§wZ †`b|
o 1921 mv‡ji 1jv RyjvB XvKv wek^we`¨vj‡qi hvÎv ïiæ nq|
o GB wek^we`¨vj‡hi cÖ_g DcvPvh© wQ‡jb m¨vi wc. †R. nvU©R Ges cÖ_g QvÎx wQ‡jb jxjv bvM|
jW© †Pgm‡dvW© (1916-1921)
g‡›U¸-‡Pgm‡dvW© AvBb (1919) cÖYxZ nq hv fviZ kvmb AvBb bv‡g cwiwPZ| GB AvBb †gvZv‡eK, †K‡›`ª `yBKÿwewkó
AvBbmfv wQj Z‡e cÖK…Z ÿgZv wQj fvBmi‡qi ev eojv‡Ui nv‡Z| cÖv‡`wkK •ØZkvmb bxwZ Kvh©Ki _vK‡jI ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
welq¸‡jv wQj Mfb©‡ii nv‡Z| GRb¨ RbM‡Yi ¯^vqËkvm‡bi `vex c~iY nqwb|
jW© gvD›Ue¨v‡Ub (gvP©-AvM÷, 1947 wL÷vã)
1947 mv‡ji 3 Ryb weªwUk fvi‡Zi †kl fvBmiq ev eojvU gvD›Ue¨v‡Ub fviZel©‡K fviZ I cvwK¯Ívb bv‡g `ywU mve©‡f․g
iv‡óª wef³ Kivi cwiKíbv †NvlYv K‡ib| wZwb mvBwij Rb i¨vWwK¬d‡K `ywU mxgvbv wbhy³Kvix Kwgk‡bi †Pqvig¨vb K‡ib|
1947 mv‡ji 18 RyjvB weªwUk cvj©v‡g‡›U ÔfviZ ¯^vaxb AvBb, 1947Õ cÖYxZ nq| G mgq weª‡U‡bi cÖavbgš¿x wQ‡jb wK¬‡g›U
GUwj|
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. fviZe‡l© cÖ_g Av`gïgvwi nq †Kvb mv‡j? [miKvwi gva¨wgK we`¨vj‡qi cÖavb wkÿK : 97]
K. 1972 L. 1850 M. 1872 N. 1971 DËi : M
02. jW© K¨vwbs fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡k cÖ_g †Kvb eë¯’v Pvjy K‡ib? (22Zg I 35Zg wewmGm)
K. wPi¯’vqx e‡›`ve¯Í eë¯’v L. mZx`vn wbeviY eë¯’v
M. ‣ØZ kvmb eë¯’v N. cywjk eë¯’v DËi : N
03. Dcgnv‡`‡ki me©‡kl Mfb©i †Rbv‡ij †K wQ‡jb?
K. jW© wg‡›Uv L. jW© KvR©b M. jW© gvD›Ue¨v‡Ub N. jW© K¨vwbs DËi : N
04. c~e©e½ I Avmvg cÖ‡`k MVbKv‡j weªwUk fvi‡Zi Mfb©i †Rbv‡ij I fvBmiq wQ‡jb (29Zg I 37Zg wewmGm I 40Zg wewmGm)
K. jW© wicb L. jW© KvR©b M. jW© wg‡›Uv N. jW© nvwW©Ä DËi : L
05. 1905 mv‡j beMwVZ cÖ‡`‡ki cÖ_g †jd‡U‡b›U Mfb©i †K wQ‡jb? (15Zg wewmGm)
K. e¨vgwdì dzjvi L. jW© wg‡›Uv M. Iqv‡ib †nw÷sm N. jW© KvR©b DËi : K
06. e½f½ i` nq KZ mv‡j? (24Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi- evwZj)
K. 1905 L. 1916 M. 1923 N. 1911 DËi : N
07. e½f‡½i c‡iB XvKvq wK wbwg©Z nq? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (kir) : 10]
K. myig¨ AÆvwjKv L. KvR©b nj M. nvB‡KvU© N. Gi me¸wjB DËi : N
08. Ôe½f½Õ wK ai‡bi ms¯‥vi wQj? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2019]
K. cÖkvmwbK ms¯‥vi L. mvgvwRK ms¯‥vi M. KvVv‡gvMZ ms¯‥vi N. Avw_©K ms¯‥vi DËi : K
09. ‡KvbwU weªwUk Avg‡ji ¯’vcZ¨? (cÖv_wgK wkÿK wb‡qvM cixÿv- 2018)
K. Avw½bv gmwR` L. KvR©b nj M. jvjevM †Kjøv N. RvZxq msm` feb DËi : L
e¨vL¨v: weªwUk Avg‡j ¯’vcZ¨ n‡jv-KvR©b nj| cÖ_‡g G njwU UvDb nj wn‡m‡e wbwg©Z nq c‡i weªwUk fvi‡Zi fvBmiq
jW© KvR©b 1904 mv‡j Gi wfwËcÖ¯Íi ¯’vcb K‡ib Avi bvgKiY nq KvR©b nj|
10. XvKv wek^we`¨vjq cÖwZwôZ nq †Kvb m‡b? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2019; 22Zg wewmGm]
K. 1905 L. 1911 M. 1920 N. 1921 DËi : N
11. PÆMÖvg wek^we`¨vjq K‡e cÖwZwôZ nq?
K. 1960 mv‡j L. 1963 mv‡j M. 1965 mv‡j N. 1966 mv‡j DËi : N
e¨vL¨v: PÆMÖvg wek^we`¨vjq cÖwZwôZ nq- 18 b‡f¤î, 1966 mv‡j PÆMÖvg †Rjvi nvUnvRvix‡Z|
12. Dcgnv‡`‡ki g‡a¨ XvKv wek^we`¨vj‡qi cÖ_g fvBm P¨v‡Ýji (25Zg wewmGm)
K. W. i‡gkP›`ª gRyg`vi L. W. •mq` †gvqv‡¾g †nv‡mb
M. W. gvngy` †nv‡mb N. m¨vi G. Gd ingvb DËi : N
13. evsjvq gymjgvb‡ì g‡a¨ AvaywbK wkÿv cÖPj‡b †K AMÖYx f~wgKv cvjb K‡ib? (24Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi- evwZj)
K. ‣mq` Avwgi Avjx L. bIqve Avãyj jwZd
M. bIqve m¨vi mwjgyjøvn N. m¨vi •mq` Avn‡g` Lvb DËi : L
14. weªwUk fvi‡Zi †kl fvBmiq †K? (29Zg wewmGm)
K. jW© Iqv‡fj L. jW© KvR©b M. jW© gvD›Ue¨v‡Ub N. jW© †ew›UK DËi : M
evsjvq ¯^vaxKvi Av‡›`vjb

Iqv‡ib †nw÷sm 1781 mv‡j KjKvZv gv`ªvmv cÖwZôv K‡ib| Gici 1791 mv‡j ms¯‥…Z K‡jR cÖwZôv Kiv nq| D”PZi wkÿv I
M‡elYv cÖwZôvb wn‡m‡e cÖwZôv Kiv nq ÔKjKvZv wek^we`¨vjqÕ| Gm‡ei g~j D‡Ïk¨ wQj GKwU wkwÿZ AbyMZ †kÖwY M‡o
†Zvjv| Z‡e mKj cÖwZeÜKZvi g‡aÏ ¯^vaxbZvKvgx gvbyl ¯^vaxKvi Av‡›`vjb Pvwj‡q †h‡Z _v‡K|
dwKi-mbœ¨vmx Av‡›`vjb
B÷ BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwbi ÿgZv jv‡fi ci cÖ_g we‡`ªvn dwKi— mbœ¨vmx Av‡›`vjb bv‡g cwiwPZ| 1760-1800 mvj ch©šÍ G
we‡`ªvn P‡jwQj| 1764 mv‡j e·v‡ii hy‡× gxi Kvwkg dwKi-mbœ¨vmx‡ì wbKU mvnvh¨ Kvgbv K‡ib| dwKi-mbœ¨vmxM‡Yi
mnvqZvi c‡iI gxi Kvwkg civwRZ n‡j Zvuiv Av‡›`vjb Pvwj‡q †h‡Z _v‡Kb| evsjvq mbœ¨vmx we‡`ªv‡ni bvqK-bvwqKv wn‡m‡e
cwiwPZ— fevbx cvVK I †èx †P․ayivYx| GB Av‡›`vj‡bi †bZv dwKi gRby kv‡ni g„Zzï ci GB Av‡›`vjb †hvM¨ †bZ…‡Z¡i
Afv‡e w¯ÍwgZ n‡q c‡o|
e·v‡ii hy× (1764 wLª÷vã)

1760 mv‡j Bs‡iR Mfb©i fvwÝUvU© gxiRvdi‡K ÿgZv †_‡K mwi‡q gxi Kvwkg‡K kZ©mv‡c‡ÿ wmsnvm‡b emvb| gxi Kvwkg
¯^vaxbfv‡e kvmbKvh© cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z PvIqvq Bs‡iR‡ì mv‡_ Zvui hy× Awbevh© n‡q D‡VwQj| beve Bs‡iR‡ì †gvKv‡ejvi
Rb¨ cÖ¯‘wZ MÖnY Ki‡Z _v‡Kb| wZwb A‡hva¨vi beve myRvD‡Ï․jv Ges gyNj m¤ªvU kvn Avj‡gi m‡½ GKwÎZ n‡q 1764 mv‡ji
22‡k A‡±vei wenv‡ii e·vi bvgK ¯’v‡b Bs‡iR‡ì mv‡_ kw³ cixÿvq AeZxY© nb| `yf©vM¨µ‡g mw¤§wjZ evwnbx †gRi
gb‡ivi Kv‡Q civwRZ nq|
PvKgv we‡`ªvn (1776-1789)

 ‡bZ…Z¡ †`q— PvKgv ivRv ‡Rvqvb eLm& Lvu|
 KviY— PvKgv ivRv †Rvqvb eKm&‡K gy`ªvq ivR¯^ w`‡Z eva¨ Kiv nq I cve©Z¨ PÆMÖv‡g gy`ªv A_©bxwZ cÖPj‡bi eë¯’v Kiv
nq| d‡j †mLv‡b Aw¯’iZv †`Lv hvq Ges PvKgv we‡`ªvn msMwVZ nq|
wZZzgx‡ii Av‡›`vjb
 wZZzgx‡ii cÖK…Z bvg— gxi wbmvi Avjx wZZzgxi|
 Iqvnvwe Av‡›`vj‡bi m~Î a‡i wZZzgxi cÖ_g evivmv‡Z Bs‡iR‡ì wec‡ÿ we‡`ªvn †NvlYv K‡ib|
 evivmv‡Zi we‡`ªv‡ni ci Bs‡iR‡ì mv‡_ hy‡×i Avk¼v K‡i wZwb bvwi‡Kjevwoqvq evu‡ki‡Kjøv (1831 wLª÷v‡ã 19
b‡f¤î) wbg©vY K‡ib| wZZzgx‡ii •Zwi euv‡ki †Kjøv Bs‡iR •mbïv aŸsm K‡i 1831 mv‡j|
 Bs‡iR †jd‡Ub¨v›U K‡b©j ÷zqv‡U©i †bZ…‡Z¡ Bs‡iR Kvgvb I †Mvjv¸wj‡Z wZZzgx‡ii evu‡ki †Kjøv P~Y© -weP~Y© nq| GB hy‡×
cÖ_g ev½vwj wn‡m‡e B÷ BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwbi weiæ‡× A¯¿aviY K‡i knx` nb| GB hy‡× Zvui AviI Pwjøk mnPi knx` nb|
mvuIZvj we‡`ªvn
→ †bZ…Z¡ †`b `yB fvB wmay Avi Kvby|
→ eo jvU Wvj‡n․wmi mg‡q mvuIZvj we‡`ªvn (1855 mv‡ji 30 Ryb) nq|
wmcvwn we‡`ªvn
→ 1856 mv‡j Gbwdì bvgK GK cÖKvi ivB‡dj eënvi ïiæ nq| GB e›`y‡Ki KvZ©yR `vuZ w`‡q †K‡U eënvi Ki‡Z nq|
¸Re i‡U †h, GB e›`y‡Ki KvZ©yR Miæ I ï‡qv‡ii Pwe© w`‡q •Zix| wn›`y-gymjgvb •mwbK‡ì g‡b aviYv R‡b¥ †h, Zv‡ì
ag© webó Kivi Rb¨ GB eë¯’v K‡i‡Q|
→ 1857 mv‡ji 29 gvP© e¨vivKcy‡i wmcvwn g½jcv‡Ð KvZz©R eënv‡i A¯^xK…wZ Rvbvb Ges Zvi EaŸ©Zb Kg©KZ©v‡K AvµgY
K‡ib|
→ 1857 mv‡ji 1†g wgivU kn‡i ïiæ nIqv weªwUk B÷ BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwbi †mbvevwnbxi wmcvwn‡ì GwU we‡`ªvn| wmcvwn
we‡`ªvn‡K fvi‡Zi cÖ_g ¯^vaxbZv hy×, gnvwe‡`ªvn, fviZxq we‡`ªvn, 1857 mv‡ji we‡`ªvn I 1858 mv‡ji MYAfz¨Ìvb
bv‡gI AwfwnZ Kiv nq|
div‡qwR Av‡›`vjb
Ewbk kZ‡K evsjvq M‡o IVv GKwU ms¯‥vi Av‡›`vjb| cÖv_wgK ch©v‡q G Av‡›`vj‡bi jÿ¨ wQj ag© ms¯‥vi| wKš‘ cieZ©x mg‡q
GB Av‡›`vj‡b Av_©-mvgvwRK ms¯‥v‡ii cÖeYZv jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| Ôdiv‡qwRÕ kãwU ÔdiRÕ kã †_‡K D™¢~Z| Gi A_© n‡”Q Avjøvn
KZ©„K wb‡`©wkZ Aek¨ cvjbxq KZ©e¨| G Av‡›`vj‡bi D‡`¨v³v/cÖe³v nvRx kixqZDjøvn| nvRx kixqZDjøv‡ni g„Zzï ci G
Av‡›`vj‡bi ‡bZ…Z¡ †`b Zvui my‡hvM¨ cyÎ gynwmbDÏxb Ii‡d `y`y wgqv| LvRbv Av`v‡qi Rb¨ Rwg`vi‡ì AZ¨vPvi †ivaK‡í `y`y
wgqv Avjøvni mve©‡f․gZ¡ cÖwZôvi Rb¨ e‡jb ÔÔRwg †_‡K LvRbv Av`vq Avjøvni AvB‡bi cwicš’xÕÕ| `y`y wgqv G Av‡›`vjb‡K
ivR‣bwZK Av‡›`vj‡b iƒc †`b|
bxj we‡`ªvn (Indigo Revolt)

→ Aóv`k kZvãxi †kl w`‡K BD‡iv‡c wkí wecø‡ei d‡j e¯¿wk‡íi GK AfyZc~e© DbœwZ mvwaZ nq| d‡j Kvc‡o is Kivi
Rb¨ bx‡ji Pvwn`v e¨vcK †e‡o hvq| G eëmv jvfRbK nIqvq bxjPv‡l eva¨ K‡i Bs‡iRiv| wKš‘ bxjKiiv bxjPvlx‡ì
bvbvfv‡e VKvZ| bxj Pv‡l Am¤§wZ Rvbv‡j Zv‡ì Dci †b‡g AvmZ AeY©bxq wbh©vZb|
→ bxj Pv‡li cÖwZ‡iv‡a Av‡›`vj‡b cÖ_g cÖev` cyiæl— m`©vi wek^bv_| †m 1808 mv‡j Bs‡iR‡ì nv‡Z aiv c‡o Ges
g„Zz¨`‡Ð `wÐZ nq|
→ ZrKvjxb b`xqv Ges eZ©gvb evsjv‡`‡ki h‡kvi ‡Rjvi †P․MvQvq cÖ_g bxj we‡`ªvn †`Lv hvq weòzPiY wek^vm I w`M¤¢i
wek^v‡mi †bZ…‡Z¡| 1859-1862 mvj ch©šÍ Av‡›`vjb wewfbœ ¯’v‡b Qwo‡q c‡o|
→ bxj we‡`ªvn `gb Kivi Rb¨ 1860 mv‡j miKvi MVb K‡i— Ôbxj KwgkbÕ ev ÔBwÛ‡Mv KwgkbÕ| bxj Kwgkb bxjPvlx‡ì
Awf‡hv‡Mi mZ¨Zv Lyu‡R cvq| Gici miKvi GKwU AvB‡bi Øviv †NvlYv K‡ib †h, bxjKiiv bxjPvlx‡ì bxj Pv‡l eva¨
Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv Ges †mUv Ki‡j AvBbZ `Ðbxq n‡e| G AvBb cv‡mi d‡j 1862 mv‡j bxj we‡`ªv‡ni Aemvb nq|
→ bxj Pvlx‡ì AZ¨vPv‡ii Kvwnwb wb‡q `xbeÜz wgÎ iPbv K‡ib- Ôbxj `c©YÕ|
AvjxMo Av‡›`vjb
→ AvjxMo K‡jR‡K †K›`ª K‡i †h ¯^Zš¿ ivR‣bwZK I mvs¯‥…wZK aviv m„wó nq, Zv‡K AvjxMo Av‡›`vjb e‡j|
→ 1875 mv‡j DËi cÖ‡`‡ki AvjxM‡o m¨vi •mq` Avng` Lvb Ô‡gvnv‡gWvb A¨vs‡jv-Iwi‡q›Uvj K‡jRÕ ¯’vcb K‡ib hv
1920 mv‡j AvjxMo gymwjg wek^we`¨vj‡q iƒcvšÍwiZ nq|
fvi‡Zi RvZxq Ks‡MÖm

→ cÖwZôvKvj- 1885 wL÷vã| GwU fvi‡Zi cÖvPxbZg ivR‣bwZK msMVb| (38Zg wewmGm)
→ cÖwZôvZv— AemicÖvß Bs‡iR wmwfwjqvb A¨vjvb A‡±vwfqvb wnDg| `jwUi cÖ_g mfvcwZ- D‡gk e¨vbvwR©|
wbwLj fviZ gymwjg jxM

→ cÖwZôvKvj— 30 wW‡m¤î, 1906 wLª÷v‡ã XvKvq| gymwjg jx‡Mi cÖK„Z bvg wQj ÔwbwLj fviZ gymwjg jxMÕ|
→ cÖwZôvZv— beve mwjgyjøvn, AvMv Lvb bIqve wfKvi-Dj-g~jyK|
→ cÖ_g Awa‡ekb e‡m— 1906 wLª÷v‡ã Avnmvb gwÄj, XvKvq|
evsjvq mk¯¿ •ecøweK Av‡›`vjb

 1906 mv‡j weªwUk miKvi •ecøweK Av‡›`vjb‡K mš¿vmev`x Av‡›`vjb wn‡m‡e wPwýZ K‡i|
 we«wUk we‡ivax wecøex‡ì j¶¨ wQj c«avb ‡c«wm‡WwÝ g¨vwR‡÷«U wKsm ‡dvW©‡K nZ¨v Kiv| ÿzwìvg, cÖdzjø PvKx wenv‡ii
‡gvRvddicy‡i ‡dv‡W©i Mvwo j¶¨ K‡i ‡evgv wb‡¶c Ki‡j Ab¨ GK Bs‡i‡Ri ¯¿x Ges Kb¨v wbnZ nq| ¶ywìvg aiv
c‡ob Ges dvuwm nq| cÖdzjø PvKx AvZ¥nZ¨v K‡ib|
 PÆMÖvg A¯¿vMvi jyÉb : PÆM«vg A¯¿vMvi jyÉ‡bi Rb¨ ‡bZ…‡Z¡ wQ‡jb— ¯’vbxq b¨vkbvj BÝwUwUD‡Ui wk¶K gv÷vi `v
m~h©‡mb| 1930 mv‡ji 18 B Gwc«j A¯¿vMviwU jyÉb Kiv nq|
 cvnvoZjx †ijI‡q K¬ve AvµgY : cvnvoZjx ‡ijI‡q K¬ve Avµg‡Yi ‡bZ…Z¡ ‡`b— c«xwZjZv Iqv‡Ï`vi|
 wecøex m~h©‡mb Zvi `j I mvaviY gvby‡li Kv‡Q gv÷vi `v bv‡g cwiwPZ| 1932 mv‡j ‡m‡Þ¤^‡i cÖxwZjZv Iqv‡Ï`v‡ii
†bZ…‡Z¡ cvnvoZjx BD‡ivcxqvb K¬ve AvµgY Ki‡j weªwUk miKvi m~h©‡mbmn AwaKvsk wecøex‡K ai‡Z mÿg nq| 1934
mv‡ji 12 Rvbyqvwi Zvu‡K dvuwm †`qv nq|
fviZ Qvo Av‡›`vjb

fvi‡Zi ivR‣bwZK mgm¨v wbim‡b wµcm wgkb e¨_© n‡j gnvZ¥v MvÜxi †bZ…‡Z¡ 1942 mv‡ji AvM÷ gv‡m ÔfviZ QvoÕ `vex‡Z
Bs‡iR we‡ivax Av‡›`vjb ïiæ nq|
‡ZfvMv Av‡›`vjb
→ Av‡›`vj‡bi †bZ…Z¡ †`b— nvRx †gvnv¤§` `v‡bk I Bjv wgÎ|
→ mgqKvj— 1946-47 wLª÷vã| Av‡›`vjb iscyi I w`bvRcy‡i Zxeª AvKvi aviY K‡iwQj| GB Av‡›`vjb 19wU †Rjvq
Qwo‡q c‡o|
→ ‡ZfvMv Av‡›`vj‡bi `vex wQj Drcbœ dm‡ji wZb fv‡Mi GK fvM cv‡e gvwjK Ges `yB fvM cv‡e Pvlx|
Ab¨vb¨ Z_¨- (¯^vaxKvi Av‡›`vjb msµvšÍ)
 ‣mq` Avgxi Avjx : gymjgvb‡ì AwaKvi Av`v‡qi Rb¨ ‣mq` Avgxi Avjx cÖwZôv K‡ib Ô‡m›Uªvj b¨vkbvj †gvnv‡gWvb
A¨v‡mvwm‡qkbÕ| Avgxi Avjx iwPZ eB‡qi bvg- ÔThe Spirit of Islam’ I ÔA short story of seracens’.
 nvRx gynv¤§` gynmxb : `vbkxjZvi Rb¨ `vbexi ev evsjvi nv‡Zg ZvB bv‡g cwiwPZ nvRx gynv¤§` gynmxb| wZwb mgvR
‡meK n‡jI mgvR ms¯‥viK bb|
 bIqve Ave`yj jwZd: 1863 mv‡j KjKvZvq gymwjg mvwnZ¨ mgvR Ô‡gvnv‡gWvb wjUv‡iwi †mvmvBwUÕ cÖwZôv K‡ib|
gymjgvb‡ì wkÿv we¯Ív‡i wZwb AMÖYx f~wgKv cvjb K‡ib|
 ivIjvU AvBb : AvBbwU 1918 mv‡j cÖewZ©Z nq| GB AvB‡bi D‡Ïk¨ wQj msev`c‡Îi KÉ‡iva Kiv| GB AvB‡bi
cÖwZev‡` RvwjqvbIqvjvev‡M AmsL¨ gvbyl mg‡eZ nq| †Rbv‡ij Wvqv‡ii wb‡`©‡k mvaviY gvby‡li Dci †mbvevwnbx ¸wj
Pvjvq Ges A‡bK mvaviY gvbyl wbnZ nq|
 RvwjqvbIqvjvevM nZ¨vKvÐ : nZ¨vKvÐ msMwVZ nq- 13 GwcÖj, 1919 wLª.| nZ¨vKv‡Ði cÖwZev‡` iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi bvBUûU
Z¨vM K‡ib|
 Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vjb : 1919 mv‡j ivIjvU Av‡›`vjb I RvwjIqvbIqvjvevM nZ¨vKv‡Ði cÖwZev‡` gnvZ¥v MvÜx Amn‡hvM
Av‡›`vj‡bi Kg©m~wP †NvlYv K‡ib| 1920 mv‡ji 8 †m‡Þ¤î Ks‡MÖ‡mi we‡kl Awa‡ek‡b Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vj‡bi
hyMcrfv‡e cwiPvjbvi wm×všÍ nq| 1922 mv‡ji 12 †deªæqvwi G Av‡›`vj‡bi cwimgvwß N‡U|
 ¯îvR `j I †e½j c¨v± : 1923 mv‡j ‡`keÜz wPËiÄb `v‡mi †bZ„©‡Z¡ ¯îvR cvwU© MwVZ nq| evsjvq gymjgvb‡ì mv‡_
wPËiÄb `v‡mi †bZ…‡Z¡ e½xq Ks‡MÖm KwgwU GKwU mg‡SvZvq †c․uQvq| GB mg‡SvZvwU Ôevsjv Pzw³Õ ev Ô‡e½j c¨v±Õ Pzw³
bv‡g cwiwPZ hv evsjvq wn›`y-gymjgv‡bi wgj‡bi j‡ÿ¨ ewjô f~wgKv cvjb K‡i|
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. KjKvZv gv`ªvmv cÖwZwôZ nq †Kvb mv‡j? [gva¨wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK : 97]
K. 1765 L. 1781 M. 1800 N. 1813 DËi : L
02. e„„wUk kvm‡bi weiæ‡× evOvwj‡ì cÖ_g we‡`ªv‡ni bvg— [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2019]
K. mvuIZvj we‡`ªvn L. bxj we‡`ªvn M. wmcvwn we‡`ªvn N. dwKi I mbœ¨vmx we‡`ªvn DËi : N
03. dwKiiv KZ mvj †_‡K KZ mvj ch©šÍ evsjvi wewfbœ ¯’v‡b we‡`ªvn K‡iwQj? [†iwR÷vW© cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (UMi) : 11]
K. 1781 †_‡K 1840 ch©šÍ L. 1760 †_‡K 1800 ch©šÍ
M. 1757 †_‡K 1857 ch©šÍ N. 1819 †_‡K 1862 ch©šÍ DËi : L
04. dwKi Av‡›`vj‡bi †bZv †K? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (BQvgwZ) : 10]
K. wmivR kvn L. †gvnmxb kvn M. gRby kvn N. Rnxi kvn DËi : M
05. weªwUk ewYK‡ì weiæ‡× GKRb PvKgv Rywgqv †bZv we‡`ªv‡ni cZvKv Dwo‡qwQ‡jb, Zvui bvg— [17Zg wewmGm]
K. ivRv wÎwè ivq L. ivRv wÎfzeb PvKgv M. †Rvqvb eKm Lvu N. Ry¤§v Lvb DËi : M
06. euv‡ki †Kjøv L¨vZ ¯^vaxbZv msMÖvgx †K? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (hgybv)- 2012]
K. dwKi gRby kvn L. wZZzgxi M. `y`y wgqv N. gxi Kvwkg DËi : L
07. wZZzgx‡ii evu‡ki †Kjøv †Kv_vq Aew¯’Z wQj? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (XvKv wefvM) : 06]
K. evivmvZ L. bvwi‡Kjevwoqv M. Pvu`cyi N. nvq`vicyi DËi : L
08. evsjvq div‡qwR Av‡›`vj‡bi D‡`¨v³v †K wQ‡jb? A_ev, div‡qwR Av‡›`vj‡bi †bZ…‡Z¡ ‡K wQ‡jb? (15Zg, 21Zg I 24Zg
wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi- evwZj)
K. gvIjvbv †KivgZ Avjx L. kvn IwjDjøvn
M. nvRx kwiqZDjøvn N. cxi gnmxbywÏb DËi : M
09. weªwUk Avg‡j evsjv‡`‡k †h me Av‡›`vjb n‡qwQj Zvi g‡a¨ †KvbwU cÖavb? [‡iwR÷vW© cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (Rev) : 11;
cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (kir) : 10]
K. nv‡mgx Av‡›`vjb L. †Kviv‡qkx Av‡›`vjb M. div‡qwR Av›`vjb N. ‣mq`x Av‡›`vjb D:M
10. Rwg †_‡K LvRbv Av`vq Avjøvni AvB‡bi cwicš’x GwU Kvi †jLv? (14Zg wewmGm)
K. wZZzgxi L. dwKi gRby kvn M. nvRx kwiqZDjøvn N. `y`y wgqv DËi : N
11. div‡qwR Av‡›`vjb‡K †Kvb †bZv ivR‣bwZK Av‡›`vj‡b iƒc`vb K‡ib? [‡iwR÷vW© cÖv_wgK we`¨vj‡qi mnKvix wkÿK (‡Mvjvc) : 11]
K. nvRx kixqZDjøvn L. wZZzgxi M. beve mwjgyjøvn N. `y`y wgqv DËi : N
12. cvK-fviZ-evsjv GB Dcgnv‡`‡ki cÖ_g ¯^vaxbZv hy× †Kvb m‡b ïiæ nq? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (Ki‡Zvqv) : 10]
K. 1751 L. 1857 M. 1952 N. 1971 DËi : L
13. KZ mv‡j bxj Kwgkb MVb Kiv nq? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2019]
K. 1860 L. 1857 M. 1845 N. 1882 DËi : K
14. PÆMÖvg A¯¿vMvi jywÉZ nq †Kvb mv‡j? [‡iwR÷vW© cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (‡Mvjvc) : 11]
15. ‡K Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vj‡b †bZ…Z¡ †`b? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (kir) : 10]
K. MvÜxwR L. gvIjvbv kIKZ Avjx M. RInijvj †b‡niæ N. wewcbP›`ª cvj DËi : K
fviZ wefvMc~e© ivRbxwZ

1937 mv‡ji cÖv‡`wkK wbe©vPb
1935 mv‡ji fviZ kvmb AvBb 1937 mv‡j Kvh©Ki n‡j 1937 mv‡j 1g c«v‡`wkK cwil` wbe©vPb AbywôZ nq| ‡Kvqvwjkb :
gymwjg jxM I K…lK c«Rv cvwU©| ‡k‡i evsjv G ‡K dRjyj nK Awef³ evsjvi c«_g gyL¨gš¿x wbe©vwPZ nb| wbe©vP‡b Rqx `j I
Avm‡bi msL¨v—
gymwjg jxM 40wU K…lK cÖRv cvwU© 35wU
¯^Zš¿¨ gymjgvb 41wU ¯^Zš¿ wn›`y 14wU
 1938 mv‡j ÔdøvDW KwgkbÕ MwVZ nq|
 ‡k‡i evsjv G.‡K.dRjyj nK ÔFY mvwjwm †evW©Õ MVb K‡ib| wZwb 1941 mv‡j gymjxg jxM Z¨vM K‡ib|
jv‡nvi cÖ¯Íve
 1939 mv‡j gynv¤§` Avjx wRbœvn wØRvwZ Z‡Ë¡i gva¨‡g wn›`y I gymjgvb bv‡g `ywU Avjv`v RvwZi cÖ¯Íve K‡ib|
 1940 mv‡ji 23 ‡k gvP© jv‡nv‡i wRbœvni mfvcwZ‡Z¡ gymwjg jx‡Mi evwl©K Awa‡ek‡b ZrKvjxb gyL¨gš¿x dRjyj nK
jv‡nvi cÖ¯Íve DÌvcb K‡ib|
 g~jK_v— Dcgnv‡`‡ki DËi-cwðgvÂj Ges DËi-c~e©vÂ‡ji gymjwg AaÿwlZ GjvKv¸‡jv wb‡q GKvwaK ¯^vaxb I
mve©‡f․g ivó« MVb| Gi wfwË‡Z cvwK¯Ívb iv‡ó«i Rb¥ nq|
wµcm wgkb
wµcm wgkb 1942 mv‡ji 23 gvP© K¨vwe‡bU gš¿x m¨vi ÷¨v‡dvW© wµc‡mi ‡bZ…‡Z¡ we«wUk miKvi KZ©…K fvi‡Z ‡c«wiZ GKwU
wgkb| wØZxq wek^hy‡×i mgq Rvcvb wgÎ c‡ÿi weiæ‡× †hvM`vb Ki‡j Rvcvwb Avµg‡Y weiæ‡× G†`kxq mvnvh¨ mn‡hvwMZv
jvf Kivi Rb¨ ZrKvjxb weªwUk cÖavbgš¿x PvwP©j G `j‡K Dcgnv‡`‡k †cÖiY K‡ib|
cÂv‡ki gš^šÍi
wØZxq wek^hy‡×i mgq Rvcvwbiv evg©v `Lj Ki‡j evg©v †_‡K evsjvq Pvj Avg`vwb eÜ n‡q hvq| cÿvšÍ‡i evsjvq Lv`¨km¨ µq
K‡i evsjvi evwn‡i •mb¨‡ì im` wn‡m‡e cvwV‡q †`qv nq| Amvay, †jvfx I gybvdv‡Lvi eëmvqxiv Lv`¨ ¸`vgRvZ ïiæ K‡i|
Gw`‡K Abve„wói d‡j evsjvq Lv`¨ Drcv`bI n«vm cvq| cwiYv‡g evsjvq 1943 wLª÷v‡ã ev 1350 e½v‡ã fqven `ywf©ÿ nq hv
cÂv‡ki gš^šÍi bv‡g cwiwPZ|
gš¿x wgkb (The Cabinet Mission)

weªwUk cÖavbgš¿x GUwj Zvi gwš¿mfvi wZb m`m¨‡K 1946 mv‡j fvi‡Z †cÖiY K‡ib| G cÖwZwbwa `j‡K gš¿x wgkb bv‡g AwfwnZ
Kiv nq|
1946 mv‡ji wbe©vPb I †mvnivIqv`©xi gwš¿mfv

1946 mv‡j c«v‡`wkK cwil` wbe©vP‡b Aveyj nv‡mg Ges ‡mvnivIqv`©xi ‡bZ…Z¡vaxb gymwjg jxM Rqjvf K‡i| 24 Gwc«j
gwš¿mfv MwVZ nq| ‡nv‡mb knx` ‡mvnivIqv`©x (MYZ‡š¿i gvbmcyÎ) Awef³ evsjvi 2q I ‡kl gyL¨gš¿x wbe©vwPZ nb| 1937
mv‡j Awef³ evsjvq c«_g wbe©vPb nq Ges 1946 mv‡j 2q I me©‡kl wbe©vPb AbywôZ nq|
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. 1940 mv‡ji jv‡nvi cÖ¯Ív‡ei DÌvcK †K wQ‡jb? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK (‡gNbv) : 13; cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (K¨v‡gwjqv) : 12]
K. wjqvKZ Avjx Lvb L. G. †K dRjyj nK
M. †gvnv¤§` Avjx wRbœvn N. LvRv bvwRgDÏxb DËi : L
02. Ôwµcm wgkbÕ ‡Kvb D‡Ï‡k¨ G‡`‡k AvMgb K‡i? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (Ki‡Zvqv) : 10]
K. A_©‣bwZK L. ivR‣bwZK M. mvgvwRK N. mvs¯‥…wZK DËi : L
03. fvi‡Z K¨vwe‡bU wgkb KLb G‡mwQj? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (hgybv) : 12]
K. 1940 mv‡j L. 1946 mv‡j M. 1942 mv‡j N. 1947 mv‡j DËi : L
04. Awef³ evsjvi †kl gyL¨gš¿x †K wQ‡jb? (24Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi- evwZj)
K. †nv‡mb knx` †mvnivIqv`x L. G †K dRjyj nK
M. LvRv bvwRgDÏxb N. Aveyj nv‡mg DËi : K
Bb‡mckb GÛ LvBiæjÕm cÖv_wgK wkÿK wb‡qvM MvBW Bs‡iwR #1
Parts of Speech
Avgiv mK‡jB Rvwb, ev‡K¨ eëüZ cÖ‡Z¨KwU A_©‡evaK kã‡K G‡KKwU Parts of Speech e‡j|
Parts of Speech Gi Part A_© Ask Ges Speech A_© e³…Zv|
Part = Ask
Speech = e³…Zv
Parts of Speech = e³…Zvi Ask¸‡jv
myZivs Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi, ev‡Kï Parts ev Ask¸‡jv‡KB ejv nq Parts of Speech.
wb‡Pi evK¨wU jÿ¨ Kiæb—
Jim is a very good boy who lives in Feni.
Parts 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Jim is a very good boy who lives in Feni
Parts of
Speech
noun adverb adjective noun verb Preposition noun
Dc‡ii D`vniYwU †_‡K mn‡RB †evSv hvq, GKwU evK¨ ev sentence Gi A‡bK¸‡jv Part _vK‡Z cv‡i|
ev‡K¨ eëüZ GB A_©‡evaK kã¸‡jvi cÖ‡Z¨KwU‡K G‡KKwU Parts of Speech e‡j|
g‡b ivLyb : ev‡K¨ eënvi Qvov GKwU kã‡K †Kvb Parts of Speech Zv mwVKfv‡e wbiƒcY Kiv m¤¢e bq| †hgb
: Next kãwUi wewfbœ Parts of Speech G eënvi ‡`Lyb|
I shall see you next Tuesday (Adjective)

What next? (Adverb)
She was sitting next her. (Preposition) Ges
He will tell you more about it in the next. (Noun)
myZivs GKwU kã sentence G eënvi †f‡` GKvwaK Parts of Speech Gi KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i|
Parts of Speech ‡gvU 08 (AvU) cÖKvi|
ʘ Noun ʘ Adverb ʘ Preposition wb‡Pi

ʘ Pronoun ʘ Adjective ʘ Interjection evK¨wU jÿ¨
ʘ Verb ʘ Conjunction Kiæb-
Interjection Pronoun Verb Adjective Preposition Noun Noun

Great! Abeer and his friend are the only brilliant boys with highest score in class
Noun Conjunction Noun Adverb Noun Adjective Preposition
Wow! Faisal and his wife Noun = Faisal, wife, Peru Pronoun = his
are happily enjoying their Verb = are Adverb = happily
most romantic honeymoon Adjective = romantic Conjunction = and
in Peru. Preposition = in Interjection = Wow!
wb‡R wb‡R Parts of Speech Lyu‡R †ei Kivi †Póv Kiæb :

Alas! the evil teacher assigns us work daily and expects it on his desk by eight the next
morning.
Noun
e¨w³, e¯‘, ¯’vb, Dw™¢`, cÖvYx, ¸Y, NUbvi bvgmn †h †Kvb wKQzi bvgB Noun. wb‡Pi D`vniY¸‡jv jÿ¨ Kiæb
o Mehadey (e¨w³i bvg) reads a book (e¯‘i bvg)
o Runa (e¨w³i bvg) lives in Dhaka (¯’v‡bi bvg) Mehadey (e¨w³i bvg), Book (e¯‘i bvg),
o The Mango tree (Dw™¢‡ì bvg) is the national Dhaka (¯’v‡bi bvg), Mango tree (Dw™¢‡ì
tree of Bangladesh (†`‡ki bvg). bvg), Bangladesh (‡`‡ki bvg)
o Forgiveness (¸‡Yi bvg) is a great virtue. Forgiveness (¸Y) cÖf…wZ Noun.
o He was singing a song (¸‡Yi bvg).
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. Sit down and rest a while. GLv‡b ‘while’ kãwU- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (wZZvm) : 2010]
a. Noun b. Pronoun c. Adverb d. Adjective ans: a
e¨vL¨v: ‘while’ g~jZ Conjunction n‡jI, GLv‡b ‘rest’ verb Gi object wn‡m‡e eëüZ nIqvq Zv GKwU
noun-G cwiYZ n‡q‡Q|
A‡_©i gva¨‡g †Pbv hvq| ‡hgb— Hymn (e›`bv), Honey (gay)|
e¨vL¨v : ÔGenocide’ k‡ãi A_© ÔMYnZ¨vÕ| k‡ãi A_© Rvbvi gva¨‡g mn‡RB †evSv hvq GwU GKwU noun|
03. ‘Please’ kãwUi noun n‡”Q— [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (‡Mvjvc) : 2009]
K. Pleased L. Pleasure M. Pleasing N. Pleaseness DËi : L
e¨vL¨v : Please (verb) Gi A_©— AbyMÖn Kiv, cwiZ…ß Kiv| Pleasure A_©— Z…wß, Avivg|
05. ‘Fly’ kãwUi Noun n‡”Q— [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (BQvgwZ) : 2010]
a. Plight b. Fleet c. Flew d. Flight DËi : N
e¨vL¨v: Fly(v) A_©— ÔD‡o hvIqvÕ| kãwUi Noun n‡”Q— Flight hvi A_©— AcMgb, k~bäveb|
Suffix এর মাধ্যমম noun চচনা যায়। age, al, ance, ce, cy, dom, hood, ism, ment, mony,
ness, tion, sion, er, ry, ty, th, or ইত্যাদি suffix ঴মূ঵ লমের চলম঳ থাকম঱ ত্ামক noun বম঱।
চযমন : Goodness, childhood, employee, marriage, advice, agency, freedom, criticism,
agreement, emotion, victory, poverty, painter, Admission, youth, actor etc.
06. Which word is noun? [Z_¨ gš¿Yvj‡qi Aaxb MY‡hvMv‡hvM Awa`ß‡ii mnKvix Z_¨ Awdmvi 2013]
K. Assure L. Assurance M. Assured N. Assuredly DËi : L
e¨vL¨v : cÖ`Ë ev‡K¨ Assurance (wbwðZ) n‡jv— Noun, Assure (wbwðZ Kiv) n‡jv— Verb,
Assured (Avk^¯Í) n‡jv— Adjective. k‡ãi †k‡l Ôance’ suffix (‡h affix ev eY©mg‚n g‚j k‡ãi c‡i
ev †k‡l hz³ nq) ‡`‡L mn‡RB †Pbv hvq †h, assurance GKwU noun.
07. What is the noun of ÔAccept’? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mn. wkÿK (K‡cvZvÿ) : 2010; cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 19]
K. Acceptably L. Acceptance M. Accepted N. Acceptable DËi : L
e¨vL¨v : word Gi †k‡l suffix (tion, ance, ness, hood) BZ¨vw` hy³ n‡q noun MwVZ nq| †hgb :
accept + ance = accetance.
08. Reproduction kãwU †Kvb ai‡bi Parts of Speech? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK 2015]
e¨vL¨v : ÔReproductionÕ k‡ãi A_© ÔcÖRbbÕ| cÖ‡kœ cÖ`Ë kãwUi †k‡l Ôtion’ suffix _vKvq mn‡RB †evSv
hvq kãwU GKwU noun Gi D`vniY|
09. ÔFrequency’ is— [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2019]
K. Noun L. Adverb M. Verb N. Adjective DËi : K
e¨vL¨v : ‘Frequency’ A_© cybtcyb msNUb hv GKwV Noun. cÖ‡kœ cÖ`Ë kãwUi †k‡l Suffix Ôcy’ ‡`‡L
mn‡RB চচনা যায় MVbMZ w`K †_‡K GwU noun।
10. ‘Rely’ kãwUi Noun n‡”Q— [‡iwR÷vW© cÖv. we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (UMi) : 11; [cÖv. we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (Lyjbv I PÆMÖvg wefvM) : 08]
K. Relement L. Rely M. Reliance N. Reliment DËi : M
e¨vL¨v : Rely GKwU verb, hvi A_© Ôwbf©i KivÕ| Gi Noun n‡jv Reliance (wbf©iZv)| cÖ`Ë kãwUi
†k‡li Suffix Ôance’ ‡`‡L mn‡RB †evSv hvq, MVbMZ w`K †_‡K GwU GKwU noun.
11. ‘Remove’ kãwUi Noun— [‡iwR÷vW© cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (‡Mvjvc) : 2011]
K. Removing L. Remove M. Removal N. Re-movement DËi: M
e¨vL¨v : ÔRemoval’ k‡ãi A_© AcmviY, Ac‡bv`b| cÖ‡kœ cÖ`Ë kãwUi mv‡_ ‘al’ suffix ‡hvM K‡i noun Kiv nq|
Remove GKwU verb hvi Noun n‡jv removal.
12. The word ÔGravity' is— [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2018]
K. An adjective L. a gerund M. a noun N. An adverb DËi : M
e¨vL¨v : Gravity' A_© n‡jv gva¨vKl©Y/ M¤¢xi Ae¯’v, MVbMZ w`K n‡ZI kãwU we‡kl¨| kãwUi †k‡l
suffix Ôty’ ‡`‡L mn‡RB †evSv hvq †h, MVbMZ w`K †_‡K GwU GKwU noun.
13. ‘True’ kãwUi Noun n‡”Q— [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (BQvgwZ) : 2010]
K. Truly L. Truthful M. Truthfulness N. Truth DËi : N
e¨vL¨v : cÖ‡kœ cÖ`Ë Ackbmg~‡ni g‡a¨ Truth, Truthfulness DfqB noun. evKx Ackb¸‡jvi gv‡S Truly-
adverb; Truthful – adjective; ‘True’ kãwUi mwVK Noun n‡”Q— Truth. Truthfulness—noun wKš‘
GB noun cÖ‡kœ cÖ`Ë ‘True’ kãwU †_‡K bv G‡m Truthful, adjective wU †_‡K G‡m‡Q| ZvB PZz_© AckbB mwVK
DËi| suffix (th, ness) ‡`‡LI kã `ywU †Pbv hvq|
14. ‘Refuse’ kãwUi Noun n‡”Q— [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (Ki‡Zvqv) : 2010]
K. Refusement L. Refuse M. Refusing N. Refusal DËi : N
e¨vL¨v : Refusal(n) A_©— A¯^xKvi, cÖZ¨vL¨vb| ‘Refuse’ verb wUi †k‡l ‘al’ suffix ‡hv‡M noun MwVZ nq|
15. ‘Brief’ kãwUi Noun wb‡Pi †KvbwU? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (‡ejx) : 2009]
K. Briefly L. Brevity M. Briefing N. Short DËi: L
e¨vL¨v : Brief k‡ãi A_©— mswÿß, hv Adjective| kãwUi mv‡_ Ôty’ suffix hy³ n‡q noun MwVZ n‡q‡Q|
Brevity k‡ãi A_©— mswÿßZv|
16. ‘Admit’ kãwUi Noun wb‡Pi †KvbwU? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (‡ejx) : 2009]
K. Admission L. Admissible M. Admittance N. Admitted DËi : K
e¨vL¨v : ÔAdmit’ verb Gi mv‡_ Ôsion’ suffix hy³ n‡q noun nq| Admission A_©— fwZ©, ¯^xK…wZ|
17. Abstract noun of the word ‘Long’ is— [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (ivRkvnx wefvM) : 2008]
K. Length L. Longer M. Lengthier N. Lengthen DËi : K
e¨vL¨v : ÔLong’ kãwUi mv‡_ suffix (th) hy³ n‡q Noun (Length) n‡q‡Q|
18. ‘Poor’ kãwUi Noun— [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (Lyjbv I PÆMÖvg wefvM) : 2008]
K. Poority L. Poorify M. Poverty N. Poorness DËi : M
e¨vL¨v : Adjective (Poor) kãwUi mv‡_ suffix (ty) hy³ n‡q Noun (Poverty) n‡q‡Q|
19. ‘Compel’ kãwUi Noun n‡”Q— [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (BQvgwZ) : 2010]
e¨vL¨v: ‘Compel’(v) kãwUi A_©—Ôeva¨ Kiv, hvi Noun n‡”Q— Compulsion. GLv‡b Suffix— sion.
20. ‘Laugh’ kãwUi noun n‡”Q— [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (K‡cvZvÿ) : 2010]
K. Laugh L. Laughing M. Laughable N. Laughter DËi : N
e¨vL¨v: Laugh— nvwm(v), nvmv, Dcnvm Kiv(n)| Laughter (nvwm) GKwU— Abstract noun Gi
D`vniY| Laughter Gi †k‡li suffix (-er) ‡`‡L mn‡RB kãwU‡K Noun wn‡m‡e †Pbv hvq|
Noun ‡Pbvi AviI wKQz Dcvq
o Noun ‡Pbvi wKQz Prefix— co, sub, auto, anti, mis etc, ‡hgb- co-founder,
subdivision, autobiography, anticlimax, misdeed etc.
o Gerund (verb + ing = Noun) ‡h‡nZz Function Gi gva¨‡gI ‡Pbv hvq|
GKB mv‡_ noun + verb Gi KvR K‡i ZvB  Verb এর subject দ঵ম঴মব বযবর৅ত্
G‡K noun wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv nq| †hgb— ঵য়। Nahid (sub) is (v) sleeping
Please stop reading (gerund). now.
o Adjective, noun wn‡m‡e eëüZ nq hw`  Verb এর complement দ঵ম঴মব
adjective Gi Av‡M ‘The’ e‡m| †hgb— বযবর৅ত্ ঵য়। Hasan is (v) a
professor (complement).
The poor are not always happy. ev‡K¨
 Verb এর object wn‡m‡e eëüZ
Adjective ÔPoor’ Gi c~‡e© ÔThe’ emvq
nq| I helped (v) Taqwa (object).
ÔPoor’ noun n‡q‡Q|  Preposition Gi object wn‡m‡e
o Determiners Gi ci mvaviYZ noun e‡m| eëüZ nq| I spoke to
†hgb— Some boys are coming here. (preposition) Rahima (obj.).
o wKQz wKQz phrase, noun Gi g‡Zv KvR K‡i|  Possessive case Gi c‡i eëüZ nq|
†hgb— For good, in general, in short, Kamal hates Aporna for her
at present, in black and white. talkativeness.
Noun Gi cÖKvi‡f` (Classification of Noun)
Proper Noun
Concrete A_©vr
Noun ধ্ানত্ (রৃই) কার। Noun
Common Noun Noun
4 cªKvi
Abstract Noun Concrete Noun ‡gvU 5
Collective Noun cªKvi
(¸YevPK we‡kl¨) (Bw›`ªqMÖvn¨ we‡kl¨)
Material Noun
Anger (ivM)
Abstract Noun, Proper Noun, Common
D`vniY Noun, Collective Noun, Material Noun.
Bravery (mvnm)
Proper Noun
চয Noun দ্বারা চকান বযদি (person), বস্তু (thing), ধ্ারণা (idea) বা স্থামনর (place) দনদিিষ্ট নাম চবাঝায় ত্ামক Proper
Noun বম঱। চযমন : Al Mahmud, Nazrul, Thakurgaon, Quran, Newton’s Theory (দনউটমনর ত্ত্ত্ব) etc.
Ͽ ‡R‡b ivLyb : Proper Noun &Gi cÖ_g eY© ev Letter wU Capiatal Letter–G wjL‡Z nq|
†hgb I am Salam, He reads Arabian Night’s.
iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi KziAvb wµ‡KU ej Bangladesh Avgvi ‡`Lv bqvPxb bRiæj

 Nazrul is the national poet of Bangladesh. (bRiæj evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq Kwe)
 The Meghna is the deepest river of Bangladesh. (‡gNbv evsjv‡`‡ki MfxiZg b`x)
 Rangpur is the 7th administrative division of Bangladesh. (iscyi evsjv‡`‡ki mßg cÖkvmwbK wefvM)
 Today is Friday. (AvR ïµevi)
Dc‡ii D`vniY¸‡jv †_‡K mn‡RB †evSv hvq—
o Nazrul— GKRb wbw`©ó e¨w³i bvg
o Quran— GKwU wbw`©ó MÖ‡š’i bvg e¨w³, e¯‘, aviYv, ¯’v‡bi GB mywbw`©ó
o Cricket ball— GKwU wbw`©ó †Ljvi e‡ji bvg bvg¸‡jv‡K ejv nq Proper Noun.
o Thakurgaon— GKwU wbw`©ó kn‡ii bvg
o Friday— mßv‡ni GKwU wbw`©ó ev‡ii bvg
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. What type of noun the word ÔChemistryÕ is— [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2019]
K. Material L. Proper M. Common N. Abstract DËi : L
e¨vL¨v: ÔChemistryÕ (imvqbwe`¨v) kãwU GKwU me‡R± ev wel‡qi bvg| Avi Subject Gi bvg Proper noun
wn‡m‡e MY¨ nq| Proper noun Gi cÖ_g AÿiwU Capital letter G nq|
01. G‡ì c~‡e© ‡Kvb determiner e‡m bv| Z‡e KL‡bv KL‡bv proper noun Gi mvg‡b article ewm‡q
proper noun wU‡K common noun wn‡m‡e eënvi Kiv hvq| GgbwU NU‡j ev‡Kï A‡_©i Dci
02wU †Lqvj ivL‡Z n‡e—
welq o Kazi Nazrul Islam is the Shelley of Bangladesh. (KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg n‡jb
‡R‡b evsjv‡`‡ki †kjx)
ivLyb o The Padma is a big river. (cÙv GKwU eo b`x)
GLv‡b Shelley n‡”Q Common Noun. GwU ev‡Kï ai‡bi Dci wbf©i K‡i| jÿ¨ K‡ib,
Dc‡ii D`vni‡Y Shelley ‡K Common e¨w³ aiv n‡q‡Q|
02. এমিরমক plural করা যায় না। ত্মব proper noun চক যখন plural করা ঵য় ত্খন যদি nounদট দনদিিষ্ট কাউমক না বুদঝময়,
common noun এর ন্যায় একদট ঴াধ্ারণ নাম বুঝায় ত্খন চ঴দট Common Noun ঵ময় যায়। চযমন : There are two
Nahids in this class. এখামন Nahids দ্বারা রৃ’জন Nahid চক চবাঝামনা ঵ময়মছ। রৃ’জমনর common নাম ঵ম঱া Nahid.
চ঴জন্য Nahids ঵ম঱া একদট common noun এর উিা঵রণ।
Common Noun
cv‡ki wP‡Î jÿ¨ Kiæb,
bvwn` - 01 Nahids
‡kÖwYK‡ÿ `yBRb bvwn` Av‡Q| cÖ‡Z¨K bvwn‡ì
bvg Proper Noun Gi D`vniY| Z‡e hw`
bvwn` - 02 `yBRb‡K GKmv‡_ †evSv‡bv nq, †m‡ÿ‡Î GwU
Common Noun n‡q hvq|
Proper Noun
01. Common Noun

‡h Noun Øviv e¨w³ ev e¯‘i mv`„k¨/mvaviY bvg †evSvq Zv‡K common noun e‡j| †hgb boy, girl,
river, ocean, cricketer, man etc.
common noun ‡Pbvi mnR Dcvq
GKvwaK proper noun Gi gv‡S Kx Kx mv`„k¨ ev common Av‡Q Zv †Lqvj ivLv| †hgb Nahid,
Khairul, Abir, Faisal G¸‡jv proper noun Gi D`vniY| ‡Lqvj K‡ib, G‡ì mevB‡K GKwU
common kã Øviv man ev gvbyl ejv hvq| myZivs GLv‡b man n‡jv common noun.
Avevi aiv hvK, Nahid, Khairul, Abir, Faisal mevB wµ‡KU †L‡j| Zv‡ì GKUv common kã
cricketer Øviv wPwýZ Kiv hvq| Zvn‡j Cricketer n‡jv common noun.
Common Noun ‡Pbvi GKUv Dcvq Avgiv Lyu‡R †cjvg

ÔÔGKvwaK Proper Noun Gi g‡a¨ mv`„k¨B n‡jv Common NounÕÕ. wb‡Pi D`vniY¸‡jv ‡`Lyb
Man (gvbyl) Infant (wkï) Village (MÖvg) River (b`x) Mouth (gyL)
Dc‡ii D`vniY¸‡jv‡Z Man ej‡Z— mKj gvbyl‡KB †evSvq| Infant (wkï) ej‡Z— mKj wkï‡KB †evSvq,
Village (MÖvg) ej‡Z— mKj MÖvg‡KB †evSvq, Mouth (gyL) ej‡Z— mK‡ji gyL‡KB †evSvq|
ev‡K¨ Av‡iv common noun Gi D`vniYmg~n jÿ¨ Kiæb
 The cow is a domestic animal. (Miæ M„ncvwjZ cÖvYx)
 The elephant has great strength. (nvwZ A‡bK kw³kvjx)
 Dhaka is a big city. (XvKv GKwU eo kni)
 Farida is a good girl. (dwi`v Lye fvj †g‡q)
cow (‡h †Kvb Miæ), elephant (‡h †Kvb nvwZ), city (‡h †Kvb kni), girl (‡h †Kvb evwjKv) wbw`©ó K‡i
†Kvb wKQz‡K ‡evSvq bv| GB D`vniY¸‡jv‡Z GKvwaK proper noun Gi mv`„k¨ Lyu‡R cvIqv hvq| ZvB G¸‡jv
common noun Gi D`vniY|
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. ‡KvbwU Common Noun? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (KY©dzjx) : 2012]
K. Truth L. Bank M. Victory N. Length DËi : L
e¨vL¨v : Bank (e¨vsK) e¨vsK Øviv mKj e¨vsK †K eySvq, †Kvb wbw`©ó GKUv e¨vsK †K bq, ZvB GwU Common
Noun. ‡h we‡kl¨ Øviv G‡KB RvZxq e¯‘, cÖvYxi bvg eySvq Zv‡K common noun e‡j| Common ej‡Z
mvaviYfv‡e GK †kÖYx‡K eySvq | †hgb— Infant (wkï) wkï ej‡Z mKj wkï‡K eySv‡bv nq|
02. Which one is common noun? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK cixÿv : 2016]
K. Infant L. Salt M. Studentship N. Army DËi : K
e¨vL¨v : Infant (wkï) wkï ej‡Z mKj wkï‡K eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q| cÖ‡kœ, Salt n‡jv— material noun, Studentship
n‡jv— abstract noun, Army n‡jv— collective noun Gi D`vniY|
03. Which one is a common noun? [cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK cixÿv : 2019]
K. Salt L. Army M. Studentship N. Child DËi : N
e¨vL¨v : Salt— jeY (Material noun), Army— ‡mbvevwnbx (Collective noun), Studentship— QvÎve¯’v
(Abstract noun), Child— wkï, AcÖvß eq¯‥ (Common noun)| Child ‡Kvb wbw`©ó wkï‡K bv eywS‡q mKj
wkï‡K †evSv‡”Q)| ZvB GwU GKwU Common Noun.
04. The elephant has great strength. GLv‡b ‘elephant’ n‡”Q— [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (wkDjx) : 2009]
e¨vL¨v: Elephant n‡”Q— Common noun Gi D`vniY| KviY GLv‡b Elephant GKwU nvwZ‡K bv eywS‡q mKj
nvwZ‡K †evSv‡”Q|
05. What kind of noun is ÔGirl’? (10g wewmGm)
e¨vL¨v : ÒGirl” (evwjKv) ‡Kvb we‡kl †g‡q‡K bv eywS‡q mvaviYfv‡e mKj ‡g‡q‡K †evSvq| myZivs GwU GKwU
Common Noun Gi D`vniY|
06. Farida is good girl GLv‡b ‘girl’ kãwU †Kvb cÖKv‡ii noun? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (wkDjx) : 2009]
07. Which one is a common noun in the following words? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (Ki‡Zvqv) : 2012]
K. Pupils L. Shamim M. Class N. Team DËi : K
e¨vL¨v : Pupils (QvÎ-QvÎxiv)— common noun. Common noun Øviv GKB RvZxq e¯‘, cÖvYxi bvg eySvq| cÖ‡kœ
cÖ`Ë Ack‡b Team, Class— Collective noun (mgwwóevPK), Shamim— Proper noun|
08. ‡KvbwU Common Noun? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2011]
K. March L. Class M. Jute N. Mouth DËi : N
e¨vL¨v : March (gvP©)— gv‡mi bvg GKwU Proper noun. Class (‡kÖwY)— Collective noun. Jute (cvU)—
GK ai‡bi e¯‘ hv Material noun. Mouth (gyL)— Common noun ev RvwZevPK we‡kl¨| myZivs cÖ`Ë
Ackbmg~‡ni g‡a¨ mwVK DËi (N)|
09. We hate the Ghoseti Begums. Here ÔGhoseti Begums’ is a _____ noun?
e¨vL¨v : GB ev‡K¨ ÒGhoseti Begums” ‡Kvb we‡kl e¨w³‡K bv eywS‡q mvaviYfv‡e Plural noun wn‡m‡e mKj
Lvivc e¨w³‡K †evSv‡”Q| myZivs GwU GKwU Common Noun.
10. Nazrul is the Shelly of Bangladesh. The underlined word used as___
e¨vL¨v : GB ev‡K¨ ÒShelly” ej‡Z †K ÒShelly” bv eywS‡q wfbœ e¨w³‡K (Shelly) ÒByron” Gi wn‡m‡e ‡`Lv‡bv
n‡q‡Q| myZivs GwU GKwU Common Noun.
11. Drive the nail (‡c‡iK) into the table. GLv‡b Nail kãwU †Kvb cÖKv‡ii Noun?
Common Noun Gi wKQz D`vniY

man (gvbyl), woman (¯¿x‡jvK), country(‡`k), city (bMix), student (wkÿv_©x), boy (evjK), girl (evwjKv),
harbor (‡cvZvkÖq), doctor (wPwKrmK), pupils (QvÎ‡ì), bank, human, waiter (‡nv‡Uj ev †i‡¯Ívivi
cwiPviK), word, child (wkï), Children (‡Q‡j‡g‡q) hand, Pirate (Rj`my¨), family, College
(gnvwe`¨vjq), student, firefighter, public, river (b`x), mouth, sailors (bvweK), Island (Øxc), Fighter
(‡hv×v), flower (dzj), player (‡L‡jvqvo), dancer, ship, robber, cow, bee, book, people, elephant,
chair, teacher, soldier BZ¨vw`|
Collective Noun
‡h Noun GKB ai‡bi e¨w³ ev e¯‘‡K c„_Kfv‡e bv eywS‡q Zv‡ì mgwó‡K †evSvq Zv‡K collective noun e‡j|
†hgb army, police, jury (wePviKgÐjx), committee (`j), gang, flock, gentry, Fleet, Herd
(Mevw`cïi cvj), Team, Audience (‡kÖvZvgÐjx), School (gv‡Qi SvuK), Cattle, Crowd (RbvKxY©),
Pack, Navy, Library, Class, Team. Parliament, Public, Covey, Gentry, Orchestra, Infantry
(c`vwZK evwnbx) etc.
‡evSvi Rb¨ wb‡Pi D`vniY¸‡jv jÿ Kiæb
gvbyl m¤úwK©Z Collective noun
A panel of speakers e³ve„›` A crew of sailors bvwe‡Ki `j
A staff of employees Kg©Pvixe„›` A team of players ‡L‡jvqv‡oi `j
A gang of thieves ‡Pv‡ii `j A gang of laborers kÖwg‡Ki `j
A band of musicians msMxZ‡Ái `j A crowd of people `k©K
A troupe of artists bvU¨`j
cï-cvwL m¤úwK©Z Collective noun
A school of fishes gv‡Qi SvuK A swarm of bees †g․gvwQi SvuK
A herd of cows Miæi cvj A colony of ants wcucovi `j
A drove of camels D‡Ui cvj A colony of penguins ‡c½yB‡bi `j
A drove of horses ‡Nvovi cvj A flock of animals/birds cï/cvwLi SvuK
A pride of lions wms‡ni `j A swarm of rats Bu`y‡ii SvuK
Ab¨vb¨ Collective Noun

A group of islands ØxccyÄ (Archipelago) A basket of fruits GK Szuwo dj
A fleet of ships †b․eni (Fleet) A bunch of keys GK †MvQv Pvwe
A stack of wood Kv‡Vi ¯Í~c A hedge of bushes †Svuc-Sv‡oi mvwi
A range of mountains ce©Zgvjv (Mountain range) A album of photographs Qwe ivLvi A¨vjevg
A galaxy of stars ZviKvivwR A sting of pearls gy³v gvjv
A bouquet of flowers dz‡ji †Zvov A cloud of dust a~wji †gN
ØxccyÄ (Archipelago) †b․eni (Fleet) ce©Zgvjv gv‡Qi SvuK GK Szwo dj
Dc‡ii D`vniYmg~n †_‡K collective noun GKUv msÁv †`qv hvq, ÔmgRvZxq wKQz e¨w³ ev wel‡qi mgwó‡K
GKwU bv‡g †evSv‡jB collective noun Zv‡K e‡jÕ| ev‡K¨ eënvimg~n jÿ¨ K‡ib—
01. The committee has taken its decision (KwgwUwU Zvi wm×všÍ wb‡q‡Q)
02. The committee are divided on one decision. (KwgwU GKwU wm×v‡šÍi e¨vcv‡i wef³)
03. The jury has reached a decision. (Rywi‡evW© GKwU wm×v‡šÍ †c․u‡Q‡Q)
04. The jury are divided in their opinions (Rywi‡ev‡W©i m`mïv Zv‡ì gšÍ‡e¨ wef³ n‡q‡Q)
`ywU welq jÿ¨ K‡ib
 committee, jury mgRvZxq wKQz e¨w³i mgš^‡q MwVZ n‡q‡Q| myZivs GB kã¸‡jv collective noun
Gi D`vniY|
 committee, jury Gi m`mïv hLb wm×všÍ MÖn‡Y HKg‡Z¨ †c․‡Q‡Q, ZLb singular verb eëüZ
n‡q‡Q| hLb wm×všÍ MÖn‡Y HKgZ¨ nqwb, ZLb plural verb eëüZ n‡q‡Q|
 Collective noun ev‡Kï subject n‡j Ges member- iv GK‡Î KvR Ki‡j verb = Singular nq|
 Collective noun ev‡Kï subject n‡j Ges member- iv Avjv`vfv‡e KvR Ki‡j verb = Plural nq|
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. ‘The police dispersed the crowd’ ev‡K¨ ‘crowd’ kãwU †Kvb cÖKv‡ii noun? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK
K. Common L. Collective M. Material N. Abstract DËi : L
 e¨vL¨v: ‘crowd’ k‡ãi A_© n‡jv ÕRbZv ev wfoÕ| GLv‡b, ‘crowd’ kãwU Øviv A‡bK †jv‡Ki mgwó‡K eywS‡q‡Q|
†h noun Øviv †Kv‡bv e¨w³ ev e¯‘ BZ¨vwì Awef³ mgwó‡K †evSvq Zv‡K Collective noun e‡j|
02. ‡KvbwU collective noun? (cwievi cwiKíbv Awa`ß‡ii Awdm mnvqK- 2015)
K. Book L. Girl M. Cattle N. Soldiers DËi : M
 e¨vL¨v : Book, Girl, Soldiers G¸‡jv common noun Gi D`vniY| ÔCattle’ n‡jv Collective noun.
03. Shahed did not join the army’ ev‡K¨ Ôarmy’ kãwU †Kvb cÖKv‡ii noun? (8g cÖfvlK wbeÜb cixÿv- 2012)
 e¨vL¨v : evK¨wUi A_© Òkv‡n` †mbvevwnbx‡Z †hvM`vb K‡iwbÓ| GLv‡b ÔArmyÕ kãwUi A_© ‡mbvevwnbx hv GKB
ai‡bi ev mg‡MvÎxq A‡bK e¨w³i mgwó‡K †evSvq| myZivs GwU GKwU Collective noun Gi D`vniY|
04. The jury found the prisoner guilty. GLv‡b ‘jury’ ‡Kvb cÖKv‡ii Noun? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK
(wZZvm) : 2010]
 e¨vL¨v: ‘Jury’ k‡ãi A_© n‡jv- wePviK‡ì mgš^‡q MwVZ †evW©| GLv‡b mgwóMZfv‡e weÁ e¨w³‡ì †evSv‡”Q, G
Kvi‡Y GwU GKwU Collective Noun.
05. The jury were divided in their opinion. ev‡K¨ `vM †`qv AskwU †Kvb noun? (cÖv. we`¨v. mn. wk-1993)
K. Collective L. Proper M. Common N. Abstract DËi : K
 e¨vL¨v : evK¨wUi A_© ÒRywi‡ev‡W©i m`mïv Zv‡ì gšÍ‡e¨ wef³ n‡qwQjÓ| Rywi‡evW© MwVZ nq mg‡MvÎxq m`m¨ wb‡q|
myZivs GwU GKwU Collective noun Gi D`vniY|
06. ÔAli saw a flock of sheep Õ ev‡K¨ ÔflockÕ kãwU †Kvb cÖKv‡ii noun? [cÖvK cÖv. mn. wkÿK-2013]
 e¨vL¨v : evK¨wUi A_© ÒAvjx GKwU †fovi cvj †`‡LwQjÕ GLv‡b ÔflockÕ kãwUi A_© `j (cï nIqvq ÔcvjÕ eëüZ
nq) hv mg‡MvÎxq GKvwaK m`m¨ wb‡q| myZivs GwU GKwU Collective noun Gi D`vniY|
07. ÔThe audience remains seated during intermission’.-Ô audience’ †Kvb cÖKv‡ii noun?
K. Material L. Proper M. Common N. Collective DËi : N
 e¨vL¨v : ÔaudienceÕ k‡ãi A_© `k©K hv A‡bK mgRvZxq e¨w³i mgš^‡q MwVZ nq, ZvB GwU GKwU Collective
noun Gi D`vniY|
08. Which one is collective noun? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (Ki‡Zvqv) : 2012]
K. Truth L. Harbour M. Bank N. Committee DËi : N
 e¨vL¨v : ‡h noun Øviv mgRvZxq/ Homogenous e¨w³, e¯‘ Ges cÖvYxi mgwó eySvq Zv‡K Collective noun
e‡j| cÖ‡kœ DwjøwLZ Committee A‡bK m`‡mï mgwó| Ab¨vb¨ Ackbmg~‡ni g‡a¨ Truth— Abstract noun,
Harbor I Bank— Common noun|
09. †KvbwU Collective Noun? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2019]
K. Library L. Mouth M. Boy N. Books DËi : K
 e¨vL¨v : Library— A‡bK¸‡jv eB wb‡q GKwU Library Mov nq, ZvB GwU Collective noun. Mouth, Boy,
Books cÖf…wZ Common noun Gi D`vniY|
10. Kamal did not join the army. Here the word ÔArmy’ is— [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2019
K. a collective noun L. a material noun
M. an abstract noun N. a common noun DËi : K
11. ‡KvbwU Collective Noun? [‡iwR÷vW© cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (kvcjv) : 2011]
K. Girl L. Books M. Library N. Soldiers DËi : M
 e¨vL¨v : Option (K) ‡Z Girl kãwU— Common noun, Ackb (L) ‡Z cÖ`Ë ‘Books’— Common
noun, Ackb (M) ‡Z cÖ`Ë ‘Library’ kãwU— Collective noun, Ackb (N) ‡Z cÖ`Ë ‘Soldier’ kãwU—
Common noun.
12. ‡KvbwU Collective Noun? [‡iwR÷vW© cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (wkDwj) : 2012]
K. Bashar L. Class M. Youth N. Island DËi : L
 e¨vL¨v : cÖ‡kœ cÖ`Ë Ackbmg~‡ni g‡a¨ Bashar (e¨w³i bvg)— Proper noun, Class (‡kÖwY)— Collective
noun, Youth (ZviæY¨)— Abstract noun.
13. ‡KvbwU Collective Noun? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (XvKv wefvM) : 2006]
K. Colaboration L. Colaboretion M. Collaboration N. Collaboretion DËi : M
 e¨vL¨v : Collaboration— mn‡hvwMZv| cÖ‡kœ cÖ`Ë Ab¨vb¨ Ackbmg~‡ni evbvb fzj i‡q‡Q|
14. The ...... of the Camel was found lying by the side of the canal. [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mn. wkÿK cixÿv : 2016]
K. Carcass L. Corps M. Corpees d. Corpse DËi : K
 e¨vL¨v : Carcass—cïi g„Z‡`n| Corps—‣mb¨`j, Corpse—g„Z‡`n/ke/gov| myZivs Carcass eënvi
GLv‡b mwVK I A_©en|
Material Noun
 †Kvb e¯‘ †h wRwbm Øviv MwVZ nq Zv‡K A_©vr e¯‘i Dcv`vbwU‡KB material noun e‡j|
 ‡h noun Øviv †Kvb e¯‘i bvg eySvq, wKš‘ MYbv Kiv hvq bv (KZ¸‡jv Øviv cÖkœ Ki‡j DËi cvIqv hvq bv), ïay
cwigvc (wK cwigvY Øviv cÖkœ Ki‡j DËi cvIqv hvq) Kiv hvq Zv‡K material noun e‡j|
 GKwU ¯^‡Y©i nvi evbv‡bvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb Gold (‡mvbv)| myZivs †mvbv (Gold) GKwU material noun Gi
D`vniY|
Gold (‡mvbv) Rice (fvZ) Water (cvwb) Suger (wPwb) Oil (‡Zj)
‡mvbv GKwU e¯‘i bvg, hv MYbv Kiv hvq bv, Z‡e cwigvc Kiv hvq| hw` ejv nq, KZ¸‡jv (msL¨v) †mvbv
Zvn‡j ‡Kvb DËi cvIqv hvq bv (1wU †mvbv ejv hvq bv)| jÿ¨ K‡ib, Kx cwigvY Øviv cÖkœ Ki‡j DËi cvIqv
hvq (1 cvDÛ †mvbv)| myZivs GwU GKwU material noun Gi D`vniY|
Abyiƒcfv‡e, Kx cwigvY Øviv cÖkœ Ki‡j DËi n‡Z cv‡i : 1 †KwR Pvj, 1 wjUvi cvwb, 1 ‡KwR wPwb| Avgiv wKš‘
ewj bv, 10wU fvZ, 20wU cvwb, 30wU wPwb|
Zvn‡j, †evSv †Mj, material noun ‡K cwigvc Kiv hvq, wKš‘ MYbv Kiv hvq bv|
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. The ring is made of gold. ev‡K¨ Ôgold’ kãwU †Kvb cÖKv‡ii noun? (cÖv_wgK we`¨vj‡qi mnKvix wkÿK-2005)
M. Material noun N. Abstract noun DËi : M
 e¨vL¨v : eY©bvi cÖ_g kZ©wU jÿ¨ Kiæb Ô†Kvb e¯‘ †h wRwbm Øviv MwVZ nq Zv‡K A_v©r e¯‘i Dcv`vbwU‡KB
material noun e‡jÕ| evK¨wU‡Z ejv n‡q‡Q Ring ‣Zwi Kiv nq Gold w`‡q| myZivs Gold GKwU Material
noun Gi D`vniY|
02. Diamond is a precious metal. Which type of noun Ôdiamond’ belongs to-
 e¨vL¨v : ÔDiamond’ GKwU e¯‘i bvg, MYbv Kiv hvq bv, Z‡e cwigvc Kiv hvq| ZvB GwU Ômaterial noun’.
03. Iron is a useful metal GLv‡b ‘Iron’ kãwU †Kvb cÖKv‡ii noun? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (Lyjbv wefvM) : 07]
K. Collective L. Common M. Material N. Abstract DËi : M
 e¨vL¨v : ÔIron’ GKwU e¯‘i bvg, MYbv Kiv hvq bv, Z‡e cwigvc Kiv hvq| ZvB GwU Ômaterial noun’.
04. ‡KvbwU Material Noun? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (XvKv wefvM) : 2006; ‡iwR÷vW© cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK
(wkDwj) : 2012]
K. Ring L. River M. Book N. Paper DËi : N
 e¨vL¨v : River, Book cÖf…wZ— Common noun. Paper n‡jv e¯‘i bvg— Material Noun.
05. This necklace is made of gold ev‡K¨ ‘Gold’ kãwU †Kvb cÖKv‡ii Noun? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK
(ivRkvnx wefvM) : 2005]
M. Collective Noun N. Material Noun DËi : N
06. Rafan prefers coffee to tea. ev‡K¨ Ôcoffee’ kãwU †Kvb cÖKv‡ii noun?

Silver (iƒcv), iron (‡jvnv), cotton (Zyjv), diamond (nxiv), milk (`ya), paint (is), rubber
(ievi), paper (KvMR), steel (B¯úvZ), wood (KvV), sand (evwj), mutton (QvMj/‡fovi gvsm),
sugar (wPwb), oil (‡Zj) etc.
Abstract Noun
‡h noun ¯úk© Kiv hvq bv, †Kej Abyfe Kiv hvq (‡Kvb Ae¯‘MZ aviYv A_v©r †Kvb e¨w³ ev e¯‘i ‡`vl, ¸Y
†evSvq) Zv‡K abstract noun e‡j| †hgb : Honesty, goodness, love, kindness, beauty, fraility,
youth etc.
 ‡`vl, ¸Y, Ae¯’vi bvg †evSvq|

Abstract Noun
 ‡Pv‡L †`Lv hvq bv|
‡Pbvi Dcvq
 Abyf~wZi mvn‡h¨ Dcjwä Ki‡Z nq|
wb‡Pi D`vniY¸‡jvi gv‡S Dc‡ii •ewkó¨ LyuRyb—

Love (fvjevmv) Memory (m¥„wZ) Nature (¯^fve) Obligation (evaëvaKZv)
Obscurity (`y‡e©va¨Zv) Proficiency (`ÿZv) Purpose (D‡Ïk¨) Quality (¸Y)
Result (djvdj) Service (‡mev) Scholarship (e„wË) Requirement (cÖ‡qvRb)
Strength (kw³) Victory (Rq) Fatherhood Urgency (AZ¨vek¨KZv)
Youth (ZviæY¨) Zenith (P~ov) Zest (iƒwP) Truth (mZ¨Zv, wbfy©jZv)
Saddness (welYœZv, †kvK) Agency Bankruptcy Understanding (‡evakw³)
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. Honesty is the best policy. (gva¨wgK I D”Pwkÿv Awa`ß‡ii D”Pgvb mnKvix – 2013)
e¨vL¨v : Honesty k‡ãi A_© mZZv| hv †Pv‡L †`Lv hvq bv, e¨w³i ¸Y‡K †evSvq Ges Abyf~wZi mvnv‡h¨ Dcjwä Kiv
hvq| myZivs ÔhonestyÕ GKwU Abstract noun.
02. ÔBeauty is truth’ Here Ôbeauty’ is _____noun. (9g wkÿK wbeÜb 14)
K. Common L. Proper M. Abstract N. Collective DËi : M
e¨vL¨v : Beauty k‡ãi A_© ‡m․›`h© hv †Pv‡L †`Lv hvq bv, e¨w³/e¯‘i Ae¯’v‡K †evSvq Ges Abyf~wZi mvnv‡h¨ Dcjwä
Kiv hvq| myZivs ÔBeautyÕ GKwU Abstract noun Gi D`vniY|
03. ÔSlaveÕ kãwUi Abstract Form n‡e [cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK (myigv) 11]
K. Slaverhood L. Slavery M. Slavership N. Slaverness DËi : L
e¨vL¨v : Slave (µxZ`vm) kãwU GKwU Common noun. kãwUi mv‡_ suffix (-ry) hy³ n‡q Slavery kãwU MwVZ
n‡q‡Q hvi A_© Ô`vmZ¡Õ| hv †Pv‡L †`Lv hvq bv, e¨w³i Ae¯’v‡K †evSvq Ges Abyf~wZi mvnv‡h¨ Dcjwä Kiv hvq|
Slaverhood, Slavership, Slaverness cÖf…wZ kã Awfav‡b †bB|
04. ÔThe soldier were rewarded for the bravery’. GLv‡b Ôbravery’ kãwU [mnKvix Dc-cwi`k©K (`ybx©wZ `gb
Kwgkb) 2004]
e¨vL¨v : ÔBravery’ k‡ãi A_© ÔmvnmÕ hv †Pv‡L †`Lv hvq bv, e¨w³i Ae¯’v‡K †evSvq Ges Abyf~wZi mvnv‡h¨ Dcjwä
Kiv hvq| myZivs ÔBraveryÕ GKwU Abstract noun Gi D`vniY|
05. ‡KvbwU Abstract Noun? [‡iwR÷vW© cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (kvcjv) : 2011]
K. Man L. Height M. Jury N. Long DËi : L
e¨vL¨v : Man (gvbyl)— Common noun, Jury (wePviKgÐjx)— Collective noun, Long— adjective|
Height (D”PZv)— Abstract Noun. mwVK DËi (L)|
06. ‡KvbwU Abstract Noun? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (KY©dzjx) : 2012]
K. Elephant L. Harbour M. Strength N. Dhaka DËi : M
e¨vL¨v : hv aiv hvq bv, †Qvuqv hvq bv, †`Lv hvq bv, evwn¨K Aw¯ÍZ¡ bvB wKš‘ Kíbvi Øviv Abyfe Kiv hvq Zv‡K
Abstract noun e‡j| cÖ`Ë Ackbmg~‡ni g‡a¨ Elephant— Common noun, Dhaka— Proper noun Ges
Strengh— Abstract noun.
07. ‡KvbwU Abstract Noun? [‡iwR÷vW© cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (nvmbv‡nbv) : 2011]
K. Manhood L. Friend M. Fleet N. Anwar DËi : K
e¨vL¨v: ‡h noun Øviv Ae¯’v ev ¸Y †evSvq Zv Abstract Noun; Options ¸‡jvi gv‡S (K) Manhood Øviv
Ae¯’v/¸Y †evSvq e‡j GwU Abstract Noun. myZivs mwVK DËi (K)| Ab¨vb¨ Ackbmg~‡ni g‡a¨ Fleet—
Collective noun, Anwar— Proper noun, Friend— Common Noun.
08. What type of noun the word ÔInfancyÕ [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2018]
K. Common L. Abstract M. Material N. Collective DËi : L
e¨vL¨v : ÔInfancyÕ n‡”Q Abstract noun| Abstract noun n‡”Q hv aiv hvq bv, †Qvuqv hvq bv, †`Lv hvq bv, evwn¨K
Aw¯ÍZ¡ bvB wKš‘ Kíbvi Øviv Abyfe Kiv hvq Zv‡K Abstract noun e‡j| †hgb-Honesty.
10. ‘Truth must prevail in the long run’ ev‡K¨ ‘truth’ kãwU †Kvb cÖKv‡ii noun? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq
mnKvix wkÿK (gyw³‡hv×v/knx` gyw³‡hv×vi mšÍvb) : 2010]
M. Material noun N. Abstract noun DËi : N
e¨vL¨v : Truth k‡ãi A_© n‡jv ÔmZ¨Õ Ges GB ÕmZ¨Õ-‡K †`Lv hvq bv, aiv hvq bv, ‡Quvqv hvq bv ïay Kíbv
Kiv ev Dcjwä Kiv hvq| G Kvi‡Y ‘Truth’ GKwU Abstract noun.
10. Wisdom is better than strength GLv‡b ‘strength’ kãwU— [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (wkDjx) : 2009]
M. Collective noun N. Abstract noun DËi: N
11. wb‡Pi †KvbwU Abstract noun- Gi D`vniY? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (Rev) : 2009]
K. Child L. Boy M. Family N. Childhood DËi : N
e¨vL¨v : Childhood k‡ãi A_©— ‣kke hv aiv, †Qvuqv hvq bv Z‡e Abyfe Kiv hvq|
12. The police dispersed the crowd. GLv‡b ‘crowd’ kãwU †Kvb cÖKv‡ii Noun. [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK
(kvcjv) : 2009]
K. Proper L. Common M. Collective N. Abstract DËi : N
13. Honesty is the best policy. GLv‡b ‘honesty’ n‡”Q- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (kvcjv) : 2009]
M. Collective Noun N. Abstract Noun DËi : N
14. ‡KvbwU abstract noun? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (ewikvj wefvM) : 2006]
K. long L. height M. man N. jury DËi: L
17. ‘Forgiveness’ is a great virtue. ev‡K¨ Forgiveness kãwU †Kvb cÖKv‡ii Noun? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix
K. Proper noun L. Common Noun
M. Abstract Noun N. Collective Noun DËi : M
 Abstract noun ev‡Kï Subject n‡j Verb singular nq| †hgb- Honesty is the
‡R‡b best policy.
ivLyb  Abstract noun Gi Pronoun ÔIt’ nq| †hgb- Success means achieving
something. It applies to a lucky person.
Verb ‡_‡K Abstract Noun

Verb Abstract noun Verb Abstract noun
Advise (Dc‡`k ‡Ìqv) Advice (Dc‡`k) Act Action (Kg©)
Choose (cQ›` Kiv) Choice (cQ›`) Depart (cÖ¯’vb Kiv) Departure (Mgb)
Die (gviv hvIqv) Death (g„Zz¨) Hate (N„Yv Kiv) Hatred (N„Yv)
Know (Rvbv) Knowledge (Ávb) Persevere (D`¨g Kiv) Perseveranc (Aaëmq)
Seize (ev‡Rqvß Kiv) Seizure (ev‡RqvßKiY) Behave (AvPiY Kiv) Behaviour (AvPiY)
Laugh (nvmv) Laughter (nvwm) Think (fvev) Thought (fvebv)
Lose (nviv‡bv) Loss (ÿwZ) Obey (gvb¨ Kiv) Obeyance (AvbyMZ¨)
cÖkœ mgvavb
15. Abstract noun of the word ‘Obey’ is – . [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (XvKv I ewikvj wefvM) : 2008]
K. Obedient L. Obediently M. Obedience N. None DËi : M
02. Which is the noun form of the word ‘laugh’? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (ivRkvnx wefvM) : 2008]
K. Laughing L. Laughed M. Laughter N. Laughable DËi: M
Adjective ‡_‡K Abstract Noun
Able (mÿg) Ability (mvg_©¨) Angry (µzä) Anger (‡µva)
Beautiful (my›ì) Beauty (‡m․›`h©) Deep (Mfxi) Depth (MfxiZv)
Hot (Mig) Heat (DËvc, Zvc) Long (`xN©) Length (‣`N©¨)
Poor (Mixe) Poverty (`vwi`ª¨) Free (webvg~‡j¨) Freedom (¯^vaxbZv)
Healthy (¯^v¯’¨Ki) Health (¯^v¯’¨) Kind (`qvjy) Kindness (`qv)
Strong (kw³kvjx) Strength (kw³) Ill (Amy¯’) Illness (Amy¯’Zv)
cÖkœ mgvavb
Common Noun ‡_‡K Abstract Noun

Common Noun Abstract Noun Common Noun Abstract Noun
Agent (cÖwZwbwa) Agency (cÖwZwbwaZ¡) Bond (eÜb) Bondage (`vmZ¡eÜb)
Bankrupt (‡`Dwjqv) Bankruptcy (‡`Dwjqvcbv) Boy (evjK) Boyhood (evj¨Kvj)
Coward (Kvcyiæl) Cowardice (KvcyiælZv) Friend (eÜz) Friendship (eÜzZ¡)
Infant (wkï) Infancy (‣kke) Thief (‡Pvi) Theft (Pzwi)
Mother (gv) Motherhood (gvZ…Z¡) Member (m`m¨) Membership (m`m¨Zv)
Patriot (‡`k‡cÖwgK) Patriotism (¯^‡`k‡cÖg) Neighbor Neighborhood
Hero (exi) Heroism (exiZ¡) (cÖwZ‡ekx) (‣bKU¨, DcKÉ)
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. ÔKing’ Gi Absract Form n‡”Q – (cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK – 10)
K. Kingship L. King M. Kinghood N. Kingly DËi: K
e¨vL¨v : ÔKing’ kãwU GKwU Common noun Gi D`vniY| kãwUi mv‡_ suffix ( ship) hy³ n‡q
Kingship kãwU MwVZ n‡q‡Q hvi A_© ivRc` hv †Pv‡L †`Lv hvq bv, e¨w³i Ae¯’v‡K †evSvq Ges
Abyf~wZi mvnv‡h¨ Dcjwä Kiv hvq|
Abstract noun ‡_‡K Common noun

 The + abstract noun + of …….. GB MV‡b Abstract noun wU Common
noun nq| †hgb— The kindness of you makes me joyful. GLv‡b
‡R‡b Ôkindness’ Common noun Gi D`vniY|
ivLyb Common noun ‡_‡K Abstract noun
 The + common noun + in …….. GB MV‡b Common noun wU Abstract
noun nq| †hgb— The father in him impressed me very much. GLv‡b ÔThe
father in him’ (wcZ…Z¡) Øviv ¸Yvejx †evSv‡”Q hv Abstract noun Gi D`vniY|
Compound Noun
Bs‡iwR fvlvq GKwU noun Gi mv‡_ Av‡iKwU noun Gi mgš^q A_ev adjective Gi mv‡_ noun Gi mgš^q
A_ev gerund Gi mv‡_ noun Gi mgš^‡q †h †h․Mc` •Zwi nq ZvB compound noun. ‡hgb—
Noun + Noun— Bedroom, water tank, motorcycle, printer cartridge.
Adjective + Noun— Software, green house, redhead, hotplate, Sweetheart.
Gerund + Noun— Washing machine, driving license, Closing time, running shoes.
Adjective + Verb— Dry-cleaning, public speaking.
Noun + Gerund— Sightseeing, taxi-driving. Noun + Verb— Rainfall, train-spotting.
Adverb + Noun— Onlooker, bystander. Adverb + Verb— Output, overthrow, input
Verb + Noun— Bathroom, playboy, search engine, postman, rest house, call girl.
Verb + Adverb— Lookout, drawback, take-off. Noun + Adverb— Hanger on, Passer by.
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. Which one is a compound noun? (10g ‡emiKvwi cÖfvlK wbeÜb 2014)
K. Hair-brush L. Holiday M. Entertainment N. Comprehension DËi: K
e¨vL¨v : Hair-brush—Noun (Hair) + noun (brush).
Countable & Uncountable Noun

MYbvi wfwË‡Z noun ‡K `yB fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v— Countable noun & Uncountable noun.
Countable noun
‡h noun ¸‡jv‡K MYbv Kiv hvq, †m¸‡jv‡K ejv nq Countable noun. h_v— Pencil, Chair, Cow etc.
Countable noun Ôsingular’ Ges Ôplural’ DfqB n‡Z cv‡i|
Uncountable noun
‡h noun ¸‡jv‡K MYbv Kiv hvq bv, †mme noun ‡K ejv nq Uncountable noun| Uncountable noun
mg~n me©`vB Singular wn‡m‡e eëüZ nq| wKQz Uncountable noun Gi D`vniY|
Accomodation Advice (Dc‡`k) Courage (mvnm) Decision (wm×všÍ)
Equipment (DcKiY) Information (Z_¨) Leisure (Aemi) Knowledge (Ávb)
Money (UvKv) Music (Mvb) News (Lei) Patience
Permission Scenery (`„k¨) Soap (mvevb) Bravery (mvnm)
Job Age Calculator
Reminder
Search Option
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Determiners
চয ঴ক঱ লে noun/pronoun এর দনদিিষ্টত্া, অদনদিিষ্টত্া, ঴ংখযা বা পদরমাণ দনমিিল কমর ত্ামিরমক Determiner
e‡j| h_v : a, an, many, much, few, little BZ¨vw`|
Types of Determiners
e¯‘evPK msL¨v ev cwigvYevPK
Determiners Determiners
e¯‘evPK Determiners : †hme determiners e¯‘‡K e¯‘evPK wn‡m‡e determine Ki‡Z mnvqZv K‡i
Zv‡ì‡K e¯‘evPK determiners e‡j| h_v—
Articles A, An, The
Demonstrative This, These, That, Those
Possessives My, Your, His, Her, Its, Our, Your, Their, One’s, Whose
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. ____ amazing song haunted me for a long time. (35Zg wewmGm)
K. These L. Those M. Thus N. That DËi : N
msL¨v/cwigvYevPK Determiners : msL¨v ev cwigvY wb‡`©k K‡i Ggb me Determiners hv‡ì‡K

quantifier ejv nq| h_v—
Some, Any, No All, Both, Half
Each, Every, Either, Neither One, Two, Three, Four., Other
What, Whatever, Which, Whichever
Countable/Uncountable determiners
wKQz wKQz Determiner Av‡Q †h¸‡jv
Ab¨w`‡K uncountable determiner
Countable. Giv countable noun Gi mv‡_
eëüZ nq| ‡hgb : Either, Many, Few, A,
mg~n uncountable noun Gi mv‡_|
An, Several, Neither, Each, Every etc. †hgb : Much, little, less, least etc.
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. Which word is the determiner in the sentence ÔÔWill it take much time?’’ (35Zg wewmGm)
K. will L. take M. much N. time DËi : M
e¨vL¨v : চয ঴ক঱ লে noun/pronoun এর দনদিিষ্টত্া, অদনদিিষ্টত্া, ঴ংখযা বা পদরমাণ দনমিিল কমর ত্ামিরমক Determiner
e‡j| GLv‡b Ômuch’ kãwU Øviv mg‡qi cwigvY †evSv‡bv n‡”Q| ZvB GwU GKwU Determiner.
o wKQz wKQz determiner Av‡Q †h¸‡jv countable Ges uncountable Dfq cÖKvi noun Gi mv‡_
em‡Z cv‡i| †hgb : Some, a lot of, number.
wKQz ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wbqg

Many, Much, A lot of, Lot’s of
Much kãwU uncountable noun Gi c~‡e© e‡m Avi n¨vu †evaK ev‡K¨ A lot of, plenty of eëüZ
Ges many kãwU Countable Noun Gi c~‡e© nq | wKš‘ Lots of ïay countable plural noun
e‡m| Giv mvaviYZ bv †evaK Ges cÖkœ‡evaK ev‡K¨ Gi c~‡e© eëüZ nq| h_v—
eëüZ nq|
 I don’t have much spare time in these three days.

 There are a lot of dangerous drivers.
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. There are _________ dangerous drivers. [24Zg wewmGm, ms¯’vcb gš¿Yvj‡qi cÖkvmwbK Kg©KZ©v : 07]
K. a very lof of L. a lot of
M. very much of N. very many of DËi : L
Few, A few, The few
 Few gv‡b Aí msL¨K, †bB ej‡jB P‡j| GUv †bwZevPK A_© cÖ`vb K‡i| h_v He has few friends
in Chicago. (Zvui wkKv‡Mv‡Z Aí msL¨K eÜz Av‡Q)| Few A‡_© A‡bK mgq Very Few eënvi Kiv
nq|
 A few wKQz msL¨K | h_v I have a few friends in Bangladesh. (evsjv‡`‡k Avgvi K‡qKRb eÜz
Av‡Q)| Ges
 The few A_© Aí †h KRb/KwU Av‡Q Zvi me¸‡jv/mevB|
Giv mvaviYZ countable noun Gi c~‡e© e‡m| Zv Avgiv D`vniYmg~n †`‡L B‡Zvg‡a¨B ey‡SwQ|
cÖkœ mgvavb
02. Which of the following is the correct meaning of Ôa few’? [mve-‡iwR÷ªvi 92]
K. Not many, hardly any L. Not many, but all there are
M. Some N. Not much DËi : M
e¨vL¨v : A few A_© wKQz msL¨K ev Some.
03. Zvi †Kvb eÜz †bB ej‡jB P‡j| [6ô cÖfvlK wbeÜb 10, 11Zg wkÿK wbeÜb (2) 14]
K. He has a few friends. L. He has no friends.
M. He has few friends. N. He has the few friends. DËi : M
e¨vL¨v : Few gv‡b Aí msL¨K, †bB ej‡jB P‡j| A few wKQz msL¨K Ges The few A_© Aí †h KRb/KwU Av‡Q
Zvi me¸‡jv/mevB| mwVK DËi (M)|
Little, A little, The little

 Little A_© Lye mvgvb¨, †bB ej‡jB P‡j| kãwU †bwZevPK A_© cÖ`vb K‡i| h_v— There is a little of
hope of recovery. (Zvi AviM¨jv‡fi Avkv †bB ej‡jB P‡j)| Little A‡_© Very little eënvi Kiv nq|
 A little A_© mvgvb¨ cwigvY| I still have a little money. (Avgvi GLbI wKQz UvKv Av‡Q)— 38Zg wewmGm
 The little ej‡Z mvgvb¨ †hUzKz Av‡Q Zvi meUzKz| †hgb : We should use the little time we have at
our disposal to settle the dispute.
Giv mvaviYZ uncountable noun Gi c~‡e© e‡m, Zv Avgiv D`vniYmg~n †_‡K mn‡RB eyS‡Z cvwi|
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. A lot of food was prepared, but hardly any of it was eaten. (Avbmvi I wfwWwc Awa`ß‡ii mv‡K©j
A¨vWRy‡W›U 15)
K. little L. a little M. few N. a few DËi : K
02. ___ milk he gave me has been split. Choose the correct option.
K. Few L. A few M. A little N. The little DËi : N
03. There is – milk in the glass? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2019]
K. a big amount L. much M. small N. a little DËi: N
e¨vL¨v : GLv‡b uncountable noun (milk) Gi †ÿ‡Î determiner ‘a little’ nq|
04. Give me ______ milk. [wewfbœ gš¿Yvj‡qi mnKvix †cÖvMÖvgvi : 2017]
K. the little L. little M. a little N. a few DËi : M
e¨vL¨v : ÔThe little’eënvi nq mvgvb¨ †hUzKz Av‡Q Zvi meUzKz †evSv‡Z| ÔLittle’ eëüZ nq ÔLye mvgvb¨Õ
(A_©vr †bB ej‡jB P‡j A‡_©) Ges Ôa little’ eëüZ nq mvgvb¨ cwigvY A‡_©| ZvB cÖ`Ë Ackbmg~‡ni g‡a¨
Ackb ÔMÕ nIqvq hyw³hy³|
Less, Fewer
Little Gi comparative degree n‡”Q Less Ges Few Gi Comparative degree n‡”Q fewer.
Uncountable noun Gi Av‡M Less Ges Countable noun Gi Av‡M Fewer e‡m ÔZzjbvg~jK KgÕ A_©
cÖ`vb K‡i| h_v—
 Fewer people get American Visa’s nowadays. (AvRKvj Lye Kg gvbyl Av‡gwiKvb wfmv
cvq)|
 Less traffic means fewer traffic accidents, people should use public transportation
more.
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. There were ________ guests than I expected. [cwievi Kj¨vY cwi`wk©Kv : 2018]
02. We had ________ applicants this year than we had last year. [evsjv‡`k e¨vsK (GwW) : 08]
Each, Every
GB `yBwU determiner Gi ci singular form e‡m Ges verb I singular nq| wKš‘ Each Gi ci of
_vK‡j noun plural nq, Z‡e verb singular _v‡K| Each of the three boys got a prize.
Any, Some, No
o Awbw`©ó msL¨K e¨w³ ev e¯‘‡K †evSv‡Z some eëüZ nq| Z‡e mvaviYZ n¨vu †evaK ev‡Kï †ÿ‡Î Some
e‡m| †hgb—I need some money. (Avgvi wKQz UvKv cÖ‡qvRb)|
o Any Ô‡Kv‡bvÕ A‡_© n¨vu‡evaK ev‡K¨ Singular countable noun Gi c~‡e© Any e‡m Z‡e bv
†evaK/cÖkœ‡evaK ev‡Kï †ÿ‡Î Any e‡m Plural noun Gi c~‡e©| ‡hgb— Have you got any
information?
o No – Ô‡bBÕ A‡_© Countable I uncountable Dfq cÖKvi noun Gi c~‡e© e‡m| †hgb Rahim has
no children.
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. A person of ___ age may suffer from defects of vision. (mnKvix cjøx Dbœqb Kg©KZv©-13)
K. every L. Any M. Certain N. Some DËi : L
02. I have__ interest in the matter. (24Zg wewmGm)
K. some L. any M. none N. No DËi : N
03. They have ___ Children. (MYc~Z© Awa`ß‡ii Dc-mnKvix cÖ‡KŠkjx 2018)
K. no L. none M. not N. nothing DËi : K
04. He has done no wrong. The underlined word is a/an—[cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2019]
K. pronoun L. adverb M. adjective N. noun DËi : N
05. I would like _____ information, please. [Lv`¨ cwi`k©K : 2011; cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿL : 2019]
K. an L. some M. few N. piece DËi : L
06. I have _____ new books at home. [wcwUAvB-Gi Bb÷ª±i : 2006]
K. some L. any M. little N. one DËi : K
Many of, Much of

o Many of Gi ci plural countable noun nq| h_v Many of them may commit crime.
(Zv‡ì A‡b‡K Aciva Ki‡Z cv‡i)| Many of the people may commit crime. (A‡bK gvbyl
Aciva Ki‡Z cv‡i)|
o Much of Gi ci uncountable noun nq| h_v Much of the time we had left together
was spent looking for the right papers and documents. (mwVK KvMRcÎ Ges bw_ †LvuRvi Rb¨
Avgiv †ewki fvM mgq GKmv‡_ wM‡qwQjvg)|
The number of + plural noun + singular verb

A number of + plural noun + singular verb
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. Today _______ people who enjoy cricket is bigger than that of thirty years ago.
K. a great deal of L. number of
M. many N. the number of DËi : N
Number
Number Øviv e¯‘ ev cÖvYxi msL¨v †evSvq| Number `yB cÖKvi| h_v—
 Singular Number ‡KejgvÎ GKRb e¨w³, e¯‘ ev cÖvYx‡K †evSvq|
 Plural Number – G‡Ki AwaK e¨w³, e¯‘ ev cÖvYx‡K †evSvq|
Number ‡evSvi Rb¨ Person ‡evSv cÖ‡qvRb| wewfbœ Sentence Gi Rb¨ Avgiv Person eënvi K‡i _vwK|
Avmyb †R‡b †bB wewfbœ Person Gi Subjective Ges Objective Form mg~n|
1st Person 2nd Person 3rd Person
Sub Obj Sub Obj Sub Obj Sub Obj Sub Obj Sub Obj
I me We us You you You You He/ she Him/her They Them
It It
rd
Any kinds of name (Salam, Rangpur etc) 3 Person Singular Number
Third Person Singular Number
3 Person Singular Number Gi †ÿ‡Î Verb Gi mv‡_ s/es ‡hvM Ki‡Z nq| ZvB Kviv 3rd Person
rd
Singular number ‡mUv Rvbv cÖ‡qvRb| †hgb

o ‡h †Kvb e¨w³i bvg, †`‡ki bvg, gywfi bvg, Dcb¨v‡mi bvg, MÖn-DcMÖ‡ni bvg memgq third person
singular number nq|
g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e, Gme bv‡gi gv‡S hw` s ev es A_ev and I hw` _v‡K Zvic‡iI Zvuiv singular
number n‡e| †hgb : The Arabian Nights (eB‡qi bvg), Liver Brothers (‡Kv¤úvwbi bvg),
The United States of America (‡`‡ki bvg), Baby’s Day Out (gywfi bvg)|
o wKQz wKQz noun ‡`L‡Z plural g‡b n‡jI Giv g~jZ 3rd person singular number. ‡hgb: Ethics,
Economics, Gallows, Mathematics, News, Politics, Physics, Statistics.
‡R‡b ivLyb : Dc‡ii noun ¸‡jv Øviv †Kvb e¨w³ ev e¯‘i ‣ewkó¨/¸Y eySv‡j G‡ì c‡i plural verb e‡m|
†hgb: His mathematics are weak.
o ‡h †Kvb planet Gi bvg 3rd person singular number nq| †hgb : Mercury, Venus, Earth,
Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune BZ¨vw` Singular Number.
cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK cixÿvi Rb¨ evQvB Kiv ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Singular & Plural Number
Singular Plural Singular PluralSingular Plural
Agendum Agenda Crisis (msKU) Crises Focus Foci
Alumnus Alumni Cherub Cherubim Fez Fezes
Analysis Analyses Commander- Commanders- Genus Genera
Appendix Appendices in-chief in-chief Goose Geese
Axis (Aÿ) Axes Datum Data Hypothesis Hypotheses
Bandit Bandits Deer Deer Hoof Hoves
Bacterium Bacteria Erratum Errata Index Indexes
Basis (wfwË) Bases Foot Feet Locus Loci
Criterion Criteria Formula Formulae Lord-justice Lords-justice
Louse Lice Norman Normans Syllabus Syllabi
Leaf Leaves Oasis (giƒ`¨vb) Oases Step brother Step brothers
Loaf Loaves Ox Oxen Thesis Theses
Medium Media Passer-by Passers-by Terminus Termini
Memorandum Memoranda Phenomenon Phenomena Tooth Teeth
Maid-servant Maid-servants Parenthesis Parentheses Ultimatum Ultimata
Man-servant Man-servants Referendum Referenda Vertex Vertices
Mussalaman Mussalmans Radius Radii Wharf Wharf/
Matriarch Matriarchs Sheep Sheep Wharves
Knife Knives Seraph Seraphim Fungus Fungi
Bureau Bureaux
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. Which of the following words is in singular form? (37Zg I 38Zg wewmGm)
K. formulae L. agenda M. oases N. radius DËi : N
02. What is the plural form of the word Ôlouse’? (38Zg wewmGm)
K. louses L. lice M. lices N. licess DËi : L
03. What is the plural form of Ôit’--- [cªv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 19]
K. its L. they M. these N. those DËi : L
04. Identify singular number— [cªv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 19]
K. Fungi L. Agenda M. Formula N. Data DËi : M
05. Which one is plural? [cªv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 19]
K. Oasis L. Terminus M. Vertex N. Bureaux DËi : N
06. The plural of ÔFez’ is -- . [cªv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 19]
K. Fez L. Fezees M. Feezes N. Fezes DËi : N
16. wb‡Pi †KvbwU GKePb? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (Rev) : 2009]
K. public L. crowd M. knife N. mice DËi : M
me mgqB Singular nq GKB Ggb wKQz Noun
Information (Z_¨) Furniture (AvmevecÎ) Scenery (`„k¨) Poetry (KweZv)
Machinery (hš¿cvwZ) News (Lei) Traffic (PjvPj) Money (UvKv)
Expenditure (e¨q) Advice (civgk©) Baggage (jUeni) Research (M‡elYv)
Bread (iæwU, Lv`¨)
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. Which one of the following words is not plural? [cªv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 19]
K. Men L. Feet M. Lice N. News DËi : N
e¨vL¨v : GLv‡b News kãwU n‡”Q all time singular. Ab¨w`‡K Man, Foot, louse Gi plural iƒc h_vµ‡g
Men, Feet, Lice.
02. The plural of Ôwildlife’ is
K. wildlives L. wildlifes M. wildlife N. wildlive DËi : M
e¨vL¨v : wildlife ev eb¨cÖvYx (e‡bi cï, cvwL, Dw™¢` BZ¨vw`) n‡jv Uncountable noun. ZvB GwU Singular-B
_vK‡e, Plural n‡e bv| KviY Uncountable noun memgqB Singular nq|
03. We need to buy some new--.[cªv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 19]
K. furnishers L. furniture M. furnisher N. furnitures DËi : L
04. Which one is always used as singular? [cªv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 19]
K. Horse L. Bread M. Custom N. Staff DËi : L
‡`L‡Z Plural n‡jI Singular nq Ggb wKQz Noun

Athletics (kixiPP©v) Economics (A_©bxwZ) Physics (c`v_©we`¨v) Mathematics (MwYZ)
Politics (ivRbxwZ) News (Lei) Optics (Av‡jvKwe`¨v) Ethics (bxwZkv¯¿)
Wages (gRywi) Statistics (cwimsL¨vb) Gallows (dvuwmKvô) Innings (Bwbsm)
Electronics (B‡jKUªwb·)
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. Which one of the following word is a plural? [cvm‡cvU© Awa`ß‡ii mnKvix cwiPvjK 14]
K. news L. crises M. mathematics N. economics DËi : L
e¨vL¨v : Crises kãwU Crisis kãwUi Plural. News, mathematics, economics kã wZbwU Singular. KviY
wKQz wKQz Noun Av‡Q †h¸‡jv †`L‡Z Plural n‡jI GKwU welq‡K †evSv‡bvi Rb¨ singular nq|
‡`L‡Z Singular n‡jI Plural nq Ggb wKQz Noun

Aristocracy (AwfRvZZš¿) Clergy (cvw`ªeM©) Nobility (AvwfRvZ¨) Peasntry (Pvlxm¤úª`vq)
Government (miKvi) Gentry (f`ªm¤úª`vq) Cattle (Mevw` cï) Vermin (RNb¨ †jvK)
Perfumery (myMÜ `ªe¨mg~n) Poultry Majority (AwaKvsk) Mankind (gvbeRvwZ)
People (m¤úª`vq/RvwZ) Police Tenantry (cÖRveM©)
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. Which of the following is Ôplural’?
K. Gallows L. Wages M. Ethics N. Majority DËi : N
e¨vL¨v : Gallows, Ethics, Wages ‡`L‡Z Plural n‡jI Giv Avm‡j Singular Noun Ges Majority kãwU
†`L‡Z Singular noun n‡jI Plural noun.
wKQz noun Av‡Q hv me mgq Plural nq

Scissors Glasses Spectacles Bellows `ywU Ask wb‡q •Zwi K‡qKwU hš¿
Trousers Drawers Breeches K‡qKwU †cvkvK
Bowels Alms Ashes Assets Annals Ab¨vb¨
Fetters Proceeds Belongings Tidings
KZ¸‡jv noun i‡q‡Q hv‡ì Singular Ges Plural GKB
Deer (nwiY) Sheep (‡gl) Canon (Abykvmb) Pair (‡Rvov) Gross (¯’’j)
Apparatus (hš¿cvwZ) Swine (k~Ki) Pice (cqmv) Salmon
Species (cÖRvwZ) Troop (‡mbv`j) Stone (cv_i)
singular noun Gi †k‡l um _v‡K Zvn‡j Plural Kivi mgq um Gi cwie‡Z© Ôa’ e‡m
Singular Plural
Agendum (wePvh© welq) Agenda Ovum (wW¤^vYy) Ova
Addendum (cwiwkó) Addenda Symposium (Av‡jvPbv mfv) Symposia
Bacterium (e¨vK‡Uwiqv) Bacteria Forum (m‡¤§jb ¯’j) Fora/Forums
Datum (DcvË) Data Aquarium (Kvu‡Pi grm¨vavi) Aquaria/Aquariums
Dictum (mZ¨ evYx) Dicta Ultimatum (PigcÎ) Ultimata
Erratum (ïw×cÎ) Errata Cranium (gv_vi Lywj) Crania/Craniums
Stratum (¯Íi) Strata Gymnasium (e¨qvgvMvi) Gymnasia/Gymnasiums
Medium (gva¨g) Media Exordium (f~wgKv) Exordia / Exordiums
Memorandum Memoranda Encomium (D”P cÖksmv) Encomia/Encomiums
(¯§viKwjwc)
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. What is the plural number of Ôovum’? (39Zg wewmGm)
K. ovams L. ovumes M. ovums N. ova DËi : N
02. Singular form of Ôdata’ is ? [cªv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 19]
K. dat L. datas M. none N. datum DËi : N
Singular noun Gi †k‡l is _v‡K, Zvn‡j is Gi cwi‡eZ© es em‡e

Axis Axes Diagnosis Diagnoses Parenthesis Parentheses
Analysis Analyses Synopsis Synopses Oasis Oases
Basis Bases Hypothesis Hypotheses Crisis Crises
Thesis Theses
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. Which one of the following is the plural form of Ôhypothesis’? ÷vÛvW© e¨vsK – 2012
K. Hypothesises L. Hypotheses M. Hypothisis N. Hypothesus DËi: L
Singular noun Gi †k‡l f ev fe _v‡K, Zvn‡j Plural G Zvi ¯’‡j Ôves’ e‡m
Wife Wives Self Selves Half Halves
Knife Knives Thief Thieves Wolf Wolves
Leaf Leaves Loaf Loaves Sheaf Sheaves
Calf Calves Life Lives
cÖkœ mgvavb
02. Plural form of Ôwolf’ is – (mnKvix RR 10, cÖv_wgK wkÿv Awa`ß‡ii wnmve mnKvix 11)
K. Wolfs L. Wolfes M. Wolffier N. Wolves DËi : N
02. Which one is the singular of ÔLeavesÕ— [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2018]
K. Leafe L. Leaf M. Leave N. Leave DËi : L
Singular noun Gi †k‡l Ôo’ _v‡K Ges Zvi c~‡e© Consonant _v‡K, Zvn‡j
kãwUi †k‡l Ôes’ ‡hvM K‡i Plural Ki‡Z nq
Mango Mangoes Echo Echoes Hero Heroes
Mosquito Mosquitoes Buffalo Buffaloes Zero Zeroes
Potato Potatoes Tomato Tomatoes
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. Echo Gi mwVK Plural ‡KvbwU? (A_© gš¿Yvj‡q Awdm mnKvix 11)
K. Echo L. Ehoes M. Echoistic N. Echoed DËi : L
hw` †Kvb Singular noun Gi †k‡l Ôf’ _v‡K Ges Zvi c~‡e© vowel _v‡K,
Zvn‡j kãwUi †k‡l Ôs’ ‡hvM K‡i Plural Ki‡Z nq
Chief Chiefs Spoof Spoofs Proof Proofs
Roof Roofs Hoof Hoofs Brief Briefs
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. Which of the following does not add Ôves’ in the plural form? [evsjv‡`k we`y¨r Dbœqb †ev‡W©i mnKvix
cwiPvjK (cÖkvmb) 13]
K. wife L. roof M. wolf N. shelf DËi : L
Gender
Gender Pvi cÖKvi

Masculine Gender Common Gender (Dfqwj½)—
(cywj½)— ïay cyiæl‡K †evSvq| bvix I cyiæl Dfq‡K †evSvq|
Feminine Gender Neuter Gender (K¬xewj½)— bvix I cyiæl

(¯¿xwj½)— ïay bvix‡K †evSvq KvD‡K bv eywS‡q Ab¨ †Kvb A‡PZb c`v_©‡K †evSvq|
01. How many types of gender are existed? [cÖvK cÖv_wgK mnKvwi wkÿK (weUv) – 2014]
K. One type L. Two types M. Three types N. Four types DËi : N
02. ‡KvbwU cyswj½? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (kir) : 2010]
K. Girl L. Goose M. Man N. Mare DËi : M
e¨vL¨v: Ackb ¸‡jvi cÖ_gwU‡Z Av‡Q Girl GKwU— Feminine gender, Goose GKwU— Feminine gender
hvi A_© ivRnsmx, Man GKwU— Masculine gender hvi Feminine gender— Women, Mare— †NvUKxÕ
†hwU Horse k‡ãi Feminine gender.
k‡ãi †k‡l ess ‡hvM K‡i Masculine gender ‡_‡K Feminine gender ‣Zwi Kiv nq|
k‡ãi †k‡l ess ‡hvM Kivi mgq g~j k‡ãi evbv‡bi wKQz cwieZ©b nq
Masculine gender Feminine gender Masculine gender Feminine gender
Actor (Awf‡bZv) Actress (Awf‡bÎx) Hunter (wkKvix) Huntress (gwnjv wkKvix)
Abbot (gvVa¨ÿ) Abbess (gvVva¨ÿv) Master (gwbe/KZ©v) Mistress (KÎx©)
Conductor (cwiPvjK) Conductress (cwiPvwjKv) Murderer (Lybx) Murderess (gwnjv Lybx)
Duke (m`©vi) Duchess (wWD‡Ki cZœx) Songster (MvqK) Songstress (MvwqKv)
Emperor (m¤ªvU) Empress (m¤ªvÁx) Tempter Temptress
Enchanter (hv`yKi) Enchantress (hv`yKix) (cyiæl cÖjyäKvix) (gwnjv cÖjyäKvix
Governor (AwffveK) Governess (AwffvweKv) Traitor (wek^vmNvZK) Traitress (ivR‡`ªvwnYx)
God (‡èZv) Goddess (‡èx) Tiger (evN) Tigress (evwNbx)
Waiter (cwiPviK Witress (cwiPvwiKv) Tutor (wkÿK) Tutress (wkwÿKv)
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. What is the feminine gender of ÔTiger’? (‰e‡`wkK Kg©ms¯’vb gš¿Yvj‡qi mnKvix cwiPvjK 2012)
K. Trigren L. Tigress M. Tigeri N. Tigerian DËi : L
02. The feminine form of the word ÔDuke’ – (Dc‡Rjv cwimsL¨vb Kg©KZ©v-2010)
K. Dramatist L. Dutchman M. Duchess N. Earl DËi : M
k‡ãi †k‡l ess ‡hvM K‡i Masculine gender ‡_‡K Feminine gender ‣Zwi Kiv nq|
k‡ãi †k‡l ess ‡hvM Kivi mgq g~j k‡ãi evbv‡bi ‡Kvb cwieZ©b nq bv
Masculine gender Feminine gender Masculine gender Feminine gender
Author (‡jLK) Authoress (‡jwLKv) Lion Lioness
Baron Baroness Count Countess
Giant Giantess Host Hostess
Heir Heiress Jew Jewess
Manager Manageress Poet Poetess
Priest Priestess Prince Princess
Shepherd Shepherdess
Ôess’ hy³ nq Z‡e g~j evbv‡bi mvgvb¨ cwieZ©b nq Ggb evbvb
Masculine Feminine Masculine Feminine
Abbot Abbess Emperor Empress
God Goddess Governor Governess
Master Mistress Murderer Murderess
Sorcerer Sorceress Prince Princess
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. The feminine form of the word ÔAuthor’ is –. [cªv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 19]
K. Authorss L. Authoress M. Authores N. Authors DËi : L
‡Kvb wbqg gv‡b bv Ggb wKQz ¸iæZ¡c~Y© k‡ãi Masculine Gender ‡_‡K Feminine Gender
King (ivRv) Queen (ivbx) Drone (cys †g․gvwQ) Bee (‡g․gvwQ)
Fox (‡LuKwkqvj) Vixen (‡LuKwkqvjx) Bachelor Spinster/Maid
Beau (m`k©b cyiæl) Belle (mykÖx ¯¿x‡jvK) Boar (k~Ki) Sow (k~Kix)
Buck (nwiY) Doe (nwiYx) Bridegroom (ei) Bride (K‡b)
Dog (KzKzi) Bitch (KzKzix) Drake (cvwZnvum) Duck (cvwZnvumx)
Horse (‡NvUK) Mare (‡NvUKx) Monk, friar (mbœ¨vmx) Nun (mbœ¨vwmbx)
Ram (‡fov) Ewe (‡fox) Wizard (hv`yKi) Witch (hv`yKix)
Boar Sow
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. What is the masculine gender of Ômare’? (34Zg wewmGm)
K. Mermaid L. Bear M. Stallion N. Dog DËi : M
e¨vL¨v : wKQz wKQz ‡ÿ‡Î Masculine Gender Ges Feminine Gender Gi evbv‡b †Kvb mv`„k¨ _v‡K bv| A_©vr
`y‡Uvi evbvb wfbœ wfbœ kã| GLv‡b Mare A_© †NvUKx| Mermaid grm¨Kb¨v, Bear fjøyK, Stallion ‡NvUK
ev †Nvov Ges Dog A_© KzKzi| cÖ‡kœ PvIqv Mare ev †NvUKxi cyswj½ Stallion ‡NvUK ev †Nvov|
02. The Feminine of `Ram’ is— [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2019]
K. Ewe L. Hind M. Mare N. Sow DËi : K
Compound masculine k‡ãi cys AskwU‡K cwieZ©b K‡i Feminine Gender Kiv nq
Beggar-man Beggar-woman Boy-baby Girl-baby
Washer-man Washer-woman Bull-calf Cow-calf
Brother-in-law Sister-in-law He-goat She-goat
Step-brother Step-sister Jack-ass She-ass
Billy-goat Nanny-goat Pea-cock Pea-hen
Man-kind Woman-kind Great-uncle Great-aunt
Man-servant Maid-servant Son-in-law Daughter-in-law
Male-servant Woman-servant Peacock Peahen
Father-in-law Mother-in-law Godfather Godmother
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. Which one is the correct masculine form of ÔBilly-goat’?
K. Nanny-goat L. He-goat M. Goat N. None DËi : K
D‡jøL‡hvM¨ kw³ ev ÿgZvi AwaKvix nIqvi Kvi‡Y wKQz kã Masculine Gender wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ nq
Sun (m~h©) Summer (MÖx®§Kvj) Winter (kxZKvj) Time (mgq)
Thunder (eRª) Danger (wec¾bK) Day (w`b) Death (g„Zz¨)
Love (fvjevmv)
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. Which of the following nouns is used in the masculine form? [cjøx mÂq e¨vsK (K¨vk Awdmvi) 18]
K. Autumn L. Moon M. Peace N. Time DËi : N
‡m․›`h©, bgbxqZv, cweÎZv BZ¨vw` bvixmyjf ¸Y cÖKvk cvIqvq wKQz kã Feminine Gender nq
Spring (emšÍKvj) Autumn (kirKvj) Nature (cÖK…wZ) Moon (Pvu`)
Earth (c„w_ex) Liberty (¯^vaxbZv) Church Hope
Justice Mercy Modesty Night
Peace Religion Truth
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. Which of the noun is used in the feminine form? (mnKvix wkÿK – 18)
K. Anger L. Time M. Moon N. None DËi : M
02. Which of the noun is used in the feminine form? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2018]
K. anger L. time M. moon N. none DËi : M
wKQz wKQz Noun memgq Feminine Gender hv‡ì †Kvb Masculine Gender ‡bB
Amazon (wMÖK cyiv‡Y DwjøwLZ K…òmvM‡ii DcK~‡j emevmKvix iYiw½bx cÖgxjv mgvR) Blonde (¯^Y©‡Kkx)
Brunette (k¨vgvw½bx) Coquette (wQbvj †g‡q) Flirt (wQbvj) Laundress (‡avcvbx)
Nurse (‡mweKv) Prude (kvjxbZvi fv‡b fiv ¯¿x‡jvK) Siren (KznwKbx)
Termagant (KjnKvix) Shrew (KjnwcÖq ¯¿x‡jvK) Virgin (Kzgvix)
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. Which of the following is always Ôfeminine’?
K. Blonde L. Judge M. Coward N. Knight DËi : K
.
wKQz wKQz Noun Av‡Q, †h¸‡jv memgq Masculine Gender nq
Squire (cÖavb f~wg gvwjK) Judge (wePviK) Parson (`jcwZ) Chairman (mfvcwZ)
Knight (exi‡hv×v) Coward (Kvcyiæl)
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. Which of the following is always Ômasculine gender’?
K. Blonde L. Judge M. Flirt N. Brunette DËi : L
‡h mKj Noun bvix-cyiæl Dfq‡K †evSvq, Zv‡ì‡K Common Gender e‡j
Ass (cyiæl ev gv`x Mvav) Beggar (wfLvix ev wfLvwiYx) Bird (cÿx ev cwÿbx)
Child (evjK ev evwjKv) Baby (‡Q‡j ev †g‡q wkï) Cat (cyiæl/gv`x weovj)
Fowl (‡h †Kvb cvwL) Chairperson (cyiæl/gwnjv mfvcwZ) Deer (nwiY ev nwiYx)
Friend (eÜz/evÜex) Captain (cyiæl ev gwnjv AwabvqK) Enemy (cyiæl ev gwnjv kÎæ)
Monarch (ivRv/ivYx) Cousin (PvPv‡Zv/gvgv‡Zv fvB/‡evb) Foal (g`©v ev gv`x †Nvovi ev”Pv)
Parent (wcZv-gvZv) Citizen (cyiæl ev gwnjv bvMwiK) Infant (evjK-evwjKv)
Person (cyiæl ev gwnjv e¨w³) Elephant (cyiæl ev gv`x nvwZ) Pig (ïKi ev ïKix)
Student (QvÎ-QvÎx) Lawyer (cyiæl ev gwnjv AvBbRxex) Pupil (QvÎ-QvÎx)
Spouse (¯^vgx-¯¿x) Orphan (GwZg evjK ev evwjKv) Sheep (‡fov/‡fox )
Teacher (wkÿK ev wkwÿKv) Relative (AvZ¥xq ev AvZ¥xqv) Servant (PvKi ev PvKivYx)
Writer (‡jLK ev †jwLKv)
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. Which one is common gender? (Z_¨ Awdmvi 2005)
K. Baby L. Girl M. Boy N. Man DËi : K
02. Which one of the following common gender? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2018]
K. Teacher L. Book M. Boy N. Madam DËi : K
03. Which of the following words can be both masculine and feminine ? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK
(Lyjbv wefvM) : 2005]
K. Gander L. Spinster M. Spouse N. Actor DËi : M
Pronoun
English Language G noun Gi D”Pvi‡Yi cybive„wË Gov‡Z Zvi cwie‡Z© †h kã eënvi Kiv nq Zv‡KB
pronoun ejv nq| A_©vr noun Gi cwie‡Z© †h kã eëüZ nq, Zv‡K pronoun e‡j| Ab¨fv‡e ejv hvq,
noun Gi cÖwZ¯’vwcZ kãB (Substituting word) n‡jv pronoun.
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. A Pronoun takes place of a/an…(we Avi wm wmwbqi Awdmvi 19)
K. antecedent L. verb M. noun N. Subject DËi : M
Pronoun ‡K 8 fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq
Personal ‡Kvb e¨w³i cwie‡Z© †h pronoun e‡m, Zv‡K personal pronoun e‡j| D`vniY I, We,
Pronoun You, He, She, They.
Note: A Possessive pronoun replaces a possessive noun & adjectives to avoid repeating
information that is already clear. ‡hgb : Mine, Ours, Yours, His, Hers, Theirs. My shirt is
green (Possessive Adjective); The shirt is mine (Possessive pronoun)
Reflexive self ev selves ‡hv‡M †h mKj pronoun MwVZ nq Ges KZ©v I Kg© GKB e¨w³ †evSvq, †m
Pronoun mKj pronoun ‡K reflexive pronoun ejv nq| D`vniY Myself, Ourselves,
Yourself, Yourselves, Herself, Himself, Themselves, Oneself, Itself.
Demonstrative †h mKj pronoun noun ‡K we‡klfv‡e wb‡`©k K‡i Zv‡ì demonstrative pronoun
Pronoun e‡j| D`vniY This, That, These, Those, It, so, much, the same etc.
Relative GB pronoun `ywU ev‡Kï g‡a¨ relation ev m¤^Ü eywS‡q †`q| G¸‡jv ev‡Kï gv‡S e‡m|
Pronoun D`vniY Who, Whose, Whom, Which, That.
Interrogative G iKg pronoun cÖkœ Kivi Rb¨ eëüZ nq| G¸‡jv ev‡Kï cÖ_‡g e‡m| D`vniY Who,
Pronoun Whose, Whom, Which, What etc.
Distributive GB pronoun GKRvZxq GKvwaK e¨w³ ev e¯‘i g‡a¨ cÖ‡Z¨KwU c„_Kfv‡e †evSvq| D`vniY
Pronoun Either, Each, Neither etc.
Reciprocal GB pronoun GKvwaK e¨w³ ev e¯‘i g‡a¨ cvi¯úvwiK m¤úK© eywS‡q †`q| D`vniY Each
Pronoun other, One another etc.
Indefinite G iKg pronoun ‡Kvb Awbw`©ó e¨w³ ev e¯‘‡K †evSvq| D`vniY – One, any, some, many,
Pronoun all, none, no, one, everyone, someone, anyone, nobody, anybody, somebody
etc.
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. wb‡Pi †KvbwU personal pronoun?
K. Any L. This M. You N. Who DËi : M
Pronoun & its usage

Subjective Pronoun Objective Possessive Reflexive
Pronoun Adjective Pronoun Pronoun
1st Person I Me My Mine Myself
We Us Our Ours Ourselves
2nd Person You You Your Yours Yourself
You You Your Yours Yourselves
He Him His His Himself
She Her Her Hers Herself
They Them Their Theirs Themselves
It It Its Its Itself
One One One’s Oneself
3rd Person
Who Whom Whose
Everyone, Someone,
Anyone, None,
Everybody, Somebody, - His/her - -
Anybody, Nobody, Each,
Either, Neither
Subjective pronoun
verb Gi subject wn‡m‡e hw` †Kvb pronoun Av‡m Zvn‡j subjective pronoun nq|
wbqg-01 : ‡Kvb sentence G subject wn‡m‡e GKvwaK person _vK‡j Avgiv ¯^vfvweKfv‡e 2nd Person
+ 3rd Person + 1st Person (g‡b ivLyb: 231) Ges †`vl ¯^xKvi Kiv †evSv‡j 1st Person + 2nd Person
+ 3rd Person (g‡b ivLyb : 123) eënvi K‡i _vwK| G‡ÿ‡Î verb me mgq plural n‡q _v‡K Ges GKvwaK
person Gi cÖwZwU subjective pronoun n‡e| G‡ÿ‡Î 132 wbqgwU eënvi n‡jI Kg cÖPwjZ|
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. Choose the correct sentence BRDB Gi gvV msMVK- 2015
K. I, you and he are present L. You, he and I are present
M. You, he and I am present N. He, You and I are present DËi: L
02. Choose the correct sentence. [6ô cÖfvlK wbeÜb : 10]
K. You, he and I am guilty L. You, he and I are guilty
M. I, you and he are guilty N. He, I and you are guilty DËi: M
wbqg-03: Be verb (am, is, are, was, were etc) Gi ci pronoun Avm‡j H pronoun wU subjective
pronoun nq A_©vr I/We/She/He n‡e| †hgb
 It was he who bought Inception Digest from Library,
 I wsih I were King
 It was we who had left before he arrived
 It was she not I, who put forth (cÖKvk Kiv) the attractive position.
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. It is not _____ who are to blame. [wbe©vPb Kwgkb mwPevjq (D”Pgvb mnKvix) : 18]
K. me L. we M. us N. him DËi : L
02. I wish I were_____. [¯îvóª gš¿Yvj‡qi Aaxb Kviv ZË¡veavqK : 10]
K. him L. his M. he N. himself DËi : M
Objective pronoun
wbqg-01: Preposition Gi c‡i Pronoun Gi Object form e‡m| Z‡e, GKvwaK Object form _vK‡j
†`vl/Aciva ¯^xKvi Kiv Qvov me †ÿ‡Î 231 wbqg Abymv‡i cÖ‡Z¨KwUi Object form e‡m|
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. Between _____, this is the greatest book I’ve ever read. [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 15]
K. you and I L. I and you M. You and me N. Me and you D : M
wbqg-02: To be verb Qvov Ab¨ me verb Gi object wn‡m‡e pronoun mvaviYZ objective form (me/us/you/
him/her/them) AvKv‡i e‡m| Let GKwU verb nIqvq Gi c‡i pronoun wUi objective form (231 wbq‡g) e‡m|
cÖkœ mgvavb
02. Choose the correct sentence. (12Zg wewmGm)
K. Let you and he be witness L. Let he and you be witness
M. Let you and him be witness N. Let him and you be witness DËi: M
wbqg-03 : Let w`‡q ïiæ nIqv Imperative sentence G Let ci hw` †Kvb Pronoun Av‡m, Zvn‡j †m
Pronoun Gi Objective form (me/him/her/them) eëüZ nq|
cÖkœ mgvavb
03. Which is the correct sentence?
K. Let he & I go L. Let I and he go
M. Let me & he go N. Let him & me go DËi : N
Possessive adjective
Preposition I gerund Gi gv‡S possessive adjective (My, Our, Your, His, Her, Their, Its One’s,
Whose) eëüZ nq|
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. He insisted on_____ there. (36Zg wewmGm)
K. on my going L. is to go M. over going N. to go DËi: K
02. My father never approve of ___ a foreigner. mgvR‡mev Awdmvi (mgvRKj¨vY gš¿Yvjq) 10
K. her to marry L. her marrying
M. she marrying N. She not marry DËi: L
Reflexive Pronoun
o ev‡Kï Subject Ges Object GKB e¨w³ n‡j Object G Reflexive pronoun e‡m| h_v –
 You sent yourself another Valentine’s Day card, didn’t you?
 Jack introduced himself to his girlfriend’s parents.
 One must get oneself insured if one intends to drive on city streets.
 The choir (MvqK`j) practiced themselves to the point of exhaustion.
Reflexive pronoun KL‡bv ev‡K¨ Subject wn‡m‡e eëüZ nq bv| Kill, Hurt, Absent, Avail, Enjoy
Introduce BZ¨vw` verb ¸‡jvi c‡i subject Abyhvqx Reflexive pronoun (Myself, Ourselves,
Yourself, Yourselves, Herself, Himself, Themselves) e‡m| ‡hgb—
 He killed himself.
 I shall avail myself of this opportunity.
 She hurt herself.
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. Which one is Reflexive Pronoun? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2019]
K. Myself L. Who M. He N. Each DËi : K
02. If you do this you will hurt yourself. The underlined word is (wmwfj BwÄwbqvwis 99)
K. Personal pronoun L. Reflexive pronoun
M. Relative pronoun N. An emphatic pronoun DËi : L
Reflexive Pronoun
01. Which one of the following words is an example of distributive pronoun? (38Zg wewmGm)
K. such L. either M. That N. Any DËi : L
e¨vL¨v : ‡h mKj pronoun GKRvZxq GKvwaK e¨w³ ev e¯‘i g‡a¨ cÖ‡Z¨KwU c„_Kfv‡e †evSvq| D`vniY Either,
Each, Neither etc. GKwU Distributive pronoun memgq Singular nq ZvB Gi ci Singular noun ev
verb nq| ‡hgb-
o Each boy was given a prize. (cÖ‡Z¨K evjK‡K cyi¯‥vi †`qv n‡qwQj)
o Each new day is different. (cÖ‡Z¨K bZzb w`b wfbœ)
o Either road leads to the railway station. (iv¯Ív `ywUi Df‡qB ‡ij‡÷k‡b †M‡Q)
o Neither road leads to the railway station. (iv¯Ív `ywUi †KvbwUB †ij‡÷k‡b hvqwb)
o Neither of these two women is to be trusted. (GB `yB gwnjvi KvD‡KB wek^vm Kiv hvq bv)
o Neither accusation is true. (Dfq Awf‡hvM AmZ¨)
Z‡e Gi e¨wZµg i‡q‡Q| wb‡Pi D`vniY jÿ Kiæb-
Each of, neither of and either of
02. Choose the correct sentence. (10g wewmGm, BRDB Gi mnKvix cjøx Dbœqb Kg©KZ©v)
K. A few of the three boys got a prize. L. Every of the three boys got a prize.
M. All of the three boys got a prize. N. Each of the three boys got a prize. DËi : N
o e¨vL¨v : Each, neither, either Gi ci of _vK‡j Gi ci noun plural Ges verb singular nq| Gi gva¨‡g
cÖ‡Z¨K e¨w³ ev e¯Í‡K Avjv`v K‡i †evSv‡bv nq| †hgb
 Each of the answers is correct. (cÖwZwU DËi mwVK)| jÿ K‡ib, GLv‡b mKj k‡ãi cwie‡Z© cÖ‡Z¨K
k‡ãi eënvi n‡q‡Q| cÖ‡Z¨K ej‡Z me¸‡jv‡K †evSv‡jI, GLv‡b Avjv`v Avjv`v K‡i mevB‡K †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q|
GUvB Distributive pronoun Gi we‡klZ¡|
 Neither of the girls can do that.
Neither, either Gi mxgve×Zv
`ywU e¯‘ ev `yBRb e¨w³i †ÿ‡Î Avjv`v Avjv`v K‡i †evSv‡bvi Rb¨ neiter, either eënvi Kiv nq| Z‡e `yB‡qi
AwaK n‡j Indefinite pronoun (any, no one or none) eëüZ nq|
Neither /Either Gi AviI eënvi

Neither + noun/pronoun …… + nor + noun/pronoun Ges Either + noun/pronoun …… +
or + noun/pronoun Gfv‡e eëüZ n‡j neither I either ‡K e‡j Conjunction. Z‡e
Neither/Either + noun ïay Gfv‡e eëüZ n‡jI Giv Adjective nq| wKš‘ Neither/Either + of +
Plural noun ev pronoun Giƒ‡c eëüZ n‡j ZLb Neither Ges Either ‡K e‡j distributive
pronoun.
 There are two pens here; either pen will do Adjective.
 There are many people here; either of them can do it Pronoun
Demonstrative Pronoun
01. Which of the following is demonstrative pronoun? (mnKvix cjøx Dbœqb Kg©KZ©v 12)
K. he L. yourself M. those N. who DËi: M
e¨vL¨v : ‡h me pronoun wbKUeZ©x, `~ieZx©, eZ©gvb, AZxZ I fwel¨Z‡K wb‡`©k Ki‡Z eënvi Kiv nq †mme
pronoun ‡K demonstrative pronoun e‡j| ‡hgb This, That, These, Those, It, so, much, the same
etc.
02. Your advice is no different from the other friends. [`yb©xwZ `gb Kwgk‡bi mnKvix cwiPvjK 13]
K. not different from L. no different from that of the
M. not different from the N. not different to DËi : L
e¨vL¨v : `ywU uncountable noun Gi †ÿ‡Î Zzjbvi mgq that of e‡m Ges `ywU plural countable noun Gi
†ÿ‡Î Zzjbvq those of eëüZ nq| wb‡Pi D`vniY¸‡jv wjLyb
 The roads of Chittagong are wider than those of Dhaka. (PÆMÖv‡gi iv¯Ív¸‡jv XvKvi iv¯Ívi †P‡q
cÖk¯Í)
 One’s finger prints are different from those of any other person. (GKR‡bi wd½vi wcÖ›U¸‡jv Ab¨
Av‡iKR‡bi wd½vi wcÖ‡›Ui ‡_‡K Avjv`v)
 The houses of our village are better than those of yours. (Avgv‡ì MÖv‡gi evwo¸‡jv †Zvgv‡ì MÖv‡gi
evwo¸‡jvi †P‡q my›ì)
Relative Pronoun
01. Who, which, what are (12Zg wewmGm)
K. Relative L. Demonstrative M. Reflexive N. Reciprocal DËi: K
e¨vL¨v : Relative pronoun `ywU ev‡Kï g‡a¨ relation ev m¤^Ü eywS‡q †`q| G¸‡jv ev‡Kï gv‡S e‡m| D`vniY
Who, Whose, Whom, Which, That, What.
02. Which one is correct? (10Zg wewmGm)
K. The man that said that was a fool. L. The man whom said that was a fool.
M. The man who said that was a fool. N. The man which said was a fool. DËi : M
e¨vL¨v : Antecedent e¨w³evPK n‡j Zv‡K wb‡`©k Ki‡Z Relative pronoun wn‡m‡e who/that e‡m|
03. Which one is correct? (26Zg wewmGm)
K. The man who stole my bag was tall L. The man was tall who stole my bag
M. The man stole my bag who is tall N. The man stole my bag who was tall. DËi : K
e¨vL¨v : mwVK DËi (K)| Antecedent (GKwU ev‡K¨ hLb GKwU noun ‡K pronoun wb‡`©k K‡i, ZLb †mB noun
wU‡K pronoun wUi antecedent e‡j| †hgb When shelly goes home, she eats dinner. GLv‡b
Shelly Antecedent, She Pronoun) e¨w³evPK n‡j Zv‡K wb‡`©k Ki‡Z Relative pronoun wn‡m‡e
who/that e‡m|
04. I have read the book____ you lent me. (25Zg wewmGm)
K. that L. whom M. whose N. what DËi : K
e¨vL¨v : Antecedent e¯‘evPK n‡j Zv‡K wb‡`©k Ki‡Z Relative pronoun wn‡m‡e which/that e‡m|
05. The children studied in class room___ windows were never opened. (22Zg wewmGm)
K. that L. which M. where N. whose DËi: N
e¨vL¨v : Subjective— Who (‡h/hviv/whwb)| Objective— Whom (hv‡K/hv‡ì‡K)| Possessive—
Whose (hvi/hv‡ì)|
who + verb + obj
Noun
→ whom + Sub + verb + obj
e¨w³
whose + Noun + verb + obj
Antecedent → Relative pronoun Gi mvg‡b †h noun e‡m Zv‡K Antecedent e‡j|
 Dc‡ii Structure wU‡Z Whom Gi c‡ii Subject wU Antecedent Gi mv‡_ m¤úK©nxb|
 Dc‡ii Structure wU‡Z Whose Gi c‡ii Subject wU Antecedent Gi mv‡_ m¤úK©hy³|
The children studied in class room (wkïiv ‡kÖwY K‡ÿ coZ)___ windows were never opened
(___Rvbvjv¸‡jv KL‡bvB †Lvjv n‡Zv bv). myZivs k~b¨¯’v‡b Avgiv emv‡Z cvwi hvi ev Whose, hvi d‡j evK¨wUi A_© n‡e
wkïiv †kÖwYK‡ÿ coZ, hvi Rvbvjv¸‡jv KL‡bvB †Lvjv n‡Zv bv|
06. It was I----he wanted to sign to. [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2019]
K. which L. that M. who N. whom
e¨vL¨v : GLv‡b object wn‡m‡e relative pronoun ‘whom’ eëüZ n‡e|
03. It is you who – to blame. evK¨wUi k~b¨¯’v‡b mwVK kã em‡e- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (ewikvj wefvM) : 2006]
K. was L. is M. are N. has DËi: M
Indefinite Pronoun
‡h pronoun ‡Kvb Awbw`©ó e¨w³ ev e¯‘‡K †evSvq, Zv‡ì‡K Indefinite pronoun e‡j| D`vniY – One,
any, some, many, all, none, no, one, everyone, someone, anyone, nobody, anybody,
somebody etc.
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. Which of the following sentence is correct? (16Zg wewmGm)
K. One of my friends are lawyers L. One of my friend is a lawyer
M. One of my friends is a lawyer N. One of my friends are a lawyer DËi: M
e¨vL¨v : `y‡Uv MVb †R‡b ivLyb : (K) One of the/No one of the/everyone of the/someone of
the + Plural Noun + Singular verb + Ext. (L) One of the + Superlative degree + Plural
Noun + Singular verb + Ext.

 One of the most beautiful girl has come.
 One of the problems is extremely easy.
 One of my cousins is a doctor.
 One of my best friend is getting married today.
02. One should be careful about ____ duty. (23Zg wewmGm)
K. her L. his M. the N. one’s DËi : N
e¨vL¨v : One hw` Subject nq Zvn‡j Zvi possessive case wU me©`vB one’s n‡e| Z‡e GKUv e¨wZµg
i‡q‡Q| MVbUv jÿ Kiæb – One of the + ……plural noun + his/her…..| h_v Karim was
one of the most intelligent students of his class.
03. The child cried for – mother. [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2019]
K. none L. his M. her N. its DËi : N
06. Which one is the indefinite pronoun? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2018]
K. myself L. they M. who N. anybody DËi : N
04. The word ÔEverythingÕ is - [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2018]
K. Adjective L. Adverb M. Pronoun N. Noun DËi : M
e¨vL¨v : Everything n‡”Q Indefinite Pronoun hv Awbw`©ó e¯‘‡K eySvq|
Interrogative Pronoun
Interrogative pronoun cÖkœ Kivi Rb¨ eëüZ nq| G¸‡jv ev‡Kï cÖ_‡g e‡m| D`vniY Who, Whose,
Whom, Which, What etc.
Interrogative pronouns and the case: Interrogative pronoun wn‡m‡e mvaviYZ who, which.
What GB wZbwU eëüZ nq| G‡ì g‡a¨ case ‡f‡` ïay who Gi iƒ‡ci cwieZ©b nq| †hgb
 Who are you? (nominative)
 Whom do you love? (objective)
 Whose pen is this? (Possessive)
Reciprocal Pronoun
A→B
A → B (Fig A) (Fig B)
B→A
Reciprocal kãwUi gv‡b n‡jv Ôci¯úi cÖwZwµqvkxjÕ| Gevi Dc‡ii wPÎ `y‡Uv †Lqvj K‡ib| cÖ_g wP‡Î, A Nywl
gvij B ‡K| GUv wKš‘ Reciprocal n‡jv bv| KviY ïay GKRbB NywlwU †g‡i‡Q| wØZxq wP‡Î jÿ K‡ib, A ïay
B ‡K gvi‡Q bv eis B-I gvi‡Q A ‡K| GwUB n‡jv cÖwZwµqvkxj| †hgb: They two love each other (Zvuiv
`yÕR‡b G‡K Aci‡K fvjev‡m)| A_©vr ïay GK c‡ÿi fvjevmvi K_v ejv nqwb eis Dfq c‡ÿi fvjevmvi K_vB
GLv‡b cÖavb¨ †c‡q‡Q|
 The family members love each other.
 They fought with one another.
Verb
Wren & Martin Gi g‡Z, †h word ‡Kvb e¨w³, e¯‘ ev ¯’vb m¤^‡Ü wKQz ejvi Rb¨ eëüZ nq Zv‡K verb
e‡j| P. C. Das Gi g‡Z, †h Word Gi Øviv nIqv, _vKv ev †Kvb wKQz Kiv †evSvq, Zv‡K verb e‡j|
Verb n‡”Q GKwU sentence ev ev‡Kï essential part. cÖK…Zc‡ÿ verb ev wµqv c` Pvi iK‡gi| h_v-
Being verb The man is honest.
Having verb I have a sharp knife
Doing verb The boy kicks the football.
An action in Any form The moon looks bright.
(Source: Applied English Grammar and Composition by P. C. Das)
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. GKwU sentence Gi cÖ‡qvRbxq Ask n‡”Q (mgvR‡mev Awa`ß‡ii wdì mycvifvBRvi 17)
K. Noun L. verb M. Hard words N. feeling DËi: L
Finite Verb Verb Non-finite

Verb Verb
Transitive Verb Gi
cÖKvi‡f`
Auxilliary Verb Principal
Verb Intransitive
Verb
Principal Verb
01. I did the work. Here Ôdid’ is a/an (RbmsL¨v I cwievi cwiKíbv Kg©KZ©v)
K. Auxiliary verb L. Strong verb M. Weak verb N. Principal verb DËi : N
e¨vL¨v : mwVK DËi (N)| Principal verb Ab¨ verb Gi mvnvh¨ Qvov ¯^vaxbfv‡e ev‡Kï A_© m¤úbœ Ki‡Z cv‡i|
‡Kvb ev‡K¨ hw` GKwU verb _v‡K, Zvn‡j †mwU Principal verb nq| ‡hgb I am in class twelve.
‡Kvb ev‡Kï s/es hy³ GKgvÎ verb wU‡K ejv nq principal verb. ‡hgb Salam goes to the market.
Auxilliary Verb
01. What is the number of auxiliary verb in English? (gva¨wgK I D”P gva¨wg wkÿv Awa`ß‡ii cÖ`k©K 04)
K. Fifteen L. Thirteen M. Twelve N. Eleven DËi: M
e¨vL¨v : English grammar G auxiliary verb Gi msL¨v †gvU 12wU| h_v do, can, may, shall, will,
must, dare, need, used to, ought to, be, have.
The Finite : Transitive & Intransitive

Transitive Verb
Transitive verb ‡K evsjvq ejv nq mKg©K wµqv| †h verb A_© cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ Kg© ev object Gi Dci
wbf©ikxj Zv‡K Transitive verb ejv nq| ÔKxÕ ev ÔKv‡KÕ Øviv cÖkœ K‡i ‡h DËi cvIqv hvq †mwUB Transitive
verb.
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. He writes a letter. Here writes is a- [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK cixÿv : 2016]
K. Transitive verb L. Intransitive verb
M. Principal verb N. Auxiliary verb DËi: L
e¨vL¨v : ‡h verb (wµqvi) Gi object (we‡aq) _v‡K, Zv‡K Transitive verb (mKg© wµqv) e‡j| evK¨wU‡Z writes
Gi object n‡”Q letter|
02. Mother loves me. Here loves is an example. [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (wm‡jU wefvM) : 07]
K. Transitive verb L. Intransitive verb
M. Simple verb N. Auxiliary verb DËi: K
03. Which one is transitive verb? [ত্থয মন্ত্রণা঱ময়র অধ্ীন গণমযাগামযাগ অদধ্িপ্তমর ঴঵কারী ত্থয অদি঴ার]
K. The baby sleeps L. The girl takes after her mother
M. Fire burns N. To err is human DËi: L
e¨vL¨v : Ôtake after’ group verb wUi object ev Kg© (her mother) Av‡Q| ZvB GwU Transitive verb ev
mKg©K wµqv| GQvovI verb wU‡K ÔKxÕ ev ÔKv‡KÕ Øviv cÖkœ K‡i DËi cvIqv hvq ZvB verb wU‡K mKg©K wµqv e‡j|
o Mother loves (transitive verb) me (object).
o He writes a letter.
o He took shelter under a tree.
o He has broken the glass.
o She will give me a pen.
o Will you see me tomorrow?
Intransitive Verb
†h verb Gi object (Kg©) †bB Zv‡K e‡j intransitive verb A_©vr hvi A_© cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ Kg© (Object) Gi
cÖ‡qvRb nq bv| Verb ‡K ÔKxÕ ev ÔKv‡KÕ Øviv cÖkœ K‡i hw` †Kvb object cvIqv bv hvq †mwUB Intransitive
verb ev AKg©K wµqv|
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. Mother laughs. ev‡K¨ laughs Kx‡mi D`vniY? ( াথদমক দবিযা঱য় ধ্ান দলক্ষক : ১ )
K. Transitive L. Intransitive
M. Both a and b N. neither ‘a’ nor ‘b’ DËi: L
e¨vL¨v : Mother laughs, He goes, I cried, you went, they eat etc. evK¨mg~‡ni verb ‡K ÔKxÕ ev
ÔKv‡KÕ Øviv cÖkœ K‡i hw` †Kvb object cvIqv bv hvq †mwUB Intransitive verb ev AKg©K wµqv| AviI
wKQz D`vniY
 A blind man can’t see.
 Your health will break down.
 Matador writes well.
 He who can’t earn can’t give
 He who doesn’t want to give, do not take.
 We shouldn’t hate but we sould love.
 The door opened automatically.
The Non-finite : Participles, Infinitives

‡h verb Øviv ev‡Kï mgvwß N‡U bv Ges †h
verb wU number, person, tense Abymv‡i
Intransitive
Non-finite
cwiewZ©Z nq bv, Zv‡K Non-finite verb verb
ev AmgvwcKv wµqv e‡j| †hgb Shamim Participle Infinitive Gerund
wants to read, Khairul came to
invite me to a dinner.
Participles
Participle refers to Adjective. It functions as adjective and verb in the sentence at the same time.
(Participle wb‡`©k K‡i Adjective ‡K| GwU GKwU ev‡K¨ GKB mv‡_ adjective Ges verb Gi KvR K‡i|)
Present Participle
01. A rolling stone gathers no moss. What ‘rolling’ is? [11Zg wewmGm; cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2018; cÖvK-
cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK cixÿv : 2016]
K. Gerund L. Verbal noun M. Adjective N. Participle DËi : N
e¨vL¨v : hw` verb Gi Present Form + ing ‡Kvb ev‡K¨ Article Ges noun Gi gv‡S e‡m noun ‡K modify
K‡i Ges Adjective Gi g‡Zv KvR K‡i, ZLb Zv‡K Participle (Present participle) ejv nq| evK¨wU‡Z
ÔrollÕ verb Gi mv‡_ ing hy³ n‡q stone Gi adjective wn‡m‡e f‚wgKv cvjb Ki‡Q|
Present participle Gi wKQz D`vniY

 The smiling girl is my neighbor.
 I saw a walking man.
Article + V-ing + Noun. Noun Gi c~‡e© verb + ing hy³ word wU‡K ejv nq participle
(adjective). Dc‡ii D`vniYwU †Lqvj K‡ib| man GKwU noun. GB noun c~‡e© e‡m‡Q walking
(verb + ing), hv GKwU participle (adjective).
 I saw the man walking.

Dc‡ii evK¨wUi Subject n‡jv I Ges Object n‡jv the man. wbqgvbymv‡i, Object Gi (verb + ing)
Form Avm‡j, Zv‡K Present Participle (Adjective) e‡j|
Types of
Participle
Present Past Perfect

Participle Participle Participle
g‡b ivLv Riæix

Present Participle Verb Gi Present Form + ing (AvPiY K‡i Adjective Gi gZ)
Past Participle Verb Gi Past Participle (AvPiY K‡i Adjective Gi gZ) (V1+-ed, -d, en, -t)
e¨vL¨v : e¨w³ ev person ‡K modify Ki‡j mvaviYZ past participle n‡e|
Perfect Participle Having + Verb Gi Past Participle Form.
e¨vL¨v : Having Gi ci verb এর past participle form hLb ev‡K¨ verb+ing Gi cwie‡Z© em‡j ZLb Zv‡K
ejv nq perfect participle.
Participle Phrase Verb (+ing) + phrase.
02. Suddenly finding himself alone, he became frightened. (cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK 2005)
K. Gerund L. Participle M. Noun N. None DËi : L
e¨vL¨v : Verb Gi Present Form + ing hw` Adverb Øviv modify nq, Zvn‡j ‡mwU‡KI Participle (Present
participle) ejv nq|
Present Participle/Gerund ???

Short-cut Tips
o wb‡Pi D`vniY `y‡Uv jÿ¨ Kiæb
a. I saw a walking man.
b. Walking stick is a device used to facilitate walking.
wb‡Pi Structure `y‡Uv †Lqvj Kiæb
 Noun + for + (Verb +ing) = Gerund
 Noun + is + (Verb +ing) = Participle
Ôa’ I Ôb’ bs D`vniY `yBwUi Noun (man & stick) Ges v-ing Form (walking) D‡jøwLZ cÖ_g
Structure wU‡Z emvb| Man for walking - evK¨wU mwVK ejv hvq bv| Stick for walking– evK¨wU‡K
mwVK a‡i †bqv hvq, KviY Stick eënvi Kiv nq Walking Gi Rb¨|
Ôa’ I Ôb’ bs D`vniY `yBwUi Noun (man & stick) Ges v-ing Form (walking) D‡jøwLZ wØZxq
Structure wU‡Z emvb| Man is walking - evK¨wU mwVK ejv hvq| Stick is walking– evK¨wU‡K mwVK
a‡i †bqv hvq bv, KviY Stick nvuU‡Z cv‡i bv|
hw` ev‡Kï verb-ing & noun ‡K Noun + for + (Verb +ing) -GB Structure G ewm‡q hw`
ev¯Íem¤§Z A_© cvIqv hvq, Zvn‡j noun Gi c~‡e©i ing hy³ verb wU‡K ejv nq Gerund.
hw` ev‡Kï verb-ing & noun ‡K Noun + is + Verb –ing -GB Structure G ewm‡q hw` ev¯Íem¤§Z
A_© cvIqv hvq, Zvn‡j noun Gi c~‡e©i ing hy³ verb wU‡K ejv nq Participle.
cÖkœ mgvavb
03. Education is enlightening. Here 'enlightening' is - (37th BCS)
K. Gerund L. Participle M. Preposition N. Adverb DËi : L
e¨vL¨v : Complement (ïay verb+ing iƒ‡c) wn‡m‡e noun/pronoun ‡K we‡kølY Ki‡j †Kej ZLbB Zv‡K
Present participle ejv nq| Ab¨_vq Gerund n‡e|
04. I joined a riding school. (Avwg Ak^v‡ivnb wkÿb we`¨vj‡q †hvM`vb Kijvg)| Here Ôriding’ is a –
K. Participle L. Gerund M. Infinitive N. None of these D : L
e¨vL¨v : Noun Gi c~‡e© verb + ing hy³ word wU‡K ejv nq participle (adjective). wKš‘ GLv‡b riding ‡K
Avgiv participle ej‡Z cviwQ bv| KviY-
GK, Noun + for + (Verb +ing) = Gerund GB Structure G ewm‡q hw` ev¯Íem¤§Z A_© cvB| Zvn‡j Zv‡K
Avgiv Gerund ewj| A_©vr A School for riding = ev¯Íem¤§Z A_© = Gerund.
`yB, w¯’i Ae¯’v ev KvR‡K ejv nq Gerund.
Past Participle
01. A retired officer lives next door. Here underlined word is – (38Zg wewmGm)
K. Gerund L. Participle M. Noun N. None DËi : L
e¨vL¨v : hw` ‡Kvb ev‡K¨ Verb Gi Past Participle Form (V1+-ed, -d, en, -t) Article Ges noun Gi gv‡S
e‡m noun ‡K modify K‡i A_©vr AvPiY K‡i Adjective Gi gZ, ZLb Zv‡K Past participle ejv nq|
02. He had his stories published. (‡m Zvi Mí¸‡jv Qvwc‡qwQj) Here underlined word is
K. Present Participle L. Past Participle M. Noun N. None DËi : L
03. I couldn’t mend the computer myself, so I ___ at a shop. (37Zg wewmGm)
K. had it mended L. had it mend M. did it mend N. had mended DËi: K
e¨vL¨v : Causative (have/has/had/get + e¯‘ + Past Participle)| ‡hgb Abeer had his car repaired.
(Avwei Zvi Mvwo †givgZ Kivj)|
04. Being disappointed, Salam quit this job. (mvjvg nZvk n‡q GB PvKzixwU †Q‡o w`j) Here
underlined word is
K. Present Participle L. Past Participle M. Noun N. None DËi : L
e¨vL¨v : Being + Past Participle. ‡hgb Being helped by the killer whales, the whales were able
to make a successful kill.
o If + Past Participle : If nominated, Ruma will win certainly in the election. (hw` g‡bvbqb †`qv nq,
iægv wbwðZfv‡e wbe©vP‡b wRZ‡e)
Perfect Participle
01. Having finished the call, he went back to work. (KjwU †kl Kivi ci †m Kv‡R wd‡i ‡Mj|)
K. Present Participle L. Past Participle M. Perfect Participle N. Noun DËi: M
e¨vL¨v : Having Gi Verb Gi Past Participle Form Avm‡j Zv‡K Perfect Participle e‡j| †hgb
Having read the novel, I had my lunch. (Dcb¨vmwU cov †kl K‡i Avwg `ycy‡ii Lvevi †Ljvg|)
Gerund
02. Reading is an excellent habit. Here the underlined word is a (38Zg wewmGm)
K. Participle L. Gerund M. Noun N. Verb DËi: L
e¨vL¨v : Gerund nevi 06 (Qq) wU Dcvq i‡q‡Q| Dcvq 06 (Qq) wU †Lqvj Kiæb
 Verb + ing (GwU‡K verbal noun ejv nq) Running is good for your heart.
 Subject Gi object wn‡m‡e eëüZ nq He hates waking up early.
 Subject Gi complement wn‡m‡e eëüZ nq What I hate most is repeating myself.
 Object Gi complement wn‡m‡e eëüZ nq I saw Jim riding his bike.
 Object of a preposition wn‡m‡e eëüZ nq I am interested in improving myself.
 Object of possessive pronoun wn‡m‡e eëüZ nq She doesn’t like your bossing her around.
Reading is an excellent habit (cov GKwU fvj/PgrKvi ¸Y)| cÖ_g wbqgwU Abymv‡i, hLb †Kvb verb Gi mv‡_ ing
hy³ n‡q bZzb GKwU kã •Zwi nq Ges Zv GKB mv‡_ verb I noun Gi KvR K‡i ZLb Zv‡K gerund e‡j|
mZK©xKiY : cv_©K¨ †R‡b wbb

(Present Continuous Tense vs Gerund)
01. o
You are learning English. (Present continuous tense)
o Learning English isn’t easy. (Gerund)
02. o They are working all day. (Present continuous tense)
o Working all day is tiring. (Gerund)
03.  I like reading. (Gerund)
 Reading is important for learning English. (cÖ_gwU Verb + ing & wØZxqwU Object of a preposition)
 I am reading. (Present continuous tense)
04. o She is visiting her friends this weekend. (Present continuous tense)
o She enjoys visiting her friends. (Gerund)
05. o They are working all day. (Present continuous tense)
o Working all day is exhausting. (cÖ_gwU Gerund & wØZxqwU Present Participle)
10 Common verbs followed by Gerunds

01. The family doesn't feel ____ going outing this season. (37Zg wewmGm)
K. in L. on M. like N. of DËi : M
e¨vL¨v : 10wU verb i‡q‡Q †h¸‡jvi ci gerund e‡m, infinitive nq bv| h_v
 Avoid I try to avoid arguing.
 Finish I finished reading.
 Be worth It’s worth seeing.
 Consider We considered leaving party early.
 Discuss You always discuss making changes.
 Dislike I really dislike being interrupted.
 Dread He dreads going to the gum.
 Enjoy They enjoy jogging together.
 Miss I miss seeing my friends.
 Feel like I feel like traveling.
02. Which one of the following is the example of verbal noun? (_vbv wkÿv Awdmvi 96)
K. Writing a good letter is difficult
L. The writing of a good letter is difficult
M. Good letter writing is difficult
N. It is very difficult to write a good letter DËi : L
e¨vL¨v : The + v-ing + of + extension = verbal noun (v-ing form)/Gerund.
03. The loss of animals and birds has posed a threat to our environment by____ the
ecological balance.
K. destroying L. destroy M. destroyed N. none DËi: K
e¨vL¨v : ev‡K¨ without/by Gi ci verb Avm‡j Zv gerund (v-ing) nq| †hgb Kobir went away without
taking gift. (Kwei wMdU bv wb‡qB P‡j †Mj)|
Look forward to, object to, addicted to, get used to, accustomed to, opposed to cÖf…wZ phrase Gi
ci v-ing nq| †hgb
 Salman felt uncomfortably full, as he was not accustomed to eating so much. (mvjgvb
fxlY A¯^w¯Í‡eva KiwQj, KviY †m GZ LvIqvq Af¨¯Í wQj bv|
 I am looking forward to going to the sea beach next week. (Avwg AvMvgx mßv‡n mgy`ª•mK‡Z
hvw”Q)|
 He is addicted to taking phensedyl. (‡m ‡dwÝwW‡j Avm³)|
 I am opposed to increasing VAT. (Avwg f¨vU evov‡bvi we‡ivax)|
 I object to being charged for parking here. (GLv‡b cvwK©s Kivi Rb¨ Rwigvbv Kivq Kivq Avwg
AvcwË KiwQ)|
Infinitive
o It is not the main verb in the Infinitive = to + Verb’s Base Form

sentence. (GwU ev‡K¨ g~j verb
bq) Subject Object
05 uses
o It doesn’t change as per of
tense, number or person. Subject Adjective
Complement Infinitiv
(GwU tense, number A_ev
es
person †f‡` cwiewZ©Z nq bv) Adverb
ev‡K¨ Infinitive Gi eënvi
Subject wn‡m‡e  To do the right thing is not easy.
 To learn a new language is helpful.
 It’s not easy to do the right thing.
Object wn‡m‡e  I want to help you.
 They love to travel.
Subject  Her job is to assist you.
Complement wn‡m‡e  My dream is to open a business.
Adjective wn‡m‡e  I told you to wait.
 He wants me to leave.
 I have no time to eat.
Adverb wn‡m‡e  We must study to learn.
 I want to learn to sing.
 She reads to gain knowledge.
Common verbs followed by infinitives

Like She likes to talk/talking. Plan We are planning to visit Europe.
Enjoy She enjoys to talk/talking. Decide She has decided to quit.
Want They want to expand the company. Choose Ruma choose to stay at home.
Hope I hope to see you there. Promise He promised to come on time.
Agree They agreed to make the deal. Need I need to go to the bank.
wb‡¤œ D‡jøwLZ verb ¸‡jvi ci †Kvb verb em‡j †mwU memgq infinitive (to+verb) nq।
desire especct pretend wish attempt strive learn prepare
intend fail hesitate offer tend forget refuse seem
Bare Infinitive
Infinitive = to + verb
Bare infinitive = the infinitive form of a verb without the word ÔtoÕ.
ev‡K¨ Bare Infinitive Gi eënvi
After modals  You should tell her how you feel.
(can, will, could, may, might, must  I must visit my mother.
etc,)  You can do the work
After certain verbs  I saw them steal the car.
(see, hear, feel watch etc)  I heard you close the window.
 We don’t let the children stay up late.
After Ôand’ Ôor’ Ôexcept’, Ôbut’ ÔthanÕ,  Do you want to come with me or stay at home?
ÔasÕ, ÔlikeÕ  She can do everything but cook.
 She did nothing except cry.
After why or why not  Why not try doing it yourself.
After rather, better, had better  You had better visit him.
 I would rather wait.
Linking Verb
hLb †Kvb verb sentence G complement wn‡m‡e eëüZ Adjective/Noun ‡K subject Gi mv‡_
m¤úK©hy³ K‡i, ZLb Zv‡K Linking verb e‡j| G †ÿ‡Î subject I complement GKB e¨w³ ev e¯‘‡K
wb‡`©k K‡i| †hgb
Subject
 Fried fish smells delicious. wKQz Linking verb Gi D`vniY
Complement
Subject Be verb (am, is, are, was, were. been) appear
 He became a doctor. become fall get feel
Complement remain grow run turn
Subject
 Honey tastes sweet. taste sound smell act
Complement stay continue
Subject Complement
 The woman went mad.
could not help/cannot help, be + used to, get used to, worth, mind, with a view to, be
addicted to, prefer cÖf…wZi c‡i verb -Gi m‡½ Òing” ‡hvM nq| wb‡Pi D`vniY¸‡jv jÿ¨ Kiæb
 We cannot help laughing Avgiv bv †n‡m cvwi bv|
 I was used to walking here Avwg GLv‡b nvuU‡Z Af¨¯Í wQjvg|
 He got used to smoking ‡m a~gcvb Ki‡Z Af¨¯Í wQj|
 The book is worth reading eBwU covi g‡Zv|
 I went there with a view to seeing you Avwg †Zvgvi mv‡_ †`Lv Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨ †mLv‡b wM‡qwQjvg
 I prefer playing to running Avwg †`․ov‡bvi †P‡q †Lj‡Z †ewk cQ›` Kwi|
Causative Verb
Causative verb Gi A_© n‡jv cÖ‡hvRK wµqv| A_©vr †Kv‡bv KvR wb‡R bv K‡i Ab¨‡K w`‡q KvRUv Kiv‡bvB
†ÿ‡Î †h verb eënvi Kiv nq, Zv‡KB ejv nq Causative verb. ‡hgb- gv Zvui wkï‡K Pvu` †`Lv‡”Qb| wKQz
Causative verb Gi D`vniY-
Verb Causative verb Verb Causative verb
Know (Rvbv) Inform (Rvbv‡bv) See (†`Lv) Show (‡`Lv‡bv)
Remember (g‡b Kiv) Remind (g‡b Kiv‡bv) Dive (Wze †`qv) Dip (Wzev‡bv)
Drink (cvb Kiv) Drench (cvb Kiv‡bv) Rise (IVv) Raise (IVv‡bv)
Lie (ï‡q cov) Lay (ï‡q civ‡bv)
‡hme verb Gi Causative verb nq bv †mme verb Gi Causative verb Kivi Rb¨ Make, get, have,
let Ges help GB verb ¸‡jv eënvi Kiv nq|
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. The invigilator made us..........our identity card at the test centre. [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2018]
K. to show L. showing M. show N. showed DËi : M
e¨vL¨v : Subject + make/made + e¨w³/e¯‘ + verb Gi Base form. ‡hgb-
 I made him do the work (Avwg Zv‡K w`‡q KvRUv Kwi‡qwQjvg),
 The dog made the cat climb the tree quickly. (KzKziwU weovjwU‡K `ªæZ Mv‡Q DV‡Z eva¨ Kij|)
02. He didn’t let me_____ a guiter.
K. play L. to play M. playing N. played DËi : K
e¨vL¨v : Let Øviv KvD‡K AbygwZ †`qv ev Ki‡Z †`qv eySvq| MVb- Subject + let + e¨w³/e¯‘ + verb Gi base
form + extension. ‡hgb- Our boss let us leave the meeting early. (Avgv‡ì em Avgv‡ì‡K Rjw` Rjw`
mfv Z¨vM Kivi AbygwZ w`‡jb)|
03. These stories always help him _________ better.
K. sleep L. to sleep M. sleeping N. slept DËi : K
e¨vL¨v : Subject + help + e¨w³/e¯‘ + verb Gi Base form. ‡hgb- These stories always help him
sleep better. (GB Mí¸‡jv memgq Zv‡K Av‡iv fvj Nygv‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i)|
AviI wKQz ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wbqg-

o Sub + get/got + e¨w³ + to + verb Gi base form
o Sub + get/got/ + e¯‘ + V3
o Sub + have/has/had + e¨w³ + verb Gi base form
o Sub + have/has/had + e¨w³ + V3
Phrasal verb
Intransitive verb Gi Av‡M ev c‡i preposition ev adverb hy³ n‡q †h me compound verb MwVZ nq
Ges transitive verb wn‡m‡e eëüZ nq, Zv‡ì‡K prepositional verb ev phrasal verb ev group
verb ejv nq| †hgb
 I died for the country.
 Do not run into debt.
Act
Act for— On behalf of, পমক্ষ কাজ করা Act up to— Act according to, আলানুরূপ কাজ করা
Act on/upon— Depend on, চকান দকছু অনু঴ামর Act under— In obedience to, Av‡`k Abymv‡i KvR
কাজ করা Kiv|
Bear, Break, Bring
Bear off/away— win (জয় কমর চনয়া) Break out— Suddenly start ( ারৃর্িাব ঘটা)
Bear on— Related to (঴ম্বন্ধ যুি ঵ওয়া) Break through— A sudden discovery (nVvr mvdj¨)
Bear out— Confirm, Support (঴মথিন করা) Break up— Close (চল঳ ঵ওয়া)
Bear with— tolerate (঴হ্য করা) Break into— Enter by force (‡f‡½ cÖ‡ek Kiv),
Blow away— Move by wind, উদিময় দনময় যাওয়া †f‡½ UzK‡iv UzK‡iv Kiv|
Blow off— Emit (দনগিত্ করা) Bring about— Cause to happen (ঘটামনা)
Break away— Get away (চর্মে চবর করা) Bring forth— Produce (উৎপন্ন করা)
Break down— Decline (চর্মঙ পিা) Bring in— Yield, Get paid (‡Ìqv)
Break in— Interrupt (evav †Ìqv) Bring up— Rear (঱া঱ন–পা঱ন করা)
Blessed with— Avkxe©v`cyó| He blessed with a son. [cªv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 19]
Brust
Brust into tears— nVvr Kvbœvq †f‡½ cov Brust out— Suddenly say sth loudly (‡d‡U cov)
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. The Second World War broke ______ in September, 1939. (24Zg wewmGm evwZj)
K. through L. away M. out N. in DËi : M
e¨vL¨v : Break through Force a path (‡Rvi K‡i miv‡bv), Break away Get away (চর্মে চবর করা),
Break out Suddenly start ( ারৃর্িাব ঘটা), Break in Interrupt (evav †Ìqv)|
03. He broke the jug ......... a hundred piece. Use appropriate preposition to fill in the gap.
K. to L. in M. into N. with DËi : M
e¨vL¨v : Appropriate preposition Ôbreak intoÕ A_© n‡jv— †f‡½ UzK‡iv UzK‡iv Kiv|
02. His health has_______ because of hard labour. [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK-02]
K. broken down L. broken up M. broken out N. broken into DËi : K
e¨vL¨v : Break down— Decline (‡f‡½ cov)| evK¨wUi A_©—K‡Vvi cwikÖ‡gi Kvi‡Y Zvi ¯^v‡¯’¨ AebwZ n‡q‡Q|
03. Hard labour has _________ him. [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK-95]
K. broken down L. broken up M. broken out N. broken into DËi : K
04. It’s impolite to break _______ when someone else is talking. [kÖg cwiPvjK-06]
K. in L. on M. into N. off DËi : K
e¨vL¨v : Break in— Interrupt (evav †Ìqv)
05. The tree has been blown ______by the the strong wind. (26Zg I 31Zg wewmGm)
K. away L. up M. off N. out DËi: K
e¨vL¨v : Blow away move by wind (Dwo‡q wb‡q hvIqv), Blow up Destroy by explosion (we‡ùviY
Øviv Dwo‡q †Ìqv), Blow off (emit, wbM©Z Kiv), Blow out Extinguish (wbfv‡bv)|
06. The lights have been blown____by the strong wind. (21Zg wewmGm)
K. out L. away M. up N. off DËi: K
Call
Call at— Visit in a place (চকান স্থামন দগময় চিখা করা) Call for— Demand (চাওয়া)
Call in— Summon (‡W‡K cvVv‡bv) Call off— Cancel ( ত্যা঵ার করা)
Call on/upon— Meet (চিখা করা) Call out— Shout (wPrKvi Kiv)
Call up— Remember (স্ভরণ করা)
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. The ambassador called _________ the president. [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (Z…Zxq ch©vq) : 2019]
K. in L. upon M. off N. out DËi: L
e¨vL¨v : call upon/on— Kv‡iv mv‡_ †`Lv Kiv| evK¨wUi A_©— ivóª`~Z ivócwZi mv‡_ †`Lv Ki‡jb|
02. He called _________ me yesterday. (kÖg I Kg©ms¯’vb gš¿Yvj‡q mnKvix cÖavb cwi`k©K 09)
K. at L. on M. with N. to DËi: L
03. If the raining continues, we shall have to call off the game. (AvBb wePvi I msm` welqK gš¿Yvj‡qi mve-
‡iwR÷ªvi- 12)
K. enjoy L. watch M. continue N. cancel DËi : N
04. He was asked him to___a doctor. cwievi Kj¨vY cwi`wk©Kv cÖwkÿYv_©x- 15
K. Call out L. Call for M. Call in N. Call on DËi : M
e¨vL¨v : Call in ‡W‡K cvVv‡bv| evK¨wUi A_©— Zv‡K Wv³vi WvK‡Z ejv n‡jv|
05. They had to call _____ the match as the ground was wet. (29Zg wewmGm)
K. on L. off M. in N. up DËi: L
e¨vL¨v : Call on Meet (চিখা করা), Cancel ( ত্যা঵ার করা), Summon (‡W‡K cvVv‡bv), Call up
Remember (স্ভরণ করা)
Carry, Cast, Come

Carry on— Continue (Pvwj‡q hvIqv) Cast aside— Throw away (ছুুঁমি চি঱া, বাি চিয়া)
Carry out— Execute, Obey (cvjb Kiv) Cast off— Dispose of (cwiZ¨³, SwiZ)
Come after— Follow (দপছমন ত্ািা করা) Come away— Come death to (খুম঱ যাওয়া)
Come by— Obtain (পাওয়া) Come of— To be born (জন্মগ্র঵ণ করা/উদ্ভূত্ ঵ওয়া)
Come off— Take place (অনুদিত্ ঵ওয়া) Come out— Became visible ( কাদলত্ ঵ওয়া)
Come on— Hurry up (দ্রুত্ চ঱া) Come round— Recover (সুস্থ ঵ওয়া)
Come across— meet by chance (nVvr †`Lv nIqv) Come from— চকান স্থান চথমক আ঴া
Cut down— Abridged, Reduce (কাটা, হ্রা঴ করা) Cut out— Remove (চ঴বািান বন্ধ করা)
Cut off— Separate, Die (দবদিন্ন করা, মারা যাওয়া)
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. Instead of ÔContinue’ we can say Carry on. (mnKvix ivR¯^ Kg©KZ©v 15)
K. Carry on L. Carry out M. Carry off N. Carry away DËi : K
02. Complete the sentence: Trees have ______off their leaves. [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2019]
K. thrown L. fallen M. cast N. put DËi : M
e¨vL¨v : Cast off Dispose of
03. The patient will ______ soon. 10g wkÿK wbeÜb (¯‹zj) 14
K. come in L. come off M. Come round N. come by DËi : M
04. The second anniversary celebration of our college will be held on December, 15 (14Zg
wewmGm)
K. takes off L. will bring about
M. comes off N. will come round DËi : M
e¨vL¨v : Come off – take place, happen (m¤úbœ Kiv)|
05. When I saw the gardener, he..........tree. [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2018]
K. is cutting L. will be cutting down
M. was cutting down N. cut down DËi : M
e¨vL¨v : When Øviv hy³ cÖ_g clause wU past indefinite tense n‡j second clause wU past continuous
tense n‡e| myZivs k~b¨¯’v‡b was cutting down. Cut down— Abridged, Reduce (কাটা, হ্রা঴ করা)|
Do, Die
Do up— অত্যন্ত ক্লান্ত, আটমক থাকা Do without— চকানদকছু ছািা চ঱া
Dwell on/upon— দচন্তা করা/বা঴ করা Do away with— evwZj Kiv, we‡jvc Kiv|
Die by `yN©Ubv, AvZ¥nZ¨v, mwnsmZvq gviv hvIqv Die in hy‡×, `wi`ªZvq, Ny‡gi g‡a¨, kvwšÍ‡Z gviv hvIqv
Die from AwZwi³ †Kvb wKQz Kiv, ÿZ, AvNvZ RLg cÖf…wZ Kvi‡Y gviv hvIqv
Die for— ‡`‡ki Rb¨ ev fvj Kvi‡Y g„ZzëiY Kiv die of— ‡ivM, ÿzav, Z…òv ev Amy¯’Zvq gviv hvIqv
die off— G‡Ki ci GK gviv hvIqv die on— we‡kl w`‡b/ dvuwm‡Z gviv hvIqv
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. He died ........ his country. Fill in the gap with appropriate preposition. [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK
(Ki‡Zvqv) : 2012]
K. in L. on M. to N. for DËi: N
01. He died___poison. (38Zg wewmGm gvbwmK `ÿZv)
K. in L. by M. with N. into DËi: L
e¨vL¨v : Die by `yN©Ubv, AvZ¥nZ¨v, mwnsmZvq gviv hvIqv (accident, suicide, poison, hanging/violence),
Die in hy‡×, `wi`ªZvq, Ny‡gi g‡a¨, kvwšÍ‡Z (in battle, in poverty, in sleep, in peace)
02. The man died ____over eating. (25Zg wewmGm)
K. by L. of M. for N. from DËi: N
End, Fall
End in smoke— বযথি Ended in fiasco— ঴ম্পূণরূ ি মপ বযথি
Every now and then— ায়ই Fall back— দপছু ঵টা
Fall down— পমি যাওয়া Fall from— ক্ষমত্াচুযত্ ঵ওয়া, †ei nIqv
Fall in with— ঴ম্মত্ ঵ওয়া Fall into— ঝামম঱ায় পিা
Fall in— ঴াদরবদ্ধ ঵ওয়া Fall off— ঝমি পিা/‡Kvb wKQzi Dci †_‡K cov
Fall on— ন্যস্ত ঵ওয়া /আক্রমণ করা Fall through— দনস্ফ঱ ঵ওয়া
Few and far between— very rarely For good— দচরত্মর
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. Not a word fell ________his lips. (Zvi gyL †_‡K GKwU K_vI †ei n‡jvbv)| [wcGmwmi mnKvix cwiPvjK 04]
K. at L. of M. through N. from DËi : N
e¨vL¨v : Fall from (‡ei nIqv, Come out)| evK¨wUi A_©— Zvi gyL †_‡K GKwU K_vI †ei n‡jvbv|
02. He fell ________ his bike. [cwi‡ek Awa`ß‡ii wdì Bb‡fw÷‡MUi : 06]
K. upon L. from M. of N. off DËi : N
e¨vL¨v : Fall off— ঝমি পিা/‡Kvb wKQzi Dci †_‡K cov| evK¨wUi A_©©— †m Zvi evBK †_‡K c‡o †Mj|
03. The fell ________ retreating army and routed them. [mgvRKj¨vY gš¿Yvj‡q DcmnKix cwiPvjK 05]
K. on L. from M. of N. off DËi : K
Get, Give, Go
Get along— Manage, survive (চা঱ামনা) Get away— Hurried departure (পা঱ামনা)
Get back— Recover (D×vi Kiv) Get by— Pass (cvk w`‡q hvIqv)
Get down— Descend, Climb down (নামা) Get into— চ াকা, দমমল যাওয়া
Get in— Arrive (Dcw¯’Z nIqv) Get off— Exit, Leave (P‡j hvIqv)
Get about— ঘুমর চবিামনা Get over— Overcome (‡ivM/wec` KvwU‡q IVv)
Go through— পাঠ করা, পিা Go after— অনু঴রণ করা
Go along— চমমন চনয়া Go away— Leave the place (P‡j hvIqv)
Go back on— চখ঱াপ করা Go by— অদত্ক্রান্ত ঵ওয়া
Go down— অস্ত যাওয়া, হ্রা঴ পাওয়া Go for— আনমত্ যাওয়া
Go in for— পরীক্ষা চিয়া Go off— দবমস্ফাদরত্ ঵ওয়া
Go on— চাদ঱ময় যাওয়া Go round— চক্রাকামর চঘারা
Go out— wb‡f hvIqv Go without— live without (Afv‡e KvUv‡bv)
Give up— ত্যাগ করা, চছমি চিয়া Give away— distribute (weZiY Kiv, `vb Kiv)
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. Instead of Ôdistribute’ we can say— (cjøx we`y¨Zvqb †evW© mnKvix cwiPvjK 13)
K. give out L. give up M. give away N. give over DËi : N
02. Instead of Ôabandon’ we can say— . (cjøx we`y¨Zvqb †evW© mnKvix cwiPvjK 13)
K. give out L. give up M. give away N. give over DËi : N
03. Instead of Ôread’ we can say— (MYgva¨g Bbw÷wUD‡Ui mnKvix cwiPvjK-03)
K. go through L. go in for M. go round N. Go off DËi : K
04. Hardly had he entered the room than the electricity went out.
K. give out L. go out M. give away N. none DËi : L
05. What you make a promise, you must not _____ it.
K. give out L. go back on M. give away N. none DËi : L
06. In spite of my request, he did not _____(22Zg wewmGm)
K. give in L. fall in M. get off N. give forth DËi: K
e¨vL¨v : Give in Avgvi Aby‡iva m‡Ë¡I †m nvj Qv‡owb/bwZ ¯^xKvi K‡iwb| Fall in with (HK¨gZ nIqv) – The
opposition failed to fall in with the ruling party (we‡ivax `j ÿgZvmxb‡ì mv‡_ GKgZ n‡Z e¨_© n‡q‡Q)|
Get off cjvqb Kiv|
07. I went______ great sufferings. [8g cÖfvlK wbeÜb : 2012]
K. on L. for M. through N. with DËi : M
Hand, Let, Look
Hand over— চঘারামিরা করা Hang back— Lag behind (cðvrc` nIqv)
Hang on— কামরা ওপর দনর্ির করা Let down— ঵ত্াল করা
Look after— চিখারৄনা করা Look at— ত্াকামনা
Look for— চখাুঁজা Look into— ত্িন্ত করা
Look on— মমন করা Look about— চখাুঁজ করা
Look out— বাইমর ত্াকামনা Look through— h‡Zœi mv‡_ cixÿv Kiv
Look to— মমনামযাগী ঵ওয়া Look up to— ঴ম্মান করা
Look up— ‡Kvb wKQz Lyu‡R †ei Kiv Look forward— expect with pleasure
o Look out ! (mZK© nIqv) Time and tide waits for none.
o Instead of ÔLook over’ (cixÿv Kiv) we can say examine closely.
o Look down on/upon to hate (AeÁ Kiv/‡QvU Kiv)
o Some sponges look like (resemble m`„k) plants.
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. The police is looking _____ the case. (26Zg wewmGm)
K. into L. after M. up N. on DËi: K
e¨vL¨v : Look into The police look into (Z`šÍ Kiv) the case; Look after ‡`Lv‡kvbv Kiv; Look
up ‡Kvb wKQz Lyu‡R †ei Kiv|
02. ÔLook over’ means – [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (Z…Zxq ch©vq) : 2020]
K. neglect L. choose M. ignore N. examine closely DËi: N
e¨vL¨v : ‘Look over’ phrasal verb Gi A_© n‡”Q examine closely. Ab¨w`‡K Neglect A_© Ae‡njv Kiv,
choose A_© wbe©vPb Kiv Ges ignore A_© Dc‡ÿv Kiv|
03. ÔLook after’ means to--.[cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (Z…Zxq ch©vq) : 2020]
K. follow L. try again M. take care N. look at DËi: M
04. Can you look _______ a word in your dictionary? [15Zg wewmGm (wjwLZ)]
K. into L. after M. up N. on DËi: M
Make
Make off— পাদ঱ময় যাওয়া Make of— চর্মে চি঱া, চ঱খা, িমন করা
Make over— অপিণ করা Make out— চবাঝা
Make up of— গদঠত্ ঵ওয়া Make up— ক্ষদত্পূরণ চিয়া
o I can’t make out (eyS‡Z cviv) what you say.
o Glass is made from (make from ‣Zwi Kiv) sand.
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. The team is ______ eleven players. (24Zg wewmGm evwZj)
K. made of L. made up of M. made up N. made DËi: L
e¨vL¨v : make of Compose of (‣Zwi Kiv) & make from ‣Zwi Kiv| make up & make from Gi
g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ n‡jv GKwU‡Z †evSv hvq †Kvb e¯‘ †_‡K •Zwi Kiv n‡q‡Q Ab¨wU‡Z †evSv hvq bv| †hgb The chair is
made of wood (‡Pqvi †h Kv‡Vi •Zwi Zv mn‡RB †evSv hvq), Paper is made from wood (KvMR †h KvV w`‡q
•Zwi Zv ‡`‡LB †evSv hvq bv); Make up of wfbœ wfbœ †Kvb wKQz mgev‡q MwVZ GKK wKQz| †hgb: The team is
made of eleven members. Make up – Prepare, arrange something. ‡hgb : You should stay the
night- I will make up a bed for you.
02. I cannot ______ what you say. [miKvwi gva¨wgK mnKvix wkÿK : 2019]
K. made of L. made in M. make out N. take out DËi: M
03. Glass is made _______ sand?
K. from L. by M. through N. of DËi: K
Put
Put away— ঴দরময় রাখা Put down— চর্মে চি঱া, িমন করা
Put forward— উত্থাপন করা Put off— চখা঱া, স্থদগত্ করা
Put on— পদরধ্ান করা Put out*— Extinguish (wbwf‡q †djv)
Put together— একত্র করা Put to— িণ্ড চিয়া
Put up to— খারাপ কামজ মরাদচত্ করা Put up with— Tolerate, suffer (঴হ্য করা)
Put up— A¯’vqxfv‡e †Kv_vI _vKv Put faith in— wek^vm ivLv
Pass for— appear to be [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK: 2019]
o Where do you put up? (Zzwg †Kv_vq _vK?)
o When they had their first child, they put aside (mÂq K‡i ivLv) sum for his children.
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. Ôpass away’ means— [cªv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 19; 33Zg wewmGm]
K. disappear L. die M. erase N. to cross DËi : L
e¨vL¨v : Pass away Gi A_© n‡”Q gviv hvIqv ev die. Disappear A_© A`„k¨ nIqv, erase A_© gy‡Q †djv, to cross
A_© AwZµg Kiv
02. It is too difficult to ‘tolerate’ bad temper for long. ___ which of the following phrases
best ‘tolerate’ in the above sentence. (13Zg wewmGm)
K. come up with L. will bring about
M. put up with N. pull on with DËi: M
e¨vL¨v : Come up be equal to (mgvb nIqv), Bring about Cause ot happen (NUv‡bv), put up
with tolerate (mn¨ Kiv)|
03. While living in poverty, the poet had to ____ a great deal of sufferings. (31Zg wewmGm)
K. see through L. put up with
M. pass by N. fall back DËi: L
e¨vL¨v : `vwi‡`ªï Kvi‡Y Kwe‡K A‡bK `ytL-Kó mn¨ Ki‡Z (Put up with) n‡qwQj| See through
transparent, understand; Pass by Disregard, pay no attention to (AeÁv&, D‡cÿv); fall back
move or turn back (cÖZ¨vnvi Kiv, wcQz nVv)|
04. I cannot put faith – him. evK¨wUi k~b¨¯’v‡b mwVK kã em‡e- [‡iwR÷vW© cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (wkDwj) : 2012]
K. in L. on M. at N. upon DËi: K
Run
Run about— এদিক- চ঴দিক চিৌিামিৌদি Run down— ছুদটয়া ধ্রা
Run into— To be involve into (RwoZ, cwZZ) He ran into debt.
Run out— িুদরময় যাওয়া/‡kl nIqv Run over— দপষ্ট ঵ওয়া
Run through— চর্ি করা Run upon— ধ্াক্কা খাওয়া
o If the supplies run out (‡kl nIqv), man may have to fall back on horse.
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. The man was run _____ by a car. [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK- 1990]
K. in L. over M. into N. upon DËi: L
See, Set, Stand
See off— Say goodbye to (we`vq Rvbv‡bv) Set about— রৄরু করা
Set down— চ঱খা, নামামনা Set in— রৄরু ঵ওয়া
Set out— যাত্রা রৄরু করা, ছদিময় চিয়া Set up— Establish (¯’vcb Kiv)
Stand against— Oppose (evuav †`qv) Stand aside— ঴মর িাুঁিামনা
Stand by— পামল িাুঁিামনা Stand off— িূমর থাকা
Stand up for— পক্ষ ঴মথিন করা Set upon— AvµgY (To attack)
o Do not stand against the force of time.
01. We shall establish a college very soon. Which indicates the word Ôestablish’? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq
mnKvix wkÿK : 03]
K. put up L. set out M. put down N. set up DËi: N
Take
Take after— Look like (চিখমত্ একরকম ঵ওয়া) Take away— ঴দরময় চনয়া
Take down— চ঱খা Take for— মমন করা
Take over— D‡ë hvIqv Take to Engage— (wbhy³ nIqv)
Tell upon— ক্ষদত্ করা Turn over— উল্টামনা
Turn up Arrive— (nvwRi nIqv)
o The plane couldn’t took off (take off DÇq‡bi Rb¨ f~wg Z¨vM Kiv) because of the dense fog.
o He turned in (submit Rgv †`qv) his paperwork to the main office.
o Due to some internal conflict the Director turned down (cÖZ¨vLvb Kiv) the proposal submitted
by the Marketing Manager.
The candidate turned up at the interview.
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. ‘To do away with’ means (36Zg wewmGm)
K. to repeat L. to start M. to get rid of N. to drive off DËi: M
e¨vL¨v : To do away with To get rid of (gy³ Kiv ev nIqv)| Gi Ab¨ Av‡iKwU A_© evwZj Kiv/we‡jvc Kiv
(Stop using something)
02. The captain left the boat, because it ____ (23Zg wewmGm)
K. turned down L. turned bottom
M. turned up N. turned over DËi : N
e¨vL¨v : †b․KvwU D‡ë hvIqvq (turned over) K¨v‡Þb †b․Kv Z¨vM K‡iwQj| Turn down Reject, Refuse to
consider (cÖZ¨vLvb Kiv)| Turn up Arrive (Dcw¯’Z nIqv)|
03. Smoking tells upon our body. Here Ôtell upon’ means— [10g wkÿK wbeÜb (¯‹zj/mgch©vq) : 14]
K. benefits L. harms M. indicates N. strengthens DËi : L
Adjective
 An Adjective is a word used to qualify a noun or a pronoun. (-J.C Nesfield)
 ‡h word Øviv noun ev pronoun Gi †`vl, ¸Y, Ae¯’v, msL¨v ev cwigvY‡K †evSvq Zv‡K Adjective e‡j|
 Adjective ‡K ejv nq— modifying/qualifying word.
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. An adjective qualifies (wewfbœ gš¿Yvj‡qi mnKvix ‡cÖvMÖvgvi)
K. Preposition L. Noun M. Adverb N. Pronoun DËi: L
02. She is a beautiful lady. Here ‘beautiful’ is a/an – [mve-‡iwR÷ªvi wb‡qvM cixÿv- 1992]
K. Adjective L. Adverb M. Noun N. Pronoun DËi: K
e¨vL¨v : hw` †Kvb kã noun ‡K modify K‡i Zv‡K adjective e‡j| GwU‡K adjective এর attributive use
ejv nq| †hgb: He is a good (adj) boy (noun).
o ‡R‡b ivLyb : attribute A_© ÔÔAv‡ivc KivÕÕ ev †Kvb wKQz †hgb †evSv, •ewkó¨, †`vl Ab¨ wKQzi Dci Pvcv‡bv|
03. Still waters run deep. GLv‡b ‘Still’ kãwU— [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (cÙv) : 2009]
K. Noun L. Pronoun M. Adjective N. Adverb DËi : M
e¨vL¨v: Still kãwU noun (water) ‡K modify K‡i‡Q| ZvB still GKwU adjective.
04. He sleeps a sound sleep GLv‡b ‘sound’ kãwU— [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (kvcjv) : 2009]
K. Noun L. Pronoun M. Adjective N. Adverb DËi: M
e¨vL¨v: Sound kãwU noun (sleep) ‡K modify K‡i‡Q| ZvB sleep GKwU adjective.
05. This is a book of English language. (Z_¨ gš¿Yvj‡qi Aaxb †Uwjwfkb cÖ‡KŠkjx 04)
K. Adjective L. Verbal noun M. Noun N. Adverb DËi : K
e¨vL¨v : hw` †Kvb noun Ab¨ Av‡iKwU noun ‡K modify K‡i Zvn‡j Zv‡K adjective wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv nq|
†hgb Inception is a book of English Language.
06. This is his pen. What kind of adjective Ôhis’ is
K. Distributive adjective L. Demonstrative adjective
M. Possessive adjective N. Indefinite adjective DËi: M
e¨vL¨v : চকান pronoun যদি noun এর পূমবি বম঴ noun চক modify কমর ত্া঵ম঱ ত্ামক ব঱া ঵য় adjective. wb‡Pi
D`vniYmg~n †`Lyb
Possessive Adjective This is my book.
This is his car.
Demonstrative Adjective This book is red.
She was one of those people who are forever worried about money.
Indefinite Adjective Any boy can do this.
He is a man of few words.
Interrogative/Relative Whose book do you want?
Adjective Which pen have you bought?
Distributive Adjective Each boy got a prize.
Every man is potential.
I shall support neither party.
Neither report is true.
07. He actually wanted to have motherly affection from her. [noun+ly= adjective]
e¨vL¨v : wKQz wKQz Noun Av‡Q, hvi mv‡_ ly ‡hvM n‡j Adjective ejv nq| Z‡e wKQz wKQz Adjective ‡Pbv hvq
Suffix ‡`‡L|
al National, legal ian, an Indian, American
ic Historic, economic en Golden, wooden
ical Historical able Drinkable, movable
ish Turkish, childish ful Beautiful, hopeful
istic Fantastic, optimistic less Fearless, helpless
ive Active, attractive ly Friendly, namely, heavenly, homely
ed Learned, talented, Unparalleled ous Envious, studious, Joyous.
08. ‘Envy’ kãwUi Adjective n‡”Q— [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (K‡cvZvÿ) : 2010]
K. Envity L. Envious M. Jealous N. Enviably DËi : L
e¨vL¨v: Envy kãwUi Adjective Kivi mgq Gi mv‡_ ‘-ous’ suffix ‡hvM K‡i Adjective Kiv nq| †m‡ÿ‡Î-
Env + i (y) + ous— Envious. myZivs wØZxq AckbwU mwVK|
09. ‘Study’ kãwUi Adjective n‡”Q— [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (BQvgwZ) : 2010]
K. Studious L. Persevering M. Stupidity N. Study DËi : K
e¨vL¨v: Study + ous— Stud + i (y) + Ous  Studious.
10. ‘Joy’ kãwUi Adjective n‡”Q— [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (Ki‡Zvqv) : 2010]
K. Enjoy L. Jolly M. Joyous N. Joyfull DËi : M
e¨vL¨v: ‘Joy’ noun wUi †k‡l ‘ous’ suffix ‡hvM K‡i noun MVb Kiv nq|
11. ‘Coward’ kãwUi Adjective n‡”Q— [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (Ki‡Zvqv) : 2010]
K. Ferocious L. Coward M. Cowardly N. Cowardeous DËi : M
e¨vL¨v: ‘Coward’ kãwUi noun. Avi noun Gi mv‡_ ‘ly’ suffix ‡hvM adjective Ki‡Z nq| Avi adjective
Gi mv‡_ ‘ly’ ‡hvM Ki‡Z adverb Ki‡Z nq|
12. ÔPeopleÕ kãwUi adjective form n‡”Q— [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (XvKv wefvM) : 07; cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK
(Lyjbv I PÆMÖvg wefvM) : 2008]
K. Popularity L. Popular M. Popularise N. Populous DËi: N
e¨vL¨v: ‘People’ noun wUi †k‡l ‘ous’ suffix ‡hvM K‡i noun MVb Kiv nq|
13. Adjective of the word ‘Danger’ is— [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (wm‡jU wefvM) : 07]
K. Dangerous L. Serious M. Dangerfull N. Endanger DËi: K
e¨vL¨v: ‘Danger’ noun wUi †k‡l ‘ous’ suffix ‡hvM K‡i noun MVb Kiv nq|
14. I will get the car ready. Here Ôready’ is
e¨vL¨v : Adjective A‡bK mgq Object Gi c‡iI em‡Z cv‡i| Structure→ Subject + causative verb
(make/get/let/have etc.) + object + adjective.
15. I like being alone. Here Ôready’ is
e¨vL¨v : Linking verb ¸‡jv n‡”Q be, seem, feel, look, become, appear etc. wKQz wKQz adjective i‡q‡Q,
hviv memgq linking verb Gi ci e‡m| †hgb Afloat, afraid, alight, alike, alive, alone, asleep,
awake.
Noun Gi complement wn‡m‡e adjective eëüZ nq| GwU‡K adjective Gi predicative use ejv nq A_©vr
Linking verb Gi c‡i complement wn‡m‡e e‡m adjective, subject ‡K qualify K‡i| †hgb: She is
beautiful.
16. Few students come to school today. Here Ôfew’ is an adjective of
K. quantity L. quality M. number N. pronominal DËi: M
e¨vL¨v : Adjective cÖavbZ Pvi cÖKvi| h_v :
Adjective of quality (¸YevPK we‡klY) or good, bad, wise, warm, cold, noble, rich, honest
Descriptive adjective etc.
Adjective of quantity (cwigvYÁvcK none, much, more, enough, little, any, sufficient,
we‡klY) or Quantitative adjective great, less etc.
Adjective of number (msL¨vevPK we‡klY) One, two,., First, second, Third….., Single,
or Numeral adjective Double…., Some, Few etc.
Pronominal adjective (me©bv‡gv™¢~Z we‡klY) or Relative adjective .
17. The up train is late. GLv‡b ‘up’ kãwU- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (wZZvm) : 2010]
K. Noun L. Pronoun M. Adverb N. Adjective DËi : N
e¨vL¨v: ‘up’ g~jZ preposition n‡jI, GLv‡b ‘train’ noun wUi c~‡e© e‡m GB noun ‡K qualify Kivq GwU
adjective-G cwiYZ n‡q‡Q|
Latin Adjectives
Noun Latin Adjectives : A_© Noun Latin Adjectives : A_©
Bird Avian : cwÿ msµvšÍ Lion Leonine : দ঴ং঵঴িৃল
Blood Sanguine : Avkvwš^Z Lip Labial : ওষ্ঠসংক্রান্ত
Sanguinary : i³v³
Body Corporal : kvixwiK Male Masculine: পরু঳ ঴ংক্রান্ত
Brother Fraternal : åvZ…msµvšÍ Man Human : মানবজাতি সম্বন্ধীয়
Boy Puerile : wkïmyjf Ship Naval : ‡b․evwnbx msµvšÍ
Cat Feline : weovj msµvšÍ Side Lateral : cvwk^©K
Cattle Bovine : Mevw` cï Sky Ethereal : MvMwYK
Church Ecclesiastical : wMR©v msµvšÍ Son Filial : ঴ন্তান ঴ংক্রান্ত
City Civic : bMi m¤^Üxq South Austral : িদক্ষণ দিক ঴ংক্রান্ত
Cow/Cattle Bovine : Mevw`cï msµvšÍ Spring Vernal : ব঴ন্তকা঱ীন
Country Rural/Rustic : MÖvg¨/ MÖvgxY Star Astral : নক্ষত্র ঴ংক্রান্ত
Daughter Filial : Kb¨vmsµvšÍ, K‡b¨wPZ Stream Fluvial : নিী ঴ংক্রান্ত
Day Diurnal : ‣`wbK, AvwýK Sun Solar : ঴ূযি ঴ংক্রান্ত
Death Lethal/Mortal : cÖvYNvwZ, giYkxj Tooth Dental : িন্ত ঴ংক্রান্ত
Dog Canine : KzKzi m¤^Üxq Friend Amicable : বন্ধুর্াবাপন্ন
Eagle Aquiline : CMj msµvšÍ God Divine : স্বগিীয়
Earth Terrestrial : cvw_©e Hair Capillary : ককদলক
East Oriental : cÖvP¨ Hand Manual : ঵স্তকৃত্
Egg Oval : wW¤^vKvi Head Capital : মস্তক ঴ম্বন্ধীয়
End Final : P~ovšÍ Heart Cordial : আন্তদরক
Eye Ocular : Pÿz m¤^Üxq Marriage Nuptial : দববা঵ ঴ংক্রান্ত
Father Paternal : ‣cwÎK Mind Mental : মানদ঴ক
Fish Piscatory : ‡R‡j msµvšÍ Money Pecuniary: অথি ঴ংক্রান্ত
Piscine : grm¨ msµvšÍ
Field/Village Rural : ‡Mu‡qv, MÖvgxY Month Menstrual : মাদ঴ক
Flesh Carnal : i³ gvsm m¤^Üxq Moon Lunar : চন্দ্রত্ু঱য
Flock Gregarious : hy_Pi Mother Maternal : জননীসু঱র্
Flower Floral : cy®ú msµvšÍ Mouth Oral : চমৌদখক, মুখ ঴ংক্রান্ত
Foot Pedal : c`msµvšÍ North Boreal : উত্তরদিক ঴ংক্রান্ত
Fox Vulpine : k„Mvj msµvšÍ Nose Nasal : নাদ঴কা ঴ংক্রান্ত
Heaven Celestial : ¯^M©xq Name Nominal : নামমমাত্র
Hell Infernal : bviKxq Nature Normal : দনয়মমাদিক
Home Domestic : N‡ivqv Night Nocturnal : দনলাচর
Horse Equestrian : Ak^msµvšÍ Ox Bovine : গবাদি পরৄর ন্যায়
Husband Conjugal : weevn msµvšÍ Place Local : স্থানীয়
King Royal : রাজকীয় Point Punctual : দবন্দুগত্
Law Legal : আইন঴ংক্রান্ত Punishment Penal : িণ্ড ঴ংক্রান্ত
Life Vital : জীবন঴ংক্রান্ত Ray Radiant : রদি দবদকরণ
Light Luminous : িীদপ্তমান Root Radical : মূ঱গত্ বা মূ঱ক
Noun Latin Adjectives : A_© Noun Latin Adjectives : A_©
Rule Regular : দবদধ্/ধ্ারা অনুযায়ী West Occidental : পাশ্চাত্য
Salt Saline : ঱বণাি Wife Conjugal : িাম্পত্য
Sea Marine : ঴ামুদিক Will Voluntary : চস্বিাকৃত্
School Academic : চকত্াবী Women Effeminate : চমময়঱ী
Sheep Ovine : চমঘ ঴ংক্রান্ত Womb Uterine : জরায়ু ঴ংক্রান্ত
Sun Solar : ‡m․i msµvšÍ Wood Sylvan : অরণয ঴ংক্রান্ত
Town Urban : চপৌর বা ল঵মর Word Verbal : লেগত্
Time Temporal : mgqMZ World Mundane : পাদথিব
Temporary : A¯’vqx
Village Rural/Rustic : গ েঁয়য়া Year Annual : বাৎ঴দরক
Water Aquatic : জলজ Youth Juvenile : ত্রুণ
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. ‘Sea’ kãwUi adjective n‡”Q- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (‡Mvjvc) : 2009]
K. Marine L. Navy M. Occan N. Shipping DËi : K
02. The word Ôlunar’ is related to/connected with : [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2019]
K. sun L. planet M. moon N. air DËi : M
03. The adjective of the word ÔOx’ is— [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (fjMv) : 13]
K. Cowly L. Bovine M. Oxen N. Naval DËi : L
04. The adjective of the word ÔNight’is— [Dc‡Rjv cjøx Dbœqb Kg©KZ©v : 12]
K. Nasal L. Nominal M. Nocturnal N. Naval DËi : M
05. What is the adjective of Ômarriage’? (mv‡K©j A¨vWRy‡U›U 15)
K. marry L. marriageable M. married N. nuptial DËi: N
Adverb
 ‡h kã¸‡jv Verb m¤ú‡K© Z_¨ †`q, †m kã¸‡jv‡K Adverb e‡j| ‡hgb—
He walks slowly (‡m ax‡i nvu‡U)
Faisal speaks loudly (dqmvj †Rv‡i K_v e‡j)
e¨vL¨v : Verb (walk & speak) m¤ú‡K© Z_¨ cÖ`vb Ki‡Q Slowly & loudly ZvB GB `yBwU
(Slowly & loudly) n‡jv Adverb.
 †h mKj Word ‡Kvb Adjective Gi Ae¯’v cÖKvk K‡i, Zv‡ì‡K Adverb ejv nq| ‡hgb—
Abeer is a very good boy. (Avwei Lye fvj †Q‡j)
Linkon writes very well. (wjsKb Lye fvj †j‡L)
e¨vL¨v : Avwei †Kgb fvj †Q‡j? DËi : Lye fvj †Q‡j| A_©vr Adjective (Good) Gi Ae¯’v m¤ú‡K©
Rvwb‡q w`j ‘Very’ kãwU| ZvB ‘Very’ kãwU GKwU Adverb.
 Adverb Gi g~j KvR n‡”Q— verb, adjective, adverb ‡K modify Kiv|
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. Which of the following does an adverb usually answer? (we Avi wm Awdmvi 98)
K. When L. Where M. How N. all of these DËi : N
e¨vL¨v : When, How, Where cÖkœ¸‡jvi Reve †h Word wU ‡_‡K cvIqv hvq, Zv‡K Adverb e‡j|
The bird flies swiftly. (How?)
I came here just before ten. (When?)
I want to go home. (Where?)
cÖkœ Kiæb, How files? Swiftly. Zvn‡j swiftly kãwU Adverb. Gfv‡e cÖkœ K‡i Adverb Lyu‡R cvIqv hvq|
02. My mother always dresses beautifully. Here the underlined word is
K. Adjective L. Adverb M. Noun N. Pronoun DËi: L
e¨vL¨v : Verb (Dress) m¤ú‡K© Z_¨ cª`vb Ki‡Q beautifully kãwU| GQvovI (-ly) hy³ kã‡K ejv nq Adverb.
Ly _vK‡jB fve‡eb bv kãUv Adverb

Noun + ly = Adjective ঵য়। ‡hgb-
Motherly, fatherly, brotherly. He gave a fatherly smile. ( দত্দন একদট বাবাসু঱র্ ঵াদ঴ দিময়দছম঱ন)।
Adjective + ly = Adverb. ‡hgb-
Swiftly, loudly, slowly, lately, nicely, kindly. The lion roared loudly. (দ঴ং঵দট চজামর গজিন করদছম঱া)।
He actually to have motherly affection from her.
1 2
Adverb of Adverb of
8 Place 3
Time
Adverb of Adverb of
Assertion Manner
Adverb
Cause & Adverb of
Effect Degree
Adverb of Adverb of 4
7 Order Number
6 5
Adverb of Time
Verb ‡K ‘when’ ev ÔKLbÕ Øviv cÖkœ Ki‡j †h DËi cvIqv hvq, †m kãwU‡K Adverb of Time e‡j| Gi ai‡bi
K‡qKwU adverb Gi D`vniY : Now, then, soon, yesterday, today, tomorrow, daily, always, seldom,
ago, often, never, sometimes, after, already, before, since, presently, immediately. ‡hgb
Sometimes I go there. GLv‡b ‘When’ Øviv go (verb) ‡K cÖkœ Kiv hvK| When go? (KLb hvq?) DËi Av‡m
‘Sometimes’ (gv‡Sgv‡S)| myZivs underlined word Uv n‡jv Adverb of Time.
03. The day of my sister’s marriage is drawing near. ( ৫ত্ম দবদ঴এ঴)
04. Which one of the following is adverb? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK- 2019]
K. Someone L. somebody M. someday N. something Ans – c
e¨vL¨v : Someday means-fwel¨Z Gi †Kvb GK mg‡q hv adverb. Ack‡b _vKv ¸‡jv n‡jv-pronoun
(Someone , somebody, something)
05. Akbar still works in that office, GLv‡b ‘still’ kãwU- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (cÙv) : 2009]
K. Adjective L. Adverb M. Preposition N. Adverb DËi : L
e¨vL¨v: When works? DËi Av‡m— Still works.
04. He always speaks the truth.
e¨vL¨v : When Speak? (KLb e‡j?) Ans. Always (me©`v). myZivs underlined word Uv n‡jv Adverb of
Time.
05. Barking dogs seldom bite. Here ‘seldom’ is –
e¨vL¨v : When bite? Ans. seldom. myZivs underlined word Uv n‡jv Adverb of Time.
Adverb of Place
চকান verb এর কাজ ঴ম্পন্ন ঵ওয়ার স্থানমক চয Adverb দ্বারা চবাঝামনা ঵য়, ত্ামক Adverb of Place বম঱। এ ধ্রমনর কময়কদট
adverb এর উিা঵রণ: Down, everywhere, anywhere, below, above, here, there, near, out, up, down,
inside ইত্যদি। I didn’t find Camera anywhere.
Verb wU‡K ÔWhere’ Øviv cÖkœ Ki‡j Adverb of Place cvIqv hvq|
06. He didn’t find the camera anywhere. ( চ঴ কযামমরাদট চকাথাও খুুঁমজ চপ঱ না।) Here the underlined
word is
K. Adverb of Time L. Adverb of Place
M. Adverb of Order N. Adverb of Number DËi: L
e¨vL¨v : Where didn’t he find Camera? (‡m †Kv_vq K¨v‡giv cvqwb?) DËi Anywhere. myZivs
underlined word Uv n‡jv Adverb of Place.
Adverb of Manner
†Kvb verb ‡K ‘How’ Øviv cÖkœ Ki‡j †h kãwU cvIqv hvq, †mwU‡K ejv nq Adverb of Manner (aib)| G
ai‡bi K‡qKwU Adverb Gi D`vniY: Slowly, suddenly, eagerly, anxiously, carefully, clearly,
closely, correctly, bravely, badly, sadly, softly, soundly, swiftly, simply, carelessly,
easily, quickly, possibly, probably, luckily, fortunately, naturally, rightly, urgently,
wrongly, widely, thus, well etc.
verb ‡K ‘How’ Øviv cÖkœ Ki‡j †h kãwU cvIqv hvq, †mwU‡K ejv nq Adverb of Manner (aib)
07. He runs fast. Here the underlined word is
e¨vL¨v : How runs? (Kxfv‡e †`․ovq?) DËi fast. ZvB GwU Adverb of Manner (aib)|
06. Man cannot live alone. The word ‘alone’ used here is – [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (wm‡jU wefvM) : 07]
K. Adjective L. Adverb M. Pronoun N. Preposition DËi: L
Adverb of Degree
wbw`©ó mxgvi AwZwi³ A‡_© too eëüZ nq| ‡h Adverb ‡Kvb k‡ãi Degree (cwigvY ev gvÎv) cÖKvk K‡i,
Zv‡K Adverb of Degree e‡j| G ai‡bi wKQz Adverb Gi D`vniY n‡jv Almost, completely,
very, much, half, so, hardly, extremely, too, quite, how, twice, fully, wholly, strongly,
totally, entirely, deeply, poorly, greatly etc. wb‡Pi D`vniY¸‡jv jÿ¨ Kiæb
o I am extremely sorry. ( আদম অত্যন্ত রৃুঃদখত্)
o Poor people usually take meal twice. ( গরীব মানুম঳রা ঴াধ্ারণত্ দিমন রৃ’বার খায়)
o Today is much colder. ( আজ অমনক চবদল VvÛv)
o Robbani has slept only four hours. ( রব্বাদন মাত্র ৪ ঘণ্টা ঘুদমময়মছ)
o My friend is much older than me. ( আমার বন্ধুর বয়঴ আমার চচময় অমনক চবদল)
উপমরর উিা঵রণগুম঱া (অত্যন্ত, দিমন রৃ’বার, অমনক চবদল, মাত্র) চথমক এটা ঴঵মজই চবাঝা যামি চয, এই লেগুম঱া
(extremely, twice, much, only) Sorry, meal, colder, slept, older র্ৃদত্ লেগুম঱ার পদরমাণ বা মাত্রা
দনমিিল কমর। ত্াই extremely, twice, much, only লেগুম঱া Adverb of Degree তিয়সয়ব কাজ করয়ে।
08. Don’t worry. English Grammar is not ___ to understand. (13Zg wewmGm)
K. so difficult L. too difficult M. very difficult N. difficult enough D: L
Adverb of Frequency
চয Adverb এর মাধ্যমম কত্ বার দক্রয়া ঴ম্পন্ন ঵ময়দছ঱ ত্া জানা যায় ত্ামক Adverb of Frequency ব঱া ঵য়। এ ধ্রমনর
কময়কদট Adverb এর উিা঵রণ ঵ম঱া: Once, twice, thrice, rarely, occasionally, often, never, usually,
generally, sometimes etc.
Adverb of Frequency KZ evi
wb‡Pi D`vniY¸‡jv jÿ¨ Kiæb –
o He always gets up early in the morning. ( চ঴ ঴ব঴ময়ই খুব ঴কাম঱ ঘুম চথমক ওমঠ)
o Poor people usually take meal twice. ( গরীব মানুম঳রা ঴াধ্ারণত্ দিমন রৃ’বার খায়)
o He seldom goes home ( চ঴ কিাদচৎ বাদি যায়)।
Dc‡ii c«_g ev‡K¨ c«kœ Kiæb ÔKZ eviÕ Øviv| A_©vr ‡m KZ evi mKv‡j Nyg ‡_‡K I‡V? DËi Av‡m Ôme mgqÕ|
ZvB ÔalwaysÕ GLv‡b ÔAdverb of frequencyÕ|
09. Zahid has never gone to USA. ( জাদ঵ি কখমনাই USA যায়দন)।
[
Adverb of Order
চয Adverb দ্বারা চকান verb এর কাজ চল঳ ঵ওয়ার পযিায় চবাঝায়, ত্ামক Adverb of Order বম঱। এরূপ
কময়কদট Adverb of Orders: Firstly, secondly, thirdly, first, second, third, last, lastly etc.
wb‡Pi D`vniY¸‡jv †`Lyb
 Firstly, I am very grateful to my almighty Allah for my success. ( আমার ঴ি঱ত্ার জন্য
আদম থমমই ঴বিলদিমান আল্লা঵র দত্ কৃত্জ্ঞ)।
 Secondly, I would like to thank my parents, my neighbors, and, lastly, my friends.
( দদ্বত্ীয়ত্, আদম ধ্ন্যবাি জানামত্ চাই আমার বাবা- মা ও দত্মবলীমক এবং ঴বমলম঳ আমার বন্ধুমিরমক)।
উপমরর উিা঵রণ রৃমটামত্ ঱ক্ষয কমরন, firstly, secondly এবং lastly দ্বারা ক্রম বা পযিায়মক চবাঝামনা ঵ময়মছ। এই
ক্রম বা পযিায়মক ব঱া ঵মি Adverb of Order.
Adverb of Cause & Effect

চয Adverb দক্রয়া ঴ম্পন্ন ঵ওয়ার কারণ ও ি঱াি঱ দনমিিল কমর, চ঴ Adverb চক Adverb of Cause & Effect
বম঱। এরূপ কময়কদট Adverb এর উিা঵রণ: accordingly, therefore, yet, as a result, consequently
ইত্যাদি। wb‡Pi D`vniYmg~n jÿ¨ Kiæb
 As a result of accident, he was out of work for three months. ( দত্দন রৃঘিটনার কারমণ দত্ন মা঴ কামজ
বাইমর দছম঱ন) ।
 He had no other options; consequently, he left his job for BCS preparation. ( ত্ার আর চকান
দবকল্প দছম঱া না; িম঱ চ঴ দবদ঴এ঴ স্তুদত্র জন্য ত্ার চাকুদর চছমি দিম঱া।
উপমরর উিা঵রণ রৃমটামত্ As a result এবং consequently লে রৃদট কারণ ও ি঱াি঱ দনমিিল করমত্মছ। ত্াই এ
রৃদট লেমক Adverb of Cause & Effect ব঱া ঵য়।
Conjuction
01. A conjunction is a part of speech that ___ thoughts. (e¨vsKvm© wiµzU‡g›U KwgwU 98)
K. describes L. joins M. modifies N. scrutinizes DËi : L
e¨vL¨v : চয word রৃই বা ত্মত্াদধ্ক লে বা বাকযমক যুি কমর, ত্ামক Conjunction বম঱। অথি ও পদরদস্থদত্মর্মি
দবদর্ন্ন Conjunctions দবদর্ন্নর্ামব বযবর৅ত্ ঵য়। রৄধ্ু পরীক্ষার জন্য গুরুত্বপূণি দকছু Conjunction এর বযব঵ার
আমামির জানা উদচৎ।
চয ঴ক঱ লে একাদধ্ক sentences, clauses, phrases অথবা word চক যুি কমর, চ঴ ঴ক঱ লেমক
Conjunction বম঱। চযমন : and, as well as, or, either-----or, neither----nor, but, yet, still,
nevertheless, so, therefore, that, so that, if, though, as, because, when, where, since,
before, after, till, until, unless, as if etc. মমন রাখমত্ ঵মব : Conjunction এর মাধ্যমম একাদধ্ক
বামকযর ঴ংমযাজন, দবময়াজন ঵ময় একদট বামকয পদরণত্ ঵য়। চ঴টা পরীক্ষাথিীমির দচন্তার দব঳য় নয়, পরীক্ষাথিীমির
MCQ এর চক্ষমত্র িত্ত ৪ (চার) দট অপলন চথমক Conjunction এর লেদট খুুঁমজ চবর করমত্ ঵মব মের চাদ঵িা
অনু঴ামর। দনমচ গুরুত্বপূণি দনয়ম আম঱াচনা করা ঵ম঱া:
02. wb‡Pi †KvbwU Conjuntion- Gi D`vniY? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (Rev) : 2009]
K. very L. our M. or N. for DËi: M
03. You may accept the job on offer ______ you may wait for a better job. [8g cÖfvlK wbeÜb : 11]
K. till L. until M. or N. but DËi: M
04. The vegetable were fresh _____ they were tasty. (kvKmeRx¸‡jv ZvRv Ges my¯^v`y wQj)
K. since L. for M. because N. and DËi: N
e¨vL¨v : Compound sentence এ ঴মজাত্ীয় দব঳য়মক যুি করমত্ and ( ঴ংমযাজন) বযব঵ার করা ঵য়।
05. The boy is intelligent ____ very poor. (‡m eyw×gvb, wKš‘ Mixe)
K. since L. as M. when N. but DËi: N
e¨vL¨v : Compound sentence এ রৃদট দবপরীত্ দব঳য়মক যুি করমত্ but (we‡qvRb) বযব঵ার করা ঵য়।
চজমন রাখুন : দকছু দকছু লে আমছ যারা বযব঵ার চর্মি Preposition অথবা adverb অথবা
Conjunction দ঵ম঴মব বযবর৅ত্ ঵মত্ পামর। চযমন: before, after, since, for etc.
o We moved to Mecca before holy pilgrim. (Preposition)
o I have seen him before. (Adverb)
o I always feed the children before I have dinner. (Conjunction)
06. They suffered much ____ tornado had hit their village. (31Zg wewmGm)
K. until L. since M. let alone N. as if DËi : L
e¨vL¨v : Since : Past Indefinite Tense (Sub + V2 + Extension) + Since (Zvici †_‡K/ZLb †_‡K) +
Past Perfect Tense. Since Gi AviI GKwU eënvi †`Lyb
07. Much water has followed through the Ganges _____ I left you.
K. until L. since M. let alone N. as if DËi : L
e¨vL¨v : Present Perfect Tense (Sub + have/has + V3 + Extension) + Since (ZLb †_‡K/Zvici †_‡K)
+ Past Indefinite Tense.
08. Water boils _____ you heat it to 1000 centigrade. (24Zg wewmGm)
K. unless L. until M. if N. although DËi : M
e¨vL¨v : If (hw`) : fwel¨r m¤¢vebv/Abygvb Ki‡Z hw` Ôhw`Õ A‡_© If eëüZ nq| Dc‡ii ev‡K¨ kZ© wb‡`©kK As‡ki c~‡e©
If kãwU Ôhw`Õ A‡_© e‡m‡Q |
09. We need two hundred dollars ______this to pay for everything. (24Zg evwZj wewmGm)
K. as well L. also M. beside N. besides DËi : N
e¨vL¨v : Besides (e¨ZxZ): ev‡Kï A‡_©i Dci wbf©i K‡i Besides kãwU Ôe¨ZxZÕ A‡_© eëüZ nq|
10. ________ glass is, for all practical purpose, a solid, its molecular structure is that of a
liquid. (20Zg wewmGm)
K. although L. since M. because N. if DËi : K
11. I could not sleep ________ very tired. (35Zg wewmGm wjwLZ)
K. although I was L. in spite of
M. despite N. despite I was DËi : K
e¨vL¨v : Although, Though (hwÌ, Z_vwc): `ywU Clause hw` GKwU ev‡K¨ wecixZgywLZv †evSvq, Zvn‡j ÔhwÌÕ,
ÔZ_vwcÕ A‡_© Although, Though eëüZ nq| ‡hgb Although he is poor, he is honest. (যদিও চ঴ গরীব,
ত্বুও চ঴ ঴ৎ)|
12. Prices for bicycles can run ____Tk.20,000. (18Zg wewmGm)

K. as high as L. so high as M. as high to N. as high for DËi : K
e¨vL¨v : As___as, so/as___as : Zzjbv Kivi Rb¨ n¨vu-‡evaK ev‡K¨ As___as Ges bv-‡evaK ev‡K¨ so/as___as
eëüZ nq|
13. ‘Give her a telephone number to ring_____she gets lost.’
K. whether L. in case M. unless N. perhaps DËi : L
e¨vL¨v : In case (hw`) c~e© mZK©Zv Aej¤^b Kiv A‡_© Ôhw`Õ A‡_© In case kãwU hv NUvi Avk¼v/ m¤¢vebv cÖKvk
Kiv n‡”Q ‡mB ev‡Kï c~‡e© e‡m|
14. I always take umbrella ............. it rains. [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2019]
K. in case L. unless M. incase of N. if DËi : K
e¨vL¨v : AvKw¯§K †Kvb NUbv NUvi m¤¢vebv _vK‡j ev‡K¨ in case e‡m| evK¨wUi A_© n‡jv - e„wó nIqvi Avk¼vq Avwg
me©`v QvZv ivwL| k~b¨¯’v‡b c~e© mZK©Zv Aej¤^b Kiv A‡_© in case em‡e|
14. Choose the correct answer. How long did you wait? (10g wewmGm)
K. Till much time L. Until six o’clock
M. Till he came N. Since this morning DËi : M
e¨vL¨v : Till/Until (hZÿY bv, †Kv‡bv mgq ch©šÍ) ev‡Kï kZ© wb‡`©kK As‡ki c~‡e© ÔhZÿY bvÕ, Ô‡Kv‡bv mgq ch©šÍÕ
A‡_© Till/Until eëüZ nq|
15. Tamim Iqbal is _____ a famous cricketer, ______ a famous actor.
K. not only, also L. not only, but also
M. but only, not also N. None DËi : L
e¨vL¨v : Not only____ but also (ïay GUvB bqÑÑÑHUvI) : GKwU ev‡K¨ GKB Subject Gi `ywU •ewkó¨ mshy³
Kiv †ÿ‡Î GK As‡k Not only em‡j, Aci As‡k but also e‡m| †hgb The car not only is economical
but also feels good to drive.
16. He did not study hard; nevertheless he passed the examination.
K. whether L. nevertheless M. unless N. perhaps DËi : L
e¨vL¨v : Nevertheless (Z_vwc, ZeyI, m‡Ë¡I) : GKwU ev‡K¨ `ywU wecixZgyLx Clause eëüZ n‡j Zv‡ì ms‡hv‡Mi
Rb¨ ÔZ_vwcÕ, ÔZeyIÕ, Ôm‡Ë¡IÕ A‡_© Nevertheless kãwU eëüZ nq|
17. The weather is hot; moreover, the air is humid. (AvenvIqv Mig, Gi Dci evZvm n‡jv Av`ª©)|
K. whether L. moreover M. unless N. perhaps DËi : L
e¨vL¨v: Moreover AwaKš‘|
18. We wanted to meet him. However, he arrived late. (Avgiv Zvi mv‡_ †`Lv Ki‡Z †P‡qwQjvg| wKš‘,
wZwb †`wi‡Z †c․u‡QwQ‡jb|)
K. whether L. moreover M. unless N. perhaps DËi : L
e¨vL¨v : However ÔhvB †nvKÕ, ÔwKš‘Õ A‡_© However `ywU evK¨‡K mshy³ Ki‡Z eëüZ nq|
19. I had to go Dhaka____ my sister’s marriage. (ciivóª gš¿Yvj‡q e¨w³MZ Kg©KZ©v 06)
K. because L. because of M. due to N. as DËi : L
e¨vL¨v : Because & Because of (KviY) : Phrase Gi c~‡e© because of Ges Clause Gi c~‡e© because e‡m|
Because of ‡h ev‡K¨ e‡m †m ev‡Kï MVb – Because of + Noun/Noun phrase. ‡hgb Because of his
obstinacy (GK¸‡qwg), we could not reach conclusion.
20. We were delayed _____ a traffic jam.
K. because L. because there was
M. due to N. because it is DËi : L
e¨vL¨v : Because (KviY) : Clause Gi c~‡e© because e‡m| Because ‡h ev‡K¨ e‡m †m ev‡Kï MVb – _____
Because + Subject + Verb/ Because/there + verb + …. ‡hgb It was difficult to see clearly
because it was raining.
21. You many accept the job on offer ___ you may wait for a better job. (8g cÖfvlK wbeÜb 12)
K. and L. or M. till N. but DËi : L
e¨vL¨v: Or ÔA_evÕ, ÔwKsevÕ A‡_© †Kvb wKQzi weKí †evSv‡Z Ôor’ eëüZ nq|
22. Which one is conjunction? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (hgybv) : 2012]
K. or L. very M. out N. for DËi : K
23. ‡KvbwU Conjunction? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (kir) : 2010]
K. Or L. Very M. Out N. for DËi – K
e¨vL¨v: GLv‡b ÔKÕ option wU‡Z Av‡Q or, ‡hwU GKwU conjunction Ges GwU GKwU co-ordinating
conjunction. Ab¨ Ackb¸‡jvi gv‡S Very mvaviYZ Adverb Ges out Ges for n‡”Q Preposition.
24. _______ hard labor, he could not prosper. k~b¨¯’vb c~iY Kiæb|
(a) In spite of (b) In view of
(c) In liew of (d) In the light of Ans b
e¨vL¨v: In spite of/ Despite (m‡Ë¡I) : Despite/ In spite of me©`vB Ôm‡Ë¡IÕ A‡_© Noun/Noun Phrase Gi
c~‡e© e‡m| AviI GKwU D`vniY †`Lyb Despite all his attempt to solve the problem, he failed.
25. He should do his homework,___ he never does it. (Zv‡K Zvi evwoi KvR Kiv DwPr, A_P †m KLbB
†m GwU K‡i bv)
(a) despite (b) yet (c) only (d) whereas Ans b
e¨vL¨v : Yet (Zrm‡Ë¡I) : ev‡K¨ hv ejv n‡q‡Q Zvi mv‡_ Avðh©RbK Z_¨ hy³ Ki‡Z yet (Zrm‡Ë¡I) eëüZ nq|
26. Run fast, ____ you should miss the train.
(a) if (b) lest (c) because (d) nor Ans b
e¨vL¨v : Lest – Ôcv‡Q wKQz N‡U GB f‡qÕ A‡_© Lest eëüZ nq| ev‡Kï MVb : ______ + lest + Sub +
should/might + verb + extension. ‡hgb Hurry up lest you might be late for examination.
27. We eat ______ we may live. (Avgiv LvB hv‡Z Avgiv evuP‡Z cvwi) [10g cÖfvlK wbeÜb : 14]
K. for L. because M. so that N. so DËi : M
28. We have been working hard _____ we can win this year’s challenge. (Dc‡Rjv †cv÷gv÷vi 10)
(a) so (b) because (c) that (d) so that Ans d
e¨vL¨v: So that/ in order to – Ô‡hbÕ/ Ôhv‡ZÕ A‡_© †Kvb Kv‡Ri djvdj wn‡m‡e wb‡`©k Ki‡Z So that/in order to
eëüZ nq|
29. He speaks _____ he knew everything.
(a) as if (b) because (c) that (d) so that Ans a
e¨vL¨v : As if/As though (‡hb) : wb‡Pi `ywU ev‡Kï MVb jÿ¨ Kiæb|
o Rule : Present Indefinite + af if/as though + Past Indefinite. ‡hgb He looked as if he knew the
answer.
o Rule : Present Indefinite/Past Indefinite + as if/as though + Subject + were + extension. ‡hgb He
treated me as if I were a child.
30. ______ his parents allow him ____ not, Sumaiya intends to go to party.
(a) because _____ of not (b) Whether ____ or not
(c) As _________ if not (d) because _____ not Ans b
e¨vL¨v : Whether ____ or not (`ywUi g‡a¨ †h †Kvb GKwU †evSv‡Z) : mygvBqv‡K Zvui wcZv-gvZv AbygwZ w`K ev bv
w`K, †m cvwU©‡Z †hvM w`‡Z AvMÖnx|
31. Mr. Atique – rather not invest that money in the stock market.
K. must L. has to M. could N. would DËi : N
e¨vL¨v : would rather A_© ¸iæZ¡ †`qv| Gi c‡i Gi e‡m Avi would rather verb simple form negative
verb base form
32. The boy from the village said, Ò I ......... starve than beg.Ó [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2018]
K. rather L. would rather M. would better N. better DËi : L
e¨vL¨v : k~b¨¯’v‡b would rather em‡e| †Kbbv Avgiv Rvwb, would rather + verb + than + verb nq|
evK¨wUi evsjv A_© n‡jv- MÖvg †_‡K Avmv †Q‡jwU ejj, ÒAvwg eis bv †L‡q _vK‡ev ZeyI wfÿv Ki‡ev bv ÕÕ|
33. Nasima arrived While I ....... the dinner. [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2018]
K. Would cook L. had cooked M. cook N. was cooking DËi : N
e¨vL¨v : While Øviv hy³ `ywU clause _vK‡j Ges while Gi c~‡e©i clause wU past indefinite tense n‡j while
cieZx© clause wU past continuous tense n‡e& myZivs mwVK DËi n‡e (d. was cooking)
34. Choose the correct option to complete the sentence. We could not buy anything because
........... of the shops was open. [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2018]
K. nothing L. all M. no one N. none DËi : N
e¨vL¨v : k~b¨¯’v‡b ‡Kvb wKQz bv emv‡j A_© cwic~Y© nq| ÔWe could not buy anything because none of the
shops was openÕ . hvi evsjv A_© ÔAvgiv wKQ‚B µq Ki‡Z cvijvg bv KviY †Kvb †`vKvbB †Lvjv wQj bvÕ |
35. Scarecely had he come – it started raining. evK¨wUi k~b¨¯’v‡b mwVK kã em‡e- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix
wkÿK : 2019]
K. then L. at once M. when N. after that DËi: M
Preposition
‡h mKj kã mvaviYZ noun ev pronoun Gi mvg‡b e‡m noun ev pronoun Gi mv‡_ sentence Gi Ab¨vb¨
k‡ãi m¤úK© cÖKvk K‡i Zv‡ì‡K preposition ejv nq|
o cv‡ki wP‡Îi b¨vq me‡P‡q eo mg‡qi †ÿ‡Î e‡m— in. ‡hgb : Year,
in Century. Longer parts of the day Gi mvg‡b in e‡m| ‡hgb- in the
morning, in the afternoon, in the evening
on mgq o Zzjbvg~jK †QvU mg‡qi †ÿ‡Î e‡m— on. ‡hgb : On Thursday, On June
at 26, On Eid day. (Day & Date)
o me‡P‡q †QvU mg‡qi †ÿ‡Î e‡m— at. w`‡bi mswÿß Ask †evSv‡Z at e‡m|
†hgb- at dawn, at noon, at dusk, at midday
01. I will be free ____ the afternoon.
K. on L. in M. at N of DËi : L
02. He was bron _______ Monday in 1990.
K. at L. in M. on N. none DËi : M
03. Julia has been ill ____ three months. (29Zg wewmGm)
K. for L. since M. on N. in DËi : K
e¨vL¨v : for wbw`©ó mgq (hour, day, month, year etc.) a‡i †Kvb NUbvi e¨vwß †evSv‡Z for e‡m| since
wbw`©ó mgq †_‡K NUv †evSv‡Z since e‡m|
‡hgb It has been raining for ten hours. I have been reading since morning.
05. ‘He has been absent – . evK¨wUi k~b¨¯’v‡b mwVK kã em‡e- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (ewikvj wefvM) : 2006]
K. for Friday L. by Friday M. since Friday N. on Friday DËi: M
06. He has been ill – Friday last. [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (iwekvj wefvM) : 07]
K. from L. is M. since N. with DËi: M
07. The train runs ___ time.
K. at L. in M. with N. on DËi: N
e¨vL¨v : In time— ঴মময়র আমগ। On time— যথা঴মময়। To time— ঴মময়র ঴ামথ ঴ামঞ্জস্য চরমখ|
08. ‘Hurry up! we have to go – five minutes’ ev‡Kï k~b¨¯’v‡bi mwVK kã em‡e- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK
(‡Mvjvc) : 2009]
K. in L. on M. by N. for DËi: K
e¨vL¨v: ‡Kvb wbw`©ó mg‡qi g‡a¨ †evSv‡Z e‡m in, fwel¨r Kv‡ji †Kvb KvR point of time Gi g‡a¨ NU‡e †evSv‡j
Zvi c~‡e© by/before e‡m| wbw`©ó mgq †kl nIqvi c~‡e© †evSv‡Z within e‡m|
09. What is the time by ____ your watch? (12Zg wewmGm)
K. in L. on M. by N. for DËi: M
e¨vL¨v : Abymv‡i †evSv‡Z by eëüZ nq| ZvB Nwo‡Z †evSv‡Z by eëüZ nq|
10. The Prime Minister will ___ his cabinet ___ next few days.
K. expand, by L. expand, with M. enlarge, at N. liberal, to DËi: K
e¨vL¨v : fwel¨r Kv‡ji †Kvb KvR point of time Gi g‡a¨ NU‡e †evSv‡j Zvi c~‡e© by/before e‡m|
11. I should appreciate it if you complete this work ____ Thursday. (by) (26Zg wewmGm)
In, at, on [Prepositions Related to Place]

12. He is not – home today. evK¨wUi k~b¨¯’v‡b mwVK kã em‡e- [‡iwR÷vW© cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (wkDwj) : 2012]
K. at L. in M. with N. on DËi: K
e¨vL¨v: ‡QvU ¯’v‡bi c~‡e© at e‡m| †hgb- at home, at Firmgate, at office. eo ¯’v‡bi c~‡e© in e‡m| †hgb- in
Bangladesh, in America.
13. I attend ______ office punctually. [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (bvMvwj½g) : 12]
K. at L. in M. to N. on DËi: K
14. He does not attend _______ his office timely. [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (Ki‡Zvqv) : 12]
K. at L. in M. to N. on DËi: K
15. Kajal returned ___ London ___ plane ___ Dhaka.
K. in, by, from L. from, by, to M. to, by, from N. at, by, in DËi: L
16. My father was in hospital for six weeks ___ the summer. [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2019]
K. in L. during M. on N. for DËi: L
e¨vL¨v : †Kvb NUbv PjvKvjxb mgq‡i e¨wß †evSv‡Z during e‡m|
17. Our school is _____ the main road. [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (XvKv wefvM) : 07]
K. at L. in M. to N. on DËi: N
e¨vL¨v wbKUeZ©x †Kvb RvqMv †evSv‡Z on e‡m|
Preposition Diagram
Above, over o Cover Ki‡j over, cover bv K‡i Dc‡i _vK‡j
above.
On o ‡Kvb wKQzi mv‡_ †j‡M Dc‡i _vK‡j— On.
To o ‡Kvb w`‡K MwZkxj Ae¯’v †evS‡Z— To.
o ‡fZi ‡_‡K evB‡ii w`‡K MwZkxj Ae¯’v— Out of
Out In Outside o ‡fZ‡ii w¯’i Ae¯’v — In.
Through o ‡Kvb wKQzi †fZi w`‡q AwZµg Kiv— Through.
o Zj ¯úk© bv K‡i Awew”Qbœfv‡e wb‡P Ae¯’vb —
Into Out of
Under.
o Zj ¯úk© bv K‡i wew”Qbœfv‡e wb‡P Ae¯’vb— Below.
By o evwni n‡Z †fZ‡ii w`‡K MwZkxj Ae¯’v— Into.
Below, Under
18. Sumaiya sat _____ the table.

K. above L. on M. in N. none DËi : L
19. Rita sat on the corner of the table ___ the door. [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2019]
K. by L. near M. beside N. to. DËi : M
Prepositions with forms of transport
20. ‘I went there – my bike’ ev‡Kï k~b¨¯’v‡b mwVK kã em‡e- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (kvcjv) : 2009]
K. on L. upon M. in N. by DËi: N
e¨vL¨v: hvZvqvZ gva¨g ev Mgbv‡_© by e‡m| †hgb- by bike, by water, by taxi, by plane etc.
21. Choose the right word for the blank space in ÔRashed witll come to Bangladesh ___
plane. [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK (Mvgv) : 14]
K. by L. from M. with N. through DËi: K
22. My friend always goes home ____ foot. (24Zg evwZj wewmGm)
K. by L. on M. with N. through DËi: L
e¨vL¨v : cv‡q †nu‡U hvIqv †evSv‡Z on e‡m|
Between & Among

23. Among is a preposition that is used when ......people are involved. [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK :
2018]
K. two L. more than two M. two, more than two N. Four only DËi: L
e¨vL¨v : More than two -`yB‡qi ev Zvi AwaK e¨w³ ev e¯‘i g‡a¨ †evSv‡Z preposition ÔAmong Õ eëüZ nq|
24. Select the correct one: Our teacher told the monitor to hand out script ........ the class.
[cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK cixÿv : 2016]
K. among L. between M. into N. through DËi: K
25. Fill in the blank. Between .........., this is the greatest book I've ever read. [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix
wkÿK cixÿv : 2015]
K. you and I L. you and me M. I and you N. you are and I'm DËi: L
e¨vL¨v : hLb ev‡K¨ Beetween, Among Av‡m ZLb Zvi objective form eëüZ nq| myZivs mwVK evK¨wU n‡jv-
Between you and me, this is the greatest book I've ever read.
26. He divided the money ____ the two children. (26Zg wewmGm)
K. among L. between M. into N. through DËi: L
By/over/on
27. Noureen will discuss the issue with Nasir ___ phone. (36Zg wewmGm)
K. in L. on M. over N. by DËi : N
e¨vL¨v : †dv‡bi gva¨‡g eySv‡Z by phone/ over the phone eëüZ nq| Z‡e †dv‡b K_v Pj‡Q eySv‡Z (be) on
the phone eëüZ nq| A_v©r hw` telephone Gi c~‡e© the _vKZ Zvn‡j over nZ|
28. Rizvi requested Rini ____ telephone to attend the meeting. (29Zg wewmGm)
K. over L. through M. by N. with DËi : M
e¨vL¨v : †dv‡bi gva¨‡g eySv‡Z by phone/ over the phone eëüZ nq| Z‡e †dv‡b K_v Pj‡Q eySv‡Z (be) on
the phone eëüZ nq| A_v©r hw` telephone Gi c~‡e© the _vKZ Zvn‡j over nZ|
29. The walls of our house have been painted ____ green. (no preposition) (14Zg wewmGm)
30. The intellectual can no longer be said to live ___ the margins of society.
K. over L. through M. beyond N. with DËi : M
e¨vL¨v : Beyond AwZµg Kwiqv|
31. The case is ___ trial.
K. in L. on M. over N. by DËi : L
32. The case never came ___ trial. Ans- to.
33. Mr Kabir is on committee. GLv‡b ‘on’ kãwU- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (wkDjx) : 2009]
K. Adverb L. Preposition M. Conjunction N. Interjection DËi: L
Beside, Besides
34. We need two hundred dollars ___ this to pay for everything.
K. beside L. besides M. as well N. also DËi: L
e¨vL¨v : Besides e¨ZxZ| beside cv‡k|
About
35. He told us all about the battle. GLv‡b ‘about’ kãwU- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (kvcjv) : 2009]
K. Pronoun L. Adjective M. Adverb N. Preposition DËi: N
e¨vL¨v: ‡h mKj kã mvaviYZ noun ev pronoun Gi mvg‡b e‡m noun ev pronoun Gi mv‡_ sentence
Gi Ab¨vb¨ k‡ãi m¤úK© cÖKvk K‡i Zv‡ì‡K preposition ejv nq|
Appropriate Prepositions
A
01. Amenable’ k‡ãi mv‡_ mwVK preposition wU wK n‡e? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2019]
K. with L. to M. after N. for DËi: L
e¨vL¨v : Prepositional phrase ‘Amenable to’ means— obedient, eva¨, gvb¨ K‡i Ggb|
02. The ministers arrived – a discussion last night. [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2019]
K. on L. at M. in N. to DËi: L
e¨vL¨v : Arrive at— wmÜv‡šÍ DcbxZ nIqv/ †QvU ¯’v‡b †c․uQv‡bv| Arrive in— ‡`k ev eo kn‡i
†c․uQv‡bv| ‡hgb The minister arrived___a decision [24Zg evwZj wewmGm]/ a conclusion/ an
agreement last night.
03. He was absorbed ........... deep thought. [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mn. wkÿK : 18; [‡iwR÷vW© cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mn. wkÿK
(UMi) : 11; cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (Lyjbv I PÆMÖvg wefvM) : 2008]
K. to L. on M. for N. in DËi: N
e¨vL¨v : Absorbed in A_© n‡jv— g‡bv‡hvMx nIqv/ †Kvb wel‡q wbgMœ nIqv| evK¨wUi A_© n‡jv-‡m Mfxi
wPšÍvq wbgMœ wQ‡jv|
04. He does not attend...........his office timely. [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (Ki‡Zvqv) : 2012]
K. to L. at M. in N. on DËi: L
e¨vL¨v : Atten to— g‡bv‡hvM †Ìqv, cwiPh©v Kiv| Attend at— ‡Kvb ¯’v‡b Dcw¯’Z nIqv| Attend
upon/on— ‡mev Kiv|
05. Students should attend_____ their lessons. evK¨wUi k~b¨¯’v‡b mwVK kã em‡e- [‡iwR÷vW© cÖv_wgK
we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (kvcjv) : 2011]
K. with L. on M. at N. to DËi: N
e¨vL¨v : 04 bs cÖ‡kœi e¨vL¨v jÿ¨ Kiæb|
06. ‘Come what may I shall adhere _______ my principles’ evK¨wUi k~b¨¯’v‡b mwVK kã
em‡e- [‡iwR÷vW© cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (Rev) : 2011]
K. to L. with M. on N. upon DËi: K
e¨vL¨v: Adhere to— ‡j‡M _vKv, AUj _vKv| myZivs mwVK DËi (K)|
07. ‘You must adhere________ your principle’ evK¨wUi k~b¨¯’v‡b mwVK kã em‡e-[cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq
mnKvix wkÿK (XvKv I ewikvj wefvM) : 2008]
K. in L. on M. at N. to DËi: N
08. ‘Socrates was accused_______ misleading the young section in Athens.Õ evK¨wUi
k~b¨¯’v‡b mwVK kã em‡e- [‡iwR÷vW© cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (Rev) : 11; cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (K‡cvZvÿ) : 10]
K. to L. of M. for N. on DËi: L
e¨vL¨v: Accused of— Charged with— Awfhy³|
09. He abides_______ me evK¨wUi k~b¨¯’v‡b mwVK kã em‡e- [‡iwR÷vW© cÖv_. we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (nvmbv‡nbv) : 11]
K. with L. in M. upon N. at DËi: M
e¨vL¨v: Abide by— ‡g‡b Pjv| Abide in— evm Kiv (‡Kv‡bv ¯’v‡b)| Abide with (somebody)—
Kv‡iv m‡½ _vKv| myZivs mwVK DËi (K)|
10. I acceded --- his request. evK¨wUi k~b¨¯’v‡b mwVK kã em‡e- [‡iwR÷vW© cÖv_. we`¨v mnKvix wkÿK (nvmbv‡nbv) : 11]
K. with L. in M. upon N. at DËi: M
e¨vL¨v: accede to— ivRx nIqv| myZivs mwVK DËi (M)|
11. ‘You are not amenable ---- reason’ ev‡Kï k~b¨¯’v‡b mwVK kã em‡e- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK
(‡ejx) : 09; cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (Lyjbv I PÆMÖvg wefvM) : 2008; cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 19]
K. from L. of M. to N. into DËi: M
e¨vL¨v: Amenable to— eva¨, gvb¨ K‡i Ggb| evK¨wUi A_©— Zzwg K_v †kvbvi †Q‡j bI|
12. ‘He is accessible ----all’. ev‡Kï k~b¨¯’v‡b mwVK kã em‡e- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (K‡cvZvÿ) : 10;
cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (Rev) : 09]
K. of L. on M. into N. to DËi: N
e¨vL¨v: Accessible to— ‡evaMg¨|
13. There is no alternative ___ training. (27Zg wewmGm)
K. on L. to M. for N. off DËi: L
e¨vL¨v : alternative to weKí| evK¨wUi A_©— cÖwkÿ‡Yi †Kvb weKí †bB| alternative to + verb +
ing nq|
14. I approved – his action. evK¨wUi k~b¨¯’v‡b mwVK kã em‡e- [‡iwR÷vW© cÖv_. we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (kvcjv) : 11]
K. at L. on M. of N. with DËi: M
e¨vL¨v: Approve of (somebody/something)— Aby‡gv`b Kiv/mg_©b Kiv| evK¨wUi A_©— Avwg Zvi
KvR‡K mg_©b Kijvg|
15. Choose the correct sentence. [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (weUv) : 14]
K. He is angry upon me L. He is angry at me
M. He is angry of me N. He is angry with me DËi: N
e¨vL¨v : Angry with (somebody)— KviI Dci ivMvwš^Z nIqv| Angry at (something)— KviI
AvPiY ev K‡g©i Dci ivMvwš^Z| Angry about— ‡Kvb Kvi‡Y ivMvwš^Z nIqv| evK¨wUi A_©— ‡m Avgvi
Dci ivMvwš^Z| mwVK DËi— N|
16. Why are you so angry___? (25Zg wewmGm)
K. at L. about M. with N. upon DËi : L
e¨vL¨v : Angry about ‡Kvb Kvi‡Y ivMvwš^Z|
17. ‘I am not ambitious – fame’ evK¨wUi k~b¨¯’v‡b mwVK kã em‡e-[cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (ivRkvnx
wefvM) : 08]
K. for L. over M. of N. with DËi: K
e¨vL¨v: Ambition for (something)— D”PvKv•ÿv| Ambitious of (something)— D”PvKv•ÿx|
evK¨wUi A_©— Avwg L¨vwZi e¨vcv‡i D”PvKv•ÿx bB|
18. He has no ambition ___ worldly things. (Zvi RvMwZK wRwb‡mi Rb¨ †Kvb D”PvKv•ÿv †bB)
K. to L. of M. on N. for DËi: N
e¨vL¨v : Ambition for ‡Kvb wKQzi Rb¨ D”PvKv•ÿv| evK¨wUi A_©— (Avwg mybv‡gi Rb¨ D”PvKv•ÿx bB)
19. I was admitted_______Dhaka college. ev‡Kï k~b¨¯’v‡b mwVK kã em‡e- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix
wkÿK (gyw³‡hv×v/knx` gyw³‡hv×vi mšÍvb) : 2010]
K. in L. to M. from N. on DËi : L
e¨vL¨v: Admit of— ¯^xK…wZ cvIqv, my‡hvM †`qv| Admit to— fwZ© nIqv, †hvM †`qv|
20. ‘Your conduct admits----no excuse’ ev‡Kï k~b¨¯’v‡b mwVK kã em‡e- [29Zg wewmGm; cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq
mnKvix wkÿK (kir) : 2010]
K. for L. at M. of N. from DËi : M
e¨vL¨v : Admit of ¯^xK…wZ cvIqv, AeKvk _vKv, my‡hvM †`qv| Admit to ¯^xKvi Kiv, Keyj Kiv, fwZ©
nIqv| Z‡e admit Gi subject hLb personal ZLb admit Gi c‡i of e‡m bv| †hgb- I admit no
excuse.
18. ‘Your offer is acceptable ----me’ ev‡Kï k~b¨¯’v‡b mwVK kã em‡e- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (kir) :
2010; cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (XvKv wefvM) : 2005]
K. by L. on M. for N. to DËi : M
e¨vL¨v: Acceptable to— MÖnY‡hvM¨| evK¨wUi A_©— †Zvgvi cÖ¯ÍvewU Avgvi wbKU MÖnY‡hvM¨|
21. How did you get an appointment ___ Dr. Sue? (Kxfv‡e Zzwg Dr. Sue Gi mvÿvr †c‡qwQ‡j?)
K. to L. with M. at N. by DËi: L
e¨vL¨v Appointment with Dr. Sue Dr. Sue Gi mv‡_ mvÿvrKvi| ‡hgb I have an
appointment with Hashim Amla at Johansberg. (‡RvnvÝev‡M© nvwkg Avgjvi mv‡_ Avgvi
mvÿvrKvi Av‡Q)| Appointment with (somebody)— wba©vwiZ ¯’v‡b wbw`©ó mg‡q mvÿvrKvi|
Appoint to— ‡Kvb c‡` wbhy³ ev wbhy³ Kiv|
22. ‘He appointed me – this post.’ - evK¨wUi k~b¨¯’v‡b mwVK kã em‡e- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (PÆMÖvg
wefvM) : 2008]
K. on L. in M. to N. at DËi: M
23. The Judge acquitted him ____ the charge.
K. of L. on M. in N. from DËi: K
e¨vL¨v : KvD‡K †Kvb †`vl ev Awf‡hvM n‡Z gyw³ †Ìqv A‡_© Acquit (sb) of (sth) e‡m|
24. He has a great apathy ___ his studies.
K. for L. in M. to N. at DËi: M
25. We should be alive ___ our problems.
K. to L. by M. on N. for DËi: K
e¨vL¨v : Alive to To be aware of
26. Fill in the blanks : She aspires ____ a scientific career.
K. to L. for M. from N. by DËi: K
e¨vL¨v : Aspire to AwZwi³ AvKv•ÿv Kiv ev D”PvKv•ÿv ZvwoZ nIqv|
27. I have a savings account ___ AB Bank.
K. in L. at M. with N. of DËi: M
e¨vL¨v Account with ‡Kvb wKQz‡Z wnmve _vKv|
28. Mike Hasi is absent _____ the class.
K. to L. by M. in N. from DËi: N
e¨vL¨v : Absent from- Abycw¯’Z _vKv|
29. He has assured me ____ safety. (11Zg wewmGm)
K. to L. upon M. of N. on DËi : M
e¨vL¨v : Assure of— Avk^vm †Ìqv| evK¨wUi A_©— ‡m Avgvi wbivcËvi e¨vc‡i Avk^vm w`‡q‡Q|
30. She argued ___ me about the marriage. (23Zg wewmGm)
K. with L. for M. about N. over DËi: K
e¨vL¨v : Argue with (somebody) KviI mv‡_ ZK© Kiv| Argue for— ‡Kvb wKQzi c‡ÿ ZK©|
Argue about/over (something) — ‡Kvb wel‡q ZK© Kiv|
31. He was astonished ______ my courage. [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (eywoM½v) : 13]
K. at L. on M. with N. in DËi: K
e¨vL¨v : Astonished at— wew¯§Z|
32. Student should be attentive ______ their lessons. ev‡Kï k~b¨¯’v‡b mwVK kã em‡e- [cÖvK-
cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (‡nvqvs‡nv) : 13]
K. in L. with M. to N. of DËi : M
e¨vL¨v : Attentive to— g‡bv‡hvM †Ìqv| evK¨wUi A_©— wkÿv_©x‡ì Zv‡ì cv‡V g‡bv‡hvM †Ìqv DwPZ|
33. ÔI am ashamed ___ his conduct.’ evK¨wUi k~b¨¯’v‡b em‡e- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (evwZj cixÿv) : 02]
K. to L. of M. on N. for DËi : N
e¨vL¨v : Ashamed of— wbR AvPiY ev K‡g©i Rb¨ jw¾Z| Ashamed for— Ab¨ e¨w³i Kvi‡Y jw¾Z
nIqv| evK¨wUi A_©— Avwg Zvi Am`vPvi‡Y jw¾Z|
34. One should be ______ one’s misconduct. [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK : 93; cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 89]
K. to L. of M. on N. for DËi : L
e¨vL¨v : Ashamed of— wbR AvPiY ev K‡g©i Rb¨ jw¾Z|
35. I have no aptitude _____ music. k~b¨¯’v‡b mwVK kã em‡e- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 06]
K. for L. to M. of N. against DËi : K
e¨vL¨v : Aptitude for— ¯^vfvweK `ÿZv, cÖeYZv| evK¨wUi A_©— Avgvi Mv‡bi cÖwZ †SvuK bvB|
36. He has a great apathy ______ his studies. k~b¨¯’v‡b mwVK kã em‡e- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK
(ewikvj wefvM) : 08]
K. to L. for M. towards N. of DËi : M
Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbvq Av‡mwb Ggb wKQz Appropriate Prepositons

Abhorrence of (sth)— ‡Kvb wKQzi cÖwZ N„Yv Appeal for— ‡Kvb wKQzi weiæ‡× Av‡e`b Kiv
Abhorrent to (sb)— KviI wbKU N„Yv Ask for (sth)— PvIqv
Abound in— cÖPzi cwigv‡Y _vKv Ask (sb) in— wfZ‡i Avm‡Z ejv
Abound with— cwic~Y© _vKv Antipathy to— N„Yv
Acquit (sb) of (sth)— Lvjvm †`qv, Ae¨vnwZ †`qv Ascend from— Dc‡i IVv
Adjacent to— wbKUeZ©x, msjMœ Aspire after— D”PvKv•ÿvZvwoZ nIqv
Affinity for (sth)— AbyivM, Avmw³, Zxeª AvKl©Y Atone for— cÖvqwðË Kiv
Aim at— †Kvb wKQz‡Z cÖfvweZ Kiv| Avail oneself of— (my‡hv‡Mi) mØënvi Kiv
Allotted to— KvD‡K eivÏcÖ`Ë Alarmed at/by— kw¼Z, DwØMœ
Amateur at (sth)— A‡ckv`vi Allergic to— weivMfvRb †Kvb wKQzi cÖwZ
Answer for (sth)— `vqx nIqv, Revew`wn Kiv
B
37. Do not brood so much _______ your misfortune. Fill in the gap with appropriate
preposition. [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (hgybv) : 2012]
K. on L. of M. to N. upon DËi : K
e¨vL¨v : brood on/over— welYœfv‡e AbeiZ wPšÍv Kiv|
38. I beg mercy _______ the mercipal ev‡Kï k~b¨¯’v‡b mwVK kã em‡e- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK
K. of L. to M. on N. from DËi : N
e¨vL¨v: Beg (something) of (somebody)/ Beg (somebody) for (something)/ Beg
(something) from (somebody)— wfÿv PvIqv|
37. ‘You should not blush_______shame at your own mistake’ k~b¨¯’v‡b mwVK kãwU em‡e-
[cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (ivRkvnx wefvM) : 2008]
K. at L. on M. with N. upon DËi: M
e¨vL¨v: Blush with— b¤ªZv|
38. I am not bad ___ tennis. [10Zg wewmGm; cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (ewikvj wefvM) : 07]
K. at L. on M. with N. upon DËi: K
e¨vL¨v : Bad at— A`ÿ|
39. It’s impolite to break _____ when someone else is talking. [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2019]
K. in L. into M. on N. off DËi: K
e¨vL¨v : Break in n¯Í‡ÿc Kiv/evuav †Ìqv| Break into ‡Rvic~e©K cÖ‡ek Kiv, Break off nVvr
†_‡g hvIqv|
40. Early rising is beneficial ___ health. [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2019]
K. for L. to M. on N. of DËi: L
e¨vL¨v : Beneficial to DcKvix|
41. He is bent ______ going to the meeting. [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (myigv) : 10]
K. upon L. on M. in N. with DËi : L
e¨vL¨v : Bent on— determined to do, msKíeÜ|
42. Which one is correct? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (myigv) : 10]
K. Mr. Karim is blind for his son’s fault L. Mr. Karim is blind about his son’s fault
M. Mr. Karim is blind to his son’s fault N. Mr. Karim is blind of his son’s fault DËi : M
e¨vL¨v : Blind to (fault)— ‡`v‡li cÖwZ AÜ, †`‡LI bv †`Lv| evK¨wUi A_©— wg÷vi Kwig Zvi mšÍv‡bi
†`vl ‡`‡Lb bv|
43. This house is built _____ stone. [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (XvKv wefvM) : 06; cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK : 05]
K. of L. with M. in N. by DËi : K
e¨vL¨v : Built of— wbwg©Z|

Baffled by— nZeyw× nIqv Bias against— cÿcv‡Zi Awf‡hvM
Believe in— Av¯’v ivLv Boast of— AnsKvi Kiv
Belong to— ¯^Z¡vaxb nIqv Bound by— Ki‡Z eva¨
Bereft of— ewÂZ Beset by/with— cwi‡ewóZ
Bestow on— m¤§vbv‡_© cÖ`vb Kiv
C
41. Eight men were concerned ___ the plot. [AvURb †jvK loh‡š¿ RwoZ wQj] [38Zg wewmGm; cÖv_wgK
K. at L. with M. in N. for DËi: M
e¨vL¨v : Concern in `vqx A‡_© (Responsible for) ‡Kvb wKQz‡Z RwoZ| †hgb : Salam was
concerned in Sagor’s murder. Concern with ‡Kvb wel‡q m¤úwK©Z/AvMÖnx| ‡hgb They
were more concern with the way of life. Concern for DwØMœ| †hgb He didn’t seem
concern for her safety.
44. The Ambassador called___ the president? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2019]
K. in L. on M. none of them N. at DËi: L
e¨vL¨v : call on/upon A_© Kv‡iv mv‡_ wM‡q mvÿvZ Kiv, call in A_© †W‡K cvVv‡bv, A_© call at †Kv_vI
wM‡q mvÿvZ Kiv| GLv‡b Ackb (L) n‡”Q mwVK DËi|
45. Credit Tk. 500 – my account. [36Zg wewmGm + cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2019]
K. against L. in M. to N. with DËi: M
e¨vL¨v : Credit (balance) to (account)/ Credit (account) with (balance)— Rgv Kiv|
46. He is confident_______ success.
K. for L. with M. to N. of DËi: N
e¨vL¨v : ‡Kvb wel‡q AvZœwek^vmx n‡j confident Gi ci appropriate preposition wn‡m‡e ÔofÕ e‡m|
ev‡Kï A_© n‡jv-‡m mdjZvi wel‡q AvZœwek^vmx|
47. My opinion coincided ---- you. ev‡Kï k~b¨¯’v‡b em‡e- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (wZZvm) : 2010]
K. at L. against M. with N. for DËi: M
e¨vL¨v: Coincide with— (aviYv m¤ú‡K©) wg‡j hvIqv|
48. ‘You should drive the car at a speed compatible – safety’ ev‡Kï k~b¨¯’v‡b mwVK kã
em‡e- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (Rev) : 2009]
K. for L. towards M. at N. with DËi: N
e¨vL¨v: Compatible with— mvgÄm¨c~Y© ev m½wZc~Y©|
49. I shall try to comply – your request. evK¨wUi k~b¨¯’v‡b mwVK kã em‡e- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK
(PÆMÖvg wefvM) : 2008]
K. with L. to M. at N. on DËi: K
e¨vL¨v : Comply with— ivwR nIqv, †g‡b †bIqv|
42. She was so constant ______ me ! [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2019]
K. off L. of M. with N. to DËi: N
e¨vL¨v : ÔShe was so constant to me’ evK¨wU John Keats Gi ÔOde to Sorrow’ KweZvq cvIqv
hvq| GLv‡b KviI cÖwZ wek^vmx A‡_© Constant to eëüZ n‡q‡Q|
43. ‘Early rising is conducive ______ health’ evK¨wUi k~b¨¯’v‡b mwVK kã em‡e- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq
mnKvix wkÿK (ivRkvnx wefvM) : 2008]
K. to L. for M. in N. with DËi: K
e¨vL¨v: Conducive to— DcKvix| evK¨wUi A_©— ZvovZvwo Nyg †_‡K IVv ¯^v‡¯’ï Rb¨ DcKvix|
44. The teacher has little control – his students. [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (iwekvj wefvM) : 07]
K. for L. over M. to N. of DËi: L
e¨vL¨v : Control over (somebody)— Kv‡iv Dc‡i wbqš¿Y|
45. The man was charged – thief. evK¨wUi k~b¨¯’v‡b mwVK kã em‡e- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (XvKv
wefvM) : 2006]
K. at L. in M. of N. with DËi: N
46. ‘Anger may be compared ______ fire.’ evK¨wUi k~b¨¯’v‡b mwVK kã em‡e- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix
K. with L. at M. to N. of DËi: M
e¨vL¨v : Compare with— GKB RvZxq wRwb‡mi Zzjbv Kiv| Compare to— Amg e¯‘i g‡a¨ Zzjbv
Kiv| Anger (‡µva) I fire (Av¸b) `ywU wfbœ wfbœ wRwbm| ZvB ï× DËi (M)|
47. ‘I am convinced ______the necessity of prudence’ ev‡Kï k~b¨¯’v‡b mwVK kã em‡e- [cÖv_wgK
we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (kvcjv) : 2009]
K. with L. on M. in N. of DËi: N
e¨vL¨v: Convince of— wek^vm Rb¥v‡bv, `„p wek^vm m„wó Kiv|
48. They crossed the English channel ___ a small boat.
K. by L. in M. with N. on. DËi: K
49. Water is changed ___ vapour.
K. in L. into M. to N. at. DËi: L
50. They were charged ___ receiving stolen goods.
K. of L. with M. in N. for DËi: L
51. Graff looked in awesome form as she cruised ___ an easy 6-2, 6-1 and 6-1 victory.
K. on L. over M. in N. to. DËi: N
52. His body was committed ___ grave.
(a) on (b) to (c) into d) with. Ans- b
Committed to A½xKvie×/cÖwZkÖæwZe×|
53. You should drive the car at a speed compatible ___ safety.
(a) to (b) for (c) at (d) with Ans- d
e¨vL¨v: Compatible with mym½Z, Dchy³, mvgÄm¨c~Y©|
54. The two companies consolidated ___ greater efficiency.
(a) on (b) for (c) with (d) at Ans- b
e¨vL¨v : Consolidate for fvj D‡Ï‡k¨ GKwÎZ Kiv|
55. He complied ____ her request. (‡m Zvi Aby‡iva †g‡b wb‡q‡Q)
(a) on (b) to (c) by (d) with Ans- d
e¨vL¨v : Comply with sb Sb ‡K †g‡b Pjv|
56. I caught him ______ the ear. The preposition in the gap will be
(a) by (b) with (c) in (d) of Ans a
e¨vL¨v : Catch somebody by something A_© ‡Kv‡bv e¨w³‡K †Kvb A½ †hgb nvZ, Kvb cÖf…wZ a‡i
Uvbv|
50. He is callous _______ his studies. ev‡Kï k~b¨¯’v‡b mwVK kã em‡e- [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK
(kxZjÿ¨v) : 13]
K. on L. to M. for N. in DËi: L
e¨vL¨v : Callous to— D`vmxb| evK¨wUi A_©— ‡m Zvi covïbvi e¨vcv‡i D`vmxb|
51. I have no cause ______ anxiety. [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 19]
K. of L. to M. for N. against DËi : M
e¨vL¨v : Cause for— ‡Kvb wKQzi b¨vq wfwË, Dch©y³ KviY|
52. One should cling ______ one’s plan. [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (wZZvm): 10]
K. with L. to M. of N. for DËi : L
e¨vL¨v : Cling to— `„pfv‡e †j‡M _vKv|
53. I concur _______ you on your decision. ev‡Kï k~b¨¯’v‡b mwVK kã em‡e- [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq
mnKvix wkÿK (‡gNbv) : 13; cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 18]
K. to L. with M. by N. upon DËi : L
e¨vL¨v : Çoncur with— GKgZ nIqv| evK¨wUi A_©— Avwg †Zvgvi wm×v‡šÍ GKgZ|
54. His words conform ______ his work. ev‡Kï k~b¨¯’v‡b mwVK kã em‡e- [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix
wkÿK (‡nvqvs‡nv) : 13]
K. with L. by M. in N. to DËi : N
e¨vL¨v : Conform to— ‡g‡b Pjv, AbymiY Kiv, wgj _vKv|
55. Fill in the blank : The climate is congenial _____ health. [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK : 15]
K. with L. on M. to N. for DËi : M
e¨vL¨v : Congenial to— Dc‡hvMx|
56. I congratulated him _______ his success. [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 95]
K. for L. to M. on N. at DËi : M

Care for— ‡`Lv‡kvbv Kiv Contemporaray of— mgmvgwqK
Catch at— aivi †Póv Kiv Connection to— ‡Kvb wKQzi mv‡_ m¤úK©
Catch by— A½-cÖZ¨½ †P‡c aiv Cure of— wPwKrmv Kiv, Av‡ivM¨ nIqv
Cope with— mvgwj‡q IVv Cure for— wbivgqKvix Jla
D
57. Rimi is debarred ________ appearing at the examination. [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 92]
K. from L. with M. to N. in DËi : K
e¨vL¨v : Debar from— weiZ ivLv|
57. He despaired______success ev‡Kï k~b¨¯’v‡b mwVK kã em‡e- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (wkDjx) : 09]
K. in L. of M. with N. at DËi: L
e¨vL¨v: Despaired of—hopeless of, nZvk|
58. He is devoid ____ the two children. [26Zg wewmGm; cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (cÙ) : 09]
K. in L. of M. with N. at DËi: L
e¨vL¨v : Devoid of – ewR©Z/k~b¨|
59. Rahim discourage me ...........borrowing. Choose the appropriate preposition.
K. to L. on M. from N. in DËi: M
e¨vL¨v: ÔDiscourage fromÕ— weiZ ivLv/ evav †`qv/ wbiærmvwnZ Kiv| evK¨wUi evsjv A_© n‡jv— Ôiwng
Avgv‡K avi Ki‡Z wbiærmvwnZ K‡iÕ |
60. I don’t think you will have any difficulty ___ a driving license. (in getting) (24Zg
wewmGm)
e¨vL¨v : Difficulty in (doing)— mgm¨v, RwUjZv|
61. ‘The patient died ---Cancer.’ ev‡Kï k~b¨¯’v‡b mwVK kã em‡e? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (ivRkvnx
wefvM) : 2005]
K. from L. by M. of N. at DËi: M
62. An honest man has no distrust _______ anyone. [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 18]
K. on L. with M. for N. of DËi : N
e¨vL¨v : Distrust of— m‡n›`n| evK¨wUi A_©— mr e¨w³i Kv‡iv cÖwZ Awek^vm bvB|
63. Officials who are destitute ___ sympathy don’t have incentive ___ work hard.
K. of, in L. against, to M. in, against N. of, to DËi : N
e¨vL¨v : Destitute of— Devoid of (Afve, k~b¨) Incentive to A thing that motivates or
encourages someone to do something.
64. We dispensed ___ his services.
K. with L. in M. of N. at. DËi : K
e¨vL¨v : Dispense with (sb/sth) gy³ nIqv, wb¯Ívi cvIqv|
65. Which is the appropriate preposition in the sentence? ÔHe deals ____ rice.’
K. with L. in M. of N. to DËi : L
e¨vL¨v : Deal in sth— ‡Kvb wKQz †ePv‡Kbv/eëmv Kiv| Deal wtith— Av‡jvPbv Kiv/‡gjv‡gkv
Kiv/m¤úK© iÿv Kiv|
Damage to— ÿwZ Deprive of— ewÂZ Kiv
Depend on/upon— wbf©i Kiv Detrimental to— ÿwZKi
Dedicate to— DrmM© Kiv Disgrace to— Kj¼
Discovery— ‡Kvb wKQzi Avwe®‥vi Discuss with— Av‡jvPbv Kiv
Describ to (somebody)— Kv‡iv Kv‡Q eY©bv Kiv Do up— AvU‡K _vKv
E
66. The children were entrusted ____ the care of their uncle. (24Zg wewmGm)
K. for L. in M. with N. to DËi : N
e¨vL¨v : Entrusted to (somebody) KviI wbKU b¨¯Í Kiv, Ac©Y Kiv| ev”Pv‡ì †`Lfv‡ji Rb¨ Zv‡ì
PvPvi wbKU Ac©Y Kiv nj| ‡hgb He entrusted the task ___ his nephew. Entrusted with
(something) — ‡Kvb `vwqZ¡ Ac©Y Kiv|
67. Government has been entrusted ___ elected politicians. (23Zg wewmGm)
K. for L. in M. with N. to DËi : N
68. He entrusted his nephew ___ the task.
K. for L. in M. with N. to DËi : M
e¨vL¨v : Entrusted with (something)— ‡Kvb `vwqZ¡ Ac©Y Kiv|
69. All the good qualities are embodied ___ my teacher.
K. to L. in M. with N. of DËi : L
e¨vL¨v : Embody in Represent in bodily from. ‡hgb- Its primary purpose was to
embody in statutory form the common law principle of equal treatment under like
circumstances, and to provide machinery for enforcement.
70. I am entitled ___ a share in the profit. (Avgvi jf¨vs‡k AwaKvi Av‡Q)|
K. with L. for M. to N. in DËi : M
e¨vL¨v : Entitled to ‡Kvb wKQz cvIqvi AwaKvi ivLv|
71. We’ve recently entered ___ an agreement with the Inland Co-operative society.
K. into L. to M. in N. of DËi : K
e¨vL¨v: Enter into (something) Av‡jvPbv/Pzw³‡Z cÖ‡ek Kiv|
72. The police are enquiring ___ his connections with the criminals.
K. on L. for M. into N. over DËi : M
e¨vL¨v : Enquire into ‡Kvb wel‡q Z`šÍ Kiv|
73. Man has no escape ____ death. (gvbyl g„Zz¨ Gov‡Z cv‡i bv)
K. before L. from M. in N. by DËi : L
e¨vL¨v : Escape from cvwj‡q hvIqv ev Gov‡bv| g„Zz¨ Awbevh© nIqvq Ackb (b) mwVK DËi|
74. He is engaged _______ writing a book. k~b¨¯’v‡b mwVK kã em‡e- [cÖvK cÖv_ mnKvix wkÿK (wSjvg) : 13]
K. in L. with M. at N. to DËi : K
e¨vL¨v : Engaged to— KviI evM`Ëv (AvswU e`j n‡q‡Q Ggb)| Engaged in— ‡Kvb K‡g© wb‡qvwRZ/
wbhy³/ wbgMœ|
75. He is envious _____ my success. ev‡Kï k~b¨¯’v‡b mwVK kã em‡e- [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK
(`vRjv) : 13]
K, of L, to M, with N, about DËi : K
e¨vL¨v : Envious of— Jealous of, cikÖxKvZi|
76. ÔHe was equal _____ the task.’ k~b¨¯’v‡b †KvbwU em‡e? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 97]
K. of L. for M. to N. with DËi : M
e¨vL¨v : Equal to (a task)— K‡g© mgZzj¨| Equal in (rank)— c`gh©v`vq mgZzj¨| Equal with (a
person)— e¨w³i mgZzj¨| evK¨wUi A_©— ‡m KvRwUi mg‡hvM¨Zvm¤úbœ wQj|
77. The girl is exert _______ drawing. ev‡Kï k~b¨¯’v‡b mwVK kã em‡e- [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix
wkÿK (wSjvg) : 13]
K. in L. to M. with N. at DËi : N
78. Mr. Anwar is expert _______ physics. ev‡Kï k~b¨¯’v‡b mwVK kã em‡e- [‡iwR÷vW© cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq
mnKvix wkÿK (wkDjx) : 11]
K. at L. to M. in N. with DËi : M
e¨vL¨v : Expert at (doing something)— fv‡jvfv‡e Ki‡Z mÿg| Expert in— ‡Kvb wel‡q AwfÁ|

End in (something)— cwiYwZ jvf Kiv Escape from— gy³ nIqv
Exception to— e¨wZµg Exult over/at— Djøvm Kiv
F
79. The cow feeds ---- grass. ev‡Kï k~b¨¯’v‡b mwVK kã em‡e- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (wZZvm) : 2010]
K. on L. in M. of N. by DËi: K
e¨vL¨v : Feed on— ‡L‡q evuPv| Feed somebody with something— KvD‡K LvIqv‡bv|
80. Feed the baby ______ milk. ev‡Kï k~b¨¯’v‡b mwVK kã n‡e- [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (‡WjUv): 14;
cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (wZZvm) : 10]
K. on L. to M. at N. with DËi: N
81. He fantasized ___ winning the lottery. (21Zg wewmGm)
K. about L. in M. of N. by DËi: K
e¨vL¨v : Fantasize about— Kíbv Kiv| evK¨wUi A_©— ‡m jUvwi †RZvi D™¢U Kíbv Kij|
82. Almost everyone fails___on the first try.
K. in passing his driver’s test L. to his driver’s test
M. to have passed his driver’s test N. passing his driver’s test DËi: K
e¨vL¨v : Fail in cixÿvq DËxY© n‡Z e¨_© nIqv| ‡Kvb wKQz Ki‡Z e¨_© nIqv †evSv‡Z fail Gi c‡i in + v-
ing A_ev infinitive (to + V1) e‡m|
83. The quality of his painting has fallen ___ greatly.
(a) off (b) in (c) in (d) down Ans- a
e¨vL¨v : fall off A decrease in something. Fall into— ‡Kvb Ae¯’vq cwZZ nIqv|
84. I am fearful ______ enemies. ev‡Kï k~b¨¯’v‡b mwVK kã em‡e- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (wSjvg) : 13]
K. of L. to M. at N. with DËi: K
e¨vL¨v : Fearful of— fxZ|
Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbvq Av‡mwb Ggb wKQz ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Appropriate Prepositons

Fatal to— gvivZ¥K Fed up with— wei³
Familiar to— mycwiwPZ Flow into— cÖevwnZ n‡q mvM‡i cwZZ nIqv
Familiar with— fvj Ávb Av‡Q Ggb Flow over— Dci w`‡q cÖevwnZ nIqv
Fatigue by— K¬všÍ Fond of— Avm³
Full of— c~Y© Free of— e¨ZxZ
G
85. The disgusted man grumbled – his fate evK¨wUi k~b¨¯’v‡b mwVK kã em‡e- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix
wkÿK (Lyjbv I PÆMÖvg wefvM) : 2008]
K. at L. on M. to N. against DËi: K
e¨vL¨v: Grumble at/about/over দবিদবদিময় চক্ষার্ বা অ঴মন্তা঳ কাল করা। Grumble out অ঴মন্তা঳
র্মর ব঱া । evK¨wUi A_©— ‡jvKwU Zvi fv‡Mï e¨vcv‡i nZvk|
86. John Smith is good ____ Mathematics. (36Zg wewmGm) [ Good at `ÿ|]
K. at L. on M. to N. against DËi: K
e¨vL¨v : Good at— `ÿ| Good to— `qvjy, m`q|
87. I am not good ____ translation. (27Zg wewmGm)
K. in L. on M. to N. at DËi: N
88. He was guilty ___ contempt of the court.
(a) of (b) for (c) at (d) to Ans-a
89. Put in suitable preposition. ÔWho did give the money _____ ?
(a) from (b) to (c) in (d) of Ans b
e¨vL¨v : Give something to somebody Ac©Y Kiv ev Dcnvi wn‡m‡e `vb Kiv|
Grateful to— KviI cÖwZ K…ZÁ Grateful for— ‡Kvb wel‡qi Kvi‡Y K…ZÁ
H
90. ‘Everything hinges – what happens next’ ev‡Kï k~b¨¯’v‡b mwVK kã em‡e- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb
wkÿK (‡Mvjvc) : 2009; cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (XvKv wefvM) : 07]
K. by L. upon M. for N. with DËi: L
e¨vL¨v: Hinge on/upon— wbf©i Kiv|
91. We were horrified ___ what we saw.
K. by L. upon M. for N. with DËi: K
e¨vL¨v : Horrified by upset (nZvk).
92. He is hanker ____ money. [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 92]
(a) after (b) in (c) to (d) the Ans a
e¨vL¨v : Hanker A_©— jvjvwqZ nIqv ev †jvf Kiv|
Hope for— Avkv Kiv Hopeful of— Avkvev`x
Heir of somebody— e¨w³i DËivwaKvix Heir to something— m¤úwËi DËivwaKvix
Hungry for— cÖej D”PvKv•ÿx
I
93. The principal had an inquiry ---the case. [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2019]
K. to L. into M. at N. in DËi : L
e¨vL¨v : Inquiry into (sth)— ‡Kvb e¨vcv‡i Z`šÍ|
93. Choose the correct sentence. [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 93; cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2019]
a. The matter has been informed by the polic
b. The matter was informed by the polic
c. The police were informed of the matter.
d. The police informed of the matter. DËi : M
e¨vL¨v : inform of/about— AewnZ Kiv, Rvbv‡bv| myZivs Ack‡b mwVK n‡”Q - The police were
informed of the matter. (cywjk e¨vcviwU AeMZ)|
94. He is involved – difficulties. ev‡Kï k~b¨¯’v‡b mwVK kã em‡e- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (cÙv) : 2009]
K. with L. at M. in N. upon DËi: M
e¨vL¨v: Involved in— RwoZ|
95. He is innocent – the charge. evK¨wUi k~b¨¯’v‡b mwVK kã em‡e- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (ivRkvnx
wefvM) : 07]
K. of L. with M. to N. on DËi: K
e¨vL¨v: Innocent of— wb‡`©vl|
96. ‘My brother has no interest – music.’ ev‡Kï k~b¨¯’v‡b mwVK kã em‡e- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK
(‡ejx) : 2009; 26Zg wewmGm]
K. for L. in M. with N. at DËi: L
e¨vL¨v: Interest in— ‡Kvb wel‡q AvMÖn|
97. He insisted ____ there. (on my going) (36Zg wewmGm)
e¨vL¨v : insist on Mr. X – Mr. X Gi Dci †RvivRywi Kiv|
98. Wordsworth introduced the readers ___ a new kind of poetry. (to) (31Zg wewmGm)
e¨vL¨v : Introduce into/to— cÖPwjZ Kiv|
99. Youth is impatient ___ restraint.
(a) of (b) at (c) to (d) none Ans- a
e¨vL¨v : Impatient of Intolerant of (Amwnòz, •ah©nxb)|
100. Honesty is indispensable ___ success.
(a) to (b) for (c) at (d) of Ans- a
e¨vL¨v : Indispensable to— Acwinvh©, AZ¨vek¨K|
101. Are we sufficiently insured ___ fire?
(a) for (b) at (c) against (d) from Ans- c
Impact on— cÖfve †djv Impose on— (Ki, `vwqZ¡) Av‡ivc Kiv, Pvcv‡bv
Inclusive of— AšÍf©y³, mnKv‡i Incompatible with— AmvgÄm¨
Indulge in— RwoZ nIqv, Avm³ nIqv Infect with— `~wlZ Kiv
Integral to— Awe‡”Q`¨ Interfere with— AbwaKviPP©v Kiv
Impute to— †`vlvic Kiv Infuse (sth) into (sb) — mÂvi Kiv, cwic~Y© Kiv
Intent on— `„pmsKí nIqv Inveigh against— Zxeª mgv‡jvPbv Kiv
J
102. His wife is jealous ___ him and she follows him everywhere he goes.
(a) with (b) at (c) of (d) about Ans- d
e¨vL¨v : Jealous of – Cl©wš^Z, unhappy because someone has something that you would
like or can do something that you would like to do. ‡hgb Other girls were jealous of
her good looks.
103. ÔJustification for’ – Gi mwVK A_© †KvbwU?
(a) mg_©b (b) wePvi (c) gšÍe¨ (d) ZK© Ans- a
104. ‘The burglar jumped – the compound wall’ evK¨wUi k~b¨¯’v‡b mwVK kã em‡e- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq
mnKvix wkÿK (XvKv I ewikvj wefvM) : 2008]
K. on L. at M. over N. in DËi: M
Jear at— Dcnvm Kiv Jurisdiction over— AvBwb KZ…©Z¡
K
105. mwVK Preposition mn †Kvb evK¨wU ï×? [‡iwR÷vW© cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (Rev) : 2011]
K. Industry is the key to success L. Industry is key for success
M. Industry is key of success N. Industry is key into success DËi: K
e¨vL¨v: ‘Key to’— PvweKvwV| evK¨wUi A_©— cwikÖg mdjZvi PvweKvwV|
106. I finally killed the fly ___ a rolled up newspaper. (with) (24Zg wewmGm)
L
107. Everybody longs ---happiness. [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2019]
K. in L. for M. from N. over DËi : L
e¨vL¨v : Long for— Avkv Kiv| evK¨wUi A_©— mevB my‡Li Avkv K‡i|
108. The intellectual can no longer be said to live ____ the margine of society. (20Zg
wewmGm)
K. on L. beyond M. within N. by DËi : L
e¨vL¨v : Live on— ‡eu‡P _vKv| Live by (means)— ‡Kvb Dcv‡q †eu‡P _vKv| Live beyond—
wba©vwiZ MwÐi evB‡i Rxeb-hvcb Kiv|
109. The Cow lives ____ grass.
(a) on (b) in (c) to (d) the Ans a
e¨vL¨v : Live on ‡L‡q Rxeb aviY Kiv|
110. You should have a limit ____ your demands.
(a) on (b) to (c) in (d) for Ans- a
e¨vL¨v : Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary Abyhvqx limit kãwU hLb restriction A‡_©
eëüZ nq ZLb Gici preposition wn‡m‡e on eëüZ nq|
111. Mr. Anderson lives ____ honest means?
(a) on (b) at (c) in (d) by Ans- d
e¨vL¨v : Live on ‡L‡q evuPv, Live at ‡QvU ¯’v‡b evm Kiv, Live in eo ¯’v‡b evm Kiv Ges Live
by Abykvmb †g‡b Pjv| Ack‡b Honest kãwU _vKvq Abykvmb †g‡b Pjv mwVK|

Lack of— Afve Lament for— ‡kvK Kiv
Laugh at— Dcnvm Kiv Learn about (sth) — Ávb, ÁvbvR©b Kiv
Light by/ Lit by— Av‡jvwKZ Kiv/Av‡jvwKZ Loyal to— AbyMZ, wek^¯Í
Listen to— ‡kvbv
M
112. ‘He is no match – me. evK¨wUi k~b¨¯’v‡b mwVK kã em‡e- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (XvKv I ewikvj wefvM) :
2008]
K. with L. for M. of N. over DËi: L
e¨vL¨v: Match for (sth/sb)— gvbvbmB/ mv`„k¨|
113. Choose the correct sentence ---
(a) You are mistaken in holding this view. (b) You are mistaken to hold this view.
(c) Both (d) None Ans-a

Marry of— we‡q ‡`qv Married to (sb)— we‡q n‡q‡Q Ggb
Martyr to— knx` Mad for (sth) — AvMÖnx
Motive for— AwfcÖvq Meet with— m¤§yLxb nIqv
N, O
114. Rest is necessity ______ me now. k~b¨¯’v‡b mwVK kã em‡e- [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (`vRjv) : 13]
K. to L. in M. for N. at DËi : M
115. It did not occur ___ my mind at any time.
(a) on (b) in (c) to (d) in Ans- c
e¨vL¨v : Occur to— ¯§i‡Y Avmv, g‡b Avmv|
116. The novelist is observant ___ public feeling.
(a) for (b) at (c) to (d) of Ans- d
e¨vL¨v Observant of ch©‡eÿK, g‡bv‡hvMx|
117. He objects ___ having to go to so many parties.
K. to L. in M. for N. at DËi : K
e¨vL¨v : Object to Kv‡iv e¨vcv‡i AvcwË Kij| Mr. Trump objected to his proposal.(Uªv¤ú Zvi
cÖ¯Ív‡e AvcwË Ki‡jv)| I objected to his proposal (Avwg Zvi cÖ¯Ív‡e AvcwË Kijvg)|
118. I am offended ____ you ____ your conduct.
(a) with, at (b) with, on (c) at, on (d) with, for Ans a
e¨vL¨v : Offended with KviI cÖwZ Amš‘ó nIqv| Offend at ‡Kvb wKQz‡Z mš‘ó nIqv|

Need for— cÖ‡qvRb Negligent in— Ag‡bv‡hvMx
Oblige to— evwaZ Kiv Oppose to/against— we‡ivwaZv Kiv
Oblivious of/to— A‡PZb Oust to— ewn®‥vi Kiv
P, Q
119. I prefer tea ............ coffee. [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2018]
K. from L. to M. for N. than DËi: L
e¨vL¨v : Prefer (sth) to (sth)— AwaKZi cQ›` Kiv| Avevi Prefer Gici 2wU noun _vKvq Zv‡ì
gv‡S Zzjbv Ki‡Z g‡a¨ than bv e‡m to e‡m|
120. He prefers reading – writing. [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2019]
K. with L. as M. than N. to DËi: N
120. Fill in the blank with the correct choice How much did you _____ the book?
(a) Pay (b) paid (c) Pay for (d) pay on Ans c
e¨vL¨v : Pay for g~j¨ cwi‡kva Kiv ev `vg †Ìqv|
121. Fill in the bland with appropriate preposition. He takes pride ____ his wealth.
(a) on (b) in (c) at (d) upon Ans b
e¨vL¨v : Pround Gi mv‡_ of nq Ges Pride Gi mv‡_ in eëüZ nq| Dfq †ÿ‡ÎB GKB A_© nq, hvi A_©
ÔMe©‡eva KivÕ|
122. Choose the correct sentence. [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK cixÿv : 2015]
a. Death is preferable than dishonour. b. Death is more preferable than dishonour.
c. Death is more preferable then dishonour. d. Death is preferable to dishonour. Ans-d
e¨vL¨v : `ywU e¯‘i, e¨w³i, cÖvYxi g‡a¨ Zzjbv Ki‡Z comparative form eëüZ nq| A few words
like superior, inferior, senior, junior, prior, preferable wb‡RivB adjective, ZvB Zv‡ì c~‡e©
comparative (Zzjbvq) more, than A‡_© e‡m bv, to e‡m| Preferable to— AwaKZi cQ›` Kiv|
123. I shall do it ............. pleasure. Use appropriate preposition to fill in the gap. [cÖv_wgK
we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (KY©dzjx) : 2012]
a. in b. at c. with d. to Ans- c
e¨vL¨v : appropriate preposition ÔPleased withÕ A_©— Avbw›`Z nIqv, Lywk nIqv|
124. He did not profit________experience- ev‡Kï k~b¨¯’v‡b mwVK kã em‡e- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK
(wkDjx) : 2009]
K. by L. in M. with N. on DËi: K
e¨vL¨v: Profit by/from— myweav jvf Kiv/jvfevb nIqv|
125. The lady prides herself ________ her beauty? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2019]
K. upon L. in M. of N. about DËi: K
e¨vL¨v : pride herself on/upon something A_©— AnsKvi Kiv| evK¨gwUi A_©— ¯¿x‡jvKwU Zvi
†m․›`‡h©i eovB K‡i|
126. ‘He could not prevail – you. evK¨wUi k~b¨¯’v‡b mwVK kã em‡e- [cÖv_wgK we`¨v cÖavb wkÿK (XvKv wefvM) : 08]
K. on L. over M. with N. upon DËi: K,N
e¨vL¨v: Prevail upon/on— eywS‡q ivwR Kiv‡bv| evK¨wUi A_©— Avwg †Zvgv‡K ‡evSv‡Z cvijvg bv|
125. ‘He is proud – his position.’ evK¨wUi k~b¨¯’v‡b mwVK kã em‡e- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (XvKv wefvM) : 06]
K. of L. for M. at N. in DËi: K
e¨vL¨v : proud of— Mwe©Z, An¼vix|
127. His illness is a mere present pretext _________ his absence. [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 15]
K. with L. to M. for N. of DËi: M
e¨vL¨v: Pretext for— ARynvZ|
126. Many prefer donating money____ distributing clothes. (29Zg wewmGm)
K. with L. to M. for N. of DËi: L
e¨vL¨v : Prefer to AwaK cQ›` Kiv| A‡b‡K Kvco weZi‡Yi †P‡q UvKv weZiY Ki‡Z ‡ewk cQ›` K‡i|
127. He parted ____ his friend in tears. (24Zg wewmGm)
K. of L. from M. at N. in DËi: L
e¨vL¨v: Part from ‡Kvb wKQz †_‡K wew”Qbœ nIqv|
128. He has recently parted _____ his wife.
K. of L. from M. at N. in DËi: L
129. The customer gets what he pays _______.
(a) from (b) off (c) at (d) for Ans- d
e¨vL¨v : Pay for ‡Kvb `ªe¨, e¯‘ ev †mevi wecix‡Z KvD‡K UvKv †Ìqv|
130. Choose the correct sentence
K. Death is preferable than dishonor. L. Death is more preferable than dishonor.
M. Death is more preferable then dishonor. N. Death is preferable to dishonor. Ans d
e¨vL¨v : Prefer, preferable, senior, junior, prior BZ¨vw` Latin comparative ¸‡jvi ci to e‡m|

Prohibit from— wb‡la Kiv Prevent from— weiZ ivLv
Prejudice against— weiƒc g‡bvfve, Kzms¯‥vi Prone to— cÖeYZv
Prior to— c~‡e© Provide (sb) with (sth)— cÖ`vb Kiv, mieivn Kiv
Quick at— PUc‡U Quick of— ‡evSvi e¨vcv‡i PUc‡U
R
131. There is no royal road______learning. [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2019]
K. from L. to M. for N. by DËi : L
e¨vL¨v : Royal road to something A_© n‡”Q— †Kvb wKQz cvIqvi mnRZg Dcvq|
132. Every driver must be held ---his own actions. [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2019]
K. responsible to L. blamed for
M. liable to N. responsible for DËi : N
e¨vL¨v : responsible for A_©— ‡Kvb Kv‡Ri Rb¨ `vqx nIqv †evSvq| be hold responsible for
something GLv‡b A_© †Kv‡bv wKQzi Rb¨ KvD‡K †`vlx mve¨¯Í Kiv| Responsible to— ‡Kv e¨w³i wbKU
`vqx|
131. Fill in the blank. Frustration results ______Violence. [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK cixÿv : 2015]
K. in L. at M. with N. of DËi : K
e¨vL¨v : Result from— ‡Kvb wKQz n‡Z djvdj m„wó nIqv| Result in— ‡Kvb wKQz‡Z djvdj wbwnZ
_vKv| evK¨wUi A_©— nZvkv mwnsmZvq ch©ewmZ nq|
131. The Decision rests – you.’ evK¨wUi k~b¨¯’v‡b mwVK kã em‡e-[cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (XvKv wefvM) :
2008]
K. with L. on M. in N. upon DËi: K
e¨vL¨v: Rest with (sb)— (wm×všÍ, `vwqZ¡) KviI Dci wbf©i Kiv| Rest upon (sth)— ‡Kvb wKQzi Dci
wbf©i Kiv|
132. ‘The dog ran – the road’ evK¨wUi k~b¨¯’v‡b mwVK kã em‡e- [cÖv_wgK we`¨v mnKvix wkÿK (ivRkvnx wefvM) : 08]
K. on L. along M. in N. with DËi: L
e¨vL¨v : Along – eivei eëüZ nq| KzKziwU iv¯Ív eivei †`․‡o †Mj|
133. He relieved me – anxiety. evK¨wUi k~b¨¯’v‡b mwVK kã em‡e- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (XvKv wefvM) : 06]
K. in L. of M. with N. to DËi: L
e¨vL¨v: Relieve (sb) of (sth) — (Pvc, `vq) gy³ Kiv|
133. The man was relived --- his pain. [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (Lyjbv wefvM) : 2005]
K. for L. at M. on N. of DËi: N
134. The two brothers show resemblance ___ each other.
(a) to (b) with (c) for (d) at. Ans- a
e¨vL¨v Resemblance to mv`„k¨|
134. Choose the right preposition : ÔWe shall refrain _____ doing it’.
(a) from (b) of (c) by (d) at Ans a
e¨vL¨v : Refrain from weiZ _vKv| Refrain Gi mv‡_ by, of, at e‡m bv|
135. My wife reminded me ____. (of my appointment) (24Zg wewmGm)
Recline on— ‡njvb †`qv Remind of— g‡b Kwi‡q †`qv
Remedy for— cÖwZ‡laK Repent of— AbyZß nIqv
Respect for— kÖ×v Rescue (sb) from (sth)— D×vi Kiv
Return to— c~e©eZ©x ¯’v‡b wd‡i Avmv Return from— ‡Kvb ¯’vb n‡Z wd‡i Avmv
Retire from— Aemi †bIqv Resolve to— wm×všÍ MÖnY Kiv
S
135. Their house is quite similar –ours. [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2019]
K. with L. as M. than N. to DËi : N
e¨vL¨v : Similar to— Analogous to, Abyiƒc| evK¨wUi A_©— Zv‡ì evmv Avgv‡ì Abyiƒc|
136. He was smiling ___ himself and did not answer my question.
(a) with (b) on (c) at (d) to Ans- d
e¨vL¨v : Smile on cÖmbœ nIqv| †hgb : Fortune smiled on him at last. (A‡e‡k‡l fvM¨ Zvi cÖwZ
cÖmbœ n‡jv) Smile at ‡Kvb wKQz Øviv Avbw›`Z nIqv| †hgb- She smiled at the joke. Smile to
Felt pleased. Self _vK‡j to nq|
136. Don’t stare _____the face of any person.
(a) on (b) at (c) in (d) to Ans- c
e¨vL¨v: Stare in the face gyLgÐ‡ji w`‡K ZvKv‡bv| Stare at (a person) – KviI w`‡K ZvKv‡bv|
137. Starvation stared us ___ the face.
(a) in (b) at (c) on (d) of Ans- a
e¨vL¨v : Stare in the face gyLgÐ‡ji w`‡K ZvKv‡bv| Stare at (a person) – KviI w`‡K ZvKv‡bv|
138. Which is correct?
(a) His name has been cut off the register. (b) His name has been struck off the register.
(c) Both a + b (d) None Ans- b
139. She sympathized _______ me.
(a) on (b) at (c) in (d) with Ans- d
e¨vL¨v : Sympathize with- Kv‡iv mv‡_/‡Kv‡bv NUbvq mnvbyf~wZ cÖ`k©b| Sympathy on- ‡Kvb NUbv ev
`yN©Ubvi Rb¨ mg‡e`bv cÖKvk Kiv| Sympathy for- ‡Kvb NUbvi cÖwZ mnvbyf~wZ cÖ`k©b|
140. Choose the proper preposition to fill in the blank in the following sentence:
His sympathy – the poor is praiseworthy. [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2006]
K. for L. with M. towards N. to DËi: K
141. Which one of the following sentence is correct?
(a) His name has been cut off (b) His name has been stroke off
(c) His name has been struck off (d) His name is cut off Ans c
e¨vL¨v: Cut off AcÖ‡qvRbxq Ask Ô‡K‡U †djvÕ Ges Struck off Ôev` †`qvÕ| bvg ev` †`qv A‡_© eëüZ
nq Struck off.
142. Some writers sink _____ oblivion in course of time. (into) (33Zg wewmGm)
143. As you doing anything special ____ the weekend? (at) (15Zg wewmGm)
144. Fill in the blank. I cannot stoop___ meanness. [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK: 15]
(a) in (b) to (c) within (d) at Ans- b
145. Professor Razzak was a scholar ___ refute. (of) (36Zg wewmGm)
Sacrifice for— cwiZ¨vM Kiv Satisfied with— mš‘ó
Shout at— KvD‡K wPrKvi K‡i WvKv Sink into— AebwZ NUv
Shame for— jw¾Z Solution to— mgvavb
Sorry for— `ytwLZ Spread over— Qwo‡q cov
Surprised at— wew¯§Z, Avðh© Susceptible to— ms‡e`bkxj
Suspect of— m‡›`n Kiv Sure of— wbwðZ
T
146. My friend reposed his trust ___ me.
(a) on (b) at (c) upon (d) in Ans- d
e¨vL¨v : Trust in to have confidence in someone or something (‡Kvb wKQz ev e¨w³i Dci
Av¯’v ivLv) Z_¨m~Î www. macmillandictionary.com, Trust with KvD‡K wek^vmf‡i Ac©Y Kiv|
147. Anis had a talent – making people laugh. [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2019]
K. on L. for M. of N. in DËi: L
e¨vL¨v : Talent for- ‡Kvb Kv‡Ri we‡kl `ÿZv|
147. What you talking _____?
(a) in (b) at (c) on (d) about Ans- d
e¨vL¨v : Talk about/of something ‡Kvb wel‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv ev Av‡jvPbvi welqe¯‘| Talk at
Rev‡ei cÖwZ KY©cvZ bv K‡i KviI mv‡_ K_v ejv| mwVK DËi Ackb (d)|
148. I have no taste __________ music. [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK: 89]
K. in L. at M. on N. for DËi: N
149. A man of character is true _______ his word. k~b¨¯’v‡b mwVK kã n‡e- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb
wkÿK: 93]
K. in L. at M. on N. to DËi: N

Take pity on— AbyMÖn Kiv Tremble with (sth)— D‡ËwRZ n‡q Kvucv
Translate into— Abyev` Kiv Trespass on (sth)— AbwaKvi cÖ‡ek Kiv
Trouble for (sth) — `ywðšÍv Turn over— Dëv‡bv
U, V, W, X, Y, Z
150. Choose the correct options: The Government has extended a warm welcome .....
the visiting delegation. [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK cixÿv : 2016]
a. with b. through c. to d. for Ans-c
e¨vL¨v : KvD‡K Af¨_©bv Rvbv‡Z welcome Gi ci appropriate preposition wn‡m‡e to e‡m| A‡iv wKQz
D`vniY- Amenable to, access to, alternative to, Answer to etc.
151. Which is correct?
(a) He copied the answer word by word (b) He copied the answer word for word
(c) He copied the answer word after word (d) None Ans- c
152. Choose the correct sentence?
(a) He has zest in music (b) He has zest to music
(c) He has zest for music (d) He has zest at music Ans c
e¨vL¨v : Zest for AbyivM| Zvui music Gi cÖwZ AbyivM Av‡Q †evSv‡Z Ackb (c) n‡e mwVK DËi|
153. Please walk _____ the stairs. ev‡Kï k~b¨¯’v‡b †KvbwU em‡e? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK: 93]
K. up L. over M. into N. in DËi: K
e¨vL¨v : Walk up— Dc‡i IVv|

Upset about— ‡Kvb e¨vcv‡i AmyLx, nZvk Victim of— wkKvi
Vote for (sb), vote to (do) — ‡fvU †Ìqv Wince at— e¨v_v ev Acgv‡b KzuP‡K IVv
Wake up— Nyg †_‡K DVv Write down— wj‡L ivLv
Yield to— AvZ¥mgc©Y Kiv Zealous of— DrmyK
Usage of different parts of Speech
A
Noun Verb Adjective Adverb
Ability (mvg_©¨) Enable (mg_© Kiv) Able (mg_©) Ably (mg_©fv‡e)
Abhorrence (N„Yv) Abhorrent (N„Y¨)
Absence (Abycw¯’wZ) Absent (Abycw¯’Z)
Acceleration Accelerate Accelerated
Accuracy (h_vh_) Accurate (h_vh_)
Acceptance Accept (MÖnY Kiv) Acceptable (MÖnY) Acceptably (MÖnY‡hvM¨fv‡e)
Accommodation Accommodate (Avevmb Kiv)
Accident (`yN©Ubv) Accidental (`yN©Ubv RwbZ
Anger (ivM) Anger (ivM Kiv) Angry (ivMvwš^Z) Angrily (ivMvwš^Zfv‡e)
Action (Kg©) Act (KvR Kiv) Active (mwµq) Actively (mwµqfv‡e)
Adulthood (mvevjKZ¡) - Adult (mvevjK)
Admission (¯^xK…wZ) Admit (¯^xKvi Kiv, fwZ© Kiv) Admissible Admissibly
Agreement (Pzw³) Agree (m¤§Z nIqv) Agreeable (g‡bvig) Agreeably (Dc‡fvM¨fv‡e)
Allowance (AbygwZ) Allow (AbygwZ †`qv) Allowable Allowably
Apology (ÿgv) Apologize (ÿgv PvIqv) Apologetic Apologetically
Amplification (m¤úªmviY) Amplify (m¤úªmviY Kiv)
Amusement (Avb›`) Amuse (Avb›` †Ìqv)
Analysis Analyze Analytical Analytically
Approval (Aby‡gv`b) Approve (Aby‡gv`b Kiv)
Anxiety (DwØMœZv) Anxious (DwØMœ)
Assurance Assure Assured Assuredly
Adventure (Awfhvb) Adventure (Awfhvb) Adventurous Adventurously
Argument Argue Arguable Arguably
Authority (KZ©Z¡) Authorize (ÿgZv `vb Kiv) Authoritative Authoritatively
Arrival (AvMgb) Arrive (AvMgb Kiv)
Attraction Attract Attractive Attractively
Attainment (AR©b) Attain (AR©b Kiv)
Attention/attendance Attend (g‡bv‡hvM †`qv) Attentive (g‡bv‡hvMx) Attentively
Awareness (m‡PZbZv) Aware (mP‡Zb)
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. ‘Act’ kãwUi Verb ‡KvbwU? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (Rev) : 2009]
K. Action L. Enact M. Acted N. Actress DËi : L
e¨vL¨v: Act- Kg©, Enact- Kv‡R cwiYZ Kiv|
02. ‘Able’ kãwUi Verb wb‡Pi †KvbwU? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (‡ejx) : 2009]
K. Unable L. Enable M. Disable N. Abillity DËi : L
03. The word Ôadvance’ is a- verb/adjective/noun. (gva¨wgK I D”P-gva¨wgK Awa`ß‡ii cÖ`k©K-2013)
04. The word Ôadvice’ is- (cÖv_wgK wkÿv Awa`ß‡ii wnmve mnKvix-2013)
K. noun L. verb M. adjective N. adverb DËi : K
05. ÔAssurance’ is a noun. (Z_¨ gš¿Yvj‡qi MY‡hvMv‡hvM Awa`ß‡ii mnKvix Z_¨ Awdmvi- 2013)
06. ÔAdversity’ is a noun. (cwimsL¨vb I Z_¨ eë¯’vcbv Awa`ß‡ii cwimsL¨vb Kg©KZ©v-2017)
07. Verb of the word Ôapology’ is- [13Zg wkÿK wbeÜb: 16]
K. apological L. apologise M. apologify N. enapology DËi : L
08. Accept kãwUi noun n‡”Q- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (K‡cvZvÿ): 10; cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (myigv): 13; cÖvK-
cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (ivBb): 13; cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (cÖ_g ch©vq): 19]
K. Acceptable L. Acceptably M. Acceptance N. Acceptablying DËi : M
09. Admit kãwUi noun form n‡e- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (‡ejx): 09; cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (PÆMÖvg wefvM): 08]
K. admission L. admittance M. admitted N. admissible DËi : K,L
B
Belief Believe Believable Believably
Beauty (‡m․›`h©) Beautify Beautiful Beautifully
Burial (mgvwa) Bury Buried -
Blessing (Avkxe©v`) Bless (Avkxe©v` Kiv) Blessed -
Blood (i³) Bleed (i‡³i ¯^v` †bIqv) Bloody (i³v³, wbôzi) Bloodily (wbôzifv‡e)
Breach (f½) Break Breakable -
Brevity (mswÿßZv) Abbreviate (mswÿß Kiv) Brief (mswÿß) Briefly (ms‡ÿ‡c)
Breach (j•Nb, f½) Break (j•Nb Kiv, fv½v) Breakable (f½yi)
Bitterness Embitter Bitter Bitterly
cÖkœ mgvavb
10. Which one is the noun of the word Ôbrief’? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK: 09; cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK
(Avjdv): 14]
K. Brevity L. Short M. Briefly N. Briefing DËi: K
11. Which is the noun of the word ‘beautiful’? (27Zg wewmGm)
K. Beauty L. Beautify M. Beautifully N. None DËi: K
12. The word Ôbeautiful’ is – (mnKvix ivR¯^ Kg©KZv©- 2015)
K. noun L. verb M. adjective N. adverb DËi : M
13. The word Ôbad’ is- . (cvwb Dbœqb †evW© Awdm mnvqK- 2004)
K. noun L. verb M. adjective N. adverb DËi : M
14. The word Ôbeautify’ is a verb. (wmwbqi ÷vd bvm©-2017)
K. noun L. verb M. adjective N. adverb DËi : L
15. ‘Bitter’ kãwUi verb n‡”Q- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (‡Mvjvc) : 2009]
K. Bitter L. Bitterness M. Embitter N. Bitterfy DËi : M
16. ‘Bitter’ kãwUi verb form n‡e- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (PÆMÖvg wefvM) : 2008]
K. Bitter L. Embitter M. Bitterily N. Bitterness DËi : L
17. The noun form of Ôbroad’ is- [14Zg wkÿK wbeÜb-17]
K. broadly L. breath M. broaden N. breadth DËi: N
18. Blood kãwUi Adjective n‡”Q- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (ivRkvnx wefvM): 07]
K. Blood L. Bloody M. Bloodshed N. Bleeding & DËi: L
19. Noun of the word ÔBless’ is- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK: 08]
K. Bliss L. Blessed M. Blessing N. None DËi: M
20. ÔBook’ is- noun/verb. (‡ijc_ gš¿Yvj‡qi DcmnKvix cÖ‡K․kjx- 2017)
C
Colony Colonize Colonial -
Convenience - Convenient Conveniently
Choice Choose Chosen -
Circle (e„Ë) Encircle (e„ËvKv‡i †Nviv) Circular (e„ËvKvi)
Critic Criticize Critical Critically
Competition Compete Competitive Competitively
Conception Conceive Conceivable Conceivably
Confidence Confide Confident Confidently
Courage (mvnm) Encourage Courageous (mvnmx) Courageously
Consistence Consist Consistent Consistently
Construction Construct Constructive Constructively
Conversation Converse Conversational -
Compulsion (evaëvaKZv) Compel (eva¨ Kiv)
Crime Criminate Criminal Criminally
Comparison Compare Comparative Comparatively
Consideration Consider Considerable Considerably
Contempt (N„Yv/AeÁv) Contemptible (N„Y¨) Comtemptibly (N„Y¨fv‡e)
Commitment Commit Committed -
Curiosity - Curious Curiously
cÖkœ mgvavb
21. ÔCourage’ kãwUi verb n‡e- [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK (eywoM½v): 13]
K. Encouage L. Courageous M. Courageful N. Courage DËi : K
22. What is the adjective of the word ÔContribution’? [8g †emiKvwi cÖfvlK wbeÜb : 12]
K. Contributative L. Contributory M. Contribute N. Contributional DËi: L
23. The word Ôcompulsive’ is- adjective. (gvè`ªe¨ wbqgš¿Y Awa`ß‡ii Dc-cwi`k©K- 2013)
24. Ôcoward’ kãwUi adjective n‡”Q- (cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK-2010)
K. Ferocious L. Coward M. Cowardly N. Cowardeous DËi: M
25. Compel kãwUi noun n‡”Q- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (BQvgwZ): 10]
26. ‡KvbwU circle kãwUi Adjective? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (cÙv): 08]
K. Circular L. Circle Like M. Ciculate N. Encircle DËi: K
27. Which is the adjective of the word Ôcontempt’? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (cÙv): 12]
K. Contemptible L. Contempting M. Contemption N. Contemptable DËi: K
D
Danger (wec`) Endanger (wecbœ Kiv) Dangerous (wec`RbK) Dangerously
Darkness (AÜKvi) Darken (AÜKvi nIqv) Dark (AÜKvigq) Darkly (AÜKv‡i)
Domination Dominate Dominant Dominantly
Decision (wm×všÍ, ivq) Decide (wm×všÍ †bIqv) Decisive (wm×všÍg~jK) Decisively
Deception, Deceit Deceive (cÖZviYv Kiv) Deceptive (cÖZviYvg~jK) Deceptively
Determination Determine Determined -
Departure Depart Departed -
Detection Detect Detective -
Derivation Derive Derivative Derivatively
Democracy Democratize Democratic Democratically
Division Divide Divisional Divisionally
Depth Deepen Deep Deeply
Destruction (aŸsm) Destroy (aŸsm Kiv) Destructive (aŸsmvZ¥K) Destructively
Digestion Digest Digestive Digestively
cÖkœ mgvavb
02. What is the verb of word Dark? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (wm‡jU wefvM) : 07]
K. Darkest L. Darken M. Darkly N. Darky DËi: L
32. The verb form of Ôdeceit’ is- [15Zg cÖfvlK wbeÜb : 19]
K. deceitful L. deceitfully M. deceive N. deceive DËi: N
33. Choose the correct past participle form of word Ôdrink’. [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2019]
K. drunk L. drunker M. dronk N. drank DËi: K
34. The adjective form of Ôdecision’ is—
K. decisive L. deceive M. decide N. decisiveness DËi: K
28. The word Ôdifferenciate’ is verb. (evsjv‡`k U¨vwid Kwgk‡bi M‡elYv Kg©KZ©v-2018)
K. noun L. verb M. adjective N. adverb DËi : L
29. What is the adjective of the word ÔDanger’? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (PÆMÖvg wefvM) : 07]
K. Dangerous L. Dangerous M. Dangerful N. Endanger DËi: K
30. Which is the noun of the word ÔDestroy’? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (cÙv): 13]
K. Destruction L. Damage M. Affect N. Harm DËi: K
31. Noun of the word ÔDeny’ is- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (bvMwj½g): 12; cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (wgwmwmwc): 13]
K. Denial L. Deny M. Deniable N. Refuse DËi: K
32. The word Ôdiabetic’ is- noun & adjective. (GbGmAvB mnKvix cwiPvjK-2015)
E
Ease Ease Easy Easily
Economy (A_©bxwZ) Economize Economical (wgZe¨qx) Economically
(wgZe¨qx nIqv) Economic (A_©‣bwZK) (wgZe¨qxfv‡e, A_©‣bwZKfv‡e)
Envy (wnsmv) Envy (wnsmv Kiv) Envious (wnsmyK) Enviously (wnsmvq)
Employment Employ Employed -
Excellence Excel Excellent Excellently
Edition Edit Editorial -
Election Elect Elective -
Evidence Evidence Evident Evidently
cÖkœ mgvavb
33. The correct verb form of Ôeconomy’ is- [15Zg wkÿK wbeÜb: 19]
K. economic L. economical M. economically N. economize DËi: N
34. Envy kãwUi Adjective n‡”Q- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (K‡cvZvÿ): 10]
K. Envity L. Envious M. Jealous N. Enviable DËi: L
35. The word Ôempower’ is a verb. (mnKvix Dc‡Rjv Kg©KZ©v-2010)
F-H
Fear (fq) Fear Fearful Fearfully
Figure Figure Figurative Figuratively
Flight (DÇqb) Fly (D‡o hvIqv)
Fool (‡evKv †jvK) Befool (‡evKv evbv‡bv) Foolish (‡evKv) Foolishly (‡evKvi gZ)
Force Force Forced -
Fixation Fix Fixed -
Friend (eÜz) Befriend (eÜz nIqv) Friendly (eÜzfvevcbœ) In a friendly way
Generation Generate Generative Generatively
Gladness (Avb›`) Gladden (Avb›` Kiv) Glad (Avbw›`Z) Gladly (‡¯^”Qvq)
Grace Grace Graceful Gracefully
Hardness (K‡VviZv) Harden (k³/gReyZ Kiv) Hard (k³, KwVb) Hard (K‡Vvifv‡e)
Hand (nvZ, wbqš¿Y) Handle (wbqš¿Y Kiv) Handy (DcKvix, Kzkjx)
Habit (Af¨vm, ¯^fve) Habituate (Af¨¯Í nIqv) Habitual (Af¨vmMZ) Habitually
Heart (AšÍi, ü`q) Hearten (Drmvn †`qv) Hearty/Heartening Heartily (AvšÍwiKfv‡e)
Humour Humour Humorous Humorously
Hope Hope Hopeful Hopefully
cÖkœ mgvavb
36. Adjective of the word ÔFloat’ is- [cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK (avbwmuwo) : 08]
K. Floaty L. Floating M. Fleet N. None DËi: L
37. Which is the correct verb of the word Ôfool’? [9g cÖfvlK wbeÜb: 13]
K. Foolen L. Befool M. Befoolen N. None DËi: L
38. Fly kãwUi noun n‡”Q- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (BQvgwZ): 10]
K. Plight L. Fleet M. Flew N. Flight DËi: N
39. What is the verb form of the word Ôfriend’? [11Zg cÖfvlK wbeÜb : 14; 16Zg cÖfvlK wbeÜb: 19]
K. Friend L. Friended M. Friending N. Befriend DËi: N
40. The adjective of the word ÔHardness’ is- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (Lyjbv wefvM): 05]
K. Hardly L. Harder M. Hardy N. Hard
41. What is the adjective of the word ÔHeart’? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2019]
K. Heartening L. Hearty M. Heart N. Heartful DËi : K, L
e¨vL¨v : Heart A_© AšÍi ,ü`q| Heartening A_© Drmvne¨ÄK, Hearty A_© AvšÍwiK| G `y‡UvB Heart Gi
adjective form |
42. ‘Hand’ kãwUi verb n‡”Q- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (Ki‡Zvqv) : 2010]
K. Handle L. Handly M. Hand N. Enhand DËi : M
e¨vL¨v : Hand kãwU GKB mv‡_ Noun I Verb wn‡m‡e eëüZ nIqvq GLv‡b mwVK option wU n‡jv (C).
43. Habit kãwUi verb form wK? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK: 94]
K. Habitable L. Haitation M. Habitual N. Habituate DËi: N
44. ‘Full’ kãwUi verb-- [‡iwR÷vW© cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (‡Mvjvc) : 2011]
K. Filled L. Fulfillment M. Full N. Fill DËi: N
45. What is the adjective form of word Ôhome’? Homely. (Rb¯^v¯’¨ cÖ‡KŠkj Awa`ß‡ii Dc-mnKvix cÖ‡KŠkjx)
46. What is the verb form of Ôglad’? [ciivóª gš¿Yvj‡qi cÖkvmwbK Kg©KZ©v : 19]
K. glad L. glader M. gladding N. gladden DËi: N
K. adverb L. adjective M. verb N. noun DËi: N
48. The word Ôgravity’ is noun. (wWwcB mnKvix wkÿK-2018)
49. ÔFrequency’ is a noun. (mnKvix RR-2009)
50. The word Ôfriendly’ is an-adjective. (BRTA Gi †gvUihvb cwi`k©K)
51. Which of the following sentence is correct? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2018]
a. He had been hung for murder. b. He was hung for murder.
c. He was hanged for murder. d. He was hunged for murder. Ans-c
e¨vL¨v : Hang Gi A_© n‡jv- Szjv‡bv ev duvwm †`qv , hvi past participle iƒc n‡jv— hanged | myZivs mwVK
evK¨wU n‡”Q- He was hanged for murder.
I-K
Identification Identify (mbv³ Kiv) Identified (mbv³K…Z) -
Innocence (wb‡`v©wlZv) Innocent (wbiciva) Innocently (mijwP‡Ë)
Ignorance Ignore Ignorant Ignorantly
Information Inform Informative Informatively
Implication Implicate Implicit Implicitly
Instruction Instruct Instructive Instructively
Invention (D™¢veb) Invent (D™¢veb) Inventive (D™¢vebx) Inventively
Insistence (‡R`) Insist (‡R` Kiv) Insistent (‡Rw`) Insistently (†RèkZt)
Intensity (ZxeªZv) Intensify (Zxeª Kiv) Intense (Zxeª) Interestingly (Zxeªfv‡e)
Joy (Avb›`) Enjoy (Dc‡fvM Kiv) Joyful/joyous Joyfully/joyously
Joint (ms‡hvM¯’j) Join (‡hvM`vb Kiv) Joint (‡h․_) Jointly (‡h․_fv‡e)
Justification Justify Justifiable Justly
Knowledge (Ávb) Know (Rvbv) Knowledgeable Knowledgeably
Kindness (`qv) Kind (`qvjy)
Improvement (DbœwZ) Improve (DbœwZ Kiv)
cÖkœ mgvavb
52. What is the noun of Ôinnocent’? [Dc‡Rjv/_vbv mnKvix wkÿv Awdmvi: 12]
K. Innocently L. Innocence M. Innocentful N. Innocentness DËi: L
53. The adjective of independence is-
K. independable L. independing M. independent N. Independuous DËi: M
54. Joy kãwUi adjective n‡”Q- [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (‡gNbv): 13; cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (Ki‡Zvqv): 10]
K. Joyous L. Joyfull M. Jolly N. Enjoy DËi: K
55. Verb of the word Ôjustification’ is- [mnKvix _vbv gva¨wgK wkÿv Kg©KZ©v: 15]
K. Justice L. Justify M. Just N. Justifiably DËi: L
56. The word Ôintolerable’ is- adjective. (Dc‡Rjv cjøx Dbœqb Kg©KZ©v- 2013)
57. The word Ôinfectious’ is an adjective. (evsjv‡`k K…wl e¨vsK-2012)
L-O
Laughter (nvwm) Laugh (nvmv) Laughable (nvm¨Ki) Laughably (nvm¨Kifv‡e)
Length (‣`N©¨) Lengthen (`xN©vwqZ Kiv) Long (j¤^v, `xN©) Lengthwise (j¤^vjw¤^)
Life (Rxeb) Live (‡eu‡P _vKv, evm Kiv) Living (RxešÍ) -
Labour Labour Laborious Laboriously
Loss (ÿwZ) Lose (nvwi‡q †djv) Lost, losing (civwRZ)
Massacre Massacre
Management Manage Manageable
Marriage Marry Marriageable
Measurement Measure Measurable Measurably
Moisture Moisten Moist -
Mourning Mourn (wejvc Kiv) Mournful (‡kvKvZ©) Mournfully
Necessity Necessitate Necessary Necessarily
Negligence Neglect Negligent Negligently
Negligible Negligibly
Notification Notify Notified -
Number Enumerate Numeral, Numerous
Navigation Navigate (‡b․Kv Pvjv‡bv) Navigable (be¨)
Occupation Occupy Occupant
Obedience Obey Obedient Obediently
Objection Object Objective Objectively
Obligation Oblige (eva¨ Kiv) Obliging (c‡ivcKvix) Obligingly
(evaëvaKZv) Obligate (eva¨ ivLv) Obligatory (eva¨Zvg~jK) Obligatorily
cÖkœ mgvavb
58. The noun of Ôlaugh’ is- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (K‡cvZvÿ): 10]
K. laugh L. laughing M. laughable N. laughter DËi: N
59. Abstract noun of the word Ôlong’? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 05, 08; 12Zg wkÿK wbeÜb: 15]
K. Length L. Longer M. Lengthier N. Lengthen DËi: K
60. ‘Numbering’ kãwUi verb n‡”Q- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (‡Mvjvc) : 2009]
K. Number L. Numerous M. Numbering N. Enumerate DËi: N
61. Lose Gi verb form n‡e- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK: 08]
K. Lost L. Lose M. Loose N. Losing DËi: L
62. Adjective form of ÔLiterature’? [(AvBb, wePvi, ¯îvóª gš¿Yvjq) e¨w³MZ Kg©KZ©v: 12]
K. Literal L. Literate M. Literary N. Literatural DËi: M
63. Might kãwUi adjective wb‡Pi †KvbwU? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK (weUv): 14; cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (‡Mvjvc): 09]
K. Mighteous L. Mightful M. Mighty N. Mighter DËi: M
64. The word ÔMassacre’ is- [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (`vwbqye): 13]
K.Noun L. Both noun & verb M. Adjective N. verb DËi: L
65. Verb of the word Ônew’ is- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (‡gNbv): 12]
K. Anew L. Newness M. Newly N. Renew DËi: N
66. Numbering kãwUi verb n‡”Q- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (cÙv): 08]
K. Number L. Numerous M. Numbering N. Enumerate DËi: K
67. The word Ôorphanage’ is- noun (cwievi cwiKíbv Awa`ß‡ii mnKvix cwiKíbv Kg©KZ©v- 2012)
68. ÔManly’ is an adjective. (14Zg wkÿK wbeÜbÑ 2017)
69. The word Ôobstinacy’ is a noun. (MYc~Z© Awa`ß‡ii Dc-mnKvix cÖ‡KŠkjx- 2011)
70. The word Ômiserly’ is an adjective. (beg ‡emiKvix wkÿK wbeÜb-2013)
71. The word Ôinterest’ is a verb. (Dc‡Rjv wbe©vPb Awdmvi-2004)
72. The plural form of ÔNucleusÕ is- [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK cixÿv : 2016]
K. Nucleasy L. Nuclei M. Nucleis N. Nucleuses DËi: L, N
73. The word Ônostalgia’ is a noun. (grm¨ Awa`ß‡ii wnmveiÿY Awdmvi-2018)
74. The word Ôlovable’ is an adjective. (Rbkw³ I Kg©ms¯’vb ey¨‡iv DccwiPvjK-2011)
P-Q
Peace (kvwšÍ) Pacify (kvšÍ Kiv) Peaceful (kvwšÍc~Y©) Peacefully (kvšÍfv‡e)
Persistence Persist Persistent Persistently
Perseverance Persevere Persevering Perseveringly
Pacification Pacify Pacific Pacifically
People/ Population Populate (Rbc~Y© Kiv) Populous (Rbeûj)
Popularity Popularize Popular Popularity
Pleasure Please Pleasant/Pleasurable Pleasantly/Pleasurably
Pollution Pollute Polluted -
Prevention Prevent Preventive Preventively
Preference (AMÖvwaKvi) Prefer Preferable/Preferential Preferably
Progress (AMÖMwZ) Progress (AMÖMwZ Kiv) Progressive Progressively
Purification, Purity Purify (weï× Kiv) Purified, Pure Purely
Quarrel Quarrel Quarrelsome Quarrelsomely
Quotation Quote Quotable -
Qualification Qualify Qualified -
Question Question Questionable Questionably
Quietness Quiet Quietly
cÖkœ mgvavb
75. What is the adjective of Ôpurify’? [10g cÖfvlK wbeÜb : 14]
K. Purify L. Pureful M. Pure N. Purigying DËi: M
76. Adjective of the word Ôpeople’? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK: 07; cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (wgwmwmwc): 13]
K. Popularity L. Population M. Popularize N. Populous DËi: N
77. ÔPlease’ kãwUi Noun n‡”Q- [cÖv_wgK cÖavb wkÿK (‡Mvjvc) : 09]
K. Pleased L. Pleasure M. Pleasing N. Pleaseness DËi: L
78. What is the verb of the word ‘play’? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (wm‡jU wefvM) : 07]
K. playing L. playable M. play N. playing DËi: M
79. wb‡Pi †KvbwU Peace kãwUi verb- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (cÙv) : 08]
K. Impeace L. Peace loving M. Pacify N. Peaceful DËi: M
80. The word Ôprolific’ is- adjective. (AvBb wePvi, msm` welqK gš¿Yvjq- 2012)
81. ÔPerfectly’ is an adverb. (cÖavbgš¿xi Kvh©vj‡qi cv‡mv©bvj Awdmvi- 2004)
82. ÔPropitious’ is an adjective. (MY‡hvMv‡hvM Awa`ß‡ii mnKvix Z_¨ Awdmvi-2005)
83. ‘Passion’ kãwUi adjective n‡”Q-[‡iwR÷vW© cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (UMi) : 2011]
K. Passionful L. Pastoral M. Emanation N. Passionate DËi: N
e¨vL¨v: Passion A_© Av‡eM/wicy| GwU GKwU noun| Gi adjective n‡”Q Passionate – Av‡eMZvwoZ/wicy ZvwoZ|
Pastoral A_© MÖvg¨| myZivs mwVK DËi (N)|
84. ‘Prison’ kãwUi verb- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (Lyjbv I PÆMÖvg wefvM) : 2008]
K. Prison L. Imprison M. Prisoner N. Enprison DËi : L
85. ‘Popular’ kãwUi verb form n‡e- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (XvKv wefvM) : 2008]
K. Popularity L. Poplation M. Popularise N. Populate DËi : N
e¨vL¨v : Popular (adj) RbwcÖq| Popularity(noun) RbwcÖqZv| Population (noun) Rbmgwó| Popularize
(verb) RbwcÖq Kiv| Populate (verb) Rbc~Y© Kiv|
R
Reflection Reflect Reflective Reflectively
Refusal (A¯^xK…wZ) Refuse (A¯^xKvi Kiv) Reusable
Reliance Rely Reliant Reliably
Reduction (n«vm) Reduce (n«vm Kiv) Reducible/reduced Reducibly
Response (DËi, mvov) Respond (mvov †`qv) Responsive (mvovcÖ`)
Reality Realize Real Really
Resolution (`„p msKí) Resolve (`„p msKí Kiv) Resolute (`„p msKwíZ) Resolutely
Rigidity (`„pZv) Rigid (`„p, Abgbxq) Rigidly (`„pfv‡e)
Removal (AcmviY) Remove (AcmviY Kiv) Removable
Reliance (Av¯’v) Rely (wbf©i Kiv) Reliant/reliable Reliantly/reliably
Repetition Repeat Repeated Repeatedly
Rotation Rotate Rotational Rotationally
cÖkœ mgvavb
86. Which one of the verb of the word Ôreal’? [DcmnKvix cÖ‡KŠkjx (wmwfj) : 15]
K. reality L. realize M. reliable N. really DËi: L
87. Refuse kãwUi noun n‡”Q- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 10 (Ki‡Zvqv); cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK (hgybv): 13]
K. Refusement L. Refuse M. Refusing N. Refusal DËi: N
88. What is the noun of Ôremove’? [‡iwR÷vW© †emiKvwi cÖv_wgK wkÿK (‡Mvjvc): 11]
K. Removing L. Removal M. Remosion N. Removeness DËi: L
89. Noun of the word Ôrely’ is- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (ewikvj wefvM): 08; cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK (ivBb): 13]
K. Reliment L. Rely M. Reliance N. Reliement DËi: M
90. The word Ôreproduction’ is a – (cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK-2015)
K. noun L. adjective M. verb N. adverb DËi: K
91. Which form of the followings is an adjective? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK (‡WjUv): 14]
K. Reoslve L. Resolute M. Resolution N. Resolutely DËi: L
S
Satisfaction (mš‘wó) Satisfy Satisfactory Satisfactorily
Separation Separate (Avjv`v Kiv) Separable
Settlement (gxgvsmv) Settle (gxgvsmv Kiv) Settled (gxgvswmZ)
Shortness (mswÿßZv) Shorten (mswÿß Kiv) Short (mswÿß) Shortly (ms‡ÿ‡c)
Sight See Visual Visually
Significance (¸iæZ¡) Signify (¸iæZ¡c~Y© nIqv) Significant (¸iæZ¡c~Y©) Significantly
Simplification Simplify Simple Simply
Success (mdjZv) Succeed (mdj nIqv) Successful (mdj) Successfully (mdjfv‡e)
Strength (kw³) Strengthen (kw³kvjx Kiv) Strong (kw³kvjx) Strongly (`„pfv‡e)
Safety (wbivcËv) Save (iÿv Kiv, evuPv‡bv) Safe (wbivc`) Safely (wbivc‡`)
Success Succeed Successful Successfully
Study Study Studious Studiously
Stupidity (wbey©w×Zv) Stupefy (AevK Kiv) Stupid (wb‡e©va, †evKv) Stupidly (wb‡ev©‡ai gZ)
Sympathy (mnvbyf~wZ) Sympathize Sympathetic Sympathetically
cÖkœ mgvavb
92. Verb of the word ‘Sale’ is – [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (ivRkvnx wefvM) : 2008]
K. Sold L. Sell M. Selling N. Sale DËi : L
93. The verb form of the word Ôsurvival’ is-
K. survey L. service M. survive N. serve DËi: M
94. What is the noun form of the word Ôspontaneous’ is- [cÖv_wgK wkÿv Awa`ß‡ii wcwUAvB BÝUªv±i (mvaviY): 19]
K. spontaneously L. spontaneity M. spontaneously N. spontaneousible D: L
95. What is the noun form of Ôsave’? [8g cÖfvlK wbeÜb: 12]
K. savage L. secured M. safety N. suggest DËi: M
96. Noun of the word Ôsee’ is- [cÖv_wgK wkÿv Awa`ß‡ii wnmve mnKvix- 11]
K. sight L. sought M. seen N. scene DËi: K
97. Noun of the word Ôsimple’ is- [11Zg wkÿK wbeÜb (¯‹zj/ mgch©vq) : 14]
K. simply L. simplicity M. simplistic N. simplification DËi: N
98. What is the verb of the word Ôshortly’—[cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 1019]
K. shorter L. shorten M. shortness N. short
99. The word Ôsympathise’ is a— verb. (mnKvix cwiKíbv Kg©KZ©v-2012)
100. The word Ôslowly’ is an— adverb. (¯^v¯’¨ gš¿Yvj‡qi Dc-mnKvix cÖ‡KŠkjx-2017)
101. The word Ôsometimes’ is an— adverb. (wcGmwmi mnKvix cwiPvjK-2016)
T
Tale (Mí) Tell (ejv) Telling (Kvh©Ki)
Tolerance Tolerate Tolerant Tolerably
Trust Trust Trustful Trustfully
Thanks (abëv`, Thank (abëv` †Ìqv, Thankful (K…ZÁ) Thankfully
K…ZÁZv) K…ZÁZv Rvbv‡bv) Thankless (AK…ZÁ) Thanklessly
Translation Translate Translatable Transnationally
Theory Theorize Theoretical Theoretically
cÖkœ mgvavb
102. Adjective of the word ‘Trouble’ is- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (ivRkvnx wefvM) : 2008]
K. Troublefull L. Troublesome M. Troubling N. None DËi : L
103. Truth kãwUi adjective form n‡e- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (ivRkvnx wefvM) : 07]
K. Truly L. True M. Truism N. None DËi: L
U-Z
Usefulness Use (eënvi Kiv) Useful/Useless/ Usefully/Uselessly/
Uselessness Usable Usably
Understanding Understand Understood Understandingly
Unity (GKZv, HK¨) Unite (GKÎ nIqv) United (HKë×, mw¤§wjZ)
Vacancy (k~b¨Zv) Vacate (Lvwj Kiv) Vacant (k~b¨, Lvwj Kiv) Vacantly
Variance, variation Vary wfbœ nIqv) Various, variable Variously (wewfbœ iƒc)
Vanity - Vain Vainly
Victim Victimize Victimized -
Wastage Waste Wasteful Wastefully
Width Widen Wide Widely
Wash/washing Wash Washable/washing Washably/washily
cÖkœ mgvavb
104. Which is the noun of Ôvacate’ is- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK: 08]
K. vacated L. vacating M. vacation N. vacancy DËi: N
105. The noun form of the word Ôurgent’? [WvK wefv‡Mi †cv÷vj Acv‡iUi : 19]
K. urgency L. urgentness M. urgention N. urgency DËi: N
106. The word Ôwonderful’ is— adjective. (gva¨wgK I D”Pwkÿv Awa`ß‡ii wnmve mnKvix- 2013)
107. ÔZealousy’ is a— noun. (Z_¨ gš¿Yvj‡qi Aaxb Z_¨ Awdmvi- 2005)
108. The word Ôwaste’ is— noun & verb. (mnKvix Dc‡Rjv wkÿv Kg©KZ©v-2016)
109. The word Ôvital’ is an— adjective. (¯îvóª gš¿Yvj‡qi Kviv ZË¡veavqK-2010)
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Idioms & Phrases
বফশ঱ষ্ট্য Idiom Phrase

ধযন Subject এফং Finite Verb শফ঴ীন ঱ব্দগুচ্ছ (Infinitive, Gerund, Participle verb)
প্রকৃশত Sentence এয একশি অং঱ (Parts of Speech) শ঴স঳সফ ফযফর৅ত ঴৞।
অথথ ঱ব্দগুসরোয শনজস্ব অথথ থথসক আরোদো। ঱ব্দগুসরোয শনজস্ব অথথ থথসকই থফয কযো মো৞
D`vniY ‗White elephant‘ একশি idiom মোয অথথ ‘ফয৞঳োধয’। ―No easy task‘ একশি Phrase মোয অথথ
এখোসন ‗white‘ ফো ‘elephant‘ থকোসনো ঱সব্দয অথথই প্রকো঱ ‘঳঴জ কোজ ন৞’। এখোসন আক্ষশযক অথথই
঩ো৞ শন। ফযং ঱ব্দগুচ্ছিো ঳ম্পূণথ আরোদো একিো অথথ প্রকো঱ কসযসে। প্রকো঱ কযসে।
Phrases
Conjuctional Interjectional Noun Phrase

Phrase Phrase
Phrase
Prepositional Adjective Gi
Phrase Phrase
Phrase cÖKvi‡f`
Verbal phrase
Adverbial Phrase
01. He worked with all sincerity. [৩৭তভ শফশ঳এ঳]
K. adjective phrase L. Verbal phrase
M. Prepositional phrase N. Adverbial phrase DËi : N
Adverb Gi KvR K‡i A_©vr Verb ‡K modify K‡i| GB Short-Cut :
Phrase QvovI ev‡Kï A_© cÖKvk cvq| Dc‡ii ev‡K¨ Verb ‡K How,
Adverbial Underlined AskUzKz ev` w`‡jI A_© cÖKvk cvq (He Where, When,
worked ‡m KvR K‡iwQj)| GQvovI Phrase wU (with Why Øviv cÖkœ
Phrase
all sincerity) Verb (work) ‡K modify K‡i‡Q| myZivs Ki‡j Adverbial
GwU GKwU Adverbial Phrase. AviI D`vniY †`Lyb I Phrase cvIqv
want it at this moment. hvq|
02. We were waiting for the bus. (28Zg wewmGm)

K. adjective phrase L. Verbal phrase
M. Prepositional phrase N. Adverbial phrase DËi : M
Preposition w`‡q ïiæ nq Ges m¤ú~Y©Uv wg‡j GKUv Preposition Gi g‡Zv Prepositional
KvR K‡i| †hgb He stood in front of me. He could not come Phrase
on account of illness.
03. I have no kith and kin in this town. Here the underlined phrase is- (Kviv ZË¡veavqK wb‡qvM cixÿv 00)
K. adjective phrase L. noun phrase
M. adjective phrase N. prepositional phrase DËi : L
Noun Phrase : Noun word থাকে। ‡hgb Khairul is a man of letters.
Noun এয কোজ কসয। ‡hgb I have no kith and kin in this town.
Determiner, Preposition এয ঩য ফস঳| ‡hgb His going home is uncertain.
এই Phrase েোড়ো ফোসকযয অথথ প্রকো঱ ঩ো৞ নো| ‡hgb He likes to play tennis.
04. A man in great difficulties came to me for help. (_vbv wkÿv Awdmvi 1999)
K. adjective phrase L. noun phrase
M. adjective phrase N. prepositional phrase DËi : M
o Noun Gi c~‡e© e‡m noun ‡K modify K‡i| †hgb The tree in front of my
house has been cut down.
Adjective o GB Phrase QvovI ev‡Kï A_© cÖKvk cvq| †hgb The man in the street
Phrase knows it.
o GQvovI Phrase wU‡Z Adjective word _v‡K|
05. Habiba looks after her parents. Here the underlined phrase is
(a) adjective phrase (b) noun phrase
(c) verbal phrase (d) prepositional phrase Ans c
Verbal Phrase : Verb Gi mv‡_ Preposition wg‡j bZzb A_©‡evaK Verb ‣Zwi K‡i| Dc‡ii ev‡K¨ look
GKwU verb hvi mv‡_ Preposition (after) hy³ n‡q bZzb A_©‡evaK kã (look after ‡`Lv‡kvbv Kiv) •Zwi
K‡i‡Q| †hgb The Police look into the case.
06. Fahim as well as his fridends had decided to leave London. Here Ôas well as‘ is (Kviv
ZË¡veavqK ¯îvóª gš¿Yvjq 2010)
(a) adjective phrase (b) noun phrase
(c) verbal phrase (d) Conjunctional phrase Ans d
Conjunctional Phrase Conjunction Gi b¨vq KvR K‡i| ev‡K¨ as well as, as soon as, as if/as
though, as far as, no sooner had___ than, scarcely had___ when, Hardly had ___ before,
either ___ or, neither ___ nor, not only ____ but also BZ¨vw` _v‡K| †hgb Come as soon as you
can. No sooner had he left the place than the fire broke. Not only he but also his brothers
were present.
07. What a pity ! the man is dead. Here the underlined phrase is
(a) Interjectional phrase (b) Noun phrase
(c) Verbal phrase (d) Conjunctional phrase Ans a
Interjectional Phrase g‡bi g‡a¨ AvKw¯§K Av‡eM cÖKvk K‡i| †hgb Good heavens ! G‡ì c‡i
Av‡eMm~PK wPý (!) _v‡K|
Idioms
A
Idioms & Phrases ফোংরো অথথ Meaning in English
ABC/ Three R‘s প্রোথশভক জ্ঞোন Basic knowledge
A bad egg রৃশ্চশযত্র/ শনষ্কভথো A person who can‘t create anything
A banker‘s dozen ‡Z‡iv Thirteen
A bed of roses ঩ুষ্প঱মযো A comfortable situation
A bed of thorns কন্িক঱মযো A discomfort situation
A big dram খুফই আকলথণী৞ A huge attractive
A bird of passage ভ্রোভযভোণ ফযশি a migratory bird
A black look যিচক্ষু angry
A black sheep কুরোঙ্গোয Scoundrels, wicked man
A bolt from the blue শফনো থভসঘ ফজ্র঩োত Unexpected something
A bull market থ঱৞োয ফোজোসয EaŸ©MwZ Rising of share market [17Zg wewmGm]
A close-fisted man কৃ঩ণ A great miser
A dog‘s life শনম্ন জীফনমো঩ন an unhappy existence
A fantasy কল্পকোশ঴নী/ রূ঩কথো an imaginary story [16Zg wewmGm]
A fish out of water অস্বশিকয অফস্থো An unsuitable environment
A fool's paradise ভূসখথয স্বগথ In a state of care free happiness
A foregone conclusion অনুশভত পরোপর An anticipated result
A gala day আনসেয শদন A day of happiness
A red letter day ¯§iYxq w`b Memorable day
A green horn অনশবজ্ঞ inexperienced
A household word অশত ঩শযশচত Familiar, well known
A jaundiced eye শফসেলবযো থচোখ/ ঩ক্ষ঩োশতত্ব A biased view
A man of discretion শফচোযফুশি঳ম্পন্ন ফযশি Judicious person
A man of letters ঩শিত ফযশি Scholar
A man of word এক কথোয ভোনুল a truthful person
A rainy day রৃশদথন trouble
A round dozen ঩ূণথ এক ডজন A full dozen [14Zg wewmGm]
A short of miracle জোরৃকয Extraordinary power
A sleeping partner শনশি৞ অং঱ীদোয Silent partner
A slow coach অর঳ ফযশি Stupid fellow
A white elephant অকল্পনী৞ ফয৞ costly
A white lie/Pack of lies ডো঴ো শভথযো a small or harmless lie
As a whole থভোসিয উ঩য Altogether, On the whole
Above criticism ঳ভোসরোচনোয E‡aŸ© Beyond criticism
Above one's means আস৞য অশধক ফয৞ Beyond one‘s income
Achilles heel রৃফথর জো৞গো A weak point
Acid test অশি ঩যীক্ষো A conclusive test
Ad hoc শফস঱ল উসেসে For the purpose
Add insult to injury কোাঁিো ঘোাঁস৞ নুসনয শেিো to worsen an uncomfortable situation
After one‘s own heart ভসনয ভত To one‘s own liking [25Zg wewmGm]
Against the grain অশনচ্ছো ঳সেও Beyond one‘s will
Alma mater রৃগ্ধদো৞ী ভো The sucking mother
All and sundry ঳করসক Everyone, everything
All at once/By chance ঴ঠোৎ Suddenly, all of a sudden
All in all ঳সফথ঳ফথো Of supreme, All powerful
All ears/ All attention গবীয ভসনোসমোগী Deeply concentrated
All moonshine ফোসজ Rubbish, Stuff and nonsense
All out efforts মথো঳ম্ভফ involvement of someone's energy,
strength, and determination
All the while ঳োযোক্ষণ Always
An estimate of the value অনুভোন A forecast
An ordinance অধযোসদ঱ A law [16Zg wewmGm]
An irony of fate বোসগযয শনভথভ ঩শয঴ো঳ Bad luck
An open question শফতসকথয শফল৞ a matter that is not yet decided
An open secret উন্মুি য঴স্য/ ঳ফোই জোসন a supposed secret that is in fact known
এভন থগো঩নী৞ শফল৞ to many people
Anno Domini শিস্টোব্দ In the year of Christian era
Ante meridian রৃ঩ুসযয আসগ Before noon
Apple of discord শফফোসদয শফল৞ Subject of quarrel
Apple of one‘s eye ন৞সনয ভশণ Most favorite
Arm in arm কোাঁসধ কোাঁধ শভশরস৞ with arms linked
As a matter of fact প্রকৃত঩সক্ষ Actually
As a result of পসর on account of
As the crow flies থ঳োজো঩সথ In a straight line
At a stretch, At a time একিোনো Without break
At all events মোই ঘিুক নো থকন In all cases
At any cost/rate থম থকোন ভূসরয anyhow
At bottom শবতসয/ গ঴ীসন at the core
At dead of night গবীয যোসত At midnight
At finger‘s end নখদ঩থসণ near
At first sight প্রথভ থদখো৞ on first seeing
At home/Good at দক্ষ Expert, well up/Familiar with
At home with Aviv‡g At ease
At large স্বোধীনবোসফ indepentdently
At least কভ঩সক্ষ At the lowest
At length/In fine অফস঱সল/ উ঩঳ং঴োয At last, in conclusion
At one‘s heels ঩োস৞ ঩োস৞ Close behind
At one‘s wit‘s ends শকংকতথফযশফভূঢ় perplexed
At sixes and sevens এসরোসভসরো In disorder
At stake শফ঩দো঩ন্ন In danger
At the eleventh hour থ঱ল ভুর৆সতথ the latest possible moment
At the foot of ঩োদসদস঱ the lowest part of something
At the sight of দৃশষ্ট্঳ীভো Upon seeing
At the outset রৄরুসতই In the beginning, On the eve of
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. ‗All in all‘ Gi A_©— [‡iwR÷vW© cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (nvmbv‡nbv) : 2011]
K. all powerful L. powerless M. who has lost power N. only one DËi: K
e¨vL¨v: ‗All in all‘— m‡e©me©v/me© ÿgZvm¤úbœ (all powerful)|
02. ‗All at once‘ Gi A_©— [‡iwR÷vW© cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (wkDwj) : 12; [‡iwR÷vW© cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (kvcjv) : 11;
cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (kvcjv) : 2009]
K. Quickly L. Slowly M. Suddenly N. Gradually DËi: M
e¨vL¨v: All at once— nVvr (Suddenly)| myZivs mwVK DËi (M)|
03. ÔAt home‘ Gi A_© n‡”Q— [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2019; cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (BQvgwZ) : 2010; cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq
cÖavb wkÿK (Rev) : 2009]
K. home made of bricks L. one who has lost home
M. try to make a home N. familiar with DËi : N
e¨vL¨v: At home— `ÿ/cwiwPZ (Familiar with)|
04. ÔA burning question‘ means— [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2019]
K. an important question L. a hard question
M. a uncommon question N. a false question DËi : K
05. ÔA green horn‘ –Phrase-wUi A_© wK? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (wZZvm) : 2010]
K. An inexperienced man L. A trainee
M. A soft hearted man N. An envious lady DËi : K
e¨vL¨v: A green horn— AbwfÁ e¨w³, An inexperienced man.
06. ÔA bankers dozen‘ Gi A_©— [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (eywoM½v): 13]
K. Charity L. Allowance M. Twelve N. Thirteen DËi: N
07. ÔA bed of roses‘ idiom wUi A_©— [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK :94]
K. A bed full of roses L. A comfortable bedroom
M. A life only of joy and happiness N. A soft rosy bed DËi: M
e¨vL¨v: A bed of roses— cy®úkh¨v, A comfortable situation, A life only of joy and happiness.
08. What is the meaning of the phrase ÔAt home with‘? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (wgwmwmwc):13]
K. Family relation L. At ease M. Neighbor N. Free at DËi: L
09. The correct meaning of Ôa man of letter‘ is— [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (‡gNbv): 12; cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq
mnKvix wkÿK (wm‡jU wefvM) : 07]
K. A postman L. A scholar M. A bad man N. A good man DËi: L
10. The phrase ‗Achilles heel‘ means- [৩৭তভ শফশ঳এ঳]
K. a strong point L. a permanent point
M. a weak point N. a serious idea DËi: M
11. ‗A maiden speech‘ means- [২৩তভ, ২৪তভ, ২৬তভ এফং ৩৪তভ শফশ঳এ঳]
K. First speech L. Final speech
M. Middle speech N. Maid servant‘s speech DËi: K
12. ‗At daggers drawn‘ means- ( ১৫তভ শফশ঳এ঳)
K. to be in a state of understanding L. to be in a state of hostility
M. to be in a state of friendship N. none DËi: L
13. Phrase ÔAmicus curiae‘ means 9eg we‡RGm (mnKvix RR)
K. An Americus dream L. A senior advocate
M. A friend of the Court N. An arbitrator DËi: M
14. A forgone conclusion means gwnjv I wkï welqK gš¿Yvj‡qi Aaxb Dc‡Rjv gwnjv welqK Kg©KZ©v 2006
K. An uneasy situation L. False hope
M. An anticipated result N. Quite familiar DËi: K
15. The proverb ÔA snake in the grass‘ means (AvenvIqv Awa`ß‡ii mnKvix AvenvIqvwe` 07)
K. A sleeping snake L. A dead snake
M. A poisonous snake N. A hidden enemy DËi: N
16. What is the meaning of Ôa while lie‘?
K. Harmful lie L. Harmless lie M. Useless lie N. Irrelevant lie DËi: L
17. When a person says he‘s ‗all in‘, it means- ( ১৩তভ শফশ঳এ঳)
K. He is very tired L. He has finished packing
M. He has arrived N. He has got everything DËi: K
B
Idioms & Phrases evsjv A_© Meaning in English
Back and belly বযণ- থ঩োলণ Bread and butter
Back and forth আগ- শ঩েু/ এশদক ওশদক to and fro
Back up ঳ো঴োময/ ঳ভথথন support
Backstairs influence অননশতক প্রবোফ Unfair influence
Bad blood ভসনোভোশরন্য Enmity, bitterness, anmosity
Bad egg ফোসজ A worthless person
Bag and baggage তশল্পতল্পো঳঴ With all belongings
Base born নীচ ফং঱জোত low birth or origin
Be on the watch ঳তকথ থোকো Cautious
Bear a brave face/Take the ফীযসত্বয ঳সঙ্গ থভোকোশফরো Face with courage, to challenge the
bull by the horns কযো enemy with courage
Bear away the palm জ৞ী ঴ও৞ো Be winner, victorious
Bear in mind ভসন যোখো Keep in mind
Bear market ভেো ফোজোয Falling price
Bear a loss ক্ষশত স্বীকোয কযো to make a loss good
Bears the brunt চযভ থবোগোশি Suffer the most
Bearish ভূরয঩তন A falling price
Beat about the bush অমথো ফকফক কযো/ অন্ধকোসয শঢর থেোাঁড়ো Avoiding the subject
Beauty sleep প্রথভ প্র঴সযয ঘুভ sleep considered to be sufficient
Bed and board খোদয ও ফো঳স্থোন lodging and food
BC শিস্ট঩ূফথ Before Christ
Beg the question অশবসমোগ কযো To raise objection
Beggars description অফণথনী৞ Cannot be described
Behind the scene থগো঩সন out of sight
Behind time থদশযসত late
Below the salt শনম্নভোসনয low
Benefit of doubt ঳সে঴োফ঱ত doubtedly
Beset with ঳ভস্যো জজথশযত In trouble
Better half স্ত্রী wife
Between two fires/ Between the devil উব৞ ঳ংকি Difficult situation, in perplexity
and the deep sea/Horns of a dilemma
Between you and me থতোভোয- আভোয ভসধয In confidence
Beyond all doubt ঳সে঴োতীতবোসফ Undoubtedly
Beyond all questions শনিঃ঳সেস঴
Beyond one's means ঳োসধযয ফোশ঴সয beyond one's income
Big wig/bug/gun থনতৃস্থোনী৞/ শফখযোত ফযশি Powerful man
Bill of fare খোসদযয তোশরকো a list of dishes at restaurant
Bird‘s eye view বো঳োবো঳ো দৃশষ্ট্ To view in general
Birds of the same feather ঳ভচশযসত্রয থরোক People of the same short
Black and blue শনষ্ঠু য বোসফ mercilessly
Black and white শরশখতবোসফ In writing
Blessed with আশ঱ফথোদ Wishes, pray
Blessing in disguise অপ্রতযোশ঱ত আশ঱ফথোদ Positive outcome in an apparent negative
Block head থফোকো Foolish, stupid
Blow for blow ইিশি ভোযসর ঩োিসকরশি থখসত ঴৞ Tit for tat
Blue blood আশবজোতয Aristocratic birth
Blue book আদোরতনোভো Records of court
Blue chip শনযো঩দ safe
Body and soul ঩শয঩ূণথবোসফ completely
Bon voyage রৄব ভ্রভসণয প্রতযো঱ো Wish a good trip
Bone to pick with যোগোশিত ঴ও৞ো an angry
Book worm ঩ড়ু৞ো Person who is fond of reading
Boot leg থচোযোচোরোশন smuggle
Boring chore শফযশিকয কোজ Tiresome job
Bosom friend ঘশনষ্ঠ ফন্ধু Intimate friend
Bottom line ভূরকথো/ ঳োযোং঱ The essential point
Bottom of my heart অিসযয থকন্দ্রস্থর Core of my heart
Bring to book শতযস্কোয কযো/ Mvjg›` Kiv Insult, rebuke, take to task
Bread and butter জীশফকো main source of income
Break butterfly on the wheel ভ঱ো ভোযসত কোভোন দোগো To apply an excessive amount of force
to achieve something minor
Break the ice নীযফতো বোঙ্গো To begin to overcome formality
Bring/Come to life ঩ুনরুজ্জীশফত কযো
Bring/Come to light; Come প্রকো঱ কযো To disclose, publish
out/Give vent to
Bring to mind/ Call to mind স্মযণ কযো To remind
Bring to pass ঘিো cause to happen
Bring to sense ফোিফতো থভসন থনও৞ো feeling rationally
Broken reed অশফশ্বো঳ী ফযশি A non-reliable person
Brow beating আশ্চমথ Showing surprise
Brown study/Build castles in আকো঱- কুসুভ শচিো কযো/ Day dream, meditation, absent minded
the air/ Utopian scheme শদফোস্বপ্ন
Brush up উন্নশত কযো Improve previous knowledge by study
Bull in a china shop ঩দ্মফসন ভি঴িী Unbelievable something
Buoyant health সুস্থ ঳ফর Sound health
Burn the candle থফশ঴স঳সফ খযচ কযো Expense without thinking
Burn the candle at both ends অশতশযি চো঩ Overtaxing his energies
Burning question তীব্র শফতসকথয শফল৞ Vital issue
Bury the hatchet ভীভোং঳ো কযো Make peace
By any means/By all means, থম বোসফই থ঴োক, By all, By hook or by crook; Certainly
By fair means or foul wbwðZfv‡e In any way, honest or dishonest
By and by ক্রসভক্রসভ eventually
By and large অশধকোং঱ mostly
By means of উ঩োস৞ with the help of; by using
By contrast তুরনো৞ In comparison
By dint of/By virtue of ঳ো঴োসময/ ফসর with the help of, on account of
By fits and starts অশন৞শভতবোসফ irregularly
By heart/Get by heart/ Learn ভুখস্থ কযো Commit something to memory
by heart
By leaps and bounds দ্রুতগশতসত Quickly, rapidly, fast
By nature স্ববোফত Naturally
By the by কথো প্র঳সঙ্গ By the way of conversation
By the ear কথো রোগোসনো To provoke to quarrel
By the rule and thumb ফোিফ অশবজ্ঞতো Practical experience
cÖkœ mgvavb
17. ‗By fair means or foul‘ – phrase wUi A_© nj- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (wkDjx) : 2009]
K. without difficulty L. in any way, honest or dishonest
M. without using common sense N. Having been instigated DËi: L
18. ‗Black sheep‘ Gi A_© n‡”Q- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (‡Mvjvc) : 09; ‡iwR÷vW© cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (‡Mvjvc) : 11]
K. A sheep of black collour L. Big sheep
M. Wicked man N. Costly sheep DËi: M
19. ‗By all means‘ phrase- wUi A_© n‡”Q- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (Rev) : 2009]
K. Meaningless L. Meaningful M. Certainly N. Uncertainty DËi: M
20. The idiom ‗Bring to book‘ Gi A_© -[cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (Ki‡Zvqv) : 2010; cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK
(kir) : 2010]
K. Book written by famous writer L. Valueless person
M. Book which are loss N. Rebuke DËi: N
e¨vL¨v: Bring to book— Mvjg›` Kiv/ eKvewK Kiv| Rebuke  Mvjg›` Kiv/ eKvewK Kiv|
21. ‗Blue blood‘-Phrase wUi A_© wK? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (gyw³‡hv×v/knx` gyw³‡hv×vi mšÍvb) : 2010]
K. Scoundrel L. sound health
M. Aristocratic birth N. Blood of blue color DËi: M
22. ÔBottom line‘ means— [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2019]
K. the end of a road L. the last line of a book
M. the essential point N. the final step DËi : M
23. ÔBlack and blue‘ A_© Kx? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2019]
K. DËg ga¨g L. i½xb M. a~mi N. Kvj I bxj DËi: K
24. ‗Bottom Line‘ means— ( ১৫তভ শফশ঳এ঳)
K. The final step L. The end of the road
M. The last of a book N. The essential point DËi: N
25. ‗Boot leg‘ means— ( ১৫তভ শফশ঳এ঳)
K. distribute L. export M. import N. smuggle DËi: N
26. Which one is the correct phrase to fill in the gap of ___ The teacher beat the student_____ (mnKvix
Dc‡Rjv wkÿv Awdmvi 15)
K. One by one L. Black and blue M. Black & white N. One after another DËi: L
19. ‗Bring to pass‘ means— ( ২৭তভ শফশ঳এ঳)
K. cause to destroy L. cause to happen
M. cause to carry out N. cause to convince DËi : L
20. ‗Bill of fare‘ means— ( ১৭তভ শফশ঳এ঳)
K. a chart of bus fare L. a price list
M. a valuable document N. a list of dishes at restaurant DËi : N
21. ‗Blue chip‘s are- ( ১৭তভ শফশ঳এ঳)
K. Securities issued by the government
L. Industrial shares considered to be a safe investment
M. Industrial shares considered to be a risky investment
N. Flast plastic counters used as money tokens DËi : L
22. ÔBig bug‘ means (11Zg wkÿK wbeÜb)
K. Useful person L. Important person
M. Unemployed person N. Employed person DËi : L
23. The price of rice is increasing ____ 11Zg wkÿK wbeÜb (¯‹zj ch©vq) 2012
K. By fits and starts L. By dint of M. By virtue of N. By leaps and bounds DËi: K
24. The bad news struck him like a bolt from the_____[২৯তভ শফশ঳এ঳]
K. sky L. heavens M. firmament N. blue
DËi: N
25. The condition of most slum dwellers is so miserable that it cannot be described in words.
( ১৪তভ শফশ঳এ঳)
K. beggars description L. cuts to the quick
M. boils down to this N. keeps open house DËi: K
26. You should show good manners in the company of young ladies. Which is appropriate phrase?
K. behave gently L. practice manners
M. behave yourself N. do not talk rudely DËi: K
C
Call at শগস৞ থদখো কযো to stop at a place for a short time
Call in থডসক আনো Request to come
Call it a day কোজ ফন্ধ কযো Finish work
Call names গোশর থদও৞ো To abuse
Call to the bar আইন ফযফ঳ো৞ী ঴ও৞ো Admission as a lawyer
Call to mind স্মযণ কযো To remind
Came across ঩সথয ভোসে ঳োক্ষোৎ to meet someone
Capital punishment ভৃতুযদন্ড Death penalty
Carry out চোশরস৞ মোও৞ো Continue
Carry the day জ৞ রোব কযো win
Castle in the air AvKvk Kzmyg wPšÍv Kiv Fanciful schemes
Cash cow ঳পরতো অজথসনয উ঩ো৞ A source of steady profit
Cat and dog life শফফোদ঩ূণথ a life together fights
Catch a tartar তুভুর প্রশতেশিতো Meet a power opponent
Catch sight of ঴ঠোৎ থদখো Suddenly meet
Cats and dogs ভুলরধোসয heavily
Cat‘s paw অসন্যয ঴োশত৞োয শ঴স঳সফ ফযফর৅ত ফযশি a person who is used by another
Cat‘s sleep ঘুসভয বোন Pretension of sleep
Chicken hearted কো঩ুরুল/ বীতু coward
Child‘s play থেসরসখরো Easy task
Chip of the old block, like ফো঩কো থফিো A worthy son of a worthy father
father like son
Cock sure আস্থো঩ূণথ confident
Cock and bull story আজগুশফ গল্প An absurd story
Cold feet/feet of clay বীরুতো cowardice
Come into fashion প্রচশরত ঴ও৞ো become fashionable
Come into force কোমথকয ঴ও৞ো To be enforced
Come round আসযোগয রোব recover consciousness
Come to an end থ঱ল কযো To finish
Come true ঳সতয ঩শযণত ঴ও৞ো actually happen
Come up to আ঱োনুরূ঩ ঴ও৞ো become brighter
Compare to তুরনো Similar to
Comply with ঳ম্মত ঴ও৞ো act in accordance with a wish
Cope with তোর শভরোসনো/ এাঁসি ওঠো deal effectively
Cook the books কোযচুশ঩ কযো To deceive in accounts
Crocodile tears ভো৞োকোন্নো False tears of sorrow
Cry for the moon অ঩ূযণী৞ আকোঙ্ক্ষো To want something impossible
Cry wolf শফ঩সদয জন্য শভথযো শচৎকোয Give a false alarm
Cry over spilt milk ফৃথো অনুস঱োচনো Repent falsely
Crying need অশত প্রস৞োজন Obvious need
Cul-de-sac কোনোগশর Dead end
Cupboard love থরোক থদখোসনো বোসরোফো঳ো Show of affection
Curry favour থতোলোসভোদ কযো Be favorite through flattery
Curriculum Vitae জীফন ফৃত্তোি Bio-data
Curtain lecture স্ত্রীয ঩যোভ঱থ Lecture given by a wife to her husband
Cut a poor/sorry figure ঩যীক্ষো৞ খোযো঩ কযো Make bad results
Cut and dry ফোাঁধো ধযো Traditional, already decided
Cut and thrust ঴োতো঴োশত মুি Hand to hand fight
Cut off শফশচ্ছন্ন Apart from
Cut someone dead নো থচনোয বোন কযো Look over
Cut short অকোরভৃতুয/ ঳ংশক্ষপ্ত কযো to end earlier
Cut to the quick আাঁসত ঘো থদও৞ো To shock
cÖkœ mgvavb
27. ÔCall it a day‘ means--[cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2019]
K. to be unhappy with the weather L. to pay someone a visit
M. to raise doubts N. to stop work since enough has been done DËi: N
28. Cock and bull story (10g cÖfvlK wbeÜb I cÖZ¨qb 2014)
K. Give a false alarm L. deal effectively
M. Dead end N. A false story DËi: N
29. ‗Cul-de-sac‘ means- ( ২২তভ শফশ঳এ঳)
K. dead end L. selection M. error N. bubble DËi: K
27. ‗Call to mind‘ means- [৩৩তভ শফশ঳এ঳]
K. fantasize L. attend M. remember N. request DËi: M
28. Not many people can commit such a heinous crime in ‗Cold blood‘. ( ১৪তভ শফশ঳এ঳)
K. in cool brain & calculated thoughts L. so patiently & thoughtfully
M. so impatiently & thoughtlessly N. stirred by sudden emotion DËi: K
31. False tears of sorrow Crocodiles tears (gvqvKvbœv) (Avbmvi I wfwWwc Awa`ß‡ii mv‡K©j A¨vWRy‡U›U 15)
D
Daggers drawn ঱ত্রুতো To be in a state of hostility
Dark horse অজ্ঞোতনোভো Unknown person
Day by day শদসনয ঩য শদন Gradually
Day dreams শদফোস্বপ্ন Fantasy
Dead against থঘোয শফসযোধী Bitterly against
Dead beat ক্লোি Extremely tired
Dead language অফযফর৅ত বোলো Not spoken language
Dead letter অপ্রচশরত আইন No longer in force/ Law not in force
Debut অশবসলক First public appearance
De-facto প্রকৃত঩সক্ষ actually
De jure আইনগত By legal right, legally
Desire to ইচ্ছো Wish
Devoted to বি Loyal, obedient
Die in harness কভথযত অফস্থো৞ ভৃতুয Die while still working
Dilly dally গশড়ভশ঳ Waste time
Dog days গযভ আফ঴োও৞ো Hot weather
Donkey work গোধোয খোিুশন Hard and boring work
Double jeopardy একই ভোভরো৞ রৃইফোয শফচোয Judicating twice
Down in the mouth থতজ঴ীন Out of spirits
Down-to-earth ফোিফফোদী realistic
Ducks and drakes অ঩চ৞ কযো waste
Due to থকোন শকেুয কোযসণ Because of
cÖkœ mgvavb
32. ‗Dead letter‘ Gi A_© n‡”Q— [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (‡Mvjvc) : 2009; cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (Ki‡Zvqv) : 2010;
‡iwR÷vW© cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (UMi) : 2011]
K. Bad letter L. Old letter
M. Law not in force N. We got up in dawn DËi: M
e¨vL¨v : Dead letter— A‡K‡Rv| Law not in force— ‡h AvB‡bi cÖPjb †bB|
33. ÔDog days‘ means— [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2019; 14Zg wewmGm]
K. a period of being care free L. Hot weather
M. a period of misfortune N. a time when dog roam the street DËi : L
e¨vL¨v : ‗Dog days‘ A_© eQ‡ii Mig ev DÂZg mgq A_©vr Hot weather.
30. ‗Dilly-dally‘ means— ( ২০তভ শফশ঳এ঳)
K. wait impatiently L. to dilute M. repeat N. waste time DËi: N
31. ‗Debut‘ means— ( ২৩তভ শফশ঳এ঳)
K. first appearance L. conclusion M. gracious response N. contradiction DËi : K
34. Being Ôdown to earth‘ mean— [mnKvix Dc‡Rjv wkÿv Awdmvi – 15]
K. Close to nature L. Hopeful M. Thrown to ground N. Realistic DËi : N
e¨vL¨v : Down to earth ev¯ÍweK|
E
Eat the humble pie অ঩ভোন ঴জভ কসয ক্ষভো make a humble apology and accept
চোও৞ো humiliation
Ended in Fiasco ঳ম্পূণথ ফযথথ Complete failure
Ended in smoke ফযথথতো৞ ঩শযণত ঴ও৞ো To come to nothing
Epoch making মুগোিকোযী ঩দসক্ষ঩ of major importance
Evening star আধোাঁয ঘসযয ভোশনক Most favorite or desired
exit ফোশ঴য ঴ও৞োয ঩থ A way out
Face value ফোশিকতো Outward appearance
Fag end অপ্রস৞োজনী৞ অং঱ Useless remnant
Fair and square ঳ৎ ও ঳যর honest
Fair play/fair field and no ন্যো৞ শফচোয Impartial justice/ Hold the scale even
favor
Fair weather friends সু঳ভস৞য ফন্ধু Person who ceases to be friend when one is in trouble
Fall a victim to বুিসবোগী sufferer
Fall flat শনষ্ফর ঴ও৞ো Have no effect
fall from the clouds আকো঱ থথসক ঩ড়ো Shattered dream
Fall ill অসুস্থ ঴ও৞ো Become sick
Fall off েসয ঩ড়ো Drop out
Fall out েগড়ো কযো Make a quarrel
Fall short আ঱োনুরূ঩ নো ঴ও৞ো Be inferrior to
Far and near কোেোকোশে Near to
Far cry অসনক ফযফধোন Long distance
Fare and fury উসত্তজনো excitement
Few and far between কদোশচৎ Few and widely scattered
Fight shy of এশড়স৞ চরো avoid
Find fault with অসন্যয থদোল ধযো To complain
First language ভোতৃবোলো Natural/ mother language
Fish in troubled water থঘোরো ঩োশনসত ভোে স্বীকোয Take advantage of disturbed situation
Fish out of water অস্বশিকয Like one out of his element
Fight shy of এশড়স৞ চরো avoid
Find fault with অসন্যয থদোল ধযো To complain
First language ভোতৃবোলো Natural/ mother language
Fish in troubled water থঘোরো ঩োশনসত ভোে স্বীকোয Take advantage of disturbed situation
cÖkœ mgvavb
35. ÔFag end‘ means [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (weUv): 14]
K. The last part L. Foggy M. Cut a bad figure N. Unfair DËi : K
36. ÔFall into lineÕ evMavivwUi A_© wK n‡e? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (hgybv) : 2012]
K. Disagree L. Honest M. Brave N. Agree DËi : N
e¨vL¨v : Disagree = Am¤§wZ, AbvMÖn, weev` Kiv, Honest = fvi, mr,b¨vqevb, Brave = mvnmx, wbf©xK,
`y:mvnmx, Agree = GKgZ nIqv, ivwR nIqv, jvB‡b Avmv| ÔFall into lineÕ = Agree nIqv|
38. ‗First language means the____Language. [২৫তভ শফশ঳এ঳; cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (wm‡jU wefvM): 07 ]
K. important L. main M. natural N. official DËi : M
39. Only those who are not serious to their success work____and starts. [৩১তম বিবিএি]
K. long odds L. against time M. every inch N. fits DËi : N
G,H
Gain ground ধীসয ধীসয উন্নশত কযো become more popular
Gain the day জ৞রোব কযো Become victorious, winner
Gala day উৎ঳সফয শদন Victory day
Get along with ভোশনস৞ থনও৞ো To adjust
Get his ideas across কোউসক শকেু থফোেোসত ঩োযো Make his ideas understood
Get into প্রসফ঱ Enter into
Get over অশতক্রভ কযো recover from
Get rid of ভুশি ঩োও৞ো To do away with, become free
Get the better of আসগয থথসক বোর gain an advantage
Get the sack ফযখোি কযো To be fired from a job or task
Gift of the gab ফোক঩িু Fluency of speech
Give a cold shoulder ধভক থদও৞ো To scold
Give a hand ঳ো঴োময কযো help
Give away শফতযণ a thing that is given free
Give in ek¨Zv ¯^xKvi Kiv surrender
Give up তযোগ কযো cease making an effort
Give upon the ghost ভোযো মোও৞ো To die
Go a long way অসনকদূয অশতক্রভ very successful
Go all out ঳োধযভত থচষ্ট্ো Try hard
Go astray শফ঩সথ/ থগোল্লো৞ মোও৞ো become lost or mislaid
Go away চসর মোও৞ো to leave a place
Go down অি মোও৞ো to move down to a lower level
Go hand in hand একসত্র Together, in a body
Go sky high আকো঱চুম্বী to go very high
Go through বোসরো কসয ঩ড়ো look at something very carefully
Golden age থ঳োনোরী মুগ A period of prosperity
Golden mean উাঁচু দসযয avoiding both extreme excess and
extreme deficiency
Golden opportunity সুফণথ সুসমোগ an excellent opportunity that is not
likely to be repeated
Go in a body একসমোসগ together
Go to the dogs থগোল্লো৞ মোও৞ো Be ruined
Greek and Latin অসফোধগভয difficult
Good for nothing থকোসনো কোসজয নো/অ঩দোথথ Entirely without value
Habeas corpus কোযোফেীয থভৌশরক অশধকোয Fundamental rights of prisoners
Hale and hearty সুস্থ্ ঳ফর Strong and health
Hall mark থেষ্ঠসত্বয েো঩ excellent
Hang around শফরম্ব কযো Loiter about
Hard and fast ফোধো ধযো fixed
Hard nut to crack কশঠন ঳ভস্যো A difficult problem to solve
Hard times রৃিঃ঳ভ৞ a time of difficulty
Hard up অবোফগ্রি With insufficient money
Have a heart ঳দ৞ To ask somebody to be kind
Head and ears ঩ুসযো঩ুশয completely
Head is in the clouds শদফোস্বপ্নচোযী A day dreamer
Head or tail ভোথোভুিু be quite confused
Heart and soul প্রোণ঩সণ Earnestly, tooth and nail
Herculean task কশঠন কোজ A very difficult task
High and low উাঁচু- শনচু in many different places
High time উ঩মুি ঳ভ৞ The appropriate time
Hold good প্রসমোজয/ খোিো remain true or valid
Hold water উত্তীণথ ঴ও৞ো Bear examination
Hole and corner রুসকোচুশয Secret, secrecy
Home maker গৃশ঴ণী housewife
Hot water অসুশফধো Trouble, difficulty, problem
Hush money/speed money ঘুল bribe
Hue and cry ব঴ বচ/স঱োযসগোর Loud outcry
cÖkœ mgvavb
40. Gala day (Rb¯^v¯’¨ cÖ‡KŠkj Awa`ß‡ii DcmnKvi©x cÖ‡KŠkjx 15)
K. A day of festivity L. Holiday
M. A day of judgement N. None DËi : K
41. He has gone to dogs. Gi mwVK Abyev` †KvbwU? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (Lyjbv wefvM): 07]
K. †m KzKz‡ii Kv‡Q †M‡Q L. ‡m KzKyi Lye fv‡jvev‡m
M. ‡m †Mvjøvq †M‡Q N. ‡m KzKzi †cv‡l DËi : M
42. The weight was too much and the pillar gave way. Here Ôgive way‘ indicates— [cÖv_wgK
we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (evwZj cixÿv): 02]
K. Bent down L. Was changed M. Was broken N.Vanished DËi: M
43. ÔHard and fast‘ means— [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (Ki‡Zvqv); cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (cÙ): 09]
K. Difficult matter L. Fixed M. Easy matter N. Loose DËi: L
44. Which is the appropriate meaning for ÔHush money‘? (Rb¯^v¯’¨ cÖ‡K․kj Awa`ß‡ii DcmnKvi©x cÖ‡K․kjx 15)
K. Silent money L. Money given as bribe
M. Quiet money N. Borrowed money DËi : L
45. ÔHot days‘ means— [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (XvKv wefvM) : 03]
K. A period of being care free L. A period of having youthful things
M. Hot weather N. A period of misfortune DËi: M
46. A person whose ‗head is in the clouds‘ is- (২৩তভ শফশ঳এ঳)
K. proud L. a day dreamer M. an aviator N. useless DËi: L
46. ÔHead over heels in love‘ means (10g cÖfvlK wbeÜb K‡jR mgch©vq 2014)
K. Loving somebody L. Disliking somebody very much
M. Hating love strongly N. Loving somebody very much DËi: N
47. ‗Hold water‘ means- [11Zg wewmGm; cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK: 92]
K. keep water L. bear examination M. drink water N. Store water DËi: L
I,J
In a body একসমোসগ/ ঳ফোই শভসর together
In a fix ঴তফুশি In perplexity, puzzled
In a hurry তোড়োর৆ড়ো Very quickly
In a nutshell ঳ংসক্ষস঩ Briefly, In a word
In accordance with অনু঳োসয According to
In any way/case থম থকোন উ঩োস৞ anyhow
In cold blood ঠোন্ডো ভোথো৞ deliberately
In connection with ফযো঩োসয/ ঳ম্বসন্ধ concerning
In course of time ঳ভস৞য ঩শযক্রভো৞ At the time of
In fine উ঩঳ং঴োয In conclusion
In force ফর প্রস৞োগ, চোরু currently valid or in effect
In front of ঳ম্মুসখ In someone's presence
In full swing ঩ুসযোদসভ Very active
In good faith ঳যর শফশ্বোস঳ In honest belief
In good stead কোসযো উ঩কোসয আ঳ো Be extremely useful
In harmony with এক঳সঙ্গ শভসর শভস঱ থোকো to agree with another
In lieu of ঩শযফসতথ In the place of
In no time েীঘই Very soon
In no way থকোন ভসতই নো not at all
In order to জসন্য/ উসেে according to a particular sequence
In pursuance with অনুপ্রোশণত কযো Inspire, motivate
In pursuit of অনুসপ্রযণো৞ the action of pursuing
In quest of থখোাঁসজ In search of, look for, search
In season and out of season ঳ভস৞ অ঳ভস৞ At all times
In spite of ঳সেও despite
In high spirits gnvLykx Cheerful/ Joyful
In store for বোগয/বশফষ্যৎ coming in the future
In the dark অন্ধকোসয/অজ্ঞোত In ignorance
In the event of ঘিনোক্রসভ if there should be
In the eye of দৃশষ্ট্সত In someone's view
In the god book উ঩কোসয রোগো Become useful
In the grip of কসষ্ট্ affected by something undesirable
In the guise of েদ্মসফস঱ In disguise
In the long run ঩শযণোসভ ultimately
In the seventh heaven ঩যভ সুসখ Extremely happy
In the teeth of অগ্রোি কসয In defiance or regardless of
In the long run cwi‡k‡l As a consequence [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mn.wk(ewe):05]
In vain ফযথথ Fail
In case of মশদ If
Ins and outs খুাঁশিনোশি In details
Iron will দৃঢ় ঳ংকল্প Strong determination
Irony of fate বোসগযয শনভথভ ঩শয঴ো঳ By bad luck
Jack of all trades ঳ফজোিো Person who knows a bit of all
cÖkœ mgvavb
48. ‗In a nutshell‘ phrase Gi A_© n‡”Q— [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (‡ejx) : 2009]
K. In details L. Elaborately M. Large description N. Briefly DËi: N
49. The idiom ‗In black and white‘- Gi A_©— [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (BQvgwZ) : 2010]
K. Temporary L. False M. Verbally N. In writing DËi: N
e¨vL¨v: ‗In black and white‘ phrase— Gi A_©- wjwLZfv‡e| In writing— wjwLZfv‡e|
50. ÔIns and outsÕ evMavivwUi A_© wK n‡e? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (hgybv) : 2012; cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (myigv): 12; cÖv_wgK
we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (‡ngšÍ): 10]
K. Briefly L. Summary M. In details N. None DËi: M
51. Trying unitedly we were able to have out project approved against strong oppositions.
K. in the wake of L. in the guise of
M. in the plea of N. in the teeth of DËi: N
52. What do you means by ÔIn the nick of Time‘?
K. In the appropriate time L. In the wrong time
M. Before the just time N. After the just time DËi: K
K, L, M
Keen on চোশরস৞ মোও৞ো/উৎ঳ো঴ী ঴ও৞ো To be enthusiastic
Keep abreast of আাঁকসড় থোকো To remain closely informed
Keep one‘s head ঱োি থোকো To keep calm
Keep in the dark নো জোনোসনো/ রুকোসনো To keep someone uninformed
Keep in view নজয যোখো Observe, monitor
Keep pace with তোর শভশরস৞ চরো progress at the same speed
Keep up যক্ষো কযো meet a commitment to pay
Kiss the dust আত্ম঳ভ঩থণ surrender
Kith and kin আত্মী৞ স্বজন Blood-relations and kinsfolk
Know no bound ঳ীভো঴ীন To be without limit, unlimited
Lag behind শ঩েসন ঩ড়ো to fall behind
Laid to rest শচয শফদো৞ To die
Lame excuse ফোসজ অজু঴োত Bad plea
Laugh at ঴োশ঳ ঠোট্টো To treat lightly
Lay down আত্মোর৆শত To give up and surrender
Lay heads together ঩যোভ঱থ কযো To work together to come up
Lay to rest ঳ভোশধস্থ কযো to bury a dead person
Lead story গুরুত্ব঩ূণথ খফয Important news
Leave no stone থচষ্ট্োয ক্রশি নো কযো Use all available means
unturned/spare no pains
Lend me ears ভনসমোগ থদও৞ো Listen to me
Let bygones be bygones অতীতসক বুসর মোও Forget the past
Let the cat out of the bag থগো঩ন তথয পোাঁ঳ To tell the secret
Lick the dust অ঩দস্থ ঴ও৞ো To be humiliated
Life and soul জীফন Main support
Line by line ধোস঩ ধোস঩ Step by step
Lingua franca ঳চযোচয ফযফর৅ত বোলো Common language
Lion‘s share থফশ঱য বোগ অং঱/ শ঳ং঴বোগ Major part
Live on থফাঁসচ থোকো to depend on something for sustenance
Loaves and fishes ফযশিস্বোথথ Personal gain
Lock and load প্রস্তুত ঴ও৞ো Get ready
Long for আকোঙ্ক্ষো Desire for
Look after থদখোস঱োনো কযো Care for
Look down upon ঘৃণো/অফজ্ঞো কযো avoid
Look forward to আ঱ো কযো await eagerly
Look out রক্ষয কযো be vigilant and take notice
Loom large ব৞োফ঴ র৆ভশক Threat
Loose end থফকোয Unemployed
Loose heart ঴তো঱ ঴ও৞ো To be despaired
Lull to sleep অন্ধকোসয to quiet and comfort to sleep
Maiden speech প্রথভ ফিৃতো The first speech
Make a mess জগোশখচুযী create a dirty or untidy state
Make both ends কো৞সক্লস঱ জীফনমো঩ন To live in a fixed income
Make good ক্ষশত঩ূযণ Compensate for
Milk and water GK‡N‡q, cÖvYnxb/`ye©j Lifeless, dull
cÖkœ mgvavb
53. Ôcixÿv LyeB wbKUeZ©xÕ Gi mwVK Bs‡iwR Abyev` †KvbwU? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (Lyjbv wefvM) : 07; cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK: 02]
K. The examination is coming soon L. The examination is with start soon
M. The examination is knocking at the door N. The examination is beginning soon DËi: M
54. ÔLoaves and fishes‘ means [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK 12; cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (wkDjx) : 2009]
K. Personal gains L. Beautiful Bread M. Tasty fishes N. None DËi: K
55. Maiden speech means- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (wm‡jU wefvM) : 07; cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (‡ngšÍ): 10]
K. Late speech L. Early speech M. Final speech N. First speech DËi: N
56. ‗Lingua Franca‘ means- [24Zg wewmGm; cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (‡WjUv): 14]
K. The French Language L. The common language
M. Language of brothers N. The first language DËi: L
57. Sher-e-Bangla was a__(12Zg wkÿK wbeÜb 15)
K. Man of sorrow L. Man of justice M. Man of mark N. Man of softheart DËi: M
e¨vL¨v : Man of mark A_© weL¨vZ e¨w³|
58. The idiom Ôlet things slide‘ means— [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2019]
K. ignore L. set free
M. lose gradually N. reveal a secret DËi: K
59. ‗Milk and water‘-Phrase wUi A_© wK? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (†ngšÍ) : 2010]
K. Pure milk and water L. Dirty milk and water
M. Lifeless, dull N. Colorless things DËi: M
e¨vL¨v: ‗Milk and water‘-Phrase wUi A_© g~jZ, cÖvYnxb/`ye©j BZ¨vw`| GLv‡b, Z„Zxq Ackb wU‡Z Lifeless,
dull kãØ‡qi A_© cÖ`Ë phrase-Gi A‡_©i mv‡_ wg‡j hvq|
60. ÔMilk & water‘ means [12Zg wkÿK wbeÜb 15; cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (‡ngšÍ): 10; cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix
wkÿK (Avjdv): 14]
K. Brave L. Timid M. Daring N. Courageous DËi: L
e¨vL¨v : Milk & Water – Timid ev fxiæ|
61. ÔMan of straw Õ means- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2018]
K. respected person L. worthless man M. gentleman N. noted person DËi: L
e¨vL¨v : ÔMan of strawÕ— ¸iæZ¡nxb e¨w³ ev hv‡K mn‡R civ¯Í Kiv hvq| myZivs mwVK DËi worthless man.
62. I have a boat made of wood. The underlined phrase is—[cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2019]
K. an adverbial phrase L. perfect participle phrase
M. present participle phrase N. past participle phrase DËi : N
e¨vL¨v : verb Gi past participle hLb adjective wn‡m‡e eëüZ nq, ZLb Zv‡K past participle phrase
e‡j| D³ sentence G noun(boat) †K modify K‡i‡Q Ges Zv GKwU past participle phrase.
63. We must keep our finger____that the weather will stay fine for the picnic tomorrow. ( ২২তভ শফশ঳এ঳)
K. raised L. pointed dreamer M. lifted N. crossed DËi: M
N, O, P
Notwithstanding নো ফরসরই ন৞ All the same, nevertheless
Nota bene শফস঱ল দ্রষ্ট্ফয Mark well, note well
Nouveau riche নতুন ধনী New rich
Now or never ঴৞ এখনই ন৞ত কখনও ন৞ used to convey urgency
Null and void ফোশতর Rejected, invalid
Nip in the bud A¼z‡i webó nIqv Destory at the very beginning
Odds and ends িুশকিোশক শজশন঳঩ত্র miscellaneous
Of course অফেই certainly
Of late ঳ম্প্রশত Recently, lately
On all hands ঳ফথজনস্বীকৃত Unanimously
On and on µgvMZ Without interruption
On behalf of ঩সক্ষ as a representative of
On easy terms ঳঴জ শফরসম্ব/শকশিসত Long term payment
On foot ঩োস৞ থ঴াঁসি walking rather than travelling
On no account থকোনক্রসভই নো By no means
On the contrary অন্যশদসক On the other hand
On the eve of প্রোক্কোসর In the beginning, just before
On the highest alert ঳সফথোচ্চ ঳তথকতো৞ Concious, cautious
On the increase ক্রভফধথভোন becoming greater
On the sky উম্মুি আকোস঱ Open air
On the spur of the moment উসত্তজনোয ভুর৆সতথ without planning in advance
On the utter of শফফযসণ In details
Once for all থ঱ল ফোসযয ভত For the last time
Out of date অচর Off fashion
Out of doors ফোইসয outside
Out of order অপ্রচশরত Defective, in vogue
Out of temper যোগোশিত angry
Over head and ear গবীযবোসফ deeply
Over the years ঳ভস৞য শফফতথসন With the passage of time
Own accord থস্বচ্ছো৞ willingly
Palmy days/good time সু঳ভ৞ Days of prosperity and glory
Pandora‘s box শফড়ম্বনো঩ূণথ উ঩঴োয Artificially good bt actually not
Part and parcel অশফসচ্ছদয অং঱ An essential portion
Pass away ভৃতুযফযণ die
Pass over অশতক্রভ কযো To avoid
Pave the way ঩থ বতশয কযো Make the way
Pen through থকসি থদও৞ো Cancel something
Pin money ঴োতখযচ Personal allowance for a lady
Pivotal question গুরুত্ব঩ূণথ প্রশ্ন The most important question
Play false/Play tricks প্রতোযণো Fraud, to deceive someone
Play on a fiddle ঳ভ৞ অ঩চ৞ To waste time
Play truant স্কুর ঩োরোসনো stay away from school without leave or explanation
Point blank ঳যো঳শয directly
Popular with জনশপ্র৞ liked or admired by many people
Post mortem ভ৞নোতদি Autopsy, after death
Prima facie প্রথভ দ঱থসন At the first sight
Prior to ঩ূফফ থ তথী Before, previous
Pull down থিসন নোভোসনো To lower something from a higher level
Puppet in the hands of ঴োসতয ঩ুতুর A man without ego
Push somebody to the wall ঩যোশজত কযো To defeat him
Put off থযসখ থদও৞ো unpleasant quality, leave
Put on ঩শযধোন কযো to wear
Put out থনবোসনো to emit something
Put the cart before the horse স্বোবোশফক শন৞ভ উল্টোসনো Reverse the natural order
Put up with ঳ি কযো tolerate
cÖkœ mgvavb
64. ÔOut and out Õ means- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2018; ‡iwR÷vW© cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (‡Mvjvc) : 2011;
cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (bvMwj½g): 12]
K. Whole heartedly L. not at all M. thoroughly N. Brave DËi: M
e¨vL¨v : ÔOut and outÕ— m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c| thoroughly A_© m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c| Whole heartedly A_© AvšÍwiKfv‡e|
65. ‗On the eve of‘ phrase wUi A_© n‡”Q— [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (‡ejx) : 2009]
K. Just after L. Just before M. Beautiful eveni N. Dark evening DËi: L
66. ÔNip in the bud‘ means cjøx we`y¨Zvqb †evW© mnKvix mwPe/mnKvix cwiPvjK (cÖkvmb) 13
K. Destroy at the very beginning L. Bed of the rose
M. The beginning N. Rise at the beginning DËi: K
67. You will fail in the exam, If you ____ from school. (12Zg wkÿK wbeÜb 15)
KTake to task L. Put off M. Put out N. Play trurant DËi: N
68. Put an end to means –
K. Caused to happen L. Stopped M. Spread N. Confirmed DËi: L
69. Puss the buck to pass the blame to someone else. (G‡Ki †`vl A‡bï Dci Pvcv‡bv) – (wkÿv, WvK, ¯^v¯’¨ I A_©
gš¿Yvj‡qi cÖkvmwbK I e¨w³MZ Kg©KZ©v 2015)
70. ‗Paediatric‘ relates to the treatment of— ( ১৫তভ শফশ঳এ঳)

K. adults L. children M. old prople N. women DËi: L
71. ‗Plebiscite‘ is a term related to— ( ১৫তভ শফশ঳এ঳)
K. medicine L. technology M. law N. politics DËi: N
72. Politicians often use students as— (12Zg wkÿK wbeÜb)
K. Cat‘s paw L. Cold water M. Fresh blood N. Kith and kin DËi: K
73. ‗Pass away‘ means— [৩৩তভ শফশ঳এ঳]
K. disappear L. die M. erase N. fall DËi: L
74. ‗Prior to‘ means—
K. after L. during the period M. immediately N. before DËi: N
75. ‗Parcel‘ means— ( ২২তভ শফশ঳এ঳)
K. Quarrel L. Piece of land M. unobstructed view N. Postage DËi: L
76. ‗Pros and cons‘ phrase wUi A_©— [‡iwR÷vW© cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (Rev) : 2011]
K. Good and bad L. Advantage and disadvantage
M. Light and dark N. In and out DËi: L
e¨vL¨v: ‗Pros and cons‘ A_© myweav Ges Amyweav (advantage and disvantage)| For example: I had to
take the pros and cons into consideration before taking the final decision.
77. NB-Gi c~Y©iƒc wK? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (ewikvj wefvM): 07]
K. NOTE BEFORE L. NOTA BENE
M. NOTE BY N. NOTE BENE DËi: L
78. The idiom ‗Nip in the bud‘ Gi A_©- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (K‡cvZvÿ) : 2010; cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK
(W¨v‡dvwWj): 12]
K. Bed of roses L. Beginning
M. Rare-up N. Destroy all the beginning DËi: N
e¨vL¨v: ‗Nip in the bud‘— A¼z‡i webó nIqv| Option ¸‡jvi A_© n‡jv : Bed of roses— cy®úkh¨v,
Beginning— ïiæ/Avi¤¢, Raer-up— jvjb cvjb Kiv, Destroy all the beginning— ïiæ‡ZB aŸsm Kiv ev
bó| GLv‡b, PZz_© Ack‡bi A‡_©i mv‡_ phrase-wUi A_© wg‡j hvq|
79. ‗Null and void‘-Phrase wUi A_© wK? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (gyw³‡hv×v/knx` gyw³‡hv×vi mšÍvb) : 2010]
K. Good and bad L. Light and dark
M. Advantage and Disadvantage N. Gi †Kv‡bvwUB bq DËi: N
80. ÔPrior toÕ means- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2018]
K. before L. during the period of M. immediately N. after. DËi: K
81. ‗Once in a blue moon‘ means- [৩৮তভ শফশ঳এ঳]
K. always L. very rarely M. nearly N. hourly DËi: L
82. He is _____ a rogue. (12Zg wkÿK wbeÜb 15)
K. Out of out L. After all M. One and every N. Above all DËi: K
e¨vL¨v: He (wZwb) is out of out (cy‡ivcywi) a rogue. (e`gvk)
Q, R, S
Queer fish থখ৞োশর থরোক Eccentric person
Quorum নূযনতভ Required number
Rack and ruin উচ্ছসন্ন মোও৞ো destroyed
Rank and fashion ঳োজ঳জ্জো/ অশবজোত ঳ভোজ Aristocratic society
Rank and file ঳োধোযণ ব঳শনক The common soldiers
Razzmatazz শফ঱ৃঙ্খরো a noisy activity [24Zg wewmGm]
Red handed ঴োসত নোসত ধযো With proof
Red letter day স্মযণী৞ শদন Memorable day
Red tape আভরোতোশিক জশিরতো Excessive official formality
Renal failure শকডশন শফকর Kidney failure
Riding for a fall ঩তসনয ঩সথ অগ্র঳য ঴ও৞ো to act recklessly
Right and left এসরো঩োতোশড় On all sides
Road block প্রশতফন্ধকতো obstacle
Root and branch ঳ম্পূণথরূস঩ Completely [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK cÖavb wkÿK (wµmvbw_gvg) : 12]
Run into শ঩েু ঴িো/ ঳োক্ষোৎ কযো meet
Run out শনিঃস঱শলত ঴ও৞ো be paid out, finish
Run riot আইন শফরুসি আচযণ কযো Behave in a lawless way
Run short ঘোিশত Want of, lack of, shortage
Saddle on the right horse থদোলী ফযশি ঳নোি কযো Identify the guilt
Safe and sound শনযো঩সদ Quite safe
Salt of life গুরুত্ব঩ূণথ ফস্তু Valuable things [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mn. wk: 15]
Salt of the earth থেষ্ঠ ফযশি Famous person
Set on fire প্রজ্বশরত কযো To burn
Sheet anchor ঴োসতয ঩োাঁচ/ থ঱ল ঳ম্বর Last thing for safety
Silver lining রৃবথোসগয ঳োন্ত্বনো hope
Sine die অশনশদথষ্ট্কোসরয জন্য uncertain
Sit on the fench শনযস঩ক্ষ Remain neutral, To be impartial
Skin and bone অশস্থিঃচভথ঳োয Very thin
Skim through বো঳ো বো঳ো দৃসে Bird‘s eye view
Slip of the pen থরখো৞ অ঳তকথতোফ঱ত বুর Mistake in writing
Slip of the tongue কথো৞ অ঳তকথতোফ঱ত বুর Mistake in speaking
Slow and steady ধীয শস্থয ফযশি Continuity, cold blooded man
Small fry চুসনো঩ুাঁশি A person of minor importance
Smell a rat ঳সে঴ কযো Suspect, doubt
Snake in the grass থগো঩ন ঱ত্রু A hidden enemy
Soft soap থতোলোসভোদ flattery
Spare no pains থচষ্ট্োয ক্রশি নো কযো Leave no stone unturned
Stand in the way of ফোধোস্বরূ঩ ঴ও৞ো Hinderance of
Stand out গুরুত্ব঩ূণথ important
Status quo ঩ূফোথ ফস্থো৞ State of affairs
Steer clear of ফজথন কযো avoid
Storm in a tea cup তুভুর উসত্তজনো A fuss about a trifling matter
Straw vote জনগসণয ভতোভসতয জন্য থফ঳যকোশয থবোি Poll of public opinion
Stumbling block ফোধো obstacle
Sugar coated থভোড়ক make superficially attractive
Sum and substance ঳োযভভথ summary
Summer friends সু঳ভস৞য ফন্ধু A fraud person
Swan song থ঱ল যচনো Last work [23Zg wewmGm]
cÖkœ mgvavb
83. The thief was caught red-handed. Here Ôred-handed‘ means
K. Later L. Trap M. With proof N. None DËi: M
84. Lutfa goes on helping everyone without saving anything for the rainy day. Here the
Ôrainy day‘indicates- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK: 02]
K. A day with rains L. A day with cold weather
M. A day with hot weather N. A difficulty day DËi: N
85. I have never seen such a slow coach like you. Which is appropriate phrase? ( ১৩তভ শফশ঳এ঳)
K. an irresponsible person L. a careless person
M. an unthoughtful person N. a very lazy person DËi: N
86. ÔRun counter to‘ means- [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (Mvgv): 14]
K. Disobey L. Rebel M. Contradict N. Remove DËi : M
87. ‗Soft soap‘ means- [14Zg wewmGm; cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK (fjMv): 13]
K. Flatter for self motives L. To speak ill of others
M. To speak ill of others N. To recognize other‘s good deeds DËi: K
88. ‗Ruminant‘ means- ( ২২তভ শফশ঳এ঳)
K. cud chewing animal L. soup M. gossip N. noise maker DËi: K
89. ‗Salarium‘ means- ( ১৮তভ শফশ঳এ঳)
K. salt L. Salary M. soldiers N. the Salt Road DËi: L
90. What is the meaning of the the word ÔStatus quo‘? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (wgwmwmwc): 13]
K. State of affair L. The former state
M. Equal status N. High status DËi: K
91. He raised his eyebrow at my explanation means- [২৪তভ শফশ঳এ঳]
K. Show surprise or disapproval L. show agreement

M. show happiness N. show indifference DËi: K
T
Take away ঳শযস৞ থনও৞ো To take someone/ something to a new place
Take down শরসখ যোখো to write something
Take into account শফসফচনো কযো consider
Take place ঘিো to happen
Takes after ঳দৃ঱ To resemble someone
Take to heart ভভথো঴ত ঴ও৞ো Cut to the quick
Take leave of (sb) we`vq †bIqv To say goodbye
Tall talk ফড় ফড় কথো The act of exaggerating
Teeth of opposition ফোধোয ভুসখ In the face of
Teem with বয঩ু য To be full of something
Tell upon ক্ষশত কযো To harm
Ten to one একোই ঳ফ/ ঳ম্ভফত very probably
The birds and the bees ভোনফ প্রজনসনয থভৌশরক শফল৞ The basic facts about sex
Three score লোি Three times twenty
Through fire and water প্রশতকুরতোয ভধয শদস৞ Through thick and thin
Tittle- tattle ‡LvkMí Kiv gossip
To be up and doing উসঠ ঩সড় রোগো Active, busy
To bell the cat আ঳র কোজ কযো to perform a very dangerous task
To blaze trail নতুন শকেু কযো To initiate word in a movement
To blow hot and cold একফোয গযভ একফোয ঠোিো To be inconsistent
To bring to book ঳োভসন আ঳ো To compel to give an account
To call a spade a spade থ঳োজোসুশজ কথো ফরো To speak bluntly
To get along with ভোশনস৞ থনও৞ো To adjust
To breathe one‘s last/ To kick the bucket ভোযো মোও৞ো die
To cry wolf e„_v Kvbœv Kiv ev wg_¨v wec` ms‡KZ †`qv To give a false alarm
To raise one‘s brows অফোক ঴ও৞ো Surprise [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK: 15]
To read between the lines অথথ ফু স ে ঩ড়ো to grasp the hidden meaning [17Zg I 30Zg wewmGm]
To run a race প্রশতসমোশগতো৞ অং঱গ্র঴ণ Compete with
To the backbone ঴োসড় ঴োসড় thoroughly
To the full ঳ম্পূণথরূস঩ completely
To the point ঳শঠক right
To the utmost চযভ঳ীভো অশতক্রভ Cross the most extreme
Toil and moil কসঠোয ঩শযেভ Hard labour/ work
Tooth for tooth অন্যোস৞য প্রশতস঱োধ Take revenge
Top to bottom আদয঩োি A to z, completely
Tough cookie গম্ভীয প্রকৃশতয a tough person
Turn a deaf ear ফশধয/ কণথ঩োত নো কযো disregard
Turn down প্রতযোখযোন কযো refuse
Turn over a new leaf নতুন জীফন আযম্ভ Change for the better
Turn tail গুশিস৞ থনও৞ো Run away
Tooth and nail m¤ú~ Y f
© v‡e Completely
To lighten the atmosphere KwVb gyn~‡Z© ¯^vfvweK _vKv To ease a tense situation
To cut the crack K_v _vwg‡q KvR Kiv To stop talking and start
Throw cold water wbiærmvwnZ Kiv Damp the spirit/ Discourage
To break the ice wbieZv †f‡½ K_v ejv To start a conversation
cÖkœ mgvavb
92. ÔTo flog a dead horse‘ means
K. To fight for a lost cause L. To take interest in an obsolete subject
M. To act in a foolish way N. To treat an incurable patient. DËi: L
93. ÔThe birds and the bees Õ means- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2018]
K. The basic facts about sex L. The bird's eye view
M. The birds and bees are good workers. N. The relation between the birds and bees DËi: K
94. The idiom ‗Tooth and nail‘ Gi A_©- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (K‡cvZvÿ) : 2010; ‡iwR÷vW© cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix
wkÿK (UMi) : 2011; cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (K¨v‡gwjqv): 12]
K. Beautiful L. Precise M. Completely N. Incompletely DËi: M
e¨vL¨v: ‗Tooth and nail‘— m¤ú~Y©fv‡e|
95. ‗The pros and cons‘ – phrase wUi A_© n‡jv- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (kvcjv) : 2009]
K. Foul and fair L. Good and evil
M. Before and after N. For or against a thing DËi: L
96. To cry wolf means
K. To listen eagerly L. To give false alarm
M. To be frightened N. To keep off starvation DËi: L
97. ÔThe shoulder died in harness’ means
K. He died in business L. He died in peace
M. He died in honor N. He died in dishonor DËi: K
98. What is the meaning of the Idiom ÔTake to one‘s heels‘.
K.To stand on one‘s own feet L. To wear expensive shoe
M. To escape N. To reach DËi: M
99. To take a leap in the mark.
K. To take risk L. To hazard oneself DËi: N
M. To do a task secretly N. To do a hazardous thing without any idea of the result.
100. To beg the question
K. To refer to L. To take for granted
M. To raise objections N. To be discusses DËi: M
101. ‗Three score‘ is- ( ১৫তভ শফশ঳এ঳)
K. Thirty times twenty L. three hundred times
M. three times twenty N. more than three DËi: M
102. ‗Take into account‘ means- [৩৩তভ শফশ঳এ঳]
K. count numbers L. consider M. assess N. Think seriously DËi: L
103. ‘To end in smoke‘ means- [৩৭তভ শফশ঳এ঳]
K. To create fire L. To go through suffering
M. To come to nothing N. To see five DËi: M
104. ‗To put the cart before the horse‘ means- [৩০তভ শফশ঳এ঳]
K. to offer a person what he cannot eat L. to force a person to do something
M. to raise obstinate N. to reverse the natural order of thing DËi: N
105. ÔTo keep the wolf away from the door.‘ Means- [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (ivBb) : 16]
K. To keep away from extreme poverty
L. To keep off an unwanted and undesirable person
M. To keep arrive
N. To keep the difficulties and dangers in check DËi: K
106. ‗To keep one‘s head‘ means- [৩০তভ শফশ঳এ঳]
K. to save oneself L. to be self respectful
M. to keep calm N. none of these DËi: M
107. ______ he is coming. (12Zg wkÿK wbeÜb)
K. At length L. Ten to one M. At large N. All in all DËi: L
e¨vL¨v : Ten to one m¤¢eZ
108. ‗Take the bull by the horns‘ means- [৩৭তভ শফশ঳এ঳]
K. To challenge the enemy with courage L. Force the enemy to submit
M. Surrender before the enemy N. Out of one‘s wit DËi: K
109. ‗To do away with‘ means- [৩৭তভ শফশ঳এ঳]
K. To repeat L. To start M. To get rid of To drive off DËi: M
110. ‗To get along with‘ means- [২৮তভ শফশ঳এ঳]
K. To adjust L. To accompany M. To interest N. To walk DËi: K
111. ‗Through thick and thin‘ means— [২৭তভ শফশ঳এ঳]
K. under all conditions L. to make thick and thin
M. not clear understanding N. of great density DËi: K
112. ÔThrow cold water on‘ means—
K. Damp the spirits L. Throwing of cold water
M. Ice water N. None DËi: K
113. ÔTo push somebody to the wall‘ Gi A_©— [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (myigv): 13]
K. To defeat him L. To heckle him
M. To humiliate him N. To knock him DËi: K
114. ‗To meet trouble half way‘ means— (14Zg wewmGm; cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (Avjdv): 14; cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq
mnKvix wkÿK (‡WjUv): 14]
K. To be puzzled L. To get nervous
M. To be disappointed N. To bear up DËi: K
115. To catch of guard means (Dc‡Rjv cjøx Dbœqb Kg©KZ©v – 15)
K. To neglect duty L. To substitute a guard
M. To get someone when he/she is careless N. To be on guard DËi: M
e¨vL¨v : To catch of guard Kv‡Ri mgq Ab¨gb¯‥ ev AmZK© Ae¯’vq KvD‡K aiv|
116. Tooth and nail means (eb Awa`ß‡ii eb cÖnix 15)
K. Get by heart L. Tried heart M. Go with heart N. None of these DËi: L
e¨vL¨v : Tooth and nail means fxlYfv‡e †Póv Kiv, D‡Vc‡o jvMv|
117. ―To have full hands‖ –Phrase-wUi A_© wK? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (wZZvm) : 2010; cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb
wkÿK (evMvbwejvm): 12]
K. To be rich L. To be fully occupied
M. To lead an easy life N. To be in lot of troubles DËi: L
e¨vL¨v: ―To have full hands‖— ‡Kv‡bv wKQz‡Z m¤ú~Y© KZ…©Z¡ _vKv ev n¯ÍMZ _vKv| GB A‡_©i mv‡_ wØZxq option
Gi ‗To be fully occupied‘ Phrase-wUi A_© wg‡j hvq|
118. The invention of computer has turned over a new leaf in the history of modern technology.
K. created a new history L. began a new civilization
M. opened a new chapter N. created a sensation DËi: M
119. ÔTo see eye to eye with‘ idiom wUi mwVK A_©— [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (cÙv): 12]
K. To agree L. To stare fixedly M. To be angry N. To take revenge DËi: K
120. ÔTo see red‘ phrase wUi A_©— [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (wZ¯Ív): 10]
K. To be very angry L. To see the colour red
M. To find fault with N. To criticize others DËi: K
121. ÔHe was taken to task‘Gi evsjv n‡jv— [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK : 15]
K. Zv‡K KvR †Ìqv n‡qwQj L. Zv‡K Kv‡Ri Rb¨ ejv n‡qwQj
M. †m KvR wb‡qwQj N. Zv‡K wZi¯‥vi Kiv n‡qwQj DËi: N
122. Take one to task means 10g cÖfvlK wbeÜb I cÖZ¨qb 2014
K. Imitate L. Rebuke M. Resume N. Restrain DËi: L
U, V, W, X, Y, Z
Under a cloud ঴সতোদযভ out of favor
Up and doing তৎ঩য ঴ও৞ো Be serious
Upper hand কতৃথত্ব Control over
Value judgment ফযশিগত শ঳িোি Judgement on personal views
Under a cloud ঴সতোদযভ out of favor
Up and doing তৎ঩য ঴ও৞ো Be serious
Up and down এশদক ওশদক Backwards and forwards
Ups and downs উত্থোন ঩তন Prosperity and adversity
Upper hand কতৃথত্ব Control over
Value judgment ফযশিগত শ঳িোি Judgement on personal views
Various from ঩োথকথয Difference from
Vice versa শফ঩যীত The terms being exchanged
Viva voce থভৌশখকবোসফ Orally
Vote rigging থবোি জোশর৞োশত Making vote forgery
Watch out for ঳তকথ Be cautious
Weal and woe সুসখ রৃিঃসখ In good and bad fortune
Well to do স্বচ্ছর Well off
Well up সু঩শন্ডত well acquainted with
Wild goose chase ঩িেভ Useless pursuit
With a heavy heart শফলণ্ণ Feeling sad
With a view to উসেে For the purpose of
With flying colours শফজ৞ী ঴ও৞ো Victoriously
Without delay অনশতশফরসম্ব Quickly, as soon as possible
Without fail অফেই Certainly, of course
Without issue ঳িোন঴ীন childless
Worthy of ভূরযফোন precious
Year to year ফেসযয ঩য ফেয Continuously
Yellow dog ঴ীন ফযশি Mean person
yeoman‘s service শনিঃস্বোথথ কোজ efficient or useful help in need
cÖkœ mgvavb
123. What is the meaning of ÔWhite Elephant?‘ [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2019; 10g I 26Zg wewmGm; cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq
mnKvix wkÿK (KY©dzjx) : 2012; cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (cÙv) : 2009; cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (ewikvjv wefvM) : 2005] .
K. A very costly or troublesome possession L. An elephant of white colour
M. A hoarder N. A black marketer DËi: K
124. ÔViva-voce‘ kãwUi A_© n‡”Q— [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (cÙv): 13]
K. Orally L. Face to face M. Interview N. Written DËi: K
125. ÔWear & tear‘ means
K. Clothing L. Disbursement M. Depreciation N. Accumulation DËi: M
126. wb‡Pi †Kvb evK¨wU ï×? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (weUv): 14; cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (kxZjÿ¨v): 13]
K. He copied the answer word by word L. He copied the answer word with word
M. He copied the answer word for word N. He copied the answer word in word DËi : M
127. ‗Vice versa‘ k‡ãi A_©- [‡iwR÷vW© cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (Rev) : 2011]
K. For example L. Face to face
M. Namely N. The terms being exchanged DËi: N
e¨vL¨v: Vice versa A_© n‡jv Aci c‡ÿI (Abyiƒc),kZ©vejx D‡ë w`‡q (The terms being exchanged)| For
example: You love them dearly and vice versa. myZivs mwVK DËi (N)|
128. ‗With open arms‘ Gi A_© n‡”Q- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (kir) : 2010]
K. Warmly L. With beautiful arm M. With long arm N. With strong arm DËi: K
e¨vL¨v: ‗With open arms‘ phrase wUi A_© ‗to accept/greet with, greet willingness and without any
hesitation. A_©vr to greet some-one warmly.
Tense
Tense = Kvj
wµqv m¤úbœ nIqvi mgq‡K e‡j Tense ev Kvj|
Present Tense Present, Past & Future Tense Gi cÖ‡Z¨KwU‡K Avevi

Tense 04 fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v—
Past Tense 03
1. Indefinite Tense 3. Perfect Tense
cÖKvi 2. Continuous Tense 4. Perfect Continuous
Future Tense
Present Tense
Indefinite Subject + V1 (g~j verb Gi Present Form) + Extension

Present
Tense Continuous Subject + am/is/are + V-ing + Extension
Gi Perfetct Subject + have/has + V3 + Extension
MVb Perfect Continuous Subject + have/has + been + V-ing + since/for + Ext.
 ‡bvU : Subject 3rd Person singular number n‡j Present Indefinite Tense Gi †ÿ‡Î verb Gi mv‡_
s/es ‡hvM nq|
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. Choose the right verb: Rabindranath‘s stories often _____ surprise ending. [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq
mnKvix wkÿK (gyw³‡hv×v): 16]
K. has L. have had M. had N. have DËi: N
Ͽ Present Indefinite Tense
wPišÍb mZ¨ (Universal Truth), HwZnvwmK NUbv (Historical event), Af¨vmMZ Kvh© (Habitual fact),
‣eÁvwbK mZ¨ (Scientific truth) cÖf…wZ eySv‡Z Present Indefinite Tense nq| Bs‡iwR ev‡K¨ daily,
everyday, always, generally, normally, occasionally, often, sometimes, regularly, usually
BZ¨vw` adverb _vK‡j mvaviYZ Present Indefinite Tense nq| †Kvb Kvh© eZ©gv‡b m¤úbœ nq, wKš‘ Kvh©wUi mgvwß
ev Amgvwß †KvbwUB wb‡`©k K‡i bv, GgbUv eySv‡Z verb Gi Present Indefinite Tense nq|
02. We shall return before the sun__[cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (ivRkvnx wefvM): 03; cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (XvKv wefvM) : 02]
K. sets L. will set M. is setting N. has set DËi : K
e¨vL¨v : before hy³ `ywU clause Gi cÖm½ hw` `ywU AZxZ wb‡`©k bv K‡i, ZLb GKwU Future Indefinite Ges
Ab¨wU Present Indefinite Tense nq|
03. It is 11 am now. The sun ......... in the eastern sky. [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2018]
K. Shines L. is shining
M. has been shining N. had been shining DËi : L
Ͽ Present Continuous Tense
Bs‡iwR ev‡K¨ now, still, at present, at this moment, at this time BZ¨vw` _vK‡j Present Continuous
Tense nq| Sentence G now _vKvq mn‡RB eySv hv‡”Q c‡ii evK¨wU present continuous tense n‡e| ‡h
wµqvi KvR eZ©gv‡b Pj‡Q wKš‘ †kl nqwb, GgbwU eySv‡j Verb Gi present continuous tense nq| ‡hgb-
gyljav‡i e„wó n‡”Q (It is raining cats and dogs)|
04. I have received your letter. ‡Kvb Tense? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK : 94]
K. Simple Tense L. Past Continuous M. Present Perfect N. Past Perfect DËi : M
Ͽ Present Perfect Tense
eZ©gvb Kv‡j †Kvb wµqvi KvR GBgvÎ †kl n‡q‡Q wKš‘ Zvi djvdj GLbI we`¨gvb Giƒc †ÿ‡Î verb Gi Present
Perfect Tense nq| Bs‡iwR ev‡K¨ already, ever, just, just now, never, lately, recently, yet BZ¨vw`
_vK‡j mvaviYZ Present Perfect Tense nq|
05. †KvbwU Present Perfect Tense -Gi D`vniY? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2019]
K. I shall have the news L. I have had the news
M. I have the news N. I had the news DËi : L
e¨vL¨v : Present Perfect Tense Gi MVb- Subject + have/has + verb Gi past participle form +
Extension. MVb Abymv‡i ï× DËi- Ackb (L)|
06. The train__________ from Rangpur. [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2018]
K. has already arrived L. have already arrived
M. already has been arriving N. already arrive DËi : K
e¨vL¨v : ev‡K¨ already, just now, recently _vK‡j evK¨wU present perfect tense nq| Avi ev‡K¨ subject
singular nIqvq verb wn‡m‡e has em‡e| myZivs Present Perfect Tense Gi MVb Abymv‡i mwVK DËi n‡jv-
Ackb K|
07. ‡KvbwU present perfect tense Gi D`vniY? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (hgybv): 20]
K. I have the news L. I have had the news
M. I shall have the news N. I had the news DËi : L
08. I _________ him only one letter up to now. [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2019]
K. sent L. have sent M. shall send N. had sent DËi : L
09. wb‡Pi †KvbwU mZ¨? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (cÙv): 13]
K. Hasan has choosed the right path L. Hasan has chosen the right path
M. Hasan has chose the right path N. Hasan has choosing the right path DËi : L
e¨vL¨v : Present Perfect Tense Gi MVb- Subject + have/has + verb Gi past participle form +
Extension. MVb Abymv‡i ï× DËi- Ackb (L)|
10. ‡Kvb evK¨wU mZ¨? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (XvKv wefvM): 05]
K. It is raining for three days L. It has been raining for three days
M. It rained three days N. It was raining for three days. DËi: L
Ͽ Present Perfect Continuous Tense
‡Kvb KvR Awbw`©ó AZxZKv‡j ïiæ n‡q eZ©gvb Kv‡jI Pj‡Q eySv‡j verb Gi Present Perfect Continuous
Tense nq| MVb cÖYvjx : Subject + have/has + been + v-ing + for/since + ………| MVb Abymv‡i cÖ`Ë
Ackbmg~‡ni g‡a¨ ï× DËi- Ackb L|
11. Choose the correct sentence. [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK: 15]

K. He has been living here for five months L. He live here for five months
M. He lives here for five months N. He is living here for five months DËi: K
12. wb‡Pi ‡KvbwU ï× evK¨? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (hgybv): 13]
K. They are digging the canal for a week. L. They had dug the canal for a week.
M. They have been digging the canal for a week.
N. They dig the canal for week. DËi : M
13. Choose the correct answer- I (to lie) on the the floor for three hours. [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK
(wgwmwmwc) : 13]
K. I have been laid on the floor for three hours L. I have been lied on the floor for three hours
M. I have laid on the floor for three hours N. I have been lying on the floor for three hours DËi: N
14. What is the correct form of verb of words indicated in the bracket? I (to live) here since
1990. [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (ewikvj wefvM): 05]
K. live L. have been living M. had lived N. have live DËi: L
15. ‡Kvb evK¨wU ï×? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (XvKv wefvM) : 2005]
K. It is raining for three days L. It has been raining for three days
M. it rained three days N. It was raining for three days DËi: L
Past Tense
Indefinite Subject + V2 (g~j verb Gi Past Form) + Extension

Past
Tense Continuous Subject + was/were + V-ing + Extension
Gi Perfect Subject + had + V3 + Extension
MVb Perfetct Continuous Subject + had been + V-ing + since/for + Extension
cÖkœ mgvavb
16. He had ______ here yesterday. evK¨wUi k~b¨¯’v‡b wK n‡e? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 93]
K. has come L. came M. had come N. was coming DËi: L
Ͽ Past Indefinite Tense
‡Kvb KvR AZxZKv‡j msNwUZ ev m¤úbœ n‡qwQj, Giƒc †evSv‡j verb Gi Past Indefinite Tense nq| Bs‡iwR
ev‡K¨ ago, as if, back, before, it is time, last, long ago, past, yesterday BZ¨vw` _vK‡j mvaviYZ Past
Indefinite Tense nq|
17. ‡m Kvj GLv‡b Avwmqv‡Q- Gi †Kvb Bs‡iwRwU mwVK? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (ewikvj wefvM): 03]
K. He has came here yesterday L. He has come here yesterday
M. He came here yesterday N. He had come here yesterday DËi : M
18. Which sentence is correct? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (Ki‡Zvqv) : 2012]
K. A big number of money L. I met two women here.
M. Put your sign here. N. I have paid my schooling fees. DËi : L
e¨vL¨v : mwVK Ackb n‡”Q- L. I met two women here. Ab¨ evK¨¸‡jvi ï×iƒc n‡”Q- Ackb K. A big
amount of money. Ackb M- Put your signature here. Ackb N- I have paid my school fees.
19. ‡KvbwU mwVK evK¨? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK: 95]
K. I have received your letter yesterday L. I had received your letter yesterday
M. I was receiving your letter yesterday N. I received your letter yesterday DËi: N
20. What you (to do) last night? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 92]
K. you did L. did you do M. had you done N. did you DËi: L
21. I was _______ TV movie on TV. k~b¨¯’v‡b wK n‡e?
K. had watching L. watching M. watch N. none DËi: L
Ͽ Past Continuous Tense
AZx‡Z †Kvb KvR PjwQj, wKš‘ †kl nqwb, Giƒc eySv‡Z verb Gi Past Continuous Tense eëüZ nq|
22. We were watching the news when the telephone...... [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2018]
K. had rung L. rang M. rung N. ringing DËi: L
e¨vL¨v : hLb when Øviv 2Uv †K¬vR (clause) hy³ nq ZLb GKwU past continuous tense n‡j AciwU past
indefinite nq | myZivs mwVK DËi n‡jv- Ackb L|
23. Fill in the blank: He had written the book before he ______ [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK: 15]
K. will be retired L. retired M. had retired N. has retired DËi: L
Ͽ Past Perfect Tense
AZxZKv‡j `y‡Uv KvR msNwUZ n‡j, A‡cÿvK…Z ‡h KvRwU Av‡M ev c~‡e© msNwUZ n‡qwQj, †mwU Past Perfect Tense
nq| Avi †h KvRwU c‡i n‡qwQj †mwU Past Indefinite Tense nq| Past Perfect Tense G mvaviYZ before I
after eëüZ nq| before Gi c~‡e© Ges after Gi c‡i Past Perfect Tense nq| Dc‡ii evK¨wUi A_© jÿ¨ Kiæb-
Ô‡m eBwU wj‡LwQj Aem‡i hvevi c~‡e©Õ|
eBwU Aem‡i hvevi c~‡e© †jLvi A_© GwU Av‡Mi KvR ZvB Past Perfect Tense.
Aem‡i hvIqvUv A‡cÿvK…Z c‡ii KvR ZvB Past Indefinite Tense.
24. The doctor______ after the patient had died. evK¨wUi Rb¨ wb‡¤œ cÖ`Ë mwVK verb wbe©vPb Kiæb|
[cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (ewikvj wefvM) : 03]
K. had come L. was come M. was coming N. came DËi : N
e¨vL¨v : Past Perfect Tense G mvaviYZ before I after eëüZ nq| before Gi c~‡e© Ges after Gi c‡i Past Perfect
Tense nq| ‡ivMxwU gviv hvevi ci Wv³vi Avmj| GLv‡b †ivMx gviv hvevi KvRwU Av‡M msNwUZ n‡q‡Q, ZvB GwU Past Perfect
Tense. Wv³vi c‡i G‡m‡Q ZvB GwU Past Indefinite Tense n‡e|
25. It _______ for two days.
K. raining L. rained M. had been raining N. was raining DËi: M
Ͽ Past Perfect Continuous Tense
AZxZKv‡ji †Kvb KvR †Kvb we‡kl mg‡qi c~‡e© Avi¤¢ n‡q †mB mgq ch©šÍ PjwQj †evSv‡j Past Perfect
Continuous Tense nq| Dc‡ii cÖ‡kœ e„wó c~‡e© `yB w`b a‡i PjwQj Z‡e GLb n‡”Q bv|
Future Tense
Indefinite Subject + shall/will + V1 + Extension

Future
Tense Continuous Subject + shall/will + be + V-ing + Extension
Gi Perfect Subject + shall/will + have + V3 + Extension
MVb Perfetct Continuous Sub + shall/will + have + been + V-ing + Ext.
Ͽ Future Indefinite Tense

fwel¨‡Z †Kvb KvR n‡e Ggb eySv‡j Verb Gi Future Indefinite Tense nq| D`vniY- Avwg iscy‡i hve (I will go
to Rangpur).
cÖkœ mgvavb
25. We shall return before the sun__[cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (ivRkvnx wefvM): 03; cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (XvKv wefvM) : 02]
K. sets L. will set M. is setting N. has set DËi : K
e¨vL¨v : before hy³ `ywU clause Gi cÖm½ hw` `ywU AZxZ wb‡`©k bv K‡i, ZLb GKwU Future Indefinite Ges
Ab¨wU Present Indefinite Tense nq| GLv‡b †h KvRwU A‡cÿvK…Z Av‡M NUvi m¤¢vebv i‡q‡Q †mwU Future
Indefinite Tense G nq|
Ͽ Future Continuous Tense
fwel¨‡Z †Kv‡bv KvR wKQz mgq a‡i Pj‡Z _vK‡e Ggb eySv‡j Verb Gi Future Continuous Tense nq| †hgb- Avwg
Dcb¨vmwU cwo‡Z _vwKe (I shall be reading the novel). Avwg wµ‡KU †Lj‡Z _vwKe (I will be playing Cricket)
Ͽ Future Perfect Tense
fwel¨‡Z `ywU Kv‡Ri GKwU A‡cÿvK…Z c~‡e© m¤úbœ n‡q _vwK‡e eySv‡j Future Perfect Tense nq| Aci KvRwU eySv‡Z
Verb Gi Present Indefinite Tense nq| †hgb-
K. We shall reach the station before the train leaves the station
L. We will have reached the station before the train leaves.
M. We reach the station before the train leaves
N. We shall have reached the station before the train leaves the station DËi: N
Ͽ Future Perfect ContinuousTense

fwel¨ZKv‡j `ywU Kv‡Ri g‡a¨ †h KvRwU Av‡M msMwVZ n‡e Ges `xN© mgq a‡i Pj‡Z _vK‡e Giƒc eySv‡Z Verb Gi
Future Perfect Continuous Tense nq| Aci KvRwU Verb Gi Present Indefinite Tense nq| †hgb- m~h© IVvi
c~e© ch©šÍ Avwg AsK Abykxjb Ki‡ZB _vKe (I shall have been doing sum before the sun rises).
Conjugation of verbs
A-E
Present Past Past Participle Present Past Past Participle
Abide (‡g‡b Pjv) Abode Abode Catch (aiv) Caught Caught
Act (KvR Kiv) Acted Acted Chide (wZi¯‥vi Kiv) Chid Chidden
Arise (IVv) Arose Arisen Choose (cQ›` Kiv) Chose Chosen
Awake (RvMv‡bv) Awoke Awoken Clap (nvZZvwj †`qv) Clapped Clapped
Be (am/is/are) nIqv Was/were Been Come (Avmv) Came Come
Bear (enb Kiv) Bore Borne Cleave (wP‡i †djv) Cleft Cleft
Bear (cÖme Kiv) Bore Born Clothe Clothed Clothed
Beat (cÖnvi Kiv) Beat Beaten Dream (¯^cœ †`Lv) Dreamt Dreamt
Begin (ïiæ Kiv) Began Begun Do (Kiv) Did Done
Become (nIqv) Became Become Drink (cvb Kiv) Drank Drunk
Befall (NUv) Befell Befallen Die (gviv hvIqv) Died Died
Bless (Avkxe©v` Kiv) Blessed Blessed Dig (Lbb Kiv) Dug Dug
Blow (evZvm env) Blew Blown Draw (A¼b Kiv) Drew Drawn
Believe (wek^vm Kiv) Believed Believed Drive (Pvjv‡bv) Drove Driven
Best (civwRZ Kiv) Bested Bested Dwell (evm Kiv) Dwell Dwell
Break (fv½v) Broke Broken Dye (isKiv) Dyed Dyed
Bring (Avbv) Brought Brought Deliberate (we‡ePbv Kiv) Deliberated Deliberated
Build (‣Zwi Kiv) Built Built Deal (eënvi Kiv) Dealt Dealt
Buy (‡Kbv) Bought Bought Eat (LvIqv) Ate Eaten
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. ÔBear‘ kãwUi past participle n‡”Q- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (W¨v‡dvwWj) : 12]
K. Bore L. Born M. Bear N. Beard DËi: L
02. What is the past participle of the verb Ôcome‘? [mnKvix Dc-Lv`¨ cwi`k©K : 12]
K. Came L. Come M. Comed N. Camed DËi: L
03. The past participle of Ôbeat‘? [wcGmwm mwPevj‡q mnKvix mwPe-05; ¯îvóª gš¿Yvj‡qi Kviv ZË¡veavqK-05]
K. Beat L. Beaten M. Beaten N. None DËi: M
F-G
Fall (c‡o hvIqv) Fell Fallen Forgive (ÿgv Kiv) Forgave Forgiven
Feed (LvIqv‡bv) Fed Fed Found (¯’vcb Kiv) Founded Founded
Fell (cZb Kiv) Felled Felled Flee (cjvqb Kiv) Fled Fled
Find (‡LvuR Kiv) Found Found Forbid (wb‡la/gvbv) Forbade Forbade
Fight (hy× Kiv) Fought Fought Go (hvIqv) Went Gone
Fling (wb‡ÿc Kiv) Flung Flung Get (cvIqv) Got Got/gotten
Fly (Iov) Flew Flown Give (‡Ìqv) Gave Given
Forget (fz‡j hvIqv) Forgot Forgotten Grow (Rb¥v‡bv) Grew Grown
H-Q
Hide (jyKv‡bv) Hid Hidden Leave (Z¨vM Kiv) Left Left
Hang (dvuwm †`qv) Hanged Hanged Lend (aiv †`qv) Lent Lent
Hang (Szjv‡bv e¯‘) Hung Hung Let (Ki‡Z †`qv) Let Let
Hold (aiv) Held Held Loose (wX‡j Kiv) Loosed Loosed
Hurt (ÿZ Kiv) Hurt Hurt Light (Av‡jv R¦vjv‡bv) Lighted, lit Lighted, lit
Jump (jvdv‡bv) Jumped Jumped Lose (nvwi‡q †djv) Lost Lost
Keep (ivLv) Kept Kept Load (‡evSvB Kiv) Loaded Loaded
Kneel (nvuUz †c‡Z emv) Knelt Knelt Make (•Zwi Kiv) Made Made
Knit (‡evbv) Knitted, knit Knitted, knit May Might —
Know (Rvbv/‡Pbv) Knew Known Mistake (fzj Kiv) Mistook Mistaken
Lay (wKQz ivLv/ wWg Laid Laid Meet (wgwjZ nIqv) Met Met
cvov/ KvD‡K ï‡q ivLv) Mow Mowed Mowed, mown
Lie (ï‡q _vKv) Lay Lain Must (Aek¨B) Had to Had to
Lie (wg‡_¨ ejv) Lied Lied Need (cÖ‡qvRb nIqv) Needed Needed
Lead (‡bZ…Z¡ †`qv) Led Led Overflow Overflowed Overflowed
Lean †njvb †`qv) Leaned, leant Leaned, leant Pay (cwi‡kva Kiv) Paid Paid
Leap (jvd †`qv) Leaped, leapt Leaped, leapt Put Put Put
Learn (‡kLv) Learnt Learnt
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. Which of the following sentence is correct? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2018]
K. He had been hung for murder. L. He was hung for murder.
M. He was hanged for murder. N. He was hunged for murder. DËi : M
e¨vL¨v : Hang Gi A_© n‡jv- Szjv‡bv ev duvwm †`qv , hvi past participle iƒc n‡jv— hanged | myZivs mwVK
evK¨wU n‡”Q- He was hanged for murder.
02. What is the past participle form of put? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2019]
K. putten L. put M. had putten N. putted DËi : L
e¨vL¨v : Put kãwUi Present form, past form and past participle form of ‗put‘ GKB|
78. The picture was (to hang) on the wall. [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (wm‡jU wefvM) : 07]
K. The picture was banging on the wall L. The picture was banged on the wall
M. The picture was hung on the wall N. The picture was hang on the wall DËi: M
R-S
Read /ri:d/ Read /red/ Read /red/ Seek (‡LvuR Kiv) Sought Sought
Rend (we`xY© Kiv) Rent Rent Sell (weµq Kiv) Sold Sold
Rid (cwi®‥vi Kiv) Rid Rid Send (cvVv‡bv) Sent Sent
Ride (Pov) Rode Ridden Set Set Set
Ring (NÈv evRv‡bv) Rang Rung Sew (‡mjvB Kiv) Sewed Sewed, sewn
Rise (Dw`Z nIqv) Rose Risen Shake (bvov †`qv) Shook Shaken
Rive (wQbœ Kiv) Rived Riven See (‡`Lv) Saw Seen
Run (‡`․ov‡bv) Ran Run Shed Shed Shed
Saw (KivZ w`‡q †Piv) Sawed Sawed, sawn Shine (wKiY †`qv) Shone Shone
Say (ejv) Said Said Show (cÖ`k©b Kiv) Showed Showed, shown
Shave (`vuwo KvUv) Shaved Shaved Shrink (m¼zwPZ Kiv) Shrank Shrunk
Sing (Mvb Kiv) Sang Sung Spell (evbvb Kiv) Spelled, spelt Spelled, spelt
Sink (Wz‡e hvIqv) Sank Sunk Spend (e¨q Kiv) Spent Spent
Sit (emv) Sat Sat Spill (Siv) Spilled, spilt Spilled, spilt
Slay (nZ¨v Kiv) Slew Slain Spin (myZv KvUv) Spun Spun
Sleep (Nyg cvov) Slept Slept Spit (_y_y †djv) Spat Spat
Slide (wcQ‡j hvIqv) Slid Slid Split (wef³ Kiv) Split Split
Sling (wb‡ÿc Kiv) Slung Slung Stand (`vuov‡bv) Stood Stood
Slink (m‡i cov) Slunk Slunk Spread (weKwkZ Kiv) Spread Spread
Slit (j¤^vjw¤^fv‡e KvUv) Slit Slit Spring (jvd †`qv) Sprang Sprung
Smell (NªvY †bIqv) Smelt Smelt Spoil (bó Kiv) Spoiled Spoiled
Smite (cÖnvi Kiv) Smote Smitten Steal (Pzwi Kiv) Stole Stolen
Sow (ecb Kiv) Sowed Sowed, sown Stick (†j‡M _vKv) Stuck Stuck
Speak (K_v ejv) Spoke Spoken Sting (ûj †dvUv‡bv) Stung Stung
Speed (`ªZ Pjv) Sped Sped Stink (`yM©Ü Qov‡bv) Stank Stunk
Strew (QovBqv †`qv) Strewed Strewn String (Zvi jvMv‡bv) Strung Strung
Stride (cv †djv) Strode Stridden Strive (msMÖvg Kiv) Strove Striven
Strike (Nv †`qv) Struck Struck Swear (kc_ †bqv) Swore Sworn
Sweep (Svo– †`qv) Swept Swept Swim (mvuZvi KvUv) Swam Swum
Swell (dz‡j IVv) Swelled Swollen Swing (‡`vj LvIqv) Swung Swung
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. Which one is the correct past tense form of ÔringÕ? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (hgybv) : 2012]
K. Rung L. Rang M. Ringed N. Runged DËi : L
e¨vL¨v : Ring k‡ãi mwVK past tense form n‡”Q- Rang hvi A_©-aŸwbZ n‡qwQj ev evRv‡bv n‡qwQj| Ring 
Rang  Rung.
02. ‡Kvb kã¸‡jv Past Form-G Av‡Q? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (ewikvj wefvM): 03]
K. Spoke, Cost, Left L. Take, Throw, Cut
M. Read, Set, Swim N. Beat, Bite, Bear DËi: K
T-Z
Take (MÖnY Kiv) Took Taken Undertake (`vwqZ¡ Undertook Undertaken
MÖnY Kiv)
Teach (wkÿv †`qv) Taught Taught Wake (‡R‡M IVv) Woke Woken, Woke
Tear (wQu‡o †djv) Tore Torn Wear (cwiavb Kiv) Wore Worn
Tell (ejv) Told Told Weave (‡evbv) Wove Woven
Think (we‡ePbv Kiv) Thought Thought Weep (Kvu`v) Wept Wept
Thrive (mg„× nIqv) Throve Thriven Write (‡jLv) Wrote Written
Throw (wb‡ÿc Kiv) Threw Thrown Wring (‡gvPov‡bv) Wrung Wrung
Thrust (av°v gviv) Thrust Thrust Win (wR‡Z hvIqv) Won Won
Tread (cv‡q gvov‡bv) Trod Trodden Wind (¸Uv‡bv) Wound Wound
Withhold Withheld Withheld Welcome Welcomed Welcomed
Present, Past & Past Participle GKB Ggb wKQz Verb

Bet (evwR ivLv) Bet Bet Let (AbygwZ †`qv) Let Let
Bid (wbjvg) Bid Bid Put (ivLv) Put Put
Burst (‡d‡U cov) Burst Burst Quit (‡Q‡o †`qv) Quit Quit
Cast (wb‡ÿc Kiv) Cast Cast Read (cov) Read Read
Cut (KvUv) Cut Cut Spread (Qwo‡q cov) Spread Spread
Hit (AvNvZ Kiv) Hit Hit Broadcast Broadcast Broadcast
Beset (‡NivI) Beset Beset Telecast Telecast Telecast
Right form of Verb
Rule-01 Present Indefinite Tense Gi †ÿ‡Î Subject wU hw` 3rd Person

Singular Number nq, Zvn‡j verb Gi mv‡_ s/es ‡hvM Ki‡Z nq|
02. Which sentence is correct? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK: 2019]

K. None of these L. He do not know how to swim
M. He does not know to swim N. He does not know how to swim DËi : N
e¨vL¨v : GLv‡b evK¨wU Negative. Positive wU n‡jv He knows how to swim| A_©vr Positive evK¨wU‡Z He
3rd Person singular number nIqvq, s/es hy³ nq| evK¨wUi Negative Kivi Rule wU n‡”Q— Subject +
do/does (3rd Person singular number Gi †ÿ‡Î es ‡hvM nq) + not + verb Gi base form +
extension.
03. Teacher said, ÔThe earth _____ round the sun.’ [36Zg wewmGm]
K. moves L. moved M. has moved N. will be moving DËi: K
e¨vL¨v : wPišÍb mZ¨ (Universal Truth), HwZnvwmK NUbv (Historical event), Af¨vmMZ Kvh© (Habitual fact),
‣eÁvwbK mZ¨ (Scientific truth) cÖf…wZ eySv‡Z Present Indefinite Tense nq|
04. Telling lies ____ a great sin. [8g we‡RGm (mnKvix RR) 13]
K. am L. is M. are N. were DËi: L
e¨vL¨v : hw` †Kvb ev‡K¨ Gerund, Infinitive, Clause nq Subject Z‡e †mwU‡K Third Person Singular
Number wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv nq Ges †m Abymv‡i verb nq|
Rule-02 Since Øviv hy³ `ywU evK¨vs‡ki †ÿ‡Î Principal Subordinate Clause wU
Clause Present Indefinite/Perfect Tense nq Past Indefinite Tense
05. I_____ to meet you ever since I read your first novel. ev‡Kï k~b¨¯’v‡b mwVK kã em‡e? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK
we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (‡WjUv): 14]
K. have been hoping L. have hoped
M. hope N. am hopping DËi: L
06. They suffered much ____ tornado had hit their village. (31Zg wewmGm)
K. until L. since M. let alone N. as if DËi: L
e¨vL¨v : Past Indefinite Tense (Sub + V2 + Extension) + Since (Zvici †_‡K/ZLb †_‡K) + Past
Perfect Tense.
07. Much water has followed through the Ganges _____ I left you.
(a) Until (b) since (c) let alone (d) as if Ans- b
e¨vL¨v : Present Perfect Tense (Sub + have/has + V3 + Extension) + Since (ZLb †_‡K/Zvici †_‡K)
+ Past Indefinite Tense.
08. Many years have passed since I ______ my friend. [miKvix cÖv_wgK we`¨v. mn. wkÿK: 06]
K. had met L. met M. meet N. have been met DËi: L
Rule-03 It is high time, it is time, wish, fancy Verb Gi Past

BZ¨vw` _vK‡j Form nq|
09. ÔIt is high time you _______ up smoking.‘ ev‡Kï k~b¨¯’v‡b mwVK kã em‡e- [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix
wkÿK (Mvgv): 14]
K. give L. gave M. have given N. will give DËi: L
10. It is high time we ______ our food habits. [11Zg wkÿK wbeÜb- 14; 16Zg cÖfvlK wbeÜb- 19]
It is high time he (change) his bad habits. [7g cÖfvlK wbeÜb : 11, 12Zg cÖfvlK wbeÜb : 15]
K. changing L. has changed M. has been changed N. changed DËi : N
11. I wish I----the wings of a bird? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK: 2019]
K. have L. had M. owned N. put on DËi: L
e¨vL¨v : I wish/fancy + sub + verb(past form) †hgb : I wish I had the wings of a bird.
12. I wish you – the problem? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK: 2019]
K. have solved L. shall solve M. could solve N. can solve DËi: M
Rule-04 As if, as though hy³ Sentence G Principal Subordinate Clause wU Past

Clause wU Present Indefinite Tense nq Indefinite Tense nq|
13. He speaks _____ he knew everything. [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 15; 13Zg wkÿK wbeÜb: 16]
(a) as if (b) because (c) that (d) so that Ans a
14. Correct the following sentence. ÔHe talks as if he (to be mad)‘. [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK
(wgwmwmwc): 13]
K. He talks as if he were a mad L. He talks as if he to he mad
M. He talks as if he is mad N. He talks as if he be mad DËi: K
3
Rule-05 Unreal (Aev¯Íe) wPšÍv n‡j Be verb wn‡m‡e Were e‡m
15. Fill in the blank with right form of verb. If I _____ a king! [34Zg wewmGm]
K. am L. were M. was N. shall be DËi: L
e¨vL¨v : If I were a king (Avwg hw` GKRb ivRv nZvg!) GwU GKwU Aev¯Íe (Unreal) wPšÍv| GiKg †ÿ‡Î be
verb wn‡m‡e were e‡m| GQvovI wish Gi ci Subject + were + Extension! nq|
16. Choose the correct sentence. [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (‡WjUv): 14]
K. I wish I were you L. I wish I was you
M. I wish I am you N. I wish I are you DËi : K
e¨vL¨v : wish Gi ci Subject + were + Extension! nq|
17. ÔAvgvi hw` cvwLi g‡Zv Wvbv _vK‡Zv|Õ evK¨wUi mwVK Bs‡iwR Abyev` Ki- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK: 2000]
K. Had I the wings of bird L. If I would have the wings of a bird
M. I wish that I would have the wings of a bird N. If I could fly like a bird DËi:K
e¨vL¨v : Aev¯Íe wPšÍv ev Aev¯Íe AvKv•ÿv cÖKvk Ki‡Z wb‡¤œv³ Structure ¸‡jv eëüZ nq|
 I wish I were…… [I wish I were you]
 Had + sub + …… [Had I the wings of bird]
18. ÔAvwg hw` Zvi bvgwU Av‡M RvbZvgÕ evK¨wUi mwVK Bs‡iwR Abyev` n‡e- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (evwZj cixÿv): 02]
K. Had I known his name before L. If had known his name before
M. Have I known his name before N. If I have known his name before DËi: K
3
Insist on, refrain/forbid/prohibit/abstain/
Rule-06 Gi ci v-ing e‡m|
prevent + from cÖf…wZ Appropriate
Preposition
19. Choose the correct sentence. [38Zg wewmGm]

K. He refrained to take any drastic action L. He refrained on taking any drastic action
M. He refrained in taking any drastic action N. He refrained from taking any drastic action D: N
e¨vL¨v : Insist Gi ci on Ges refrain/ forbid/ prohibit/abstain/ prevent Gi ci me©`v from e‡m|
K. He insisted on seeing her L. He insisted in seeing her
M. He insisted for seeing her N. He insisted at seeing her DËi: K
21. Which of the following sentence is correct? [17Zg wewmGm; cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (iwekvj wefvM) : 07]
K. I forbade him to go L. I forbade him going
M. I forbade him not to go N. I forbade him from going DËi: N
22. Choose the correct sentence. [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (iwekvj wefvM) : 07]
K. I insist you to go there L. I insist on your going there
M. I insist upon you to go there N. I insist yourself to go there DËi: L
e¨vL¨v: Insist Gi ci on Ges refrain/ forbid/ prohibit/abstain/ prevent Gi ci me©`v from e‡m|
23. Which sentence is correct? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (hgybv) : 2012]
K. I forbad him to go. L. The moon shines by night
M. Did they wrote the book. N. He stopped to write letters to me.
O. None DËi: O
e¨vL¨v : me¸‡jv Ack‡bB fzj Av‡Q| mwVK e¨vL¨v n‡”Q- I forbad him from going. Forbid Gi ci
appropriate preposition wn‡m‡e from e‡m| The moon shines at night  w`b, ivZ ev ÿz`ª mg‡qi c~‡e©
preposition wn‡m‡e at e‡m| Did they write the book | He stopped to write letters
24. ‡KvbwU ï× evK¨? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK :97; cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK: 93]
K. He insisted me to go to cinema. L. He insisted on my going to cinema
M. He insisted on my going cinema N. He insisted for my going to cinema. D. L
3
Admit, avoid, enjoy, deny, fancy, feel,
Rule-07 Gi ci verb Avm‡j v-ing
mind, finish, like, practice, prefer, see,
stop, cannot help, could not help
e‡m|
25. mwVK sentence ‡KvbwU? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK: 94]

K. Will you mind to go there? L. Would you mind going there?
M. Will you mind going there N. Would you mind to go there? DËi: L
26. Would you mind ________ the window? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (Lyjbv wefvM): 05]
K. to open L. to have opened M. opening N. to be opened DËi : M
27. ‡Kvb evK¨wU ï×? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (Ki‡Zvqv) : 2010]
K. I saw him write something L. I saw him writing something
M. There is no place for doubt in it N. He is deaf for hearing DËi: K, L
e¨vL¨v: GB cÖkœwU‡Z cÖ_g I wØZxq Ackb `ywUB mwVK| KviY ¯^vfvweK wbq‡g simple sentence-G double finite
verb _vK‡j mvaviYZ 2q verb wUi mv‡_ ‗ing‘ ‡hvM K‡i Non-finite verb G cwiYZ Ki‡Z nq| †mB w`K †_‡K
wØZxq AckbwU mwVK, KviY GLv‡b ‗saw‘ finite wn‡m‡e eëüZ n‡q‡Q Ges ‗writing‘ Non-finite wn‡m‡e
eëüZ n‡q‡Q| Avevi Grammer –Gi GKwU wbqgvbyhvqx ‗See‘ verb-Gi ci Ges GiKg Ab¨ wKQz verb Gi ci
wØZxq verbwU‡K verb + ing GB wbq‡g Non-finite bv K‡i Infinite K‡i ev Bare infinitive ev ‗to‘ Qvov
verb eënvi K‡i Non-finite Kiv hvq| GLv‡b wØZxq verb ‗write‘ ‡K Bare infinitive Kiv n‡q‡Q| ZvB G
AckbwUI mwVK| Z…Zxq Ac‡k‡b ‗Room for doubt‘ Gi RvqMvq ‗place for doubt‘ _vKvq Zv fzj| PZz_©
Ack‡b deaf kãwUi c‡i ‗of‘ preposition n‡e|
28. Choose the correct sentence—[cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2019]
K. I finished reading the book. L. I have finish reading the book.
M. I have finish read the book N. I have finished reading the book. DËi : K
3
Rule-08 Bear, notice, see, smell, watch BZ¨vw` Object Gi ci verb Avm‡j
verb hw` ev‡K¨ _v‡K Ges Gi ci object Av‡m V+ing Gi cÖPjb †ewk|
29. I heard the baby _______ for his/its food. [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK: 93]
K. cry L. crying M. cried N. is crying DËi: L
3
Astonish, believe, belong, consist, cost, Continuous tense Gi cwie‡Z©
Rule-09 doubt, fear, feel, forget, hate, hope, Indefinite tense nq Ges
know, like, love, mind, please, process, Perfect continuous tense Gi
prefer, smell, sound, surface, wish Gi cwie‡Z© Perfect tense nq|
ci Continuous Tense nq bv|
29. ‡Kvb evK¨wU ï×? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (K‡cvZvÿ) : 2010]
K. I feel hungry L. I feel myself hungry
M. I am a man of words N. The sheeps are quite healthy DËi : K
e¨vL¨v: GLv‡b, ‗feel‘ verb wU n‡jv GKwU ‗verb of perception‘ Ges G ai‡bi verb hy³ ev‡Kï structure
n‡jv Ñ subject + verb of perception + noun/adjective. GLv‡b, ‗feel‘ verb Gi c‡i adjective eëüZ
n‡e| †m‡ÿ‡Î I feel hungry. GLv‡b- Subject  I, Verb  Feel, Adjective  hungry.
myZivs cÖ_g evK¨wU G‡ÿ‡Î mwVK, wØZxq Option wU‡Z ‗feel‘ verb Gi c‡i myself _vKvq evK¨wU fzj| Z…Zxq
option wU‡Z ‗man of word‘ Gi ¯’v‡b ‗man of words‘ _vKvq option wU fzj| Avevi, PZz_© option wU‡Z
‗sheep‘ k‡ãi plural sheeps ‡jLv n‡q‡Q †hwU GKwU fzj formation. KviY ‗sheep‘, noun-Gi plural form
n‡jv-‗sheep‘| AZGe, cÖ_g option wUB mwVK|
30. wb‡Pi †Kvb evK¨wU ï×? [‡iwR÷vW© cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (‡Mvjvc) : 2011]
K. I saw his pulse L. I felt his pulse
M. I found his pulse N. I examined his pulsede DËi: L
e¨vL¨v: ÔAvwg Zvi bvox cixÿv KijvgÕ A‡_© ‗feel‘ verb eënvi Kiv nq| I felt his pulse evK¨wU mwVK| ‡Kbbv,
bvoxi ¯ú›`b †`Lv hvq bv, Abyfe Ki‡Z nq|
31. Which one is correct sentence? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK: 2019]
K. I examined his pulse L. I saw his pulse
M. I found his pulse N. I feel his pulse DËi: N
3
could not help/cannot help, be + used cÖf…wZi c‡i verb -Gi m‡½
Rule-10 to, get used to, worth, mind, with a view
to, be addicted to, prefer, committed to ÔingÕ ‡hvM nq| ‡hgb-
32. I am looking forward ----you. evK¨wUi k~b¨¯’v‡b mwVK kã em‡e- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (†ngšÍ) : 10]
K. seeing L. to see M. to have seen N. to seeing DËi: K
e¨vL¨v: ‗Right form of verbs‘-Gi wbqg Abyhvqx look forward to- phrase Gi c‡i ‗Verb + ing‘ e‡m|
30. I went to the library with a view to ___________ knowledge. [12Zg ¯‹zj wkÿK wbeÜb (2) : 15]
K. gain L. gaining M. gained N. be gained DËi: L
31. He came to Dhaka with a view to _______ a new place. [11Zg wkÿK wbeÜb- 14]
K. visit L. visiting M. watch N. look DËi: L
32. She was used to ________ the poor. [‡m Mixe‡ì `vb Ki‡Z Af¨¯Í wQj) [16Zg wkÿK wbeÜb: 19]
K. help L. helped M. helping N. to help DËi: M
33. I had committed myself to ________ it when I sent for a rifle. [gva¨wgK mnKvix wkÿK : 03]
K. do L. doing M. be done N. have done DËi: L
34. Identify the correct sentence from the options: [7g cÖfvlK wbeÜb : 11]
K. she prefers dancing more than singing L. She prefers to dance than to sing
M. She prefers dancing to singing N. She prefers dance to sing. DËi: M
35. I cannot help _____ there. (Avwg †mLv‡b bv wM‡q _vK‡Z cvwi bv) [9g cÖfvlK wbeÜb : 13]
K. to go L. went M. going N. have gone DËi: M
36. The old man cannot help _____ a cup of tea. [e„× †jvKwU GK Kvc Pv bv †L‡q cv‡i bv) [13Zg
wkÿK wbeÜb: 16]
K. take L. drink M. to drink N. having DËi : L
e¨vL¨v : †Kvb wKQz cvb Kiv A‡_© drink e‡m|
Cannot help Gi c‡i v + ing em‡jI cannot but Gic‡i base form e‡m| †hgb-
37. She could not but _________ there. (‡m †mLv‡b bv wM‡q cvij bv) [10g cÖfvl wbeÜb : 14]
K. help going L. goes M. has gone N. go DËi: N
3
Ask, continue, convince, decide, fail, cÖf…wZi c‡i verb -Gi
Rule-11 forget, phone, hope, intend, refuse, try,
infinitive (to + base) nq|
promise, propose
38. Many scientists are still hoping _______ life on another planet. [9g cÖfvlK wbeÜb: 13]
K. to have found L. to find
M. finding N. to have been found DËi: L
3
Rule-12 Had better, had rather, would rather, Gi c‡i verb Gi Present
let cÖf…wZ Form n‡e|
 You had better visit him.

 I would rather wait.
39. You had better _____ him at once. [12Zg cÖfvlK wbeÜb: 15]
K. to ring L. ring M. ringing N. rung DËi: L
40. I would rather die __________. [11Zg cÖfvlK wbeÜb: 14]
K. to beg L. than beg M. for beg N. then beg DËi : L
GQvovI Modal Auxillaries (can, could, may, might, will, would, shall, should, must,
need, dare, ought to, used to) Gi ci g~j verb Gi base form nq|
41. I cannot – to pay such high prices? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK: 2019]
K. but L. try M. afford N. able DËi : M
e¨vL¨v : GLv‡b modal auxiliary Gi c‡i verb Gi base form em‡e| Ab¨w`‡K afford A_© mÿgZv ev mvg_©
†evSvq|
Rule-13 Lest – Ôcv‡Q wKQz N‡U GB f‡qÕ A‡_© ev‡Kï MVb : ______ + lest + Sub
Lest eëüZ nq| extension. + should/might + verb +
42. Run fast, ____ you should miss the train. [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (Mvgv) : 14]
(a) if (b) lest (c) because (d) nor Ans b
e¨vL¨v : Lest – Ôcv‡Q wKQz N‡U GB f‡qÕ A‡_© Lest eëüZ nq| ev‡Kï MVb : ______ + lest + Sub +
should/might + verb + extension. ‡hgb Hurry up lest you might be late for examination.
43. The old mand walks slowly lest______ [11Zg wkÿK weÜb (¯‹zj ch©vq) : 14]
K. he fails L. he may fail M. he fell down N. he should fail DËi : N
44. I told him everything lest he ____ [6ô cÖfvlK wbeÜb: 10]
K. misunderstood me L. should misunderstand me
M. should not misunderstand me N. misunderstand me DËi: L
Behold, bid, dare, feel, hear, help,

Rule-14 G‡ì ci bare infinitive nq A_©vr
make, let, need, know, watch BZ¨vw` Ôto‘ Dn¨ _v‡K|
hw` active voice G hw` _v‡K-
45. The teacher failed to make the students _____ to him. -k~b¨¯’v‡b †KvbwU em‡e? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix
wkÿK : 95]
K. to listen L. listening M. listen N. listened DËi : M
No sooner had ... than, scarcely  Past perfect Tense (1st Clause)
Rule-15
…when, Hardly …. when BZ¨vw`  Past Indefinite Tense (2nd Clause)
Øviv `y‡Uv Clause hy³ n‡j
46. Hardly had we taken shelter under a big tree, __________. [12Zg ¯‹zj wkÿK wbeÜb (2)-15]
K. then the storm started L. when the storm starts
M. then the storm starts N. when the storm started DËi : N
47. wb‡Pi †Kvb evK¨wU ï×? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (ivRkvnx wefvM) : 2008]
K. He was too clever to grasp the point. L. Scarcely had we started when it began to rain
M. Why you have done this? N. A gold is a precious metal DËi: L
48. Scrcely had he came ______ it started? ev‡Kï k~b¨¯’v‡b em‡e- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (XvKv wefvM) : 08]
K. then L. at once M. when N. after that DËi : M
AZxZKv‡j msNwUZ †Kvb KvR before A‡cÿvK…Z c‡i †h KvRwU nq Zv-

Rule-16 Øviv hy³ n‡j, A‡cÿvK…Z Av‡M †h KvR  Past Indefinite Tense n‡e|
msMwVZ nq- Zv Past Perfect Tense
49. Fill in the blank: He had written the book before he ______ [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK: 15]
K. will be retired L. retired M. had retired N. has retired DËi: L
e¨vL¨v : wZwb Aem‡i hvevi c~‡e© eBwU wj‡LwQ‡jb| GLv‡b eBwU †jLvi NUbv A‡cÿvK…Z c~‡e© msMwVZ nq|
50. The examination _________ before I reached the hall. [Avwg n‡j †cŠuQvi c~‡e© cixÿv ïiæ n‡qwQj]
[miKvix gva¨wgK mnKvix wkÿK : 2019]
K. has started L. did start M. had started N. had been started D: M
51. I had (have) my meal before you came. (Zzwg Avmvi c~‡e© Avwg Lvevi †L‡qwQjvg) [6ô cÖfvlK wbeÜb : 10]
K. had L. have M. been N. have been DËi : K
52. ‡KvbwU mwVK evK¨? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK: 95]
K. He asked me did I pass L. He asked me if I passed
M. He asked me if I had passed N. He asked me if I have passed DËi : M
e¨vL¨v : mvaviYZ main/principal clause Gi verb wU Past Tense Gi n‡j Subordinate Clause Gi verb
wUI corresponding Past Tense G nq| A_©vr Principal Clause wU Past Indefinite Tense n‡j
subordinate clause wU Past perfect tense G n‡e| Avevi D‡ëv NUbvI NU‡e|
fwel¨ZKv‡ji `ywU KvR before Øviv hy³ A‡cÿvK…Z c‡i †h KvRwU n‡e Zv-
Rule-16 n‡j, A‡cÿvK…Z Av‡M †h KvR msMwVZ n‡e-  Present Indefinite Tense n‡e|
Zv Future Perfect/Indefinite Tense
53. We shall return before the sun________. (m~h© †Wvevi c~‡e©B Avgiv wd‡i Avme) [cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK: 05]
K. sets L. will set M. is setting N. set DËi : K
54. The train ______ before we reach the station.
K. will be left L. has left M. will have left N. had left DËi : M
Subject Verb Agreement
Subject Verb Agreement n‡jv Number & Person Gi Dci wbf©i K‡i Verb Gi mwVK Form
(Present/Past/Past Participle) Gi cÖ‡qvM| †hgb I am a doctor, You are a teacher, He reads a book
01. ÔSubject Verb Agreement‘ refers to [33Zg wewmGm]
K. Person only L. Number, person and gender
M. number and person N. number only DËi : M
Rule-01 Subject Singular n‡j verb Singular Subject Gi AvPiY Singular

Subject Plural n‡j Verb Plural n‡j Verb Singular nq
55. Rabindranath‘s stories often________ surprise endings. [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mn. wkÿK : 16]
K. had L. have M. has N. have had DËi : L
e¨vL¨v : Bs‡iwR ev‡K¨ always, often, usually, hardly, seldom BZ¨vw` adverb ¸‡jv indefinite tense G
subject I principal verb Gi gv‡S e‡m| GLv‡b iex›`ªbv‡_i Mí¸‡jv Plural noun nIqvq verb Plural n‡e|
K. All of it depend on it L. All of it depends on you
M. All of it are depending on it. N. All of it are depended on it. DËi : L
e¨vL¨v : Subject-Verb Agreement Gi wbqgvbymv‡i, Subject Singular n‡j Verb Singular Ges Subject
Plural n‡j Verb Plural nq|
57. Choose the correct sentence. ‡ò NÈv `xN© mgq| [‡mvbvjx e¨vsK wjwg‡UW (Awdmvi) 18]
K. One and a half hours is a long time. L. One and a half hour is a long time
M. One and a half hour is a long time N. One and half hour is a long time. DËi : K
e¨vL¨v : One and a half hour + Plural Noun + Singular verb. One and half a hour Øviv `y‡Uv Avjv`v
mg‡qi mgwó †evSvq hv and Øviv hy³ (d‡j GB `yBwU‡K Represent Ki‡Z plural noun nq) wKš‘ `y‡Uv wg‡jB
GKwU Noun nq (d‡j Singular noun Gi AvPiY Kivq Verb n‡e Singular)|
K. The horse and carriage are at the door L. Time and tide wait for none
M. You are not devoted to gambling N. We get up in dawn DËi : L
e¨vL¨v: Horse Ges Carriage Avjv`v `ywU subject ‡K †evSv‡jI g~jZ `yÕwU‡K GKmv‡_ Ô‡Nvovi MvwoÕ A‡_© GKB
subject wn‡me Ki‡Z n‡e ZvB verb Singular n‡e †Kbbv, `y‡Uv wg‡j GKwU e¨vcvi †evSv‡”Q| Ackb ÔMÕ-‡Z
‗gambling‘ noun wU eënvi bv K‡i gamble eënvi Ki‡Z n‡e| Ackb ÔNÕ-G dawn k‡ãi c‡i ‗at‘
preposition eënvi nq| wKš‘, wØZxq AckbwU‡Z Time I tide Avjv`v `yÕwU subject nIqvq verb plural n‡e|
GQvovI GwU GKwU cÖev` evK¨| Proverbs ev cÖevèvK¨¸wj wbw`©ó wbqgvbymv‡i cwiPvwjZ nq| mwVK evK¨wU nj
Time and tide wait for none.
59. Find out the correct sentence. [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK cixÿv : 2016]
K. Over a billion people uses Microsoft Windows Operating Systems .
L. Over a billion people use Microsoft Windows Operating Systems.
M. Over a billion peoples use Microsoft Windows Operating Systems.
N. Over a billion people using Microsoft Windows Operating Systems. DËi : L
e¨vL¨v : Ackb ÔKÕ- uses is wrong, people use is correct KviY People Plural noun nIqvq Gi ci Plural
verb use eëüZ n‡e| Ackb ÔMÕ-‡Z people Ggwb‡ZB eûePb| Gi mv‡_ s hy³ Ki‡j Aï× n‡e| Ackb ÔNÕ
using Gi eënvi wrong . myZivs MVbMZ w`K n‡Z mwVK n‡”Q- Ackb ÔLÕ| myZivs ï× evK¨- Over a billion
people use Microsoft Windows Operating Systems. ‡Kbbv, Plural noun Gi verb Plural nq|
K. The news is true L. He gave me an advice. DËi : K
M. The committee have issued its report. N. Ten kilometers are a long walk.
e¨vL¨v : ïay Ackb ÔKÕ ï×| evwK Ackb¸‡jv wVK bvB| mwVK evK¨¸‡jv n‡jv- He gave me advice (advice Gi
mvg‡b article cÖ‡qvRb bvB), The committee has issued its report (verb singular n‡e) ,Ten
kilometers is a long walk (Singular verb n‡e)|
wKQz noun AvKv‡i Plural n‡jI A‡_©i w`K †_‡K Singular nIqvq Singular verb ‡bq| †hgb-
Cultural studies, civics, ethics, billiards, news, athletics, bowls, gymnastics, innings,
darts, dominoes, draughts, measles, mumps, shingles, gallows
Rule-02 The hy³ ev‡K¨ GKB e¨w³ `ywU Avjv`v cèxi AwaKvix n‡j Singular verb
`yBRb Avjv`v e¨w³ And Øviv hy³ n‡j Plural verb nq|
61. The chairman and secretary _______ present at the last meeting. [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK: 18]
K. were L. is M. have N. was DËi : N
e¨vL¨v: And Øviv hy³ `ywU Adjective ev noun Gi Dfq cv‡k article _vK‡j verb wU plural nq| KviY, Zv‡Z
`yRb wfbœ e¨w³‡K †evSvq| ‡hgb- The poet and the novelist have come. Z‡e ïay cÖ_g Subject Gi mvg‡b
article em‡j verb wU singular nq| †Kbbv, ZLb `y‡Uv wg‡j GKRb e¨w³‡K †evSvq| cÖ‡kœ Chairman &
Secretary ej‡Z GKB e¨w³‡K †evSv‡”Q| ZvB verb wU singular n‡e| hw` Df‡qi mvg‡b article _vKZ Zvn‡j
evK¨wU n‡Zv- The chairman and the secretary were present at the last meeting.
62. The Headmaster and the Principal _______ present in the last meeting. [16Zg wkÿK wbeÜb : 19]
K. was L. were M. Had been N. have been DËi: L
Rule-03 And Øviv `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK Subject hy³ n‡j Verb wU Plural nq
wKš‘ ev‡K¨ No/not _vK‡j verb wU Av‡Mi Subject Abymv‡i nq|
63. ‗He and I ---- well‘ ev‡Kï k~b¨¯’v‡b mwVK kã em‡e- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2019; cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix
wkÿK (BQvgwZ): 10]
K. are L. is M. was N. am DËi: K
e¨vL¨v: `ywU wfbœiKg pronoun ‗and‘ Øviv hy³ nIqvq Gi c‡ii verb wU plural nq|
64. ‡Kvb evK¨wU ï×? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (ivRkvnx wefvM) : 2008]
K. Fire and water do not agree. L. Bread and butter are his only food.
M. Justice as well as mercy allow it N. He and me were playing. DËi: K
e¨vL¨v : cÖ`Ë ev‡K¨ cÖ_g Ack‡b not Gi c~‡e©i Subject Abymv‡i n‡q‡Q| Ackb ÔLÕ-‡Z Bread & Butter Øviv
GKK Lv`¨ ZvwjKv †evSv‡bvq verb singular n‡e| Ackb ÔMÕ-‡Z as well as _vKvq c~‡e©i noun ‡gvZv‡eK verb
wU singular n‡e| Ackb ÔNÕ †Z verb plural n‡e|
65. Which one is correct? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2018]
K. You, he and I am present. L. He, you and I am present.
M. I, you and he are present. N. You, he and I are present. DËi: N
e¨vL¨v: ev‡K¨ †`vl bv eySv‡j cÖ_‡g 2nd person, 3rd person, 1st person e‡m| mnRfv‡e g‡b ivLv hvq- 231
(2nd, 3rd, 1st person)| wZbwU wfbœ iKg pronoun ‗and‘ Øviv hy³ nIqvq Gi c‡ii verb wU plural nq|
Rule-04 e¨w³, eB, g¨vMvwRb, msev`cÎ, gywf, bvUK, cÖwZôvb, bvUK BZ¨vw` Gi ci
Verb wU Singular nq, GgbwK Subject ‡`L‡Z Plural n‡jI|
66. ÔThe Arabian Nights‘ (be) my favourite book. [26Zg wewmG‡mi Av‡jv‡K, 7g cÖfvlK wbeÜb 11]
K. is L. were M. are N. has DËi: K
e¨vL¨v : Arabian Nights n‡jv GKwU eB‡qi bvg hv GKwU Singular Noun| AviI wKQz eB‡qi bvg †R‡b ivLyb
‡h¸‡jv †`‡L Plural Noun Gi gZ g‡b n‡Z cv‡i Gulliver‘s Travels, Man and Superman, War and
Peace, Antony and Cleopatra. g‡b ivL‡eb, †hmKj eB‡qi bv‡g Ôand‘ Av‡Q †m¸‡jvi c‡iI singular verb
n‡e †Kbbv, eB‡qi bvg †hfv‡eB †nvK ‡mU GKwU Singular Noun|
AviI wKQz D`vniY-

 e¨w³— Charles Dickens, John Keats
 eB— The Arabian Nights, Great Expectations, Physics
 ‡`k— The United States of America, United Arab Emirates
Rule-05 Any Some Every No cÖ_g mvwi + wØZxq mvwi = bZzb

Body One Thing kã Gi ci Singular verb nq|
67. Which one is plural – [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2019]

K. Each L. None of these M. Anyone N. Someone DËi: L
68. Identify the correct sentence. [26Zg wewmGm]
K. Everybody have gone there. L. Everybody are gone there.
M. Everybody has gone there. N. Everybody has went there. DËi: M
e¨vL¨v : Anybody, anyone, anything, somebody, someone, something, everybody, everyone,
everything, nobody, none, nothing kã¸‡jv Singular. ZvB Sub-Verb agreement Gi wbqgvbymv‡i
Singular Verb n‡e|
69. ‡Kvb evK¨wU ï×? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (gyw³‡hv×v/knx` gyw³‡hv×vi mšÍvb) : 2010]
K. Everybody have gone there L. Everybody has gone there
M. Everybody are gone there N. Everybody has went there DËi: L
e¨vL¨v: wbqvgvbymv‡i verb-Gi singular form nq| GLv‡b, cÖ_g I Z…Zxq option G everybody-i c‡i h_vµ‡g
have I are e‡m‡Q| Avi GB verb ¸‡jv plural nIqvq Ackb¸‡jv mwVK bq| Avevi, PZz_© AckbwU‡Z
everybody-i c‡i verb singular nIqv m‡Ë¡I g~j verb wU Av‡Q Past tense-G _vKvq ï× bq| GLv‡b past
participle n‡b| myZivs wØZxq Ack‡b everybody-i c‡i verb singular, has Av‡Q Ges verb-Gi past
participle form mwVKfv‡e _vKvq Tense Gi wbqgvbymv‡i wØZxq Ackb wU mwVK|
Including, excluding, along with, together G¸‡jv Øviv hy³ Noun ev

Rule-06 with, but, except, accompanied with, as Pronoun Gi †ÿ‡Î verb e‡m cÖ_g
well as, with, in addition to Noun/Pronoun Abymv‡i
70. Everything including the books ________ bought. [Avbmvi I wfwWwc Awa`ß‡ii mv‡K©j A¨vWRy‡U›U 10]
K. were L. was M. have N. had DËi: L
e¨vL¨v : Including Øviv hy³ Noun ev Pronoun Gi †ÿ‡Î verb e‡m G¸‡jvi c~‡e©i A_ev cÖ_g Noun ev
Pronoun Abymv‡i| cÖ_g noun wU singular nIqvq verb singular n‡e|
71. Karim as well as Nayeem – praise evK¨wUi k~b¨¯’v‡b mwVK kã em‡e- [‡iwR÷vW© cÖv. we`¨v. mnKvix wkÿK (UMi) : 11;
cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (Lyjbv I PÆMÖvg wefvM) : 2008]
K. are deserving L. deserve M. deserves N. is deserving DËi: M
e¨vL¨v : As well as Øviv `ywU noun hy³ nIqvq wbqgvbymv‡i as well as Gi c~‡e©i subject Abymv‡i verb e‡m|
GLv‡b Kwig third person I singular number nIqvq singular verb wn‡m‡e deserves n‡e| ‗deserve‘
verb wU continuous-G eëüZ nq bv weavq ‗is deserving‘ n‡e bv|
72. Choose the correct sentence.
K. You as well as I were there L. You as well as I was there
M. You as well as I have there N. You as well as I have there DËi: K
e¨vL¨v : as well as, with, along with, together with, accompanied by, in addition to w`‡q `yBwU
Subject hy³ n‡j cÖ_g Subject Abymv‡i Verb e‡m|
Rule-07 Or, Nor, Either……or, Neither……nor, Verb wU ‡k‡li Subject Gi

Not only….. but also BZ¨vw` Øviv hy³ n‡j Number I Person Abyhvqx e‡m|
73. Neither Rimi nor Simi_____ qualified for the job. [29Zg wewmGm]
K. is L. were M. had N. are DËi: K
e¨vL¨v : Neither….nor, either….or, not only…. but also cÖf…wZ Øviv hy³ Noun ev Pronoun Gi †ÿ‡Î
nor/or/but also cÖf…wZ Gi c‡ii Noun ev Pronoun Gi Number ev Person Abymv‡i Verb e‡m|
74. wb‡Pi †Kvb evK¨wU ï×? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (wkDjx) : 2009]
K. Honour and glory are his reward L. Either you or he is to blame DËi: L
M. This is the same book which he lost N. He has written no less than four letters
Rule-08 Mathematical Calculations hw` GKwU Ges Zv hw` Word G cÖKvk Kiv nq
djvdj cÖ`k©b K‡i Zvn‡j Verb Singular nq|
75. Two and two _____ four. [wkÿK wbeÜb 11]

K. make L. makes M. made N. are DËi: L
e¨vL¨v : Mathematical Calculations hw` GKwU djvdj cÖ`k©b K‡i Ges Zv word G cÖKvk Kiv nq Zvn‡j
Singular Verb eëüZ nq| ‡hgb Twenty multiplied by Five equals One Hundred.
76. Three Fourths of the work ___finished. [23Zg wewmGm; cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK: 2019]
K. have been L. was M. were N. has been DËi: N
e¨vL¨v : One-third, One-fourth, Two-thirds BZ¨vw` fMœvsk cwigvY eySv‡j verb singular nq Ges msL¨v
eySv‡j verb plural nq| ‡hgb Two-thirds of the students were present in the class, One-third of
the workers were present in the work.
77. All of the people at the conference are --.[cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK: 2019]
K. mathematic teacher L. mathematics teachers
M. mathemetics teacher N. mathemetic‘s teacher DËi: L
3
Rule-09 Time, Money, Weight, Length,
n‡jI verb singular nq|
Distance Gi GKK Singular/Plural
78. Choose the correct sentence. [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK: 2019]
K. Fifty miles are a long distance L. Fifty miles were a long distance
M. Fifty miles has a long distance N. Fifty miles is a long distance DËi: N
e¨vL¨v : GKK, `~iZ¡, cwigvY, mgq, IRb, eqm BZ¨vw` Plural n‡jI Verb Singular nq KviY GKwU wbw`©ó GKK
e¯‘/welq‡K †evSvq| j¤^v `~iZ¡ GKwU GKK welq Ges Fifty miles Øviv †mB GKK welq‡K †evSv‡bv n‡”Q|
79. Fifty kgs_____ really a heavy weight to carry. [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK: 2019]
K. are L. was M. is N. were DËi: M
Rule-10 Subject wn‡m‡e One/either/neither/any/each + of + Plural

noun n‡j Singular verb nq|
80. Which one is correct? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2019]

K. One of my friends is a lawyer L. One of my friend are a lawyer
M. One of my friends are a lawyer N. One of my friend is a lawyer DËi: K
e¨vL¨v : One of/either of/neither of + noun (plural) Gi c‡i verb singular nq| †hgb- One of my
friends is a layer.
81. wb‡Pi †Kvb evK¨wU ï×? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (cÙv) : 2009]
K. I will go after a month L. He absented from the school
M. One of the passers-by rescued her N. One of the passer-by rescued her DËi: M
82. Which of the following sentences is correct? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2019]
K. One of my brother are a doctor L. One of my brothers is a doctor
M. One of my brothers is doctor N. One of my brother is a doctor DËi: L
e¨vL¨v : Ackb L-‡Z doctor Gi mvg‡b article (a) i‡q‡Q wKš‘ Ackb M-‡Z †Kvb article bvB|
83. At least one of the students __ full marks every time. [24Zg wewmGm; cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK
(ivBb) : 13; cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2019]
K. gets L. get M. are getting N. have got DËi: K
e¨vL¨v : One of, Either of, Neither of, Each of ev‡K¨ Subject wn‡m‡e eëüZ n‡j of Gi c‡ii Plural
Noun (Students) + Singular Verb (gets) eëüZ nq|
84. Choose the correct sentence. [10Zg wewmGm; cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK: 2019]
K. A few of the three boys got a prize L. Each of the three boy got a prize
M. Every of the three boys got a prize N. Each of the three boys got a prize DËi: N
85. wb‡Pi †Kvb evK¨wU ï× ? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (wZZvm) : 2010]
K. I do not take fruits L. I have no appetite in food
M. He gave me some good advices N. Neither of us was present DËi: N
e¨vL¨v: dj LvIqvi †ÿ‡Î ‗take‘ verb eënvi Kiv hvq bv| †m‡ÿ‡Î ‗eat‘ ev ‗have‘ verb eënvi Ki‡Z nq|
wØZxq Ack‡b appetite Gi ci preposition ‗for‘ eëüZ n‡e| Z…Zxq Ack‡b Advice k‡ã fzj i‡q‡Q|
3
Rule-11 The number of + Plural noun + A number of + Plural noun +
Singular verb Plural Verb
86. Choose the appropriate option to complete the sentence. Today ............people who enjoy
cricket is bigger than that of thirty years ago. [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2018]
K. a great deal of L. many M. the number of N. A number of DËi : M
e¨vL¨v : evK¨wU‡Z wb‡¤œv³ MVb †`Lv hvq-
Today + the number of + Plural noun (people who enjoy cricket) + Singular verb (is)
AviI wKQz D`vniY jÿ¨ Kiæb-

A number of teachers were present in the meeting.
Plural noun Plural verb
The number of students was present in the class.
Plural noun Singular verb
3
Rule-12 Many a + Plural Noun + Singular A number of + Plural noun +
verb Plural Verb
K. Either he or me is mistaken. L. Many a man has done so.
M. Everyone of the girls love to dance N. He gave me an advices. DËi: L
3
Rule-13 Cattle, aristocracy, clergy, folk, gentry, cÖf…wZ Plural nIqvq Gi ci
nobility, police, people, vermin, poultry Plural verb nq
88. Which sentence is correct? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (hgybv) : 2012; cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK: 15; cÖvK-cÖv_wgK
mnKvix wkÿK (Avjdv): 14]
K. He dares go there. L. I came in when he was writing.
M. The police were informed of the matter. N. Matin is good than his brother. DËi : M
e¨vL¨v: mwVK evK¨wU n‡”Q- Ackb (M)- The police were informed of the matter. Ab¨vb¨ Ack‡bi ï× iƒc
n‡e- He dares to go. Matin is better than his brother.
89. Find out the correct sentence. [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK cixÿv : 2016]
K. Over abillion people uses Microsoft Windows Operating Systems .
L. Over a billion people use Microsoft Windows Operating Systems.
M. Over a billion peoples use Microsoft Windows Operating Systems.
N. Over a billion people using Microsoft Windows Operating Systems. DËi : L
e¨vL¨v : Ackb ÔKÕ- uses is wrong, people use is correct KviY People Plural noun nIqvq Gi ci Plural
verb use eëüZ n‡e| Ackb ÔMÕ-‡Z people Ggwb‡ZB eûePb| Gi mv‡_ s hy³ Ki‡j Aï× n‡e| Ackb ÔNÕ
using Gi eënvi wrong . myZivs MVbMZ w`K n‡Z mwVK n‡”Q- Ackb ÔLÕ| myZivs ï× evK¨- Over a billion
people use Microsoft Windows Operating Systems. ‡Kbbv, Plural noun Gi verb Plural nq|
90. The mob_____ dispersed. [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (W¨v‡dvwWj): 12]
K. is L. are M. have N. has DËi : L
3
Rule-14 Relative Pronoun (who, which, that) Gi
Abymv‡i verb nq
Antecedent (c~e©eZ©x noun/pronoun)
91. A reward has been announced for the employees who ......... hard.[cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 18]
K. have has worked L. have worked
M. has worked N. will be work DËi : L
e¨vL¨v : Who Gi c~‡e© antecedent Ôthe employeesÕ †K follow K‡i k~b¨¯’v‡b have worked em‡e| †Kbbv
the employees n‡jv plural | myZivs who Gi ci plural mvnvh¨Kvix verb + V3 em‡e|
K. She is a person whom I know is sincere L. She is a person who I know is sincere
M. Tuhin is my lovely friend N. There is no place in my class DËi : L
e¨vL¨v: cÖ_g AckbwU fzj, †Kbbv ‗is sincere‘ As‡ki subject wn‡m‡e whom e‡m bv| sub + verb + verb Gi
c~‡e© relative pronoun wn‡m‡e who e‡m| ZvB wØZxq AckbwU mwVK| Z…Zxq AckbwU fzj KviY friend ‡K
describe Kivi Rb¨ ‗lovely‘ adjective wU Appropriate bv| PZy_© AckbwUI mwVK bq KviY RvqMv †evSv‡Z
ÔplaceÕ Gi RvqMvq ÔroomÕ em‡e|
93. It is you who ________ to blame. [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (XvKv wefvM): 06]
K. was L. is M. are N. has DËi: M
94. Which of the following sentence is correct? [16Zg wewmGm; cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK: 2019]
K. That shirt which he has bought is blue in color. L. The shirt that which he bought is blue in color.
M. which shirt he bought is blue in color. N. The shirt which he bought is blue in color. DËi : N
K. The man was tall who stole my bag L. The man stole my bag who was tall
M. The man who stole my bag was tall N. The man stolen my bag who was tall DËi : M
e¨vL¨v : Relative Pronoun Ôwho‘ Øviv `yBwU Sentence hy³ n‡j wØZxq Sentence Gi Subject Gi cwie‡Z©
ÔWho‘ em‡e| Z‡e `yBwU Sentence Gi Subject GKB n‡j cÖ_g ev‡Kï Subject Gi ciB ÔWho‘ em‡e|
K. The man that said that was a fool L. The man who said that was a fool
M. The man that said who was a fool N. The man which said that was a fool DËi : L
3
Rule-15 Gi ci Plural verb nq
The + adjective = Common noun

K. Rice is not always happy L. The rich is not always happy
M. The rich is not happy always N. The rich are not always happy DËi: N
e¨vL¨v : we‡kl †Kvb †kÖwY ev m¤úª`vq eySv‡Z Adjective Gi c~‡e© Ôthe‘ e‡m Plural Common Noun nq Ges Gi
c‡i Plural Verb e‡m| GLv‡b The Rich ej‡Z weËevb †kÖwY‡K †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q|
98. The poor _____ much in winter. [12Zg wkÿK wbeÜb 11]
K. suffer L. suffers M. suffered N. suffering DËi: K
e¨vL¨v : GLv‡b The poor ej‡Z Mixe †kÖwY‡K †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q| ev‡K¨ Common noun wn‡m‡e eëüZ nIqvq Gi
ci Plural verb e‡m|
99. Choose the correct sentence-- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK: 2019]
K. The poor are not always dishonest. L. The poors are not always dishonest.
M. The poor is not always dishonest N. Poors are not always dishonest DËi: K
Introductory There Gi w`‡q evK¨ Avi¤¢

Rule-16
n‡j verb wU Singular/Plual nIqvi wbf©i Ki‡e Subject Gi Dci
e¨vcviwU
100. ‡Kvb ï× evK¨? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (gyw³‡hv×v/knx` gyw³‡hv×vi mšÍvb) : 2010]
K. There is book and pen on the table L. There are a book and a pen on the table
M. There are a book on the table N. There is a book and a pen on the table DËi : L
e¨vL¨v: GLv‡b, evK¨¸‡jv introductory ‗There‘ w`‡q ïiæ nIqvi GB ev‡Kï verb-Gi number wbf©i Ki‡e
cieZ©x kãØq book I pen-Gi Dci| †h‡nZz GB ev‡Kï g~j subject book and pen plural, ‡m‡nZz verb n‡e
plural. G‡ÿ‡Î, cÖ_g I PZz_© Ack‡b verb singular nIqvq Zv mwVK bq| Avevi Z…Zxq Ack‡b verb plural
n‡jI subject Av‡Q GKwU Zv n‡jv a book, G Kvi‡Y verb wU singular nIqv DwPZ| wKš‘ wØZxq Ack‡b subject
Ges verb-Gi agreement mwVKfv‡e n‡q‡Q|
101. ‡KvbwU ï× evK¨? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (kir) : 2010; ‡iwR÷vW© cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (Rev) : 2011]
K. There is no room for doubt in it L. There is no misunderstanding in it
M. There is no place for doubt in it N. There is no suspension in it DËi : K
e¨vL¨v: GLv‡b g~jZ evK¨wU Øviv †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q †h- ÔGwUi g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv m‡›`‡ni AeKvk ev ¯’vb †bB| GLv‡b m‡›`‡ni
AeKvk ev ¯’vb †evSv‡Z ‗room for doubt‘ kã¸”QwU eënvi Kiv nq| GLv‡b Introductory ÔThere‘ Gi
eënviwU g~j Av‡jvPbvi e¨vcvi bq|
Corrections
01. Choose the correct sentence. [36Zg wewmGm; cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK: 19 ; cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (bvMvwj½g): 12]
K. Paper is made of wood L. Paper is made from wood
M. Paper is made by wood N. Paper is made on wood DËi: L
e¨vL¨v : ‡Kvb wKQz w`‡q •Zwi nIqv eySv‡j of Ges †Kvb wKQz ‡_‡K •Zwi nIqv eySv‡j from e‡m| A_©vr Drcvw`Z e¯‘i
mv‡_ Dcv`v‡bi wgj eySv ‡M‡j Ôof‘ e‡m| Avi Dcv`v‡bi wgj eySv bv †M‡j Ôfrom‘ e‡m| †Pqvi KvV w`‡q •Zwi GUv
†evSv hvq, wKš‘ ‡ccvi KvV w`‡q •Zwi GUv †evSv hvq bv|
02. After it was repaired, it – again. evK¨wUi k~b¨¯’v‡b mwVK kã em‡e- [‡iwR÷vW© cÖv_ we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (Rev) : 11]
K. ran perfect L. ran perfectly M. runs perfect N. run perfect DËi: L
e¨vL¨v: cÖ_g As‡k †h‡nZz past tense G i‡q‡Q, †m‡nZz cieZ©x As‡k past tense eënvi Ki‡Z n‡e| Avi ran-Gi
ci adverb em‡e adjective bq| myZivs mwVK DËi (L)|
K. One of my friends are a lawyer L. It rained three days.
M. Do you have a complain against me N. You are proud of Bangladesh DËi: N
e¨vL¨v : Ackb ÔKÕ-‡Z verb singular n‡e| Ackb ÔLÕ †Z it has been raining for three days n‡e|
04. ‡Kvb evK¨wU ï×? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK: 93]
K. I have urgent piece of business L. I have a urgent piece of business
M. I have a piece of urgent business N. I have an urgent piece of business DËi : M
e¨vL¨v : business kãwU ÔKvRÕ A‡_© uncountable noun wn‡m‡e singular noun wn‡m‡e count Kiv nq| Avi
business ‡K we‡klvwqZ Ki‡Z private, urgent kã¸‡jv adjective wn‡m‡e business Gi c~‡e© em‡e|
05. wb‡Pi †Kvb evK¨wU ï×? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (XvKv wefvM) : 07]
K. It has been raining for two days. L. He is senior than you
M. Do you know who am I? N. Airport is busy place DËi: K
e¨vL¨v : Present perfect continuous tense Abymv‡i cÖ_g AckbwU ï×| Ackb ÔLÕ-‡Z than Gi cwie‡Z© Ôto‘
e‡m| Ackb ÔMÕ-‡Z Ôam I‘ Gi cwie‡Z© ÔI am‘ n‡e| Ackb ÔNÕ-‡Z Ôbusy place‘ Gi c~‡e© article Ôa‘ em‡e|
K. I have read the first and second chapters of the book
L. This is the most unique opportunity
M. Four soldiers were wounded and one killed
N. Let him to know all in details DËi: K
e¨vL¨v : Ackb ÔLÕ Gi unique kãwU superlative degree bv nIqvq unique Gi c~‡e© Ôa‘ em‡e| Ackb ÔMÕ †Z
one was killed n‡e| †Kbbv, complex ev compound sentence Gi Dfq As‡k transitive verb _vK‡j
Dfq As‡kiB passive Ki‡Z nq| Ackb ÔNÕ †Z Ôto know‘ Gi cwie‡Z© Ôknow‘ n‡e| KviY, Let + object +
verb Gi base form nq|
07. wb‡Pi †Kvb evK¨wU ï×? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK (wSjvg) : 13]
K. I feel out of sort today L. He tried hardly to succeed
M. I have great deal of work to do N. Please give me attendance DËi: N
e¨vL¨v : Ackb ÔKÕ †Z Out of sort Gi cwie‡Z© out of sorts n‡e| Ackb ÔLÕ †Z hardly Gi cwie‡Z© Ôhard‘ n‡e
KviY hardly A_© K`vwPr| Ackb ÔMÕ †Z Ôgreat deal ofÕ Gi cwie‡Z© Ôa great deal of‘ n‡e| A great deal of-
A‡bK ev cÖPzi|
K. Either he or me is mistaken. L. Many a man has done so.
M. Everyone of the girls love to dance N. He gave me an advices. DËi: L
e¨vL¨v : Parallelism Gi wbqgvbymv‡i Either ..., or Df‡qi c‡iB GKB ai‡bi nq| A_©vr Either Gi ci Subject
Form (He) nIqvq or Gi ciI Subject Form (I) n‡e| Ackb ÔMÕ Gi Subject (Everyone) singular
nIqvq verb Gi Singular Form (loves) n‡e| Ackb ÔNÕ †Z a piece of advice n‡e|
K. I saw him write something L. I saw him writing something
M. There is no place for doubt in it N. He is deaf for hearing DËi: K, L
e¨vL¨v: GB cÖkœwU‡Z cÖ_g I wØZxq Ackb `ywUB mwVK| KviY ¯^vfvweK wbq‡g simple sentence-G double finite
verb _vK‡j mvaviYZ 2q verb wUi mv‡_ ‗ing‘ ‡hvM K‡i Non-finite verb G cwiYZ Ki‡Z nq| †mB w`K †_‡K
wØZxq AckbwU mwVK, KviY GLv‡b ‗saw‘ finite wn‡m‡e eëüZ n‡q‡Q Ges ‗writing‘ Non-finite wn‡m‡e
eëüZ n‡q‡Q| Avevi Grammer –Gi GKwU wbqgvbyhvqx ‗See‘ verb-Gi ci Ges GiKg Ab¨ wKQz verb Gi ci
wØZxq verbwU‡K verb + ing GB wbq‡g Non-finite bv K‡i Infinite K‡i ev Bare infinitive ev ‗to‘ Qvov
verb eënvi K‡i Non-finite Kiv hvq| GLv‡b wØZxq verb ‗write‘ ‡K Bare infinitive Kiv n‡q‡Q| ZvB G
AckbwUI mwVK| Z…Zxq Ac‡k‡b ‗Room for doubt‘ Gi RvqMvq ‗place for doubt‘ _vKvq Zv fzj| PZz_©
Ack‡b deaf kãwUi c‡i ‗of‘ preposition n‡e|
10. †Kvb evK¨wU ï×? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (BQvgwZ) : 2010]
K. Sohel is taller than I L. We write with ink
M. Sohel is taller than me N. I did not think it was her DËi : K
e¨vL¨v: GLv‡b cÖ_g AckbwU Comparative degree Gi wbqgvbymv‡i wVK| wØZxq Ack‡b preposition Gi fzj
Av‡Q A_©vr ÔwithÕ Gi ¯’‡j ÔinÕ n‡e| KviY, in Ink— Kvwj‡Z †jLv| Avevi, Z…Zxq Ack‡bi evK¨wU‡Z `yRb e¨w³i
g‡a¨ Adjective Gi Zzjbv †evSv‡Z †hLv‡b first person ÔI‘ Av‡Q| G ai‡bi ev‡K¨ pronoun Gi subject form
eëüZ nq A_©vr mwVK evK¨wU n‡e Sohel is taller than I. PZz_© Ack‡b `ywU Clause Av‡Q wKš‘ Clause Ø‡qi
g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv Conjunction ev Comma (,) eënvi Kiv nqwb| GQvovI PZz_© Ack‡b Ôher‘ Gi cwie‡Z© Subject
form (She) n‡e|
11. ‡Kvb evK¨wU ï×? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (Lyjbv I PÆMÖvg wefvM) : 2008]
K. Panna is only present. L. The man was born in 1968.
M. I feel myself hungry. N. The sheeps are quite healthy. DËi: L
e¨vL¨v : Ackb ÔKÕ †Z Formation of word order G fzj Av‡Q| Panna is only present Gi cwie‡Z© Only
Panna is present n‡e| Ackb ÔLÕ ï× DËi| Ackb ÔMÕ †Z feel myself Gi cwie‡Z© ïay feel n‡e| KviY, Gi
ci reflexive pronoun emv‡bvi cÖ‡qvRb bvB| Ackb ÔNÕ-‡Z Sheep n‡e ‡Kbbv, Sheep Gi Singular Ges
Plural Form GKB| ZvB bZzb K‡i Ôs‘ ‡hvM K‡i Plural Kivi †Póv wbi_©K|
K. A big number of money L. I met two women here.
M. Put your sign here. N. I have paid my schooling fees. DËi : L
e¨vL¨v : mwVK Ackb n‡”Q- L. I met two women here. Ab¨ evK¨¸‡jvi ï×iƒc n‡”Q- Ackb K. A big
amount of money. Ackb M- Put your signature here. Ackb N- I have paid my school fees. Ackb
ÔKÕ-‡Z number Gi cwie‡Z© amount eëüZ nevi KviY money GKwU uncountable noun. Ackb ÔNÕ-‡Z
Schooling- ‡jLvcov ZvB School n‡e|
13. ‡KvbwU ï× evK¨? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (‡Mvjvc) : 2009]
K. He succeeded to win the prize L. He cannot pronounce the word
M. See the word in the dictionary N. We got up dawn DËi: L
e¨vL¨v: Ackb ÔKÕ-‡Z succeeded to Gi cwie‡Z© succeeded in n‡e| Ackb ÔLÕ ï×| Ackb ÔMÕ-‡Z Ôsee‘ Gi
cwie‡Z© Ôlook up‘ n‡e| KviY, look up— eëüZ nq wWKkbvwi n‡Z kã Lyu‡R †ei Kiv A‡_©| Ackb ÔNÕ-‡Z
dawn (‡Mva~jx) Gi c~‡e© at n‡e| KviY, †QvU mg‡qi c~‡e© Ôat‘ nq|
K. He cannot pronunciate the word. L. He appeared at the examination.
M. Tuhin is my lovely friend. N. You always offers me many good advices. DËi: L
e¨vL¨v: Ackb ÔKÕ †Z pronounce n‡e| KviY pronunciate kãwU wVK bq| Ackb ÔLÕ ï×| Ackb ÔLÕ ï×|
Ackb ÔMÕ †Z lovely Gi cwie‡Z© lovable n‡e| Ackb ÔNÕ G many kãwUI n‡e bv Avevi advice Gi mv‡_ Ôs‘
‡hvM n‡e bv| KviY advice Gi singular Ges plural GKB|
K. The news is true L. He gave me an advice.
M. The committee have issued its report. N. Ten kilometers are a long walk.
e¨vL¨v : Ackb ÔKÕ ï×| evwK Ackb¸‡jv wVK bvB| mwVK evK¨¸‡jv n‡jv- He gave me advice (advice Gi
mvg‡b article cÖ‡qvRb bvB), The committee has issued its report (verb singular n‡e) ,Ten
kilometers is a long walk (Singular verb n‡e)|
K. Honour and glory are his reward L. Either you or he is to blame DËi: L
M. This is the same book which he lost N. He has written no less than four letters
e¨vL¨v : Ackb ÔKÕ †Z are Gi ¯’‡j ÔisÕ n‡e| KviY `y‡Uv wg‡j GKB aviYv †evSv‡”Q| Ackb ÔLÕ ï×| Ackb ÔMÕ-‡Z
which Gi ¯’‡j Ôas‘ n‡e| KviY, noun Gi c~‡e© the same _vK‡j relative pronoun wn‡m‡e Ôas‘ eëüZ nq|
Ackb ÔNÕ-‡Z Ôless‘ Gi cwie‡Z© Ôfewer‘ n‡e †Kbbv, plural countable noun Gi †ÿ‡Î fewer e‡m Ges
uncountable noun Gi c~‡e© Ôless‘ e‡m|
K. Many died by the accident L. The examiner looked over my papers
M. He came today morning. N. I am feeling unwell DËi: L
e¨vL¨v : cÖ_g Ack‡b n‡e- Many people died in the accident. wØZxq Ackb ï×| Z…Zxq Ack‡b Ôtoday‘ Gi
cwie‡Z© Ôthis‘ n‡e| Fear, feel, prefer cÖf…wZ mvaviYZ continuous tense G eëüZ nq bv| ZvB Ackb ÔNÕ-‡Z
Ôam feeling‘ Gi cwie‡Z© ïay Ôfeel‘ n‡e|
18. ‡KvbwU ï× evK¨? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (Rev) : 2009]
K. He is my elder brother L. He went for the examination
M. It is raining for three days
N. He was bitten by the snake while walking in the garden v DËi: K
e¨vL¨v: Ackb ÔKÕ ï×| Ackb ÔLÕ-‡Z went for Gi cwie‡Z© sat for n‡e| Ackb ÔMÕ-‡Z is raining Gi cwie‡Z©
Ôhas been rainingÕ n‡e| Ackb ÔNÕ-‡Z article Gi wbqgvbymv‡i Ôthe snake‘ Gi cwie‡Z© Ôa snake‘ n‡e|
19. ‡KvbwU ï× evK¨? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (‡ejx) : 2009]
K. It rained for three days L. Grammar is better servant than master
M. He is my elder teacher
N. While he was walking in the garden a snake bit him. DËi: N
e¨vL¨v: Ackb ÔKÕ-‡Z Present perfect continuous tense Abymv‡i Ôhas been raining‘ n‡e| Ackb ÔLÕ †Z
n‡e- Grammar is a better servant than master. Ackb ÔMÕ-‡Z Ôteacher‘ Gi cwie‡Z© Ôbrother‘ n‡e| KviY
ïay m‡nv`‡ii †ÿ‡Î Ôelder‘ kãwU eëüZ nq|
20. wb‡Pi †Kvb evK¨wU ï×? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (‡ejx) : 2009]
K. We write by ink L. An Akbar is not born in every age
M. More he gets, more he wants N. He got the work by doing. DËi: L
e¨vL¨v : Ackb ÔKÕ-‡Z preposition Gi fzj Av‡Q A_©vr ÔbyÕ Gi ¯’‡j ÔinÕ n‡e| KviY, in Ink— Kvwj‡Z †jLv|
Ackb ÔLÕ ï× evK¨| Ackb ÔMÕ GKwU cÖev` evK¨| ï× evK¨wU- The more he gets, the more he wants.
21. ‡Kvb evK¨wU ï×? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (‡Mvjvc) : 2009]
K. He appeared at the examination L. The more he gets, more he wants
M. We write with ink N. He got the work being done DËi: K
e¨vL¨v: Ackb ÔKÕ Gi evK¨wU ï×| Ackb ÔLÕ-G ï× evK¨wU n‡e- The more he gets, the more he wants.
Ackb ÔMÕ -‡Z preposition Gi fzj Av‡Q A_©vr ÔbyÕ Gi ¯’‡j ÔinÕ n‡e| KviY, in Ink— Kvwj‡Z †jLv| Ackb ÔNÕ
Z‡e ÔHave it done‘.
K. I do not take fruits L. I have no appetite in food
M. He gave me some good advices N. Neither of us was present DËi: N
e¨vL¨v: dj LvIqvi †ÿ‡Î ‗take‘ verb eënvi Kiv hvq bv| †m‡ÿ‡Î ‗eat‘ ev ‗have‘ verb eënvi Ki‡Z nq|
GQvovI Ôfruits‘ Gi cwie‡Z© Ôfruit‘ n‡e| wØZxq Ack‡b appetite Gi ci preposition ‗for‘ eëüZ n‡e| Z…Zxq
Ack‡b Advice k‡ã fzj i‡q‡Q A_©vr Ôadvices‘ Gi ¯’‡j Ôadvice‘ n‡e|
K. Sharif absented from the college. L. Selina prides on her beauty.
M. She is out of her danger. N. Sharif absented himself from the college. DËi: N
e¨vL¨v: cÖ_g Ack‡b Reflexive pronoun wn‡m‡e himself Avm‡e A_©vr Ôabsented himself‘ n‡e| wØZxq
Ack‡b Preposition Gi eënv‡i fzj i‡q‡Q| Me© Kiv A‡_© pride oneself on/ pride in eëüZ nq| Ackb ÔMÕ-
‡Z n‡e- out of danger.
24. wb‡Pi †Kvb evK¨wU ï×? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (XvKv wefvM) : 07]
K. Sakib asked that how did he do. L. My son is ill all this week.
M. The United States are a powerful country. N. The game drew numerous spectators D: N
e¨vL¨v : Ackb ÔKÕ-‡Z Sentence Gi word order-G fzj Av‡Q| ï× evK¨wU n‡e- Sakib asked that how he
did. Dependent clause nIqvq GwU Assertive sentence-G n‡e| Ackb ÔLÕ -G cy‡iv mßvn a‡i †evSv‡Z Ôis‘
Gi cwie‡Z© Ôhas been‘ n‡e| Ackb ÔMÕ-‡Z Subject-verb agreement Gi wbqgvbymv‡i ‡`‡ki bv‡gi ci
singular verb (is) n‡e| Ackb ÔNÕ-Gi evK¨wU ï×|
K. Fire and water do not agree. L. Bread and butter are his only food.
M. Justice as well as mercy allow it N. He and me were playing. DËi: K
e¨vL¨v : cÖ‡kœ cª`Ë Ackbmg~‡ni cÖ_g Ack‡b not Gi c~‡e©i Subject Abymv‡i n‡q‡Q| Ackb ÔLÕ-‡Z Bread &
Butter Øviv GKK Lv`¨ ZvwjKv †evSv‡bvq verb singular (is) n‡e| Ackb ÔMÕ-‡Z as well as _vKvq c~‡e©i noun
‡gvZv‡eK verb wU singular (allows) n‡e| Ackb ÔNÕ †Z Subject Form (I) n‡e|
K. The horse and carriage are at the door L. Time and tide wait for none
M. You are not devoted to gambling N. We get up in dawn DËi : L
e¨vL¨v: Horse Ges Carriage Avjv`v `ywU subject ‡K †evSv‡jI g~jZ `yÕwU‡K GKmv‡_ Ô‡Nvovi MvwoÕ A‡_© GKB
subject wn‡me Ki‡Z n‡e ZvB verb Singular (is) n‡e †Kbbv, `y‡Uv wg‡j GKwU e¨vcvi †evSv‡”Q| Ackb ÔMÕ-‡Z
‗gambling‘ noun wU eënvi bv K‡i gamble eënvi Ki‡Z n‡e| Ackb ÔNÕ-G dawn k‡ãi c‡i ‗at‘
preposition eënvi nq| wKš‘, wØZxq AckbwU‡Z Time I tide Avjv`v `yÕwU subject nIqvq n‡q‡Q hv mwVK|
GQvovI GwU GKwU cÖev` evK¨| Proverbs ev cÖevèvK¨¸wj wbw`©ó wbqgvbymv‡i cwiPvwjZ nq| mwVK evK¨wU nj
Time and tide wait for none. Ackb ÔNÕ-‡Z ÿz`ª mg‡qi c~‡e© Preposition wn‡m‡e Ôat‘ e‡m|
27. ‡Kvb evK¨wU ï×? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (XvKv I ewikvj wefvM) : 2008]
K. She was taller than either of her five sisters. L. I was the man whom they thought was dead.
M. Who do you think he is? N. Each of the scholars have done well. DËi: M
e¨vL¨v : Ackb ÔKÕ -‡Z either Gi cwie‡Z© anyone n‡e| KviY, `ywU e¨vcvi/ `yB‡qi g‡a¨ NUbv †evSv‡Z Ôeither‘
eëüZ nq| Ackb ÔLÕ-‡Z Ôwhom‘ Gi cwie‡Z© Ôwho‘ em‡e| Ackb ÔMÕ Gi evK¨wU ï×| Ackb ÔNÕ-‡Z Singular
verb (has) n‡e| KviY- One of/neither of/either of / Each of + Plural noun + Singular verb nq|
28. ‡Kvb evK¨wU ï×? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK (‡nvqvs‡nv) : 13]
K. I will avail the opportunity L. I should take leave of you
M. I have seen two deers N. Television is a wonderful discovery D: L
e¨vL¨v : Ackb ÔKÕ †Z reflexive pronoun Avm‡e A_©vr evK¨wU n‡e- I will avail myselt the opportunity.
Ackb ÔLÕ-‡Z cÖ`Ë evK¨wU ï×| Ackb ÔMÕ-Gi deers Gi cwie‡Z© deer n‡e| KviY, deer Gi singular Ges
plural form GKB| Ackb ÔNÕ G Ôdiscovery‘ Gi cwie‡Z© Ôinvention‘ n‡e| KviY †Kvb wKQz bZzb K‡i Avwe®‥vi
Kiv A‡_© invention eëüZ nq| c~‡e© Avwe®‥…Z wQj wKš‘ `xN©w`b †LvuR wQj bv, Avevi ‡mwU Avwe®‥…Z n‡j discovery
kãwU eëüZ nq|
29. wb‡Pi evK¨¸‡jvi g‡a¨ ï× evK¨ †KvbwU? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK: 99]
K. I hanged my shirt on the wall L. I saw him playing football
M. One must do his duty N. He gave me a lot of informations DËi: L
e¨vL¨v : Hanged n‡jv dvuwm‡Z Szjv‡bvi Past participle form. ZvB cÖ_g Ack‡b Hang (Szwj‡q ivLv) Gi Past
Participle Form ÔHung‘ n‡e| wØZxq AckbwU ï×| KviY, see Gi ci Object Avm‡j Object Gi c‡i
Present Participle nq|
30. wb‡¤œi †Kvb evK¨wU ï×? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (kvcjv) : 2009]
K. His brother is sick L. I took my meal
M. Do not throw the milk N. He took offence at my words DËi: L
e¨vL¨v : cÖ_g Ack‡b Ôsick‘ Gi RvqMvq Ôill‘ n‡e| wØZxq Ack‡b Ôtook‘ Gi cwie‡Z© Ôhad‘ n‡e| Z…Zxq Ack‡b
Ôthrow‘ Gi cwie‡Z© Ôspill‘ n‡e| PZz_© AckbwU ï×|
31. wb‡¤œi †Kvb evK¨wU ï×? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (W¨v‡dvwWj) : 2012]
K. It is raining for three days L. You are an Hercules
M. We write in Ink N. He got the work by doing. DËi : M
e¨vL¨v : Ackb ÔKÕ-‡Z Present Perfect Continuous Tense Gi wbqgvbymv‡i Ôis‘ Gi cwie‡Z© Ôhas been‘ n‡e|
Ackb ÔLÕ †Z Ôan‘ Gi cwie‡Z© Ôa‘ n‡e| Ackb ÔMÕ ï×| KviY, in Ink— Kvwj‡Z †jLv| Ackb ÔNÕ †Z by doing
Gi cwie‡Z© Ôdone‘ n‡e|
32. wb‡Pi †Kvb evK¨wU ï×? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (Wvwjqv): 12]
K. He denied to help me L. The doctor feels the pulse of the patient.
M. Honesty and truthfulness are necessary for happiness
N. He along with his friends have come. DËi: L
e¨vL¨v : cÖ_g Ack‡b Ôdenied‘ kãwUi cwie‡Z© Ôrefused‘ n‡e| wØZxq AckbwU wVK Av‡Q| KviY, doctor ‡ivMxi
bvox Abyfe K‡ib| GwU †Pv‡L †`Lv hvq bv| Ackb ÔMÕ-‡Z Honesty and truthfulness Øviv GKK welq ‡evSv‡”Q
ZvB GLv‡b Singular verb (is) n‡e| PZz_© Ack‡b along with _vKvq right form of verb Gi wbqgvbymv‡i
c~‡e©i singular noun Abymv‡i n‡e A_©vr Singular verb (has) n‡e|
33. wb‡Pi †Kvb evK¨wU ï×? [‡iwR÷vW© cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (nvmbv‡nbv) : 2011]
K. I had a strong headache L. Asad alone is rediable
M. His head was open N. He came today morning DËi: L
e¨vL¨v: Ackb (K) ‡Z kã PqbRwbZ mgm¨v i‡q‡Q| GLv‡b strong headache Gi cwie‡Z© bad headache)
n‡e| Ackb (M) ‡Z k‡ãi eënvi mwVK bq| Ackb (N) ‡Z came verb Gi mv‡_ today morning nq bv|
G‡ÿ‡Î past expressions (yesterday/ last night cÖf„wZ) eënvi ev this morning eënvi Ki‡j mwVK nZ |
Option (L) ‡Z †Kv‡bv fzj †bB|
34. wb‡Pi †Kvb evK¨wU ï×? [‡iwR÷vW© cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (kvcjv) : 2011]
K. I took my tea at 5 p.m. L. He refused to help me
M. Keep it on the table N. I saw him long before DËi: L
e¨vL¨v: Ackb (K) ‡Z ‗my‘kãwUi eënvi AwZwi³| Ackb (L) ‡Z refuse Gi ci to Gi eënvi i‡q‡Q †hwU
mwVK| Ackb (M) ‡Z keep-Gi cwie‡Z© ‗put‘ eënvi Ki‡Z n‡e| Ackb (N) ‡Z long before Gi cwie‡Z©
long ago/many years ago-G ai‡bi expression-Gi eënvi Ki‡j mwVK n‡e|
35. wb‡Pi †Kvb evK¨wU ï×? [‡iwR÷vW© cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (kvcjv) : 2011]
K. Put the book on the table L. The examiner saw my papers
M. I feel some better N. He is not in the committee DËi: K
e¨vL¨v: Ackb (K) ‡Z cÖ`Ë evK¨wU ï×| Ackb (L) ‡Z examiner looked over my papers eëüZ n‡j ï×
n‡Zv| Ackb (M) ‡Z I feel somewhat better n‡e| Option (N) ‡Z He is not on the committee n‡e|
36. wb‡Pi †Kvb evK¨wU ï×? [‡iwR÷vW© cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (nvmbv‡nbv) : 2011]
K. He said me a coward L. He said the truth
M. I love my mother N. I took my meal DËi: M
e¨vL¨v: Ackb (K) He said me a coward Gi cwie‡Z© He called me a coward n‡e| Ackb (L) ‡Z He
said the truth Gi cwie‡Z© He spoke the truth. Ackb (N) †Z I took my meal Gi cwie‡Z© I had my
meal n‡e| Ackb (M) Gi evK¨wU mwVK|
37. wb‡Pi †Kvb evK¨wU ï×? [‡iwR÷vW© cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (wkDwj) : 2012]
K. There is no place in the bench L. I got two bread
M. It is a nice poem N. I went to my house DËi: M
e¨vL¨v: Option (K) ‡Z place Gi cwie‡Z© room n‡e| Option (L) ‡Z two bread Gi cwie‡Z© two loaves
of bread n‡e| Option (N) ‡Z I went into my house A_ev I went home n‡e| Option (M) ‡Z ‡Kv‡bv
fzj †bB|
38. wb‡Pi †Kvb evK¨wU ï×? [‡iwR÷vW© cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (wkDwj) : 2012]
K. Quote this from memory L. I got boarding and lodging
M. Put your sign here N. My brother is sick DËi: K
e¨vL¨v: Ackb (K) ‡Z Quote this from memory evK¨wU‡Z ‡Kv‡bv fzj †bB| Option (L) ‡Z ‗boarding and
lodging‘ Phrase wU wVK bq| Option (M) ‡Z ‗Put your signature‘ eënvi Ki‡j mwVK nZ| sign verb
wn‡m‡e eënvi nq e‡j Put eënvi redundant. Z‡e evK¨wU- Put your signature here wjL‡j ï× nZ|
Option (N) British grammar Abymv‡i Amy¯’Zv eySv‡Z ‗sick‘ Gi cwie‡Z© ‗ill‘ Gi eënvi †kÖq|
39. †Kvb evK¨wU ï×? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (BQvgwZ) : 2010]
K. I have read a poetry L. I have read a piece of poetry
M. I saw his pulse N. The man took his birth in 1968 DËi: L
e¨vL¨v: cÖ_g Ack‡b poetry n‡jv poem Gi collective noun hvi c~‡e© Article nq bv| Z…Zxq Ack‡b saw Gi
¯’‡j felt n‡e KviY bvox †`Lv hvq bv, Abyfe Ki‡Z nq| PZz_© AckbwU fzj KviY †Kv‡bv e¨w³ Rb¥MÖnY Kivi †ÿ‡Î
took birth bv| Gi cwie‡Z© was born n‡e|
40. I spent----with the patient. evK¨wUi k~b¨¯’v‡b mwVK kã em‡e- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (†ngšÍ) : 2010; cÖv_wgK
we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK: 2019]
K. Sometimes L. some time M. sometime N. some times DËi: L
e¨vL¨v: cÖ_g Ackb Gi Sometimes GKwU Adverb hvi A_© Ôgv‡S gv‡SÕ †hwU sentence-Gi context Gi mv‡_
wgj nq bv| wØZxq Ackb Gi some time I GKwU Adverb hvi A_© wKQz mgq| GLv‡b, g~jZ ev‡Kï A_© ùvovq-
ÔAvwg ‡ivMxi mv‡_ wKQz mgq AwZevwnZ KijvgÕ| G‡ÿ‡Î some time option wUB eënvi Kiv nq| Sometime,
some times kã¸‡jvi eënvi mwVK bq|
41. ‡Kvb evK¨wU ï×? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (†ngšÍ) : 2010; cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (XvKv wefvM): 2006]
K. We get up at dawn. L. More he gets, the more he wants.
M. See the word in the dictionary. N. There is no place in my room. DËi: K
e¨vL¨v : GLv‡b, cÖ_g option wU mwVK hvi A_© ÔAvgiv cÖfv‡Z DwVÕ| wØZxq Ackb wU‡Z cÖ_g As‡ki more-Gi c~‡e©
the eënvi Ki‡j evK¨wU ï× n‡e| Avevi Z…Zxq option wU‡Z Dictionary-‡Z word ‡`Lvi †ÿ‡Î ‗See‘ verb
eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q| hv mwVK bq, KviY Awfav‡b kã †`Lvi †ÿ‡Î ‗Look up‘ phrasal verb wU eënvi Kiv nq|
PZz_© option –G fzj Av‡Q place kãwU eënv‡ii †ÿ‡Î| †Kv_vI RvqMv Av‡Q †evSv‡Z place eënvi bv K‡i
Room word wU eënvi Kiv nq| AZGe, cÖ_g AckbwUB mwVK|
42. ‡KvbwU ï× evK¨ ? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (kir) : 2010; ‡iwR÷vW© cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (UMi) : 2011]
K. See the word in the dictionary L. Find out the word in the dictionary
M. Pick up the word in the dictionary N. Look up the word in the dictionary DËi: N
e¨vL¨v: ‡Kv‡bv kã Awfav‡b †`Lv ev †LuvRv A‡_© - ‗Look up‘ phrasal verb wU eënvi Kiv nq|
43. Which sentence is with correct punctuation— [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2019]
K. Maria, my student, is on leave today L. Maria my student, is on leave today
M. Maria my student is on leave today N. Maria my student is, on leave today DËi: K
e¨vL¨v : Case in apposition Gi Dfq cv‡k Kgv (,) e‡m|
44. wb‡Pi †Kvb evK¨wU ï×? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (KY©dzjx) : 2012]
K. He came this morning L. Asad is sick
M. Anis told me a liar N. Put your sign here. DËi : K
e¨vL¨v : Ackb ÔKÕ G cÖ`Ë evK¨wU ï×| Ab¨vb¨ Ackb¸‡jvi ï×iƒc n‡”Q- Asad is ill, Anis called me a liar,
Put your signature here.
45. Find out the correct sentence. [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK (Mvgv): 2014]
K. He succeed to get a job L. He is suffering from fever for a week
M. Guard the children against the bad company N. The train is running in time DËi : M
46. Which sentence is correct? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (hgybv) : 2012; cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK: 15; cÖvK-cÖv_wgK
mnKvix wkÿK (Avjdv): 14]
K. He dares go there. L. I came in when he was writing.
M. The police were informed of the matter. N. Matin is good than his brother. DËi : M
e¨vL¨v: mwVK evK¨wU n‡”Q- Ackb (M)- The police were informed of the matter. Ab¨vb¨ Ack‡bi ï× iƒc
n‡e- He dares to go. Matin is better than his brother.
47. Choose the correct sentence. [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK (Avjdv) : 14]
K. The matter was informed to the police L. The matter has been informed of the police
M. The police was informed of the matter N. The police were informed of the matter DËi : N
e¨vL¨v : The police Gi ci Plural verb eëüZ nq| ZvB Ackb ÔNÕ ï×|
48. Which of the following sentence is correct? [16Zg wewmGm; cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK: 2019]
K. That shirt which he has bought is blue in color. L. The shirt that which he bought is blue in color.
M. which shirt he bought is blue in color. N. The shirt which he bought is blue in color. DËi : N
e¨vL¨v : Antecedent + Adjective clause cvkvcvwk e‡m| That Ges Which ‡KvbwUB relative pronoun
wn‡m‡e cvkvcvwk e‡m bv|
49. wb‡Pi †Kvb evK¨wU ï×? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (Wvwjqv) : 12]
K. He got the work done L. A Daniel has come to the judgment
M. He went to his elder N. I have read a poetry DËi : K
e¨vL¨v : cÖ_g AckbwU ï×| wØZxq AckbwU‡Z Ôthe‘ ev` hv‡e; ïay Judgment _vK‡e| Z…Zxq Ack‡b elder
brother/elder sister w`‡j evK¨wU mgvß n‡e| poetry GKwU collective noun. Gi cwie‡Z© a poem/ a piece
of poetry n‡e|
50. wb‡Pi †Kvb evK¨wU ï×? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (W¨v‡dvwWj) : 12]
K. Suffice to say, he is wrong L. Lake Chilka is in Orissa
M. See the word in the dictionary N. There is no place for doubt in it DËi : L
e¨vL¨v : cÖ_g Ack‡b n‡e- Suffice it to say (Avwg GBUzKz eje †h)| wØZxq AckbwU ï×| Z…Zxq Ack‡b Ôsee‘ Gi
cwie‡Z© ÔLook up‘ n‡e| Look up A_©- kã †LvuRv| †Kv_vI RvqMv Av‡Q †evSv‡Z place eënvi bv K‡i Room
word wU eënvi Kiv nq|
51. wb‡Pi †Kvb evK¨wU ï×? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK : 09]
K. Walking in the garden a snake bite him L. Grammar is the better servant than master
M. It has been raining for three days N. He gave the examination DËi : M
e¨vL¨v : Ackb ÔLÕ †Z Ôthe better servant‘ Gi cwie‡Z© Ôa better servant‘ n‡e| Ackb ÔNÕ †Z ÔgaveÕ Gi
cwie‡Z© Ôtook‘ n‡e|
52. Which one is the correct sentence? [cÖv_wgK cÖavb wkÿK (K¨v‡gwjqv) : 2012]
K. She has got cent percent marks L. You are a great thief
M. Time and tide waits for none N. Has he got the information? DËi : N
e¨vL¨v : Ackb ÔLÕ †Z great eëüZ n‡e bv| †Kbbv, great kãwU eëüZ nq BwZevPKfv‡e| Ôgreat‘ Gi cwie‡Z©
Ônotorious‘ eënvi Ki‡j evK¨wUi A‡_©i c~Y©Zv Avm‡e| Ackb ÔMÕ †Z plural verb (wait) n‡e|
53. wb‡Pi †Kvb evK¨wU ï×? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (wµmvbw_gvg): 2012]
K. I am feeling unwell L. The sceneries here are very beautiful
M. Let you and I do N. Let you and me do it DËi : N
e¨vL¨v : Fear, feel, prefer cÖf…wZ mvaviYZ continuous tense G eëüZ nq bv| ZvB Ackb ÔKÕ-‡Z Ôam
feeling‘ Gi cwie‡Z© ïay Ôfeel‘ n‡e| Ackb ÔLÕ †Z sceneries Gi cwie‡Z© ÔScenary‘ n‡e| Ackb ÔMÕ †Z ÔI‘ Gi
¯’‡j Ôme‘ n‡e|
54. Choose the correct sentence. [11Zg wewmGm; cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK (wm‡jU wefvM): 15]
K. Rich is not always happy L. The rich is not always happy
M. The rich is not happy always N. The rich are not always happy DËi: N
e¨vL¨v : we‡kl †Kvb †kÖwY ev m¤úª`vq eySv‡Z Adjective Gi c~‡e© Ôthe‘ e‡m Plural Common Noun nq Ges Gi
c‡i Plural Verb e‡m| GLv‡b The Rich ej‡Z weËevb †kÖwY‡K †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q|
55. wb‡Pi evK¨¸‡jv g‡a¨ ï× evK¨ †KvbwU? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK : 98]
K. The flowers smell sweetly L. I am very glad to see you
M. The novel is too interesting N. No one can write as neat as he does DËi : L
e¨vL¨v : sweet kãwU GKwU adjective. Ackb ÔKÕ †Z smell kãwU‡K we‡klvwqZ Kivi Rb¨ sweet kãwU eëüZ
n‡e| Ackb ÔLÕ G cÖ`Ë evK¨wU ï×| Ackb ÔMÕ †Z too Gi cwie‡Z© very em‡e| Ackb ÔNÕ †Z neat Gi cwie‡Z©
Ôneatly‘ n‡e|
56. What is the correct sentence? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (PÆMÖvg wefvM): 2005]
K. The reason of my silence is due to my illness
L. My silence is due to my illness M. The reason of my silence is a due to my illness
N. My silence is due the my illness DËi : L
e¨vL¨v : cÖ_g Ack‡b reason Ges due to GK mv‡_ eëüZ n‡e bv| Ackb ÔMÕ †Z due n‡”Q adjective ZvB Gi
Av‡M a e‡m bv| Ackb ÔNÕ †Z Ôthe‘ Gi cwie‡Z© ÔtoÕ eëüZ n‡e|
57. ‡Kvb evK¨wU ï×? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (‡gNbv) : 12]
K. I suffered fever for a week L. She found the boy crying
M. Let you and he be witness N. Rahim play everyday DËi : L
e¨vL¨v : cÖ_g Ack‡b Ôsuffered‘ Gi cwie‡Z© Ôhave been suffering‘ n‡e| wØZxq Ack‡bi evK¨wU ï×| Z…Zxq
Ack‡b Ôhe‘ Gi cwie‡Z© Ôhim‘ n‡e| Ackb ÔNÕ †Z Rahim 3rd Person singular number nIqvq plays n‡e|
58. wb‡Pi †Kvb evK¨wU ï×? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (ivRkvnx wefvM) : 07]
K. I went to my house L. I got my food expenses
M. Do not throw the milk N. The tree was loaded with fruit. DËi: L
e¨vL¨v : here, there, home, abroad cÖf…wZi c~‡e© preposition wn‡m‡e Ôto‘ e‡m bv| ZvB cÖ_g Ack‡bi evK¨wU
n‡e- I went home. wØZxq Ack‡bi evK¨wU ï×| Z…Zxq Ack‡b Ôthrow‘ Gi cwie‡Z© ÔspillÕ n‡e| PZz_© Ack‡b
Ôloaded‘ Gi cwie‡Z© Ôladen‘ n‡e| loaded eëüZ nq gvjvgv‡j cwic~Y© A‡_© Avi Mv‡Q djg~‡j mw¾Z A‡_© eëüZ
nq Ôladen‘.
59. wb‡Pi †Kvb evK¨wU ï×? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (ewikvj wefvM) : 06]
K. She is alwasys fond to talk. L. Is todays‘s film worth seeing?
M. I asked him if he is going. N. It has much hot in the summer. DËi : L
60. ‡Kvb evK¨wU ï×? [cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK (ewikvj wefvM) : 06]
K. Two-thirds of the money are lost. L. I am senior to you by three years.
M. Whom do you think I am? N. He thought it will rain. DËi : L
e¨vL¨v : money uncountable noun nIqvq Gi mvg‡b †h ai‡bi fMœvsk _vKzK bv †Kb, verb singular (is)
n‡e| Ackb ÔLÕ -G cÖ`Ë evK¨ ï×| Ackb ÔMÕ †Z ÔWhom‘ Gi cwie‡Z© ÔWho‘ n‡e| PZz_© Ack‡b Ôwill rain‘
Gi cwie‡Z© Ôwould rain‘ n‡e|
K. Ahshan is better today L. The bus service has been canclled due to fog
M. I have a lot of furnitures for sale N. He prevented me to go DËi : K
e¨vL¨v : mvaviYZ Ôdue to‘ e‡m be verb Gi ci| ZvB GLv‡b Ackb ÔLÕ †Z Ôdue to‘ Gi cwie‡Z© owing to em‡e|
Furniture kãwUi Singular Ges Plural Form GKB| ZvB Z…Zxq Ack‡b furnitures Gi cwie‡Z© furniture
n‡e| PZz_© Ack‡b Prevented to Gi cwie‡Z© Prevent from em‡e|
62. wb‡Pi †Kvb evK¨wU ï×? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (KY©dzjx) : 2012]
K. He gave me a piece of advice. L. I went to my house.
M. He applied for freeship. N. The meat is hard. DËi : K
e¨vL¨v : home, abroad, here, there cÖf…wZ Gi c~‡e© to e‡m bv| ZvB wØZxq Ack‡bi ï× evK¨wU n‡e- I went
home. Z…Zxq Ack‡b freeship Gi cwie‡Z© free studentship em‡e| PZz_© Ack‡b Ôhard Gi cwie‡Z© tough
em‡e|
63. wb‡Pi †Kvb evK¨wU ï×? [cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK (KY©dzjx) : 12]
K. I feel unwell. L. I took a bath.
M. I am somewhat sure. N. I sold my furnitures. DËi : K
e¨vL¨v : cÖ_g AckbwU ï×| wØZxq Ack‡b took Gi cwie‡Z© had em‡e| Z…Zxq Ack‡b somewhat kãwUi eënvi
ev‡Kï A‡_©i cwic~Y©Zv Av‡b bv| Gi cwie‡Z© Pretty kãwU fvj kãPqb| Ackb ÔNÕ †Z furnitures Gi ¯’‡j
furniture n‡e| KviY furniture Gi singular Ges plural GKB|
K. I forbade him to go . L. The moon shines by night
M. Did they wrote the book? N. He stopped to write letters to me DËi : K
e¨vL¨v : cÖ_g AckbwU ï×| wØZxq Ack‡b by night Gi cwie‡Z© at night n‡e| Z…Zxq AckbwU verb Gi base
from (write) em‡e| KviY, Wh question mnKv‡i cÖkœ Kiv n‡j verb Gi base form e‡m|
65. wb‡Pi †Kvb evK¨wU ï×? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (myigv) : 12]
K. The cart was laden fully. L. Your information is false.
M. Listen to my advices. N. Who brought these news? DËi : L
e¨vL¨v : cÖ_g Ack‡b laden Gi cwie‡Z© loaded n‡e| wØZxq Ack‡bi evK¨wU ï×| Z…Zxq Ack‡b advices Gi
cwie‡Z© advice n‡e| PZz_© Ack‡b singular verb (this) n‡e| KviY news kãwU †`L‡Z plural n‡jI
singular wn‡m‡e eëüZ nq|
66. wb‡Pi †Kvb evK¨wU ï×? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK (‡nvqvs‡nv) : 13]
K. Good night, how are you? L. Ali took admission into that college.
M. He asked me where did I go. N. He always speaks the truth. DËi : N
e¨vL¨v : wØZxq Ack‡b took admission Gi cwie‡Z© got himself admitted into n‡e| KviY, get oneself
admitted into eëüZ nq †Kvb e¨w³ hLb wb‡R wb‡RB †Kvb cÖwZôv‡b fwZ© nq †m‡ÿ‡Î| Z…Zxq evK¨wU n‡e- He
asked me where I went. KviY, hw` †Kvb ev‡K¨ Wh word gvSLv‡b Av‡m Zvn‡j Zvi ci Assertive
sentence e‡m| ‡hgb- I don‘t know where he lives. Do you know where he goes?
67. ‡Kvb evK¨wU ï×? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (†ngšÍ) : 2010]
K. He shouted in the top of his voice. L. He shouted with the top of his voice.
M. He shouted on the top of his voice. N. He shouted at the top of his voice. DËi : N
e¨vL¨v: evK¨ PviwU‡Z ‗shout‘ verb-Gi c‡i wfbœ wfbœ preposition ‡hgb-in, with, on Ges ‗at‘| at the top
of- m‡ev©”P mxgvq/ kxl©we›`y‡Z/ wkL‡i|
K. I feel hungry L. I feel myself hungry
M. I am a man of words N. The sheeps are quite healthy DËi : K
e¨vL¨v: GLv‡b, ‗feel‘ verb wU n‡jv GKwU ‗verb of perception‘ Ges G ai‡bi verb hy³ ev‡Kï structure
n‡jv Ñ subject + verb of perception + noun/adjective. GLv‡b, ‗feel‘ verb Gi c‡i adjective eëüZ
n‡e| †m‡ÿ‡Î I feel hungry. GLv‡b- Subject  I, Verb  Feel, Adjective  hungry. wØZxq
Ack‡b reflexive pronoun (myself) ev` hv‡e| Z…Zxq Ack‡b man of few words (Aí K_vi gvbyl) n‡e|
PZz_© Ack‡b sheeps Gi cwie‡Z© ïay sheep n‡e| KviY sheep Gi Singular and Plural GKB|
K. She is a person whom I know is sincere L. She is a person who I know is sincere
M. Tuhin is my lovely friend N. There is no place in my class DËi : L
e¨vL¨v: cÖ_g AckbwU‡Z whom Gi ¯’‡j whom em‡j evK¨wU cwic~Y© n‡e| sub + verb + verb Gi c~‡e©
relative pronoun wn‡m‡e who e‡m| ZvB wØZxq AckbwU mwVK| Z…Zxq AckbwU fzj KviY friend ‡K describe
Kivi Rb¨ ‗lovely‘ adjective wU Appropriate bv| GLv‡b lovely Gi ¯’v‡b loving/lovable n‡e| PZy_©
AckbwUI mwVK bq KviY RvqMv †evSv‡Z ÔplaceÕ Gi RvqMvq ÔroomÕ em‡e|
70. ‡KvbwU ï× evK¨? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (wZ¯Ív) : 10]
K. Every girls is at her desk. L. Credit this amount against his name.
M. We made fun of it. N. A little number of boys were present. D : M
e¨vL¨v: cÖ_g AckbwU‡Z girls Gi cwie‡Z© girl n‡e| KviY Every Gi ci singular noun nq| A¨vKvD‡›U Rgv
Kiv A‡_© Credit to eëüZ nq| Ackb ÔNÕ †Z little number Gi cwie‡Z© small number n‡e|
71. wb‡Pi †Kvb evK¨wU ï×? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (wZZvm) : 10] DËi : M
K. Grammar is better servant than a mster L. Grammar is the better servant than a mster
M. Grammar is a better servant than a mster N. A Grammar is a better servant than a mster.
72. ‡KvbwU ï× evK¨? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (Lyjbv I PÆMÖvg wefvM) : 2008]
K. There is no room for doubt in it. L. I found him write something.
M. There is no place for doubt in it. N. Find out the word in the dictionary. DËi: K
e¨vL¨v: cÖ_g AckbwU ï×| Z…Zxq AckbwU‡Z palce Gi cwie‡Z© room n‡j ï× evK¨ n‡Zv| Z…Zxq Ack‡b find +
object + present participle (v-ing) Abymv‡i writing n‡e| PZz_© Ack‡b Find out Gi cwie‡Z© Look up
(Dictionary n‡Z Lyu‡R †ei Kiv) n‡e|
K. He was too clever to grasp the point. L. Scarcely had we started when it began to rain
M. Why you have done this? N. A gold is a precious metal. DËi: L
e¨vL¨v: cÖ_g Ack‡b grasp Gi cwie‡Z© miss eëüZ n‡e| wØZxq AckbwU ï×| Z…Zxq Ack‡b Sentence Gi
word order wVK bvB| ï× evK¨wU n‡e- Why have you done this? PZz_© Ack‡b Gold Gi mvg‡b †_‡K a ev`
hv‡e|
74. wb‡Pi †Kvb evK¨wU ï×? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (wµmvbw_gvg) : 2012]
K. He requested for my help. L. Time and tide wait for no man. DËi : N
M. The ship with its crew, were lost. N. The horse and carriage is at the door.
e¨vL¨v: Ackb ÔMÕ †Z was lost n‡e| Ackb ÔLÕ †Z wait for none n‡e| KviY GwU GKwU cÖev` evK¨| Ackb ÔKÕ
‡Z ïay requested n‡e|
75. ‡Kvb evK¨wU ï×? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (wZZvm) : 10]
K. Where are your luggages? L. Can you give me an advice?
M. What beautiful scenaries! N. What an awful weather! DËi : N
e¨vL¨v : PZz_© AckbwU ï×| Ab¨vb¨ Ackb¸‡jvi ï× iƒc n‡e- Where is your luggage. Can you give me a
piece of advice? What a beautiful scenary!
76. wb‡Pi †Kvb evK¨wU ï×? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (‡Mvjvc) : 09; cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (Wvwjqv) : 12]
K. He cannot pronounce the word. L. I saw his pulse.
M. Tell me where are you going? N. Dog is a faithful animal. DËi : K
e¨vL¨v : cÖ_g AckbwU ï×| wØZxq Ack‡b saw Gi cwie‡Z© felt n‡e| KviY, bvoxi ¯ú›`b †`Lv hvq bv, Abyfe Kiv
hvq| Z…Zxq Ack‡b word order wVK bvB| ï× evK¨wU n‡e- Tell me where you are going. The dog is a
faithful animal A_ev Dogs are faithful animals n‡e|
77. ‡Kvb evK¨wU ï×? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (PÆMÖvg wefvM) : 2008]
K. Inform the accident to him L. He succeeded for winning the prize
M. I could not do justice to him N. I sold my furnitures DËi: M
e¨vL¨v : cÖ_g AckbwU‡Z inform him of the accident n‡e| wØZxq AckbwU‡Z succeeded for Gi cwie‡Z©
succeded in n‡e| Z…Zxq AckbwU ï×| PZz_© Ack‡b furnitures Gi cwie‡Z© furniture n‡e|
78. wb‡Pi †Kvb evK¨wU ï×? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (kvcjv) : 2009]
K. He gave me some advice L. Anwar requested for my help
M. I am very better today N. He took nap. DËi: K
e¨vL¨v : wØZxq Ack‡b for ev` hv‡e| Z…Zxq Ack‡b very better Gi cwie‡Z© much better n‡e| PZz_© Ack‡b
nap mvg‡b article (a) Avm‡e| ï× evK¨¸‡jv n‡e- Anwar requested my help. I am much better today.
He took a nap.
78. ‡Kvb evK¨wU ï×? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (XvKv wefvM) : 2008]
K. No pains were spared L. He caught my hand
M. Do not make noise N. We shall walk on foot DËi: K
79. ‡Kvb evK¨wU ï×? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (XvKv wefvM) : 2008]
K. She resembled to her mother. L. I was not at my home.
M. I could not but shed tears. N. He reached at Sylhet. DËi: M
80. ‡Kvb evK¨wU ï×? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (PÆMÖvg wefvM) : 2008]
K. He went to his house L. Put your signature here
M. Rusel only is reliable N. He told me a liar DËi: L
e¨vL¨v : cÖ_g Ack‡b He went home n‡e| PZz_© Ack‡b told Gi cwie‡Z© called n‡e|
81. wb‡Pi †Kvb evK¨wU ï×? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (evMvbwejvm) : 12]
K. There is no place for doubt. L. I went to my house.
M. All passengers must show their ticket. N. He called me a coward. DËi : N
e¨vL¨v : cÖ_g Ack‡b m‡›`‡ni AeKvk bvB A‡_© ‗Room for doubt‘ Gi RvqMvq ‗place for doubt‘ _vKvq Zv
fzj| here, there, home, abroad cÖf…wZi c~‡e© preposition wn‡m‡e Ôto‘ e‡m bv| ZvB wØZxq Ack‡bi evK¨wU
n‡e- I went home. Z…Zxq Ack‡b their tickets n‡e| PZz_© AckbwU ï×|
82. wb‡Pi †Kvb evK¨wU ï×? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (‡Mvjvc): 2012]
K. He refused the debt. L. I could not do justice to it.
M. I could not make justice to it. N. I took a bath. DËi : L
K. I will go after a month L. He absented from the school
M. One of the passers-by rescued her N. One of the passer-by rescued her DËi: M
K. We packed our luggages. L. Listen to my advice.
M. Honey is too sweet. N. Your informations are false. DËi: L
e¨vL¨v : cÖ_g AckbwU‡Z luggages Gi cwie‡Z© luggage n‡e| wØZxq AckbwU ï×| Z…Zxq I PZz_© Ack‡bi evK¨
`ywUi ï× iƒc n‡e- Honey is very sweet. Your information is false. KviY Uncountable noun Gi
Plural nq bv|
85. ‡Kvb evK¨wU ï×? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (cÙv) : 08]
K. I have an urgent business L. We get up at dawn
M. The reason for success are known to me. N. Suffice to say she did very well. DËi : L
e¨vL¨v : cÖ_g AckbwU‡Z business kãwU ÔKvRÕ A‡_© uncountable noun wn‡m‡e singular noun wn‡m‡e count
Kiv nq| ZvB ï× evK¨wU n‡e- I have an urgent piece of business. Ackb ÔMÕ †Z singular verb (is) n‡e|
PZz_© Ack‡b n‡e- Suffice it to say (Avwg GBUzKz eje †h)|
86. wb‡Pi †Kvb evK¨wU ï×? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (ivRkvnx wefvM) : 07]
K. Honey is too sweet. L. I saw him long before.
M. He took offence at my work. N. Asif only is reliable. DËi: L
e¨vL¨v : ï× evK¨mg~n n‡e- Honey is very sweet. Asif alone is reliable. I saw him long ago.
87. Identify the correct sentence. [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK cixÿv : 2016]
K. He is working hard to standing first L. He is working hardly to stand first.
M. He is working hard to stand first. N. He works hard to standing first. DËi: M
e¨vL¨v : (K) to stand is correct. (L) hard is correct, (N) to stand is correct. myZivs MVbMZ w`K n‡Z
mwVK n‡”Q- (M) He is working hard to stand first.
88. One should cling ---one‘s plan. ev‡Kï k~b¨¯’v‡b mwVK kã em‡e- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (wZZvm) : 2010;
cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (wZZvm) : 2010]
K. with L. to M. of N. for DËi: L
89. Which is right? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (wm‡jU wefvM) : 07]
K. He and myself went out L. Myself and he went out
M. I and he went out N. He and I went out DËi: N
90. Which one is correct? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (wm‡jU wefvM) : 07]
K. Mr. karim is blind for his son‘s fault L. Mr. karim is blind about his son‘s fault
M. Mr. karim is blind to his son‘s fault N. Mr. karim is blind of his son‘s fault DËi: M
e¨vL¨v : Blind to (faulth)- ‡`v‡li cÖwZ AÜ, †`‡LI bv †`Lvi fvb| wg÷vi Kwig Zvi mšÍv‡bi †`v‡li e¨vcv‡i AÜ|
91. Which of the following is a correct sentence? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2006]
K. He was so clever to miss the point. L. He was too clever to miss the point.
M. He was too clever to grasp the point. N. He was too clever not to miss the point. D : L
e¨vL¨v : cÖ_g Ack‡b so Gi cwie‡Z© too n‡e| Z…Zxq Ack‡b grasp Gi cwie‡Z© miss n‡e|
K. He is not on the committee. L. He is not in the committee.
M. He is not with the committee. N. He is not at the committee. DËi: K
93. †Kvb evK¨wU ï×? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2019]
K. Mr. Jamal is not on the committee. L. Mr. Jamal is not in the committee.
M. Mr. Jamal is not in committee. N. Mr. Jamal is not at the committee. DËi: K
94. One should be careful about.........duty. [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2018]
K. one's L. the M. his N. her DËi: K
95. Which sentence is correct? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2018]
K. He is as good as I. L. He is as good as mine.
M. He is as good as myself. N. He is as good as me. DËi: K
e¨vL¨v : As + Adjective + as Gici pronoun Gi subjective form em‡e | myZivs mwVK DËi n‡jv- (K) He
is as good as I.
96. Identify the correct sentence. [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2018]
K. The padma is the longest river in Bangladesh.
L. The padma is longest river in Bangladesh.
M. The padma is longest river in the Bangladesh.
N. Padma is longest river in Bangladesh. DËi: K
e¨vL¨v : Adjective Gi superlative form Gi c~‡e© the e‡m| b`-b`xi bv‡gi c~‡e©I the e‡m| myZivs mwVK DËi
n‡”Q- The padma is the longest river in Bangladesh.
K. He copied the answer word by word. L. He copied the answer word for word.
M. He copied the answer word with word. N. He copied the answer word in word. DËi: L
e¨vL¨v: word for word GKwU phrase hvi A_©- Aÿ‡i Aÿ‡i|
K. You are a pride of Bangladesh L. You are pride of Bangladesh
M. You are a pride of the Bangladesh N. You are the pride of Bangladesh DËi: K
98. Choose the correct answer. How long did you wait? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (PÆMÖvg wefvM) : 02]
K. till lunch time. L. till he came.
M. until 6 O‘ clock. N. since this morning. DËi : M
99. wb‡Pi †Kvb evK¨wU ï×? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (ewikvj wefvM): 08]
K. She told me that she will come tomorrow. L. They went back after we arrived.
M. That was a slip of the pen. N. My son is ill all this week. DËi : M
100. ‡KvbwU ï×? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 93]
K. it is a true fact. L. This a fact.
M. It is a fact. N. The fact is true. DËi : M
Conditional Sentence
Zero Conditional
Conditional
First Second Sentence
Conditional
Conditional Conditional Gi
cÖKvi‡f`
Third Conditional
If/Unless hy³ Sentence = Conditional Sentence

02 wU cv‡U©i GKwU Ask‡K ejv nq Conditional, Aci AskwU‡K ejv nq Result Ask
Zero conditional : If + present indefinite Tense, Present Indefinite Tense
1st conditional :
Conditional If + present indefinite Tense, Sub + shall/will/may/can + V1 + object.
Sentence
Gi 2nd conditional :
Structure If + past indefinite Tense, Sub + would/could/might + V1 + object.
3rd conditional :
If + Past Perfect Tense, Sub + would/could/might + have+ V3 + object.
AviI wKQz Structure

nd
2 Conditional 3rd Conditional
If + subject + were/had + object, Subject + Had + subject + V3 + object, Subject
would/could/might + V1 + object. + would/could/might + have + V3 +
Had + Subject + others…, sub + would/could/might + object.
V1 + object.
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. If we had a boat, we – the river. evK¨wUi k~b¨¯’v‡b mwVK kã em‡e- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (Lyjbv I PÆMÖvg
wefvM) : 2008]
K. would cross L. will cross
M. will be crossing N. would make crossed DËi: K
e¨vL¨v : 2nd Conditional Abymv‡i, If + subject + were/had + object, Subject + would/could/might
+ V1 + object.
02. If you help me, I ______ grateful. [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (hgybv) : 2012]
K. will remain L. shall remain
M. would remain N. am remaining DËi : K, L
03. If I _______ you, I would never do it. [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (PÆMÖvg wefvM) :07]
K. was L. were M. had been N. have been DËi : L
nd
e¨vL¨v : 2 Conditional Gi wbqgvbymv‡i, If + subject + were/had + object, Subject +
would/could/might + V1 + object.
Articles
wb‡Pi evK¨¸‡jv jÿ¨ Kiæb

 The dog is faithful animal.
 Honesty is the best policy.
 Dhaka is on the Buriganga.
 He speaks English like the English.
 He is a European.
 You are an MBBS.
Dc‡ii evK¨¸‡jvi †KvbwU‡Z a, ‡KvbwU‡Z an, ‡KvbwU‡Z the e‡m‡Q| Bs‡iwR ev‡K¨ eëüZ GB a, an,
the ‡K e‡j Article. Article ¸‡jv mvaviYZ Noun ‡K modify K‡i| ZvB Parts of Speech Gi
we‡ePbvq- G¸‡jv‡K e‡j Adjective. Bs‡iwR Article `yB cÖKvi| h_v-
o Indefinite Article : a/an Øviv mvaviYZ †Kv‡bv e¨w³/e¯‘/cÖvYx‡K Awbw`©ófv‡e eySvq|
†hgb- A man, a boy, a European, an Oxford student, an egg, an apple.
o Definite Article : the Øviv †Kv‡bv e¨w³/e¯‘/cÖvYx‡K wbw`©ófv‡e eySvq| †hgb- The sun is
up, The lion is ferocious animal.
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. Definite article ‡KvbwU? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK : 93]
K. An L. A M. The N. That DËi : M
Article (a, an) k‡ãi D”Pvi‡Yi (Pronunciation) Dci wfwË K‡i eëüZ nq Ges the Bs‡iwR fvlvq eûj
eëüZ GKwU kã|
02. Which is the most frequently used English word in writing? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK
(PÆMÖvg wefvM) : 02]
K. and L. the M. to N. a DËi : L
Bs‡iwR k‡ãi ïiæ‡Z vowel Av‡Q, bv Consonat Av‡Q, Zv wPšÍv bv K‡i ïay evsjv ¯îe‡Y©i (A, Av, B, D, I,
G) gZ D”PviY (Pronunciation) ï‡bB Articles (A, an) wbY©q Kiv hvq|
03. Article is used based on _____ [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 15]
K. pronunciation L. stress M. spelling N. sound DËi : K
04. He lives............comfortable life. [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2018]
K. an L. the M. a N. none DËi : M
e¨vL¨v : Consonant Gi c~‡e© a e‡m| GLv‡b, a comfortable life Øviv Awbw`©óZv eySvq| mvaviYZ k‡ãi cÖ_‡g
consonant _vK‡j Zvi c~‡e© a e‡m| Z‡e vowel (a, e, i, o, u) _vK‡j Zvi c~‡e© an e‡m|
05. ‡Kvb evK¨wU ï×? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (ewikvj wefvM) : 2006]
K. He speaks English like English. L. My brother is an M. A.
M. Look up the word in the dictionary book. N. I feel out of sort today. DËi: L
e¨vL¨v : M. A. Gi ïiæUv evsjv ¯îeY© ÔGÕ-Gi gZ| ZvB Gi Av‡M an e‡m‡Q|
06. Which sentence is correct? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (wgwmwmwc) : 13]
K. You are an MBBS. L. He was an MA.
M. He is an LLB. N. All of them DËi : N
e¨vL¨v : mswÿß (Abbreviation) k‡ãi cÖ_g Aÿi ¯îe‡Y©i (A, Av, B, D, I) g‡Zv D”PvwiZ n‡j Zvi
c~‡e© an e‡m|
{
07. He prefers .........European country for sending his vacation. [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2018]
K. the L. an M. a N. none DËi : M
e¨vL¨v : ÔBDÕ Gi gZ D”PviY nIqvq Gi c~‡e© a e‡m‡Q| Avevi BD‡ivwcqvbfz³ †`k ejv n‡q‡Q, †Kvb †`k
†mUv cwi®‥vi bq ZvB The em‡e bv| cÖ_g Aÿi evsjv ¯îe‡Y©i (A, Av, B, D, I) g‡Zv D”PvwiZ n‡j Zvi
c~‡e© an e‡m| k‡ãi ïiæ‡Z hw` e ev _v‡K Ges D”PviY hw` ÔAvÕ Gi gZ bv n‡q ÔBDÕ Gi gZ n‡j, Zvi c~‡e©
a e‡m| AviI wKQz D`vniY- a University, a uninform, a unique question BZ¨vw`|
08. He is .........European. [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK cixÿv : 16; [‡iwR÷vW© cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (‡Mvjvc) : 11]
K. A L. An M. The N. none DËi : K
e¨vL¨v : ÔBDÕ Gi gZ D”PviY nIqvq Gi c~‡e© a e‡m‡Q| Avevi BD‡ivwcqvbfz³ †`k ejv n‡q‡Q, †Kvb †`k
†mUv cwi¯‥vi bq ZvB the em‡e bv| myZivs ev‡K¨ ÔaÕ Gi eënvi mwVK|
09. Which is the correct article? Metre is – unit of length. [cÖv_wgK we`¨v mn wkÿK (wm‡jU wefvM) : 07]
K. a L. an M. the N. no article DËi: K
e¨vL¨v : ÔBDÕ Gi gZ D”PviY nIqvq Gi c~‡e© a e‡m‡Q| A_©vr k‡ãi ïiæ‡Z vowel _vK‡jB an n‡e bv|
10. ÔI saw ____ begger.‘ ev‡Kï k~b¨¯’v‡b mwVK kã n‡e- [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK (`vwbqye) : 13]
K. an one-eyed L. an one-eye M. a one-eye N. a one-eyed DËi : N
e¨vL¨v : ÔIqvÕ Gi gZ D”PviY nIqvq Gi c~‡e© a e‡m‡Q| k‡ãi cÖ_‡g O _vK‡j Ges Gi D”PviY ÔIqvÕ Gi
g‡Zv n‡j Gi c~‡e© a e‡m|
11. ÔHe received __ wound.‘ evK¨wUi k~b¨¯’v‡b mwVK kã em‡e- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (ivRkvnx wefvM) : 07]
K. a L. an M. one N. the DËi : K
What w`‡q ïiæ nIqv Exclamatory ev‡K¨ a/an e‡m| †hgb- What a beautiful
a/an house! What an interesting story you told!
Gi ev‡Kï A_© Abymv‡i a/an e‡m| †hgb- Sumaiya saw a most wonderful sight.
AviI wKQz (mygvBqv GKwU AZ¨šÍ PgrKvi `„k¨ †`L‡jv|)
wbqg ‡Kv‡bv adjective Gi c~‡e© so/too _vK‡j Gi c‡i noun Gi c~‡e© a/an e‡m| †hgb-
This is too terrible an accident for him.
K. Grammar is better servant than a master
L. Grammar is the better servant than a master
M. Grammar is a better servant than master
N. A grammar is a better servant than a master DËi : N
e¨vL¨v: cÖ_g option wU‡Z than Gi c‡ii Noun Gi c~‡e© Article ‗a‘ eënvi Kiv n‡j Grammar
kãwUi c~‡e© †Kv‡bv Article eënvi Kiv nqwb| ZvB GB option wU fyj| wØZxq option wU‡Z better-Gi
c~‡e© the eënvi Kivq I Grammar k‡ãi c~‡e© Grammar kãwUi c~‡e© †Kv‡bv Article eënvi bv Kivq
option wU fzj| Z…Zxq option wU‡Z better Gi c~‡e© Article ‗a‘ eënvi Kivq option GwUI fzj| PZz_©
option wU‡Z G ai‡bi †Kv‡bv fzj cwijwÿZ bv nIqvq GB option wU mwVK|
‡Kv‡bv Plural noun (‡hgb- Cows, dogs, men, cats, umbrellas) BZ¨vwì c~‡e© a/an e‡m bv|
13. wb‡Pi †Kvb evK¨wU ï×? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (Lyjbv wefvM) : 03]
K. A dog is faithful animal. L. The dog is a faithful animal.
M. The dog is faithful animal. N. Dog is a faithful animal. DËi : L
e¨vL¨v : The dog is a faithful animal A_ev Dogs are faithful animals DfqB ï×| mgMÖ RvZ ev †kÖwY‡K
†evSv‡bvi Rb¨ Singular common noun Gi c~‡e© the e‡m| †hgb- The lion is a ferocicious animal.
K. A lion is ferocious animal. L. The lion is ferocious animal.
M. The lion is a ferocious animal. N. Lion is a ferocious animal. DËi : M
‡Ljvi bvg (Cricket, football, hockey BZ¨vw`) Ges Lvev‡ii bvg (Breakfast,
wKQz wKQz lunch, dinner BZ¨vw`) Gi c~‡e© a/an e‡m bv|
†ÿ‡Î
wKQz wKQz Uncountable noun (advice, information, work, baggage BZ¨vw`) Gi
a/an
c~‡e© a/an e‡m bv| Your information is false. He gave me a lot of information.
eëüZ
nq bv ‡Kvb †Kvb material noun (water, rice, milk, salt, gold, iron, oil, paper
BZ¨vw`) Gi c~‡e© a/an e‡m bv| ‡hgb- Gold is a precious metal.
RvwZ ev m¤úª`v‡qi bv‡gi c~‡e© Ôthe‘ e‡m|

15. Choose the correct sentence. [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 15]
K. He speaks the English like the English. L. He speaks English like English.
M. He is speaks the English like English. N. He speaks English like the English.DËi : N
e¨vL¨v : He speaks the English like the English. (‡m Bswjk‡ì gZ K_v e‡j|) GLv‡b cÖ_g
English Øviv fvlv Ges wØZxq Øviv RvwZ‡K †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q| A_©vr fvlv‡K eySv‡j the e‡m bv, wKš‘ RvwZ
eySv‡j the e‡m|
16. ÔRvg©vbiv divwm‡ì AvµgY K‡iwQjÕ- evK¨wUi ï× Bs‡iwR Abyev` †KvbwU? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 89]
K. The Germans attacked French. L. The German attacked the French.
M. Germans attacked French. N. The Germans attacked the French. DËi : L
17. --- English speak English. evK¨wUi k~b¨¯’v‡b mwVK kã em‡e- [‡iwR÷vW© cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (‡Mvjvc) : 11]
K. Only L. A M. An N. The DËi: N
e¨vL¨v: RvwZi c~‡e© The eënvi Kiv nq| wKš‘ fvlvi bv‡gi c~‡e© The eënvi Kiv nq bv|
18. Choose the correct sentence. [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2018]
K. Airport is a busy place. L. Airport is busy place.
M. The airport is a busy place. N. Airport is busy place. DËi : M
e¨vL¨v : Airport is a singular common noun, myZivs Gi c~‡e© the em‡e| †Kbbv GwU (Airport)
G‡KB RvZxq mKj †K eySv‡”Q| Z‡e busy place Gi c~‡e© a em‡e| KviY, Gi gva¨‡g Awbw`©óZv eySv‡”Q|
myZivs mwVK evK¨wU n‡e- The airport is a busy place.
Adjective-Gi Superlative degree-Gi c~‡e© Ôthe‘ e‡m|
19. Articles: Honesty is _____ best policy. [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 92]
K. the L. on M. a N. an DËi : K
¯ªóvi m„wói g‡a¨ †h mKj wRwb‡mi Aw¯ÍÍZ¡ ïay GKwU, Zv‡ì bv‡gi c~‡e© The e‡m| †hgb- Moon, sun, earth,
sky, world, universe BZ¨vw`|
20. Which of the following sentences is incorrect? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 13]
K. The sky is blue. L. The earth is round.
M. The moon shines at night. N. A sky is blue. DËi : N
GKwU gvÎ ce©Z, Øxc, AšÍixc, n«‡ì bv‡g c~‡e© Article e‡m bv| e¨wZµg : The Cape of Good Hope
(DËgvkv AšÍixc)| Z‡e Lvj, b`x, mvMi, DcmvMi, ØxccyÄ, RvnvR BZ¨vwì bv‡gi c~‡e© The e‡m|
21. wb‡Pi †Kvb evK¨wU ï×? [‡iwR÷vW© cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (UMi) : 2011]
K. Lake Chilka is in Orrisa L. Lake Chilka is in the Orrisa
M. The lake Chilka is in the Orrisa N. The lake Chilka is in Orrisa DËi: K
e¨vL¨v : Lake Chilka bv‡g c„w_ex‡Z GKwUB †jK i‡q‡Q|
22. _____ Mount Everest is the highest peak in the Himalays. [15Zg cÖfvlK wbeÜb : 19]
K. No Article L. on M. a N. an DËi : K
e¨vL¨v : Mount Everest bv‡g c„w_ex‡Z GKwUB ce©Z i‡q‡Q| ZvB Gi c~‡e© †Kvb Article eëüZ n‡e bv|
23. The correct sentence of the following. [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2018]
K. The Padma is longest river in Bangladesh
L. The Padma is longest river in the Bangladesh.
M. Padma is longest river in Bangladesh.
N. The Padma is the longest river in Bangladesh. DËi : N
e¨vL¨v : Adjective-Gi Superlative degree-Gi c~‡e© Ôthe‘ e‡m|
Proper noun, Material noun, Abastract noun Gi c~‡e© mvaviYZ The e‡m bv|
24. Which one is correct? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (PÆMÖvg wefvM) : 03]
K. Dhaka is on the Buriganga. L. Dhaka is on Buriganga.
M. The Dhaka is on the Buriganga. N. Dhaka is no a Buriganga. DËi : K
Abstract noun Gi Av‡M †Kvb Article e‡m bv| Z‡e wbw`©ó K‡i emv‡j ÔThe‘ e‡m|
25. ________ Honesty of Rahim is enviable. [12Zg cÖfvlK wbeÜb : 15]
K. The L. A M. An N.No article DËi : K
K. Lion is beast of prey. L. A lion is beast of prey.
M. The Lion is a beast of prey. N. The Lion is beast of prey. DËi : M
27. wb‡Pi †Kvb evK¨wU ï×? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (eywoM½v) : 13]
K. The more he gets, more he wants. L. More he gets, the more he wants.
M. The more he gets, the more he wants. N. More he gets, more he wants. DËi : M
28. Which one of the following sentences is redundant? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (Lyjbv wefvM) : 07]
K. Nazrul is both a poet and a singer.
L. The ruling will affect both tourists and residents.
M. The ruling will affect tourists as well as residents
N. The ruling will affect both tourists as well as residents. DËi: K
29. At last the beast in him got – upperhand evK¨wUi k~b¨¯’v‡b mwVK kã em‡e- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq
mnKvix wkÿK (Lyjbv I PÆMÖvg wefvM) : 2008]
K. a L. an M. the N. up DËi: M
AviI wKQz wbqg-

 Road ev iv¯Ívi bv‡gi Av‡M the e‡m, wKš‘ Street ev Avenue Gi c~‡e© the e‡m bv| †hgb- The
book is bought from Bangbandhu Avenue. The car is running on the college road.
 HwZnvwmK ¯’vb, hy³ †`k /¯’v‡bi bv‡gi Av‡M the e‡m| †hgb- The USA, The Tajmahal, The
Uk BZ¨vw`|
 wKQz wbw`©ó eB‡qi Av‡M the eënvi Ki‡Z nq| †hgb- The Holy Quran, The Bible BZ¨vw`|
 cvwb‡K MYbv Kiv hvq bv, ZvB cvwbi Av‡M the e‡m bv| ‡hgb- Water has no color. Z‡e cwigvc
Kiv m¤¢e n‡j the e‡m| †hgb- The water of this pond is lucid.
 Proper noun G c~‡e© Adjective _vK‡j D³ Adjective Gi c~‡e© the e‡m| †hgb- The great
Omar was the second caliph of Islam.
 HwZnvwmK `wjj, weL¨vZ `vjvb, weL¨vZ cÖvmv` BZ¨vw` Gi c~‡e© the e‡m| †hgb- The Magna
Carta, The Twin Tower BZ¨vw`|
 Adjective Øviv ‡Kvb RvwZ ev m¤úª`vq‡K †evSv‡j Zvi c~‡e© the e‡m| ‡hgb- The rich are not
always happy.
 Singular Designation (cèx/Dcvwa) Gi c~‡e© the e‡m| †hgb- The Headmaster, The Prime
Minister, The President.
 ev`¨h‡š¿i bv‡gi c~‡e© The e‡m| ‡hgb- He can play the piano.
LvBiæjÕm cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq wkÿK wb‡qvM MvBW c`v_© weÁvb #931
‡f․Z weÁv‡bi Dbœqb

c`v_©weÁv‡bi µgweKvk
(Development of Physics)
eZ©gv‡b c`v_©weÁvb ej‡Z Avgiv †h welqwU‡K ‡evSvB cÖvPxbKv‡j †mwU ïiæ n‡qwQj †R¨vwZwe©`¨v, Av‡jvKweÁvb, MwZwe`¨v
Ges MwY‡Zi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© kvLv R¨vwgwZi mgš^‡q| wMÖK weÁvbx †_wjm (BC 584-624) cÖ_g Kvh©KviY Ges hyw³ Qvov ïay ag©,
AZxw›`ªq Ges †c․ivwYK KvwnwbwfwËK e¨vL¨v MÖnY Ki‡Z A¯^xKvi K‡iwQ‡jb| †_wjm me©cÖ_g m~h©MÖn‡Yi fwel¨ØvYx K‡iwQ‡jb
Ges †jvW‡÷v‡bi †P․¤^K ag© m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Zb|
 R¨vwgwZ QvovI K¤úgvb Zv‡ii Ici †g․wjK KvR K‡iwQ‡jb— cx_v‡Mvivm|
 c`v‡_©i AwefvR¨ GKK Av‡Q, hvi bvg †Ìqv n‡qwQj ÔGUgÕ— cÖ_g GB aviYv †`b wMÖK `vk©wbK †W‡gvwµUvm|
 gvwU, cvwb, evZvm I Av¸b w`‡q mewKQz •Zwi nIqvi gZev`wU ‡`b— Gwi÷Uj|
 cÖ_‡g m~h©‡Kw›`ªK †m․iRM‡Zi aviYv w`‡qwQ‡jb— Avwi¯ÍvKm Ges Zvui Abymvix †m‡jDKvm hyw³ZK© w`‡q ‡mwU cÖgvY
K‡iwQ‡jb— †m‡jDKvm|
 wMÖK weÁvb Ges MwYZ Zvui m‡e©v”P wkL‡i D‡VwQj— me©Kv‡ji GKRb †kÖô weÁvbx AvwK©wgwW‡mi (287 BC) mgq|
 mwVKfv‡e c„w_exi e¨vmva© ‡ei K‡iwQ‡jb— Biv‡Zvw¯’wbm|
 k~b¨‡K mwZ¨Kvi A‡_© eënvi Kivi welqwUI Kiv n‡qwQj— fviZe‡l© (Avh©fÆ) Kiv n‡qwQj|
 gymwjg MwYZwe` Avj †LvqvwiRwgi †jLv ÔAvj Rvwei Iqvj †gvKvwejvÕ eB †_‡K— eZ©gvb ÔGj‡ReivÕ bvgwU G‡m‡Q|
 Av‡jvKweÁv‡bi ¯’cwZ wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv nq— Be‡b Avj nvBqvg (965) ‡K|
 Igi •Lqvg wQ‡jb— MwYZwe`, †R¨vwZwe©` Ges `vk©wbK|
 Pxbv weÁvbx †kb Kz‡qvi (1031) Pz¤^K wb‡q KvR K‡i‡Qb Ges åg‡Yi mgq K¤úvm eënvi K‡i w`K wba©viY Kivi
welqwU D‡jøL K‡iwQ‡jb|
weÁv‡bi DÌvbce©
BD‡ivcxq †iu‡bmvi hy‡M A_©vr †lvok Ges mß`k kZvãx‡Z BD‡iv‡c c`v_©weÁv‡bi RM‡Z GKwU we¯§qKi wecø‡ei ïiæ nq|
‡Kvcvwb©Kvm : 1543 mv‡j †Kvcvwb©Kvm Zvui GKwU eB‡q m~h©‡Kw›`ªK GKwU †m․iRM‡Zi e¨vL¨v †`b (eB‡qi cÖKvkK ag©hvRK‡ì
f‡q wj‡LwQ‡jb †h GwU mwZ¨Kv‡ii e¨vL¨v bq, ïay GKwU MvwYwZK mgvavb gvÎ)|
M¨vwjwjI (1564-1642) : ‡Kvcvwb©Kv‡mi ZË¡wU †jvKPÿzi Avov‡j c‡o wQj Ges †mwU mevi mvg‡b wb‡q Av‡mb M¨vwjwjI|
M¨vwjwjI‡K A‡bK mgq AvaywbK weÁv‡bi RbK ejv nq| wZwb m~h©‡Kw›`ªK †m․iRM‡Zi cÖe³v nIqvi Kvi‡Y Pv‡P©i †Kvcvb‡j
c‡owQ‡jb Ges †kl Rxe‡b Zvu‡K M„ne›`x n‡q KvUv‡Z nq|
wbDUb : 1687 wLªóv‡ã weÁvbx wbDUb ejwe`¨vi wZbwU Ges gnvKl© e‡ji m~Î cÖKvk K‡ib, †hwU ej Ges MwZwe`¨vi wfwË
•Zwi K‡i †`q|
Zvc m¤úwK©Z : Aóv`k kZvãxi Av‡M Zvc‡K finxb GK ai‡bi Zij wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv n‡Zv| 1798 mv‡j KvD›U
ivg‡dvW© †`Lvb, Zvc GK ai‡bi kw³ Ges hvwš¿K kw³‡K Zvckw³‡Z iƒcvšÍi Kiv hvq| AviI A‡bK weÁvbxi M‡elYvi Ici
wfwË K‡i jW© †Kjwfb 1850 mv‡j Zvc MwZweÁv‡bi (_v‡g©vwWbvwg‡·i) `ywU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© m~Î w`‡qwQ‡jb|
AvaywbK c`v_©weÁv‡bi m~Pbv
 1803 mv‡j Wvëb cvigvYweK ZË¡ w`‡q‡Qb, 1897 mv‡j _gmb †mB cigvYyi †fZi B‡jKUªb Avwe®‥vi K‡i‡Qb|
 ‡Kvqv›Uvg ZË¡ : 1900 mv‡j g¨v· cø¨v¼ †Kvqv›Uvg ZË¡ Avwe®‥vi K‡ib| GB ZË¡ eënvi K‡i cieZx©‡Z cigvYyi
w¯’wZkxjZv e¨vL¨v Kiv m¤¢e n‡qwQj|
 m‡Z¨›`ªbv_ emy : wewKiY msµvšÍ †Kvqv›Uvg msL¨vqb Z‡Ë¡i mwVK MvwYwZK e¨vL¨v w`‡qwQ‡jb cÖ‡dmi m‡Z¨›`ªbv_ emy hv
†evm AvBb÷vBb msL¨vqb ZË¡ bv‡g cwiwPZ| c`v_©weÁv‡bi RM‡Z wZwb †h Ae`vb †i‡LwQ‡jb Zvi ¯^xK…wZ¯îƒc
GK‡kÖwYi ‡g․wjK KYv‡K †evmb (†evm) bvg †Ìqv nq|
 w_Iwi Ae wi‡jwUwfwU : 1905 mv‡j AvBb÷vB‡bi w_Iwi Ae wi‡jwUwfwU †_‡K me©Kv‡ji me‡P‡q PgKcÖ` m~Î
‡ei n‡q Av‡m, †hLvb †_‡K †`Lv‡bv nq e¯‘i fi‡K kw³‡Z iƒcvšÍi Kiv m¤¢e|
 ‡Kvqv›Uvg Z‡Ë¡i mv‡_ w_Iwi Ae wi‡jwUwfwU eënvi K‡i wWivK 1931 mv‡j cÖwZ c`v‡_©i (Anti Particle) Aw¯ÍZ¡
†NvlYv K‡ib, †hwU c‡ii eQ‡iB Avwe®‥…Z n‡q hvq|
 1895 mv‡j i›U‡Rb G·-‡i Avwe®‥vi K‡ib|
 1899 mv‡j wcqv‡i Kzwi I gv`vg †gwi Kzwi †iwWqvg Avwe®‥vi K‡ib|
mv¤úªwZK c`v_©weÁvb
 B‡jKUªwbKm Ges AvaywbK cªhyw³i Avwe®‥v‡ii Kvi‡Y kw³kvjx G‡·‡j‡iUi •Zwi Kiv m¤¢e nq Ges A‡bK †ewk kw³‡Z
G‡·‡j‡iU K‡i bZzb KYv Avwe®‥…Z n‡Z _v‡K|
 Standard Model eënvi K‡i bZzb KYv¸‡jvi fi e¨vL¨v Kiv m¤¢e bq e‡j f‡ii Rb¨ wnMm †evmb bv‡g GKwU bZzb
KYvi Aw¯ÍZ¡ fwel¨ØvYx Kiv nq| 2013 mv‡j cixÿvMv‡i wnMm †evmb kbv³ KivwU ZvwË¡K c`v_©weÁv‡bi weivU mvdj¨
wn‡m‡e aiv nq| GB Avwe®‥viK wU‡g evsjv‡`wk weÁvbx Rvwn` nvmvb wQ‡jb|
 1924 mv‡j nvej †`wL‡qwQ‡jb wekêªþv‡Ði me¸‡jv M¨vjvw· G‡K A‡bï †_‡K `~‡i m‡i hv‡”Q, †hwU cÖ`k©b K‡i †h
wekêªþvÐ ax‡i ax‡i cÖmvwiZ n‡”Q| weÁvbxiv †`Lvb cÖvq †P․Ï wewjqb eQi Av‡M ÔweM e¨vsÕ bv‡g GKwU cÖPÐ we‡ùvi‡Y
wekêªþvÐ •Zwi nIqvi ci †mwU cÖmvwiZ n‡Z _v‡K| AwZ m¤úªwZ weÁvbxiv †`wL‡q‡Qb, GB cÖmviY KL‡bvB †_‡g hv‡e
bv Ges wekêªþv‡Ði mewKQzB GKwU Ab¨wU †_‡K `~‡i m‡i hv‡e| wR j¨v‡gUi weM e¨vs ZË¡wUi e¨vL¨v cÖ`vb K‡i| AwZ
m¤úªwZ weÁvbxiv †`wL‡q‡Qb, GB cÖmviY KL‡bvB †_‡g hv‡e bv Ges wekêªþv‡Ði mewKQzB GKwU Ab¨wU †_‡K `~‡i m‡i
hv‡e| ÔweM e¨vsÕ ZË¡wUi AvaywbK e¨vL¨v cÖ`vb K‡ib w÷‡db nwKÝ|
 WvK© g¨vUvi I WvK© GbvwR© : c`v_©weÁvbxiv `„k¨gvb MÖn bÿÎ M¨vjvw·i gvÎ 4 kZvsk e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cv‡ib, evwK e¨vL¨v
Ki‡Z n‡j inm¨gq WvK© g¨vUvi I WvK© GbvwR©i aviYv †g‡b wb‡Z nq| hvi MVb wb‡q weÁvbxiv M‡elYv K‡i hv‡”Qb|
KwVb c`v‡_©i weÁvb (Solid State) wb‡q M‡elYv Aa©cwievnx c`v‡_©i Rb¥ †`q, †h¸‡jv eënvi K‡i eZ©gvb B‡j±ªwbKm
M‡o D‡V‡Q, †hwU eZ©gvb mf¨Zvi wfwËg~j|
‣eÁvwbK hš¿ I eënvi
h‡š¿i bvg eënvi h‡š¿i bvg eënvi
wgUvi ‡¯‥j ‣`N¨© cwigv‡ci me‡P‡q mij hš¿ K¨vjwiwgUvi Zvc cwigvcK hš¿
fvwb©qvi ‡¯‥j ‣`N¨© cwigvcK hš¿ (wgwjwgUv‡ii fMœvsk) _v‡g©vwgUvi DòZv cwigvcK hš¿
¯øvBW K¨vwjcvm© e¯‘i ‣`N¨©, ‡PvO ev ‡ej‡bi D”PZv, _v‡g©v÷¨vU wd«R, Bw¯¿, I‡fb BZ¨vw`‡Z e¯‘i
dvucv b‡ji AšÍ:e¨vm I ewn:e¨vm, ZvcgvÎv wbqš¿‡Yi hš¿
‡Mvj‡Ki e¨vm wbY©q Kiv hvq Zyjv hš¿ Lye Aí cwigvY wRwb‡mi fi my²fv‡e
w¯úªs wbw³ mivmwi e¯‘i IRb wbY©vqK wbY©q Kivi hš¿
RvB‡iv K¤úvm Rvnv‡Ri w`K wbY©vqK AwWI wgUvi k‡ãi ZxeªZv wbY©vqK hš¿
AwWI ‡dvb Kv‡b w`‡q ‡kvbvi hš¿ wmm‡gvMÖvd f~K¤úb Zi½ cwigvcK hš¿
wiLUvi ‡¯‥j f~K¤úb ZxeªZv cwigvcK ‡¯‥j| G cvB‡ivwgUvi ZviKvmg~‡ni (m~‡h©i) DËvc wbY©vqK hš¿
‡¯‥‡j 1 ‡_‡K 10 ch©šÍ f~wgK‡¤úi B‡j±«‡divm ‣e`ÿwZK Av‡ek Øviv PvR© Drcv`‡bi
ZxeªZv aiv nq mij hš¿
‡iBb‡MR e„wó cwigvcK hš¿ ‡UbwmIwgUvi Zi‡ji c…ôUvb cwigvcK hš¿
‡m·U¨v›U m~h© I Ab¨vb¨ MÖ‡ni ‡K․wYK DbœwZ ‡µv‡bvwgUvi `ªvwNgv wbY©q / m~² mgq cwigvcK hš¿
cwigvcK hš¿ A¨vwgUvi we`ÿr cÖevn gvcK hš¿
A¨vw·jv‡ivwgUvi Z¡iY cwigvcK hš¿ ‡fjv‡UvwgUvi ‡e‡M cwigvcK hš¿
M¨vjfv‡bvwgUvi my² gv‡ci we`ÿr cÖevn wbY©vqK hš¿ Ing wgUvi cwievnxi ‡iva wbY©vqK
‡fvë wgUvi ‣e`ÿwZK wefe ev Pvc cwigvcK hš¿ A¨vwb‡gvwgUvi evZv‡mi MwZ‡eM I kw³ cwigvcK hš¿
f¨vbwWMÖvd ‣e`ÿwZK Av‡ek Øviv PvR© Drcv`‡bi Zworex¶b ‡Kvb e¯‘‡Z Avav‡bi Aw¯ÍZ¡ I cÖK…wZ
AvaywbK hš¿ hš¿/B‡j‡±«v‡¯‥vc wbY©vqK|
wùM‡gvg¨v‡bvwgUvi gvbe‡`‡ni i³Pvc wbY©vqK I‡WvwgUvi ‡gvUi Mvwoi MwZ wbY©vqK
‡÷‡_v‡¯‥vc ürwcÛ I dymdy‡mi kã wbY©vqK hš¿ g¨v‡bvwgUvi M¨v‡mi Pvc wbY©vqK
G‡bv‡gvwgUvi evqyi MwZ‡eM gvcK hš¿ e¨v‡ivwgUvi evqygÛ‡ji Pvc wbY©vqK
U¨v‡KvwgUvi D‡ovRvnv‡Ri MwZ wbY©vqK AjwUwgUvi D”PZv wbY©vqK
nvB‡M«vwgUvi evqy‡Z Av`ª©Zv cwigvcK nvB‡W«vwgUvi Zi‡ji Av‡cw¶K ¸iZ¡ ev NbZ¡
j¨v‡±vwgUvi `y‡ai weï×Zv wbY©vqK wbY©vqK
nvB‡W«v‡dvb cvwbi Zjvq kã wbiæcY K‡i d¨v‡`vwgUvi mgy‡`ªi MfxiZv wbY©vqK
d‡bvMÖvd kã ‡iKW© Kivi Rb¨ eëüZ hš¿
wewfbœ hš¿ I Avwe®‥viK

Avwe®‥vi (Avwe®‥v‡ii mvj) Avwe®‥viK Avwe®‥vi (Avwe®‥v‡ii mvj) Avwe®‥viK
‡Uwj‡dvb MÖvnvg †ej ‡Uwjwfkb Rb Gj †eqvW©
‡eZvi (1896) gvK©wb d‡bvMÖvd (1878) Ugvm Avjfv GwWmb
‣e`y¨wZK evwZ Ugvm Avjfv GwWmb ‡jRvi iwk¥ (1960) gvBg¨vb
ev®úxq BwÄb ‡Rgm IqvU D‡ovRvnvR ivBU åvZ…Øq
‡iwd«Rv‡iUi ‡Rgm n¨vwimb Qvcvhš¿ ‡Rvnv‡bm ¸‡UbevM©
‡ZRw¯…qZv ‡nbwi †eK‡ij cvigvYweK †evgv I‡cb‡nBgvi
wWbvgvBU Avj‡d«W †bv‡ej cwjMÖvd/ wg_¨v aivi hš¿ Rb G jvimb
‡iwWqvg (1898) gv`vg Kzwi wm. Gd. wiLUvi (1935) wiLUvi †¯‥j
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. m~h© I Ab¨vb¨ MÖ‡ni D”PZv cwigvcK hš¿- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (‡Mvjvc) : 09; cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK: 08]
K. d¨v‡`vwgUvi L. †m·U¨v›U M. ‡µv‡bvwgUvi N. U¨v‡±vwgUvi DËi : L
02. M¨v‡mi Pvc wbY©vqK h‡š¿i bvg- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (‡ngšÍ): 10]
K. g¨v‡bvwgUvi L. cvB‡ivwgUvi M. nvB‡MÖvwgUvi N. e¨v‡ivwgUvi DËi : K
03. kã ‡iKW© Kivi Rb¨ eëüZ hš¿ nj- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (‡ngšÍ) : 10]
K. Barometer L. Lactometer M. Phonograph N. Odometer DËi : M
04. ‡gvUi Mvwoi MwZ wbY©vqK h‡š¿i bvg- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (evMvbwejvm) : 12]
K. I‡WvwgUvi L. MÖvwfwgUvi M. g¨v‡bvwgUvi N. †µv‡bvwgUvi DËi : K
05. evqyi Pvc wbY©vqK h‡š¿i bvg- [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK (‡gNbv) : 13]
K. nvB‡WªvwgUvi L. e¨v‡ivwgUvi M. j¨v‡±vwgUvi N. †fvëvwgUvi DËi : L
06. cvwbi Zjvq kã wba©vi‡Yi hš¿- [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (‡gNbv): 2013]
K. AwWIwgUvi L. AwWI‡dvb M. d¨v‡`vwgUvi N. nvB‡Wªv‡dvb DËi : N
07. kã †iKW© Kivi Rb¨ eëüZ hš¿ n‡jv- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (‡ngšÍ): 2010]
K. Barometer L. Lactometer M. Fonograph N. Odometer DËi : M
08. k‡ãi ZxeªZv wbY©vqK hš¿- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (wgwmwmwc): 2012; cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (eywoM½v): 2013]
K. AwWIwgUvi L. A¨vwgUvi M. AwWI‡dvb N. AjwUwgUvi DËi: K
09. cvwb wgwkÖZ `ya cixÿvi h‡š¿i bvg wK? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (emšÍ): 2010]
K. A‡WvwgUvi L. g¨v‡bvwgUvi M. j¨vK‡UvwgUvi N. ‡KvbwUB bq DËi : M
10. `y‡ai NbZ¡ wbY©vqK hš¿- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (‡ejx): 2009]
K. g¨v‡bvwgUvi L. MÖv‡dvwgUvi M. cvB‡ivwgUvi N. j¨vK‡UvwgUvi DËi : N
11. mgy‡`ªi MfxiZv gvcv nq †Kvb hš¿ w`‡q? [†iwR÷vW© cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (UMi): 2011; †iwR÷vW© cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK
(wkDjx): 2011]
K. RvB‡iv K¤úvm L. mve‡gwib M. A¨vwbIwgUvi N. d¨v‡`vwgUvi DËi : N
12. D‡ovRvnv‡Ri MwZ wbY©vqK hš¿- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (kxZjÿ¨v) : 2013; †iwR÷vW© cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvx wkÿK (wkDjx): 2011]
K. ‡µv‡bvwgUvi L. I‡WvwgUvi M. U¨v‡KvwgUvi N. AjwUwgUvi DËi : M
13. gUi Mvwoi MwZ wbY©vqK h‡š¿i bvg- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (evMvbwejvm): 2012]
K. A‡WvwgUvi L. MÖvwfwgUvi M. g¨v‡bvwgUvi N. ‡µv‡bvwgUvi DËi : K
14. gvbe †`‡ni i³Pvc wbY©vqK h‡š¿i bvg-[cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK- 2018]
K. w¯úM‡gvg¨v‡bvwgUvi L. †÷‡_vm‡Kvc M. KvwW©IMÖvd N. B‡KvKvwW©IMÖvd DËi : K
e¨vL¨v: w¯úM‡gvg¨v‡bvwgUvi- gvbe‡`‡ni i³Pvc wbY©vqK h‡š¿i bvg, KvwW©IMÖvd- ü`wc‡Ði MwZ wbY©vqK h‡š¿i bvg,
†÷‡_vm‡Kvc- dzmdz‡mi kã wbiƒcK hš¿|
15. ‡Uwj‡dv‡bi Avwe®‥viK †K? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (eywoM½v) : 13]
K. M¨vwjwjI L. MÖvnvg †ej M. Avj‡d«W †bv‡ej N. w÷‡dÝ DËi : L
16. †jRvi iwk¥ †K KZ mv‡j Avwe®‥vi K‡ib? [evwZjK„Z 24Zg wewmGm; cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 15]
K. †evi, 1963 L. iv`vi‡dvW©, 1919 M. nvBM¨vb, 1919 N. gvBg¨vb, 1960 DËi : N
17. d‡bvMÖvd Avwe®‥vi K‡ib- [23Zg wewmGm; cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (Wvwjqv): 12]
K. gvK©wb L. d¨viv‡W M. i›U‡Rb N. GwWmb DËi : N
18. e¨v‡ivwgUvi Avwe®‥vi K‡ib- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (W¨v‡dvwWj) : 12]
K. GwWmb L. M¨vwjwjI M. U‡iwmwj N. RR© †Kwj DËi : M
19. we`y¨r‡K mvaviY gvby‡li Kv‡R jvMv‡bvi Rb¨ †Kvb •eÁvwb‡Ki Ae`vb me‡P‡q †ewk?
K. †eÄvwgb d«v¼wjb L. AvBR¨vK wbDUb M. Ugvm GwWmb N. †fvëv DËi : M
20. cvigvYweK †evgv Avwe®‥vi K‡ib †K?
K. AvBb÷vBb L. I‡cb‡nBgvi M. A‡Uvn¨vb N. †iv‡RbevM© DËi : L
21. ‡Uwjwfkb Avwe®‥vi K‡ib- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (K¨v‡gwjqv) : 12]
K. GwWkb L. B÷g¨vb M. Aw÷b N. Rb Gj †eqvW© DËi : N
22. ‡eZvi hš¿ Avwe®‥vi K‡ib- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (K¨v‡gwjqv) : 2012]
K. RM`xk P›`ª emy L. d¨viv‡W M. MÖvnvg †ej N. gvK©wb DËi : N
23. ‣e`y¨wZK evwZ Avwe®‥vi K‡ib- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (evMvbwejvm) : 12]
K. gvK©wb L. wbDUb M. U‡iwmwj N. Ugvm Avjfv GwWmb DËi : N
24. E = mc2 m~‡Îi Avwe®‥viK— [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (ewikvj wefvM) : 07; cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (ivRkvnx wefvM): 03]
K. M¨vwjwjI L. †Kvcvwb©Kvm M. AvwK©wgwWm N. AvB÷vBb DËi : N
25. RywjI Kzwi wQ‡jb GKRb wek^weL¨vZ- [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 15]
K. Kwe L. mvwnwZ¨K M. •eÁvwbK N. wkíx DËi : M
‡f․Z ivwk Ges Gi cwigvc

‡g․wjK ivwk
‡g․wjK ivwk¸‡jv n‡”Q •`N©¨, fi, mgq, •e`y¨wZK cÖevn, ZvcgvÎv, c`v‡_©i cwigvY I `xcb ZxeªZv| GB mvZwU †g․wjK
ivwki AvšÍR©vwZKfv‡e ¯^xK…Z mvZwU GKK‡K e‡j SI GKK (SI G‡m‡Q divwm fvlvi Systeme International d’
Unites K_vwU †_‡K)| Pvjy nq 1960 wLª÷v‡ã|
ivwk GKK Symbol ivwk GKK Symbol
‣`N©¨ wgUvi(meter) m ZvcgvÎv ‡Kjwfb (kelvin) K
fi wK‡jvMÖvg(kilogram) kg c`v‡_©i cwigvY ‡gvj (mole) mol
mgq ‡m‡KÛ (second) s `xcb ZxeªZv K¨v‡Ûjv (candela) cd
we`y¨r cÖevn A¨vw¤úqvi (ampere) A mgq ‡m‡KÛ (second) s
Z_¨KwYKv
 GK eM©BwÂ— = 6.45 eM©‡mw›UwgUvi|  GK KzB›Uvj— 100 wK‡jvMÖvg|
 GK wgUvi— 39.37 BwÂ| e‡ji AvšÍR©vwZK GKK— wbDUb|  Zij c`v‡_©i cÖPwjZ cwigvcK GKK—wjUvi|
 AvšÍR©vwZK c×wZ‡Z AvqZ‡bi GKK— NbwgUvi|  Zvc I Kv‡Ri GKK— Ryj|
 ‡Mvj‡Ki AvqZ‡bi m~Î— NbGKK|  ‣e`y¨wZK ÿgZvi GKK— IqvU|
 GK wK‡jvMÖvg— 2.20 cvDÛ|
 GK NbwgUvi cvwbi fi— 1000 †KwR ev 1000 wjUvi|
 wmwRGm c×wZ‡Z •`‡N©i GKK— ‡mw›UwgUvi|
 GK †n±i— 10 nvRvi eM©GKK|
 wmwRGm c×wZ‡Z e‡ji GKK— WvBb|
 GK gvBj— 1.61 wK‡jvwgUvi| GK wK‡jvwgUvi— 0.62 gvBj|
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. M.K.S c×wZ‡Z f‡ii GKK— [33Zg wewmGm; cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK: 02]
K. wK‡jvMÖvg L. cvDÛ M. MÖvg N. AvDÝ DËi : K
e¨vL¨v : M. K. S c×w‡Z‡Z f‡ii GKK wK‡jvMÖvg, •`‡N©ï GKK wgUvi, mg‡qi GKK †m‡KÛ|
02. KvR I e‡ji GKK h_vµ‡g- (31Zg wewmGm)
K. wbDUb I wgUvi L. Ryj I WvBb M. IqvU I cvDÛ N. c¨vm‡Kj I wK‡jvMÖvg D: L
ejwe`¨v
weÁvbx m¨vi AvBR¨vK wbDUb 1867 mv‡j Zvui Agi MÖš’ Ôwd‡jv‡mvwdqv b¨vPvivwjm wcÖwÝwcqv g¨v_g¨vwUKvÕ ‡Z e¯‘i fi, MwZ I
e‡ji g‡a¨ m¤úK© ¯’vcb K‡i wZbwU m~Î cÖKvk K‡ib| m~Î wZbwU‡K ÔwbDU‡bi MwZi m~ÎÕ ejv nq|
wbDU‡bi MwZi cÖ_g m~Î
 wbDU‡bi cÖ_g m~Î †_‡K aviYv cvIqv hvq— RoZv I ej m¤ú‡K©|
 cÖ_g m~ÎwU— ÔÔevB‡i †_‡K ‡Kv‡bv ej cÖ‡qvM bv Ki‡j w¯’i e¯‘ w¯’iB _vK‡e Ges mg‡e‡M Pj‡Z _vKv e¯‘ mg‡e‡M Pj‡Z
_vK‡e|Ó
 RoZv : ej cÖ‡qvM bv Kiv ch©šÍ e¯‘ †h Ae¯’vq Av‡Q †mB Ae¯’vq _vK‡Z PvIqvi †h cÖeYZv, †mUvB RoZv| D`vniY-
o mylg †e‡M PjšÍ †ijMvwoi Kvgivq e‡m GKwU †Q‡j Dc‡ii w`‡K ej Qzu‡o w`‡j MwZ RoZvi Rb¨ ejwU
†Q‡jwUi nv‡Z co‡e|
o PjšÍ evm †eªK Ki‡j hvÎxiv mvg‡bi w`‡K Szu‡K co‡b MwZ RoZvi Kvi‡Y|
wbDU‡bi MwZi wØZxq m~Î
 wØZxq m~ÎwU— ÔÔe¯‘i fi‡e‡Mi cwieZ©‡bi nvi cÖhy³ e‡ji mgvbycvwZK Ges GB cwieZ©b cÖhy³ e‡ji mij‡iLv eivei
wµqv K‡i|ÕÕ
wbDU‡bi MwZi Z…Zxq m~Î
 wbDU‡bi MwZi Z…Zxq m~Î— ÔÔcÖ‡Z¨K wµqviB mgvb wecixZ cÖwZwµqv i‡q‡Q|ÕÕ
 wbDU‡bi MwZi Z…Zxq m~‡Îi D`vniY— GKRb gvbyl nvuUvi mgq cv w`‡q hLb gvwU‡K av°v †`q, ZLb gvwUI gvbylwU‡K
av°v †`q; gvwSi jwM w`‡q †b․Kv †V‡j wb‡q hvIqv| gnvKvkhvb‡K Dr‡ÿcY Kivi Rb¨ †h bxwZi Dci wfwË K‡i i‡KU
wbwg©Z nq, Zv wbDU‡bi MwZi Z…Zxq m~Î|
 GB m~‡Îi gva¨‡g MwZm¤úbœ Z¡iY (a) ‡K cÖKvk Kiv hvq— F = ma.
 ‡RU BwÄb GK ai‡bi— wi-A¨vKkb cÖwZwµqv BwÄb|
 wegvb I i‡KU Pjvi g‡a¨ g~j cv_©K¨— i‡KU Pjvi Rb¨ evZv‡mi ìKvi nq bv wKš‘ wegvb m¤ú~Y©fv‡e evZvm wbf©i|
 e‡ji GKK— wbDUb (N)| c„w_ex‡Z Ny‡iwd‡i Pvi ai‡bi ej i‡q‡Q| G¸‡jv‡K †g․wjK ej e‡j| h_v- gnvKl© ej,
Zwor †P․¤^K ev we`y¨r †P․¤^Kxq ej, `ye©j wbDwK¬q ej I mej wbDwK¬q ej|
miY : wbw`©ó w`‡K cwicvwk^©‡Ki mv‡c‡ÿ e¯‘i Ae¯’v‡bi ‡eM : mg‡qi mv‡_ †Kvb e¯‘i mi‡Yi nvi‡K †eM e‡j|
cwieZ©b‡K miY e‡j| mi‡Yi GKK wgUvi (m)| ‡e‡Mi GKK wgUvi/‡m‡KÛ ev ( ).
`ªæwZ : mg‡qi mv‡_ †Kvb e¯‘i Ae¯’v‡bi cwieZ©‡bi Z¡iY : Z¡iY n‡”Q mg‡qi mv‡_ †e‡Mi cwieZ©‡bi nvi|
cwieZ©‡bi nvi‡K `ªæwZ ejv nq| `ªæwZi GKK wgUvi/‡m‡KÛ A_©vr †Kvb e¯Íi †eM hw` t mg‡q u ‡_‡K cwiewZ©Z n‡q
ev ( ). `ªwZ I †e‡Mi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ n‡jv— GKwU †¯‥jvi v nq, Zvn‡j Zvi Z¡iY a n‡”Q— . Z¡i‡Yi
ivwk (`ªæwZ) Ges Ab¨wU †f±i ivwk (‡eM)| 2
GKK wgUvi/‡m‡KÛ ev ( ).
‡¯‥jvi ivwk ‡f±i ivwk
gvb w`‡q cÖKvk Kiv hvq| gvb I w`K Df‡qi cÖ‡qvRb nq|
D`vniY— `ªæwZ, mKj †g․wjK GKK| D`vniY— ‡eM, miY, Z¡iY|
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. cvj‡Zvjv †b․Kv m¤ú~Y© Ab¨w`‡Ki evZvm‡KI Gi m¤§yL MwZ‡Z eënvi Ki‡Z cv‡i KviY- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (ewikvj
wefvM): 2007]
K. wµqvi e`‡j cÖwZwµqvwU eënvi Kiv nq L. cv‡ji AvK…wZ my‡K․k‡j eënvi Kiv nq
M. m¤§yL Awfgy‡L e‡ji DcvskwU‡K Kvh©Ki ivLv nq N. cv‡ji `woi Uvb wbqš¿Y Kiv nq DËi : M
02. mnmv ìRv Lyj‡Z PvB‡j ìRvi †Kv_vq ej cÖ‡qvM Kiv DwPZ? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (cÙv): 2017]
K. KiRvi wecixZ cÖv‡šÍ L. gvSLv‡b
M. KiRvi Kv‡Q N. me¸‡jv DËi : K
gnvKl©-AwfKl©
AwfKl© I gnvKl©
GB gnvwe‡kî cÖ‡Z¨KwU e¯‘ KYv G‡K Aci‡K wb‡Ri w`‡K AvKl©Y K‡i| gnvwe‡kî †h †Kvb `ywU e¯‘i AvKl©Y ejB gnvKl©|
`ywU e¯‘i g‡a¨ GKwU hw` c„w_ex nq Z‡e Zv‡K AwfKl© ev gva¨vKl©Y e‡j| mnR K‡i ejv hvq, e¯‘i Dci c„w_exi AvKl©Y
ejB AwfKl© ev ga¨vKl©Y| gva¨vKl©Y kw³ Avwe®‥vi K‡ib— m¨vi AvBR¨vK wbDUb|
c„w_ex‡K hw` GKwU e¯‘i mv‡_ Zzjbv Kiv nq Zvn‡j AwfKl© ej GK ai‡bi gnvKl© ej| AwfKl© ej‡K Avevi †K›`ªgyLx ejI
ejv hvq| AwfK‡l©i ev gva¨vKl©Y e‡ji Kvi‡Y Avgiv c„w_exi N~Y©b m‡Ë¡I wQUwK‡q cwo bv|
wbDU‡bi gnvKl© m~Î

ÔÔgnvwe‡kî cÖwZwU e¯‘KYv G‡K Aci‡K wbR w`‡K AvKl©Y K‡i Ges GB AvKl©Y e‡ji gvb e¯‘ KYvØ‡qi f‡ii ¸Yd‡ji
mgvbycvwZK Ges `~i‡Z¡i e‡M©i e¨¯ÍvbycvwZK Ges GB ej ms‡hvM mij‡iLv eivei wµqv K‡i|ÕÕ
AwfKl©R Z¡iY
AwfKl© e‡ji cÖfv‡e f~c„‡ô gy³fv‡e cošÍ †Kvb e¯‘i †eM e„w×i nvi‡K AwfKl©R Z¡iY e‡j| AwfKl©R Z¡iY‡K- Ôg’ Øviv
cÖKvk Kiv nq| AwfKl©R Z¡iY‡K gva¨vKl©YRwbZ Z¡iYI ejv nq| f~c„‡ô wewfbœ ¯’v‡b AwfKl©R Z¡i‡Yi gvb wewfbœ|
 AwfKl©R Z¡i‡Yi (g) gvb m‡ev©”P— f~c„‡ô| c„w_exi †K‡›`ª AwfKl©R Z¡i‡Yi gvb k~b¨ (0)|
 AwfKl©R Z¡i‡Yi (g) gvb‡K Av`k© aiv nq— mgy`ª mgZ‡j Aÿvs‡k|
 AwfKl©R Z¡i‡Yi (g) Av`k© gvb— 9.8 m/s ev ms |
2 -2
 c„w_exc„ô †_‡K Dc‡i DV‡j ev wfZ‡i †M‡j gva¨vKl©Y ej K‡g hvq A_©vr AwfKl©R Z¡i‡Yi gvb K‡g hvq|
cošÍ e¯‘i m~Î
weÁvbx M¨vwjwjI cošÍ e¯‘i wZbwU m~Î cÖ`vb K‡ib| G¸‡jv‡K cošÍ e¯‘i m~Î ejv nq|
01. w¯’i Ae¯’vb †_‡K Ges GKB D”PZv †_‡K webv evavq cošÍ mKj e¯‘ mgvb mg‡q mgvb c_ AwZµg K‡i|
02. w¯’i Ae¯’vb †_‡K webv evavq cošÍ e¯‘i wbw`©ó mg‡q cÖvß †eM H mg‡qi mgvbycvwZK|
03. w¯’i Ae¯’vb †_‡K webv evavq cošÍ e¯‘ wbw`©ó m‡gq †h `~iZ¡ AwZµg K‡i Zv H mg‡qi e‡M©i mgvbycvwZK|
w¯’i Ae¯’vb Ges GKB D”PZv †_‡K GKwU cvjK I nvZzwo GKB mv‡_ †d‡j w`‡j Zv GKB mv‡_ gvwU‡Z co‡e| hw` evZv‡mi
evav _v‡K, Zvn‡j fvix e¯‘wU Av‡M co‡e|
‡Kcjv‡ii m~Î
‡Kcjv‡ii MÖnxq MwZm~Î m~‡h©i Pvwiw`‡K MÖn¸‡jvi MwZ e¨vL¨v K‡i| Rvg©vb weÁvbxi GB m~Î¸‡jv †Kcjv‡ii m~Î bv‡g
cwiwPZ| m~Î¸‡jv-
01. cÖwZwU MÖ‡ni Kÿc_ GKwU Dce„Ë, m~h© hvi GKwU †dvKv‡m Aew¯’Z|
02. m~h© Ges GKwU MÖn‡K ms‡hvMKvix †iLv MÖ‡ni AveZ©‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_ mgvb mg‡q mgvb †ÿÎdj AwZµg K‡i|
03. GKwU MÖ‡ni ch©vqKv‡ji eM© m~h© n‡Z H MÖ‡ni Mo `~i‡Z¡i Nbd‡ji mgvbycvwZK| [T2 R3]
fi IRb
‡Kvb e¯‘i g‡a¨ c`v‡_©i †gvU cwigvY‡K H ‡Kvb e¯‘‡K c„w_ex †h cwigvY ej Øviv Zvi †K‡›`ªi w`‡K AvKl©Y K‡i
e¯‘i fi e‡j| Zv‡K H e¯‘wUi IRb e‡j|
f‡ii GKK wK‡jvMÖvg (Kg) IR‡bi GKK wbDUb (N)
¯’vb‡f‡` e¯‘i f‡ii †Kvb cwieZ©b nq bv| ¯’vb‡f‡` AwfKl©R Z¡i‡Yi gvb cwiewZ©Z nIqvq e¯‘i IR‡bi cwieZ©b
nq| †Kbbv, e¯‘i IRb = e¯‘i fi x H ¯’v‡b AwfKl©R Z¡iY|
c„w_exc„ô I P›`ªc„‡ô e¯‘i fi GKB| Pvu‡` AwfKl©R Z¡i‡Yi gvb c„w_exi c„w_exi AwfKl©R Z¡i‡Yi 6 fv‡Mi
GK fvM| ZvB Pvu‡` †Kvb e¯‘i IRb c„w_exi 6 fv‡Mi GK fvM|
 IRb/ AwfKl©R Z¡i‡Yi gvb †giæ AÂ‡j— m‡ev©”P|  AwfKl©R Z¡i‡Yi gvb wbiÿxq AÂ‡j— me©wb¤œ|
 f~c„ô †_‡K Dc‡i/ f~c„‡ôi Af¨šÍ‡i— e¯‘i IRb/ AwfKl©R Z¡i‡Yi gvb c„w_exi 6 fv‡Mi 1 fvM|
 P›`ªc„‡ô Ôg’ Gi gvb— c„w_exi 6 fv‡Mi 1 fvM|  c„w_exi †K‡›`ª AwfKl©R Z¡iY/e¯‘i IRb— k~b¨|
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. c„w_ex Ges Ab¨ †h †Kvb e¯‘i g‡a¨ †h AvKl©Y Zv‡K ejv nq— [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 19; cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (wZZvm) :10]
K. AwZ‡hvRb L. gva¨vKl©Y M. gnvKl© N. Z¡iY DËi : L
02. e¯‘i fi f~c„‡ô ev f~c„‡ôi Dc‡i Ae¯’v‡bi cwieZ©‡bi mv‡_— [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2019]
K. cwiewZ©Z nq bv L. n«vm cvq M. cwiewZ©Z nq N. 6 ¸Y e„w× cvq DËi : K
03. e¯‘i IRb †Kv_vq me‡P‡q †ewk? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2019; cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (Avjdv): 14; cÖv_wgK
we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (K‡cvZvÿ): 2010]
K. c„w_exi †K‡›`ª L. welye AÂ‡j M. †giæ AÂ‡j N. cvnv‡oi Ici DËi : M
04. c„w_ex-c„ô †_‡K wfZ‡i †M‡j gva¨vKl©Y kw³— [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (hgybv I KY©dzjx): 2012]
K. K‡g hv‡e L. †e‡o hv‡e M. AcwiewZ©Z _vK‡e N. †KvbwU wVK bq DËi : K
05. GKwU mij †`vjK‡K c„w_exi †K‡›`ª wb‡j Zvi †`vjbKvj KZ n‡e? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (Ki‡Zvqv): 2019]
K. k~b¨ L. Amxg M. f~-c„‡ói mgvb N. f~c„ô †_‡K Kg DËi : L
06. c„w_ex c„ô n‡Z Dc‡i †M‡j gva¨vKl©Y ej- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (Ki‡Zvqv): 2012; ‡iwR÷vW© cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix
wkÿK (‡Mvjvc): 2011]
K. K‡g hvq L. †ewk nq M. AcwiewZ©Z _v‡K N. †KvbwU bq DËi : K
07. gva¨vKl©YRwbZ Z¡iY m‡ev©”P †Kv_vq? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (KY©dzjx): 2012; 23Zg wewmGm]
K. f‚-c„‡ô L. f‚-c„ó †_‡K 1000 wg. Dc‡i M. f‚-‡K‡›`ª N. f‚-c„ó †_‡K 1000 wg. Dc‡i DËi : K
08. c„w_exi N~Y©‡bi d‡j Avgiv wQU‡K cwo bv †Kb? [10g wewmGm; cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (cÙv): 2013; cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq
cÖavb wkÿK (ivRkvnx wefvM) : 2008]
K. c„w_exi mv‡_ Avgv‡ì N~Y©‡bi Rb¨ L. Avgiv w¯’i _vKvi Rb¨
M. evZv‡mi Dcw¯’wZwZi Rb¨ N. ga¨vKl©Y e‡ji Rb¨ DËi : N
09. ga¨vKl©Y kw³i Avwe®‥vi K‡ib †K? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK : 2012]
K. M¨vwjwjI L. wbDUb M. AvBb÷vBb N. gvK©bx DËi : L
10. c„w_ex I Zvi wbKU¯’ e¯‘i g‡a¨ †h Uvb Zv‡K e‡j— [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (wZZvm): 2010]
K. MwZ L. gnvKl© M. AwfKl© N. †eM DËi : M
11. ‡Kvb e¯‘‡K c„w_ex †h ej Øviv Zvi †K‡›`ªi w`‡K Uv‡b Zv‡K wK e‡j? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 92]
K. fi L. ej M. IRb N. gva¨vKl©Y DËi : M
12. ‡Kv‡bv e¯‘i fi 10 †KwR n‡j e¯‘i IRb— [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (weUv): 14]
K. 100 wbDUb L. 9.8 wbDUb M. 10 wbDUb N. 98 wbDUb DËi : N
13. hLb †Kvb e¯‘‡K welye‡iLv †_‡K †giæ‡Z †bqv nq, ZLb Zvi IRb— [‡iwR÷vW© cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (‡Mvjvc) :
2011; cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (Ki‡Zvqv): 2010]-
K. evo‡Z _v‡K L. Kg‡Z _v‡K M. A‡a©K nq N. GKB _v‡K DËi : K
14. Pvu‡` ev Ab¨ MÖ‡n wb‡j e¯‘i wK cwieZ©b NU‡e? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (kvcjv): 2009]
K. e¯‘i fi GKB _vK‡e, IRb e`jv‡e L. e¯‘i IRb GKB _vK‡e, fi e`jv‡e
M. e¯‘i IRb I fi `y‡UvB e`jv‡e N. e¯‘i IRb I fi †KvbwUB e`jv‡e bv DËi : K
15. Pvu‡` wb‡q †M‡j †Kvb e¯‘i IRb— [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (Wvwjqv) : 2012]
K. Kg‡e L. evo‡e M. k~b¨ n‡e N. GKB _vK‡e DËi : K
16. Pvu‡` ‡Kvb wRwb‡mi IRb c„w_ex‡Z H wRwb‡mi IR‡bi— [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (myigv): 2012; cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix
wkÿK (P‡ÆvMÖvg wefvM) : 2010]
K. 6 fv‡Mi 1 fvM L. ‡P‡q Kg M. †P‡q †ewk N. mgvb DËi : K
17. hLb e›`yK †_‡K ¸wj †Qvov nq, ZLb— [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (‡ngšÍ): 2010]
K. e›`yK jvwd‡q DV‡e L. e›`yK GKB fi‡e‡M wcwQ‡q Av‡m
M. e›`yK mvg‡b GwM‡q hvq N. e›`yK Av‡`․ b‡o bv DËi : L
18. GKwU evqyk~b¨ ¯’v‡b GKwU cvjK I †jvnvi ej GK‡Î †Q‡o w`‡j— [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (cÙv): 2013]
K. DfqwU GKmv‡_ co‡e L. †jvnvi ejwU Av‡M co‡e
M. cvjKwU Av‡M co‡e N. Av‡`․ co‡e bv DËi : K
19. k~b¨ gva¨‡g wb‡Pi wZbwU e¯‘‡K GKmv‡_ †Q‡o w`‡j †KvbwU Av‡M gvwU‡Z co‡e? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (‡gNbv) :
2012; cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (ewikvj wefvM) : 2008; cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (wcAvBwW-2): 2006]
K. cvjK L. cv_i M. KvV N. meKqwU GKmv‡_ DËi : N
mij †`vjK
GKwU fvix AvqZbnxb e¯‘KYv‡K IRbnxb, bgbxq I AcÖmviYkxj myZv w`‡q Szwj‡q w`‡j GwU hw` Nl©Y Gwo‡q ¯^vaxbfv‡e
`yj‡Z _vK‡j Zv‡K mij †`vjK e‡j|
Kvh©Kix •`N©¨ = L
T= √ ‡`vjbKvj = T
AwfKl©R Z¡iY = g
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. GKwU mij †`vjK‡K c„w_exi †K‡›`ª wb‡j Zvi †`vjbKvj KZ n‡e? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (myigv) : 2013; cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq
mnKix wkÿK (`vRjv): 2013; cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (Ki‡Zvqv): 2012]
K. k~b¨ L. Amxg M. f~-c„‡ôi mgvb N. f~-c„ô †_‡K Kg DËi : L
e¨vL¨v : c„w_exi †K‡›`ª AwfKl©R Z¡iY (g) Gi gvb k~b¨| Zvn‡j, T = √ = (Amxg)
02. GKwU †cÛzjvg Nwo welye‡iLv †_‡K †giæ‡Z wb‡j NwowU wK n‡e? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (eywoM½v): 2013; cÖv_wgK
we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (KY©dzjx): 2012]
K. †¯øv n‡e L. †Kvb iKg cÖfvweZ n‡e bv M. wVK mgq w`‡e N. dv÷ n‡e DËi : N
e¨vL¨v : mij †`vj‡Ki Kvh©Kix •`N©¨ AcwiewZ©Z _vK‡j Gi †`vjbKvj (T) AwfKl©R Z¡i‡Yi (g) eM©g~‡ji e¨¯Ívbycv‡Z
cwiewZ©Z nq| T √ | A_©vr AwfKl©R Z¡i‡Yi gvb evo‡j, mij‡`vj‡Ki †`vjbKvj K‡g| welye‡iLv A‡cÿv
†giæ‡Z AwfKl©R Z¡i‡Yi gvb †ewk nq| GRb¨ GKwU †cÛzjvg welye‡iLv †_‡K †giæ‡Z wb‡j Gi †`vjbKvj n«vm cvq|
03. GKwU evwjKv †`vjbvq e‡m †`vj Lv‡”Q| †m D‡V `vuov‡jv, Zvi ‡`vjbKv‡ji wK cwieZ©b NU‡e? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq
mnKvix wkÿK (hgybv): 2013; cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (BQvgwZ): 20101]
K. k~b¨ n‡e L. Kg‡e M. evo‡e N. cwieZ©b n‡e bv DËi : N
e¨vL¨v : †`vjbKvj e‡ei f‡ii Dci wbf©ikxj bq| ZvB GKRb evwjKv †`vjbvq †`vj LvIqv †_‡K D‡V `vuov‡j
†`vjbKv‡ji †Kvb cwieZ©b n‡e bv| T = √
KvR, ÿgZv I kw³

KvR : ‡Kvb e¯‘i Dci ej cÖ‡qv‡M hw` e¯‘wUi miY N‡U, Z‡e ej Ges e‡ji w`‡K e‡ji cÖ‡qvMwe›`yi mi‡Yi Dcvs‡ki
¸Ydj‡K KvR e‡j| myZivs KvR = ej x e‡ji w`‡K mi‡Yi Dcvsk| Kv‡Ri AvšÍR©vwZK GKK Ryj| wmwRGm c×wZ‡Z
Kv‡Ri GKK AvM©|
ÿgZv : KvR m¤úv`bKvix †Kvb e¨w³ ev e¯‘i KvR Kivi nvi‡K ÿgZv e‡j| ÿgZv = KvR/mgq| ÿgZvi GKK IqvU| nm©
cvIqvi n‡jv BwÄ‡bi ÿgZv‡K cÖKv‡ki GKK| 1 Ak^ kw³ (H.P) = 746 IqvU = 0.746 wK‡jvIqvU|
kw³ : ‡Kvb e¯‘i KvR Kivi mvg_©¨‡K kw³ e‡j| kw³i GKK Ryj| wewfbœ cÖKvi kw³- hvwš¿K kw³, Zvc kw³, kã kw³,
Av‡jvK kw³, †P․¤^K kw³, we`y¨r kw³, †m․i kw³, wbDwK¬q kw³ I ivmvqwbK kw³|
hvwš¿K kw³ : hvwš¿K kw³ cvIqv hvq hš¿ †_‡K| †hgb- K. wefe kw³ ev w¯’wZ kw³ L. MwZ kw³|
wefe kw³ : ‡Kvb e¯‘ ev ‡Kvb eë¯’v Zvi ¯^vfvweK Ae¯’v ev Ae¯’v‡bi ev e¯‘i KYvmg~‡ni web¨v‡mi cwieZ©‡bi Rb¨ Ab¨ e¯‘i
mv‡c‡¶ KvR Kivi ‡h mvg_¨© A_©vr kw³ jvf K‡i Zv ‡evSv‡bv nq| ‡hgb- evwn¨K ej cÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g w¯úªs-Gi cÖvšÍ ‡U‡b
Gi ‣`N¨© e…w× Kiv n‡j ev AwfK‡l©i weiæ‡× ‡Kvb e¯‘‡K f~wg ‡_‡K D‡Ëvjb Kiv n‡j ‡Kvb e¯‘ wefe kw³ DcvR©b K‡i|
MwZkw³ : MwZkxj e¯‘y hLb Zvi MwZi Rb¨ KvR Kivi mvg_©¨ AR©b K‡i, ZLb †mwU‡K MwZkw³ e‡j|
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. KvR Kivi mvg_©¨‡K e‡j- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (K¨v‡gwjqv): 12; cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (ewikvj wefvM) : 06]
K. kw³ L. ÿgZv M. KvR N. ej DËi : K
02. Kv‡Ri GKK- [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (hgybv) : 13; cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (BQvgwZ): 10]
K. Ryj L. IqvU M. wbDUb N. †KvbwUB bq DËi : K
03. ÿgZvi GKK- [‡iwR÷vW© cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (Rev) : 11; cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (K‡cvZvÿ, kir) : 10]
K. K¨vjwi L. IqvU M. Ryj N. wbDUb DËi : L
04. nm© cvIqvi n‡jv- [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (weUv) : 14]
K. kw³ cwigv‡ci GKK L. ÿgZv cwigv‡ci GKK M. Pvc cwigv‡ci GKK N. KvR cwigv‡ci GKK DËi : L
kw³i Drm Ges Gi cÖ‡qvM
kw³i
Drm
Abevqb‡hvM¨ bevqb‡hvM¨
‡Zj M¨vm Kqjv wbDwK¬qvi Rjwe`y¨r ev‡qvgvm ‡m․ikw³ evqykw³ wRI_vg©vj
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. ‡KvbwU bevqb†hvM¨ kw³i Drm? (38Zg wewmGm)
K. ‡Zj L. mgy‡`ªi †XD M. M¨vm N. Kqjv DËi L
02. bevqb‡hvM¨ R¦vjvbxi Drm – (40Zg wewmGm)
K. †Zj L. M¨vm M. Kqjv N. ev‡qvM¨vm DËi N
03. bevqb‡hvM¨ cÖvK…wZK m¤ú` †Kvb¸‡jv? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2019]
K. †Zj, M¨vm, cvwb L. evqy, cvwb, m~‡h©i Av‡jv M. evqy, M¨vm, Kqjv N. M¨vm, Kqjv, †Zj DËi L
cvigvYweK kw³
GKwU cigvYyi wbDwK¬qvm †f‡½ A_ev `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK wbDwK¬qvm‡K GKÎ K‡i wbDwK¬q kw³ ev cvigvYweK kw³ cvIqv hvq|
cvigvYweK kw³ cvIqvi Dcvq `ywU- K. wbDwK¬q wdDkb Ges L. wbDwK¬q wdkb|
wbDwK¬q wdDkb
†h wbDwK¬q ev cvigvYweK cÖwKqvq GKvwaK cigvYy hy³ n‡q bZzb cigvYy MVb K‡i Zv‡K wbDwK¬q wdDkb e‡j| m~‡h©i
cvigvYweK wewKiY, nvB‡Wªv‡Rb †evgvi g~j Drm n‡jv wdDkb wewµqv|
+ →
GLv‡b GKwU †cÖvUb GKwU wbDUªb‡K MÖvm K‡i ‣Zwi K‡i‡Q GKwU wWD‡Uib| MÖv‡mi mgq 0.00239amu nvwi‡q hv‡”Q Ges
2.23 MeV kw³ Avwef©~Z nq| m~‡h© kw³ Drcbœ nq- cigvYyi wdDkb c×wZ‡Z| wdDkb c×wZ‡Z •ZwiK…Z †evgvi bvg—
nvB‡Wªv‡Rb †evgv|
wbDwK¬q wdkb
fvix cigvYy wbDwK¬qvm †h cÖwµqvq wewkøó n‡q cÖvq mgvb f‡ii `ywU wbDwK¬qvm •Zwi nq, Zv‡K wbDwK¬q wdkb ejv nq| wdmvb
Avwe®‥vi K‡ib Rvg©vb weÁvbx A‡Uv n¨vb 1939 mv‡j|
+ → + + 3( )
wdkb cÖwµqvq cÖPÐ kw³ Drcvw`Z nq| Gi gva¨‡g •Zwi nq— GUg †evgv| m~‡h©i cvigvYweK wewKi‡Yi g~j Drm n‡jv—
AwZ D”P ZvcgvÎvq m~‡h©i c`v_© DËß nIqv| cvigvYweK †evgv •Zwi Kiv nq— BD‡iwbqvg avZz w`‡q|
kw³i iƒcvšÍi
kw³i wbZ¨Zvi m~Î : kw³i m„wó ev webvk †bB| kw³ GK iƒc †_‡K Ab¨ iƒ‡c iƒcvšÍwiZ nq gvÎ|
kw³ iƒcvšÍ‡ii K‡qKwU D`vniY wb‡P †`qv n‡jv-
NUbv kw³ iƒcvšÍwiZ kw³ NUbv kw³ iƒcvšÍwiZ kw³
‣e`y¨wZK cvLv ev †gvUi Zwor hvwš¿K Zvcxq hš¿ Zvckw³ hvwš¿K
‣e`y¨wZK Bw¯¿ ev wnUvi Zwor Zvc ‡Rbv‡iUi hvwš¿K Zwor
evj¦, wUDejvBU Zwor Av‡jvK Kj‡gi Kvwj‡Z dzu w`‡j hvwš¿K kã
w¯úKvi/‣e`y¨wZK NÈv Zwor kã nv‡Z nvZ Nl‡j hvwš¿K Zvc
‡gvevBj Zwor ivmvqwbK gvB‡µvI‡qf I‡fb Zwor Zvc
M¨v‡mi Pzjv ivmvqwbK Zvc ‡mvjvi c¨v‡bj Av‡jvK Zwor
e¨vUvwi ivmvqwbK Zwor d‡UvMÖvwdK †cøU Av‡jvK ivmvqwbK
RxešÍ cÖvYxi kixi ivmvqwbK hvwš¿K/Zwor mij Zwor †Kvl ivmvqwbK Zwor
wbDwK¬qvi †evgv* fi Zvc/Av‡jvK/kã ‡XwK w`‡q avb fvbv hvwš¿K kã I Zvc
AvBb÷vB‡bi m~‡Îi gva¨‡g fi‡K kw³‡Z iƒcvšÍi Kiv hvq| wbDwK¬qvi †evgv‡Z Ges wbDwK¬qvi we`y¨r †K‡›`ª fi
†_‡K kw³ iƒcvšÍi K‡i cÖPÐ Zvc, Av‡jv Ges kã kw³ Drcbœ Kiv nq| A‡bK mgq mivmwi fi †_‡K Zvckw³ •Zwi K‡i
†mB Zvc eënvi K‡i ev®ú Drcbœ Kiv nq| GB ev®ú eënvi K‡i Uve©vBb Nywi‡q †Rbv‡iU‡ii gva¨‡g we`y¨r •Zwi Kiv nq|
kã kw³i iƒcvšÍi : †Uwj‡dvb I †iwWIi †cÖiKhš¿ Ges gvB‡µv‡dvb kãkw³ Zworkw³‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ Kiv nq| †Uwj‡dvb
jvB‡bi g‡a¨ w`‡q Zwor kw³ cÖevwnZ nq| ‡Uwj‡dvb I †iwWIi MÖvnKh‡š¿ Zwor kw³ kã kw³‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ nq|
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. b`x‡Z evua w`‡q Rjwe`y¨r Drcv`‡bi mgq mwÂZ Rjivwk‡Z †Kvb kw³ Rgv Kiv nq? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (ivwe) : 03]
K. Nl©Y kw³ L. MwZ kw³ M. w¯’wZ kw³ N. hvwš¿K kw³ DËi : M
02. ‡Uwj‡dvb jvB‡bi ga¨ w`‡q cÖevwnZ nq- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (Wvwjqv) : 12]
K. Zwor kw³ L. †P․¤^K kw³ M. kã kw³ N. Av‡jvK kw³ DËi : K
03. †XuwK w`‡q avb fvbvi mgq hvwš¿K kw³ †Kvb kw³‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ nq? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2019]
K. kãkw³ L. Zvckw³ M. kã I Zvckw³ N. Pz¤^Kkw³ DËi : M
04. ‣e`y¨wZK NÈvq we`y¨r kw³ †Kvb cÖKvi kw³‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ nq? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (gyw³‡hv×v †KvUv) : 2016]
K. kãkw³‡Z L. Av‡jvKkw³‡Z M. Zvckw³‡Z N. ivmvqwbK kw³‡Z DËi : K
e¨vL¨v: ‣e`y¨wZK NÈvq we`y¨r kw³ kãkw³‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ nq| e¨vUvwi ivmvqwbK kw³‡K Zwor kw³‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ K‡i|
†mvjvi c¨v‡bj Av‡jvK kw³‡K Zwor kw³‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ K‡i| M¨v‡mi Pzjv ivmvqwbK kw³‡K Zvc kw³‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ
K‡i|
04. wb‡Pi †KvbwU m~‡h©i Av‡jv‡K •e`ÿwZK kw³‡Z iƒcvšÍi Ki‡Z cv‡i? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2019]
K. †Rbv‡iUi L. m~‡h©i Av‡jv M. †m․i c¨v‡bj N. M¨v‡mi Pzjv DËi : M
05. †Kvb h‡š¿i mvnv‡h¨ hvwš¿K kw³‡K we`y¨r kw³‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ Kiv nq? (36Zg wewmGm)
K. UªvÝdg©vi L. Wvqbv‡gv M. ‣e`y¨wZK gUi N. ûBj DËi L
hš¿ KvR
UªvÝdg©vi wb¤œwefe‡K D”Pwef‡e Ges D”Pwefe‡K wb¤œwef‡e iƒcvšÍwiZ K‡i|
Wvqbv‡gv hvwš¿K kw³‡K ‣e`y¨wZK kw³‡K iƒcvšÍwiZ K‡i|
•e`y¨wZK gUi ‣e`y¨wZK kw³‡K hvwš¿K kw³‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ K‡i|
06. cvigvYweK Pzwjø‡Z Zvc cwievnK wn‡m‡e †Kvb avZz eëüZ nq? [28Zg wewmGm]
K. †mvwWqvg L. cUvwkqvg M. g¨vM‡bwkqvg N. †KvbwUB bq DËi : K
07. m~‡h© kw³ Drcbœ nq— [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (hgyb): 13; †iwR÷vW© cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (kvcjv) : 11; 22Zg
wewmGm]
K. ivmvqwbK wewµqvi d‡j L. cigvYyi wdDkb c×wZ‡Z
M. †ZRw¯…qvi d‡j N. cigvYyi wdkb c×wZ‡Z DËi : L
08. wdDkb cÖwµqvq— [12Zg wewmGm]
K. GKwU cigvYy †f‡½ cÖPÐ kw³ m„wó K‡i L. GKvwaK cigvYy hy³ K‡i bZzb cigvYy MVb K‡i
M. fvix cigvYy †f‡O `ywU cigvYy m„wó nq N. GKwU cigvYy †f‡ O `ywU cigvYy m„wó nq DËi : L
09. wb‡Pi †KvbwU Rxevk¥ R¦vjvbx bq? [10g wewmGm; cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (cÙv) : 12; cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (Ki‡Zvqv): 12]
K. †c‡Uªvwjqvg L. Kqjv M. cÖvK…wZK M¨vm N. ev‡qvM¨vm DËi : N
c`v‡_©i Ae¯’v I Pvc

Pvc
‡Kv‡bv c„‡ôi GKK †ÿÎd‡ji Dci j¤^fv‡e cÖhy³ e‡ji gvb‡K Pvc e‡j| hw` ej †K F Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq, †ÿÎdj‡K hw`
A Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq, Zvn‡j Pvc P = | Pv‡ci GKK c¨vm‡Kj| GK evqygÐjxq Pvc = 101325 c¨vm‡Kj|
চিwPÎwU‡Z jÿ¨ Kiæb, evjKwU GK nvZ w`‡q cv_iwUi Dci ej

cÖhy³ Ki‡Q| hw` Gi cwie‡Z© `yB nvZ w`‡q ej cÖ‡qvM KiZ|
Zvn‡j †ÿÎd‡ji gvb †ewk n‡jI Pv‡ci gvb Kg n‡Zv| KviY
Pvc I †ÿÎd‡ji m¤úK© e¨¯ÍvbycvwZK| ‡ÿÎdj Kg n‡j Pvc
evo‡e Ges †ÿÎdj †ewk n‡j Pv‡ci gvb Kg n‡e|
‡Kvb e¨w³i †kvqv Ae¯’vq kix‡ii AwaK Ask (‡ÿÎdj c„w_exi ms¯ú‡k© _v‡K| GKvi‡Y ej AwaK †ÿÎd‡ji gva¨‡g
c„w_ex‡Z cÖhy³ nq| †mRb¨ †kvqv Ae¯’vq gvbyl me‡P‡q Kg Pvc †`q|
c¨vm‡K‡ji m~Î : Ò‡Kvb Ave× cvÎ Zij ev evqexq c`v‡_© evB‡i ‡_‡K Pvc ‡`qv n‡j, ‡mB Pvc mgvbfv‡e mÂvwjZ n‡q
cv‡Îi msjMœ Mv‡q j¤^fv‡e KvR K‡i|Ó
w¯’wZ¯’vcKZv : w¯’wZ¯’vcKZv n‡jv c`v‡_©i GKwU †f․Z ag©| e¯‘i †h ag© Dnvi Dci cÖhy³ e‡ji wµqvi Zvi AvKvi ev
AvqZb ev Df‡qiB cwieZ©‡bi cÖ‡Póv‡K evav †`q Ges cÖhy³ ej AcmviY Ki‡j Zvi c~‡e©i AvKvi ev AvqZb †diZ cvq,
Zv‡K w¯’wZ¯’vcKZv e‡j| hvi w¯’wZ¯’vcKZv hZ †ewk Zvi AvKvi ev AvqZb ZZ AwaK ej cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z nq|
 B¯úvZ/ †jvnv ivevi A‡cÿv AwaK w¯’wZ¯’vcK| GKB cwigvY AvKvi ev AvqZb cwieZ©‡bi Rb¨ B¯úv‡Z ivevi A‡cÿv
A‡bK †ewk ej cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z nq|
 ivevi Mvwoi Uvqvi •Zwi‡Z eëüZ nq KviY— ivevi k³ I w¯’wZ¯’vcK|
NbZ¡ : ZvcgvÎvi mv‡_ Nb‡Z¡i m¤úK© i‡q‡Q| ZvcgvÎvi n«vm-e…w×i mv‡_ c`v‡_©i AvqZ‡bi n«vm-e…w× nIqvq Nb‡Z¡iI
cwieZ©b nq| e¯‘i GKK AvqZ‡bi fi‡K Zvi Dcv`v‡bi NbZ¡ e‡j| cvwb ei‡d cwiYZ n‡j NbZ¡ n«vm cvq| Kg Nb‡Z¡i
Kvi‡Y eid cvwb‡Z fv‡m| A_©vr Nb‡Z¡i cv_©‡Kï Kvi‡Y eid cvwb‡Z fv‡m|
AvwK©wgwW‡mi m~Î I cøeZv
Ò‡Kvb e¯‘‡K Zi‡j wbgw¾Z Ki‡j e¯‘wU wKQyUv IRb nvivq| e¯ÍwUi nviv‡bv IR‡bi gvb e¯‘wU Øviv AcmvwiZ Zi‡ji IR‡bi
mgvbÓ| ‡hgb- cvwb ei‡d cwiYZ n‡j Gi AvqZb †e‡o hvq A_©vr AvwK©wgwW‡mi bxwZi gva¨‡gB †evSv hvq, Kg Nb‡Z¡i
Kvi‡Y eid cvwb‡Z fv‡m|
GKwU Møv‡m cvwb c~Y© K‡i wb‡q GKwU wPKb my‡Zv w`‡q GKwU cv_i
‡e‡a cvwb‡Z Wzev‡j Avgiv †`L‡Z cve-
wKQy cvwb Møvm ‡_‡K c‡o hv‡e Ges cv_iwU‡K Av‡Mi ‡P‡q nvjKv
g‡b n‡e|
G‡¶‡Î Avm‡j wK N‡U‡Q?

hLb cv_iwU‡K cvwb‡Z Wzev‡bv n‡q‡Q ZLb wKQyUv cvwb c‡o hvq,
G cvwbi cwigvY n‡”Q H cv_i hZUyKy RvqMv `Lj Ki‡Q ZZUyKy
Ges cv_iwU nvjKv n‡q hvIqv ev hZUyKy IRb nviv‡e Zvi A_© n‡e
H cv_iwU Øviv AcmvwiZ cvwbi IR‡bi mgvb|
cøeZv
‡Kv‡bv e¯‘ m¤ú~Y© ev AvswkKfv‡e †Kvb w¯’i Zij ev evqexq c`v‡_© wbgw¾Z Ki‡j Zij ev evqexq c`v‡_©i Pv‡ci Rb¨ e¯‘
Dc‡ii w`‡K †h jwä ej Abyfe K‡i, Zv‡K cøeZv e‡j| mgy‡`ªi cvwb‡Z jeY wbgw¾Z _v‡K e‡j Zv A‡cÿvK…Z fvix| A_©vr
mgy‡`ªi cvwbi cøeZv †ewk| mgy‡`ªi cvwbi cøeZv †ewk nIqvq wgVv cvwbi Rjvkq †hgb- cyKzi, b`x, Lvj we‡ji †P‡q mgy‡`ªi
mvuZvi KvUv †ewk mnR| GKwU RvnvR mgy`ª †_‡K Rvnv‡Ri Zj AviI cvwb‡Z Wze‡e|
‡Kvb e¯‘ hLb Wz‡e hvq, ZLb N‡U e¯‘i IRb e¯‘ Øviv AcmvwiZ Zi‡ji IR‡bi †ewk n‡j A_©vr e¯‘i IRb ˃ e¯‘
Øviv AcmvwiZ Zi‡ji IRb|
e¯‘i NbZ¡ ˃ Zi‡ji NbZ¡|
e¯‘wU m¤ú~Y©fv‡e wbgw¾Z Ae¯’vq fvm‡e e¯Íi IRb = e¯‘ Øviv AcmvwiZ Zi‡ji IRb|
e¯‘i NbZ¡ = Zi‡ji NbZ¡|
e¯ÍwU hLb fvm‡e ZLb NU‡e e¯‘i IRb < e¯‘ Øviv AcmvwiZ Zi‡ji IRb|
e¯‘i IRb < Zi‡ji NbZ¡|
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. ‡Kvb e¯‘wUi w¯’wZ¯’vcKZv †ewk? [20Zg wewmGm]
K. ivevi L. A¨vjywgwbqvg M. †j․n N. Zvgv DËi : M
03. AvšÍR©vwZK c×wZ‡Z Pv‡ci GKK n‡”Q- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (‡ngšÍ) : 10]
K. c¨vm‡Kj L. Kzj¤^ M. wbDUb N. †fvë DËi : K
04. GKRb gvbyl wK Ae¯’vq c„w_ex‡Z me‡P‡q Kg Pvc †`q? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (cÙv): 13; cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (Rev) : 09]
K. `vuov‡bv L. †`․ov‡bv M. emv N. †kvqv DËi : N
e¨vL¨v : wewfbœ Ae¯’vq c„w_ex‡Z gvby‡li Pvc cÖ‡qv‡Mi µg : †`․ov‡bv > `vov‡bv > emv > ‡kvqv|
05. ‡KvbwU †ewk w¯’wZ¯’vcK? [‡iwR÷vW© cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (nvmbv‡nbv): 11]
K. B¯úvZ L. ivevi M. KvP N. cvwb DËi : K
06. ‡Kv‡bv WzešÍ e¯‘i IRb mgAvqZb Zi‡ji IR‡bi- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (PÆMÖvg wefvM): 03]
K. †ewk L. mgvb M. Kg N. wØ¸Y DËi : K
07. cvwb‡K ei‡d cwiYZ Ki‡j AvqZb- [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (`vwbqye) : 13; cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (kxZjÿ¨v) : 13]
K. ev‡o L. K‡g M. cÖ_‡g ev‡o c‡i K‡g N. GKB _v‡K DËi : K
08. cøeZv †ewk- [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (hgybv) : 13; cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (wµmvbw_gvg) : 12]
K. cyKz‡ii cvwbi L. b`xi cvwbi M. mgy‡`ªi cvwbi N. myBwgs cy‡ji cvwb DËi : M
09. GKwU RvnvR mgy`ª †_‡K b`x‡Z cÖ‡ek Ki‡j Rvnv‡Ri Zj- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (BQvgwZ) : 10]
K. AviI Wze‡e L. fvmv †Wvev wbf©i RvnvRwUi •Zwii miÄvg Ici
M. GKB _vK‡e N. fvm‡e DËi : K
‡P․¤^KZ¡ I Zwor †P․¤^K

Pz¤^K
g¨vM‡b‡Ui cÖwZkã n‡jv Pz¤^K| Pz¤^‡Ki †jvnv‡K AvKl©Y Kivi ÿgZv Av‡Q| AvKl©Y GK cÖKvi ej| ej w`‡q KvR Kiv hvq|
AZGe, Pz¤^‡Ki KvR Kivi mvg_©¨ Av‡Q| myZivs Pz¤^K GK cÖKvi kw³| Pz¤^‡Ki mg‡giæ ci¯úi‡K weKl©Y K‡i Ges Pz¤^‡Ki
wecixZ †giæ ci¯úi‡K AvKl©Y K‡i|
‡PŠ¤^K I A‡PŠ¤^K c`v_©
†P․¤^K c`v_© A‡P․¤^K c`v_©
Pz¤^K †hmKj c`v_©‡K AvKl©Y K‡i †mmKj c`v_©‡K ejv ‡hmKj c`v_©‡K Pz¤^K AvKl©Y K‡i bv †mmKj c`v_©‡K
nq †P․¤^K c`v_©| A‡P․¤^K c`v_© e‡j|
‡hgb- †jvnv, wb‡Kj, †Kvevë Ges AwaKvsk B¯úvZ| †hgb-‡mvbv, iƒcv, Zvgv, `¯Ív, Kcvi, A¨vjywgwbqvg, wcZj,
KvV, wmjfvi, cøvw÷K, ivevi BZ¨vw`|
 †P․¤^K c`v_©‡K K…wÎg Dcv‡q Pz¤^‡K cwiYZ Kiv hvq| Dcvqmg~n- Nl©Y c×wZ Ges •e`y¨wZK c×wZ|
mwjb‡qW
GKwU KvuPv †jvnvi `Ð‡K U AvKv‡i evuwK‡q j¤^v AšÍwiZ Zvi Øviv Rwo‡q
Gi ga¨w`‡q Zwor cÖevwnZ Ki‡j Zv GKwU Pz¤^‡Ki b¨vq AvPiY K‡i|
G‡K mwjb‡qW e‡j|
c„w_ex GKwU weivU `Ð Pz¤^K
f~-c„‡ôi †Kv_vI GKwU `Ð Pz¤^K Szwj‡q w`‡j Zv me©`v DËi-`wÿY eivei Ae¯’vb K‡i| G Kvi‡Y ejv nq c„w_ex GKwU e„nr
Pz¤^K| W. wMjevU© 1600 mv‡j cÖgvY K‡ib †h, c„w_ex GKwU weivU Pz¤^K| f~-Pz¤^‡Ki `wÿY †giæ †f․‡MvwjK DËi †giæ n‡Z
2500 wK.wg. KvbvWvi DË‡i eyw_qv DcØx‡c Ges f~-Pz¤^‡Ki DËi †giæ †f․‡MvwjK `wÿY †giæ n‡Z 200 wK.wg. cwð‡g
A¨v›UvK©wUKv gnv‡`‡ki wf‡±vwiqv AÂ‡j Aew¯’Z|
‡R‡b ivLyb-
 `yB †giæ‡Z Pz¤^‡Ki AvKl©Y †ewk| ‡h ZvcgvÎvq GKwU Pz¤^‡Ki Pz¤^KZ¡ m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c wejyß nq Zv‡K D³ Pz¤^‡Ki Kzix we›`y
e‡j| †hgb- †jvnvi Kzix we›`y ‡mjwmqvm|
 gUi, †Rbv‡iUi, Kwjs †ej, UªvÝdg©vi BZ¨vw`‡Z KvuPv †jvnvi •Zwi A¯’vqx ev †Kvgj Pz¤^K eënvi Kiv nq|
 ‡Uc †iKW©vi ( ) Ges Kw¤úDUv‡ii ¯§„wZi wdZvq †P․¤^K (wmivwgK Pz¤^K) c`v‡_©i cÖ‡jc †`qv _v‡K|
 w¯úKv‡i ev Gqvi‡dv‡b †h kã †kvbv hvq †mLv‡b ZvwoZPz¤^K eënvi Kiv nq| GLv‡b k‡ãi K¤úb Ges ZxeªZvi mgvb
we`y¨r cÖevn cvVv‡bv nq, †mB we`y¨r GKUv ZvwoZPz¤^K ev B‡j‡±ªvg¨vM‡b‡Ui †P․¤^KZ¡ k‡ãi K¤úb ev ZxeªZvi Dc‡hvMx
K‡i •Zwi K‡i †mUv Wvqv‡d«g‡K Kvucvq Ges †mB Wvqvd«vg mwVK kã •Zwi K‡i|
‡d‡iv‡PŠ¤^K, Wvqvg¨vM‡bwUK Ges c¨viv‡PŠ¤^K c`v_©
‡d‡iv‡P․¤^K Wvqv‡P․¤^K c¨viv‡P․¤^K
‡jvnv, †jvnvi †h․M, †jvnvi msKi Zvgv, `¯Ív, iƒcv, mxmv, wemgv_, cvwb, A¨vjywgwbqvg, †mvwWqvg, A¨vw›Ugwb cÖf…wZ
avZz, wb‡Kj Ges †Kvevë †mvbv BZ¨vw`
 ‡d‡iv‡P․¤^K c`v‡_© †P․¤^K †Wv‡gBb Qwo‡q _v‡K wewÿß fv‡e|
 ‡jvnvi g‡a¨ 0.8% Gi †ewk Kve©b _vK‡j Zv‡K ¯’vqx Pz¤^K e‡j| B¯úvZ, Gjwb‡Kv msKi, †divBU bvgK c`v_© eëüZ
nq ¯’vqx Pz¤^K •Zwi‡Z|
we`y¨r I Pz¤^K
1778 mv‡j Kzj¤^ •e`y¨wZK Pv‡R©i †fZiKvi e‡ji Rb¨ m~Î Avwe®‥vi K‡ib| 1800 mv‡j †fvëv •e`y¨wZK e¨vUvwi Avwe®‥vi
Kivi ci we`y¨r wb‡q bvbv ai‡bi M‡elYv ïiæ nq| 1820 mv‡j I‡qi‡÷W †`Lvb we`y¨r cÖevn w`‡q Pz¤^K •Zwi Kiv hvq|
1831 mv‡j d¨viv‡W Ges †nbwi wVK Zvi wecixZ cÖwµqvwU Avwe®‥vi K‡ib| Zviv †`Lvb †P․¤^K †ÿ‡Îi cwieZ©b K‡i we`y¨r
•Zwi Kiv hvq| 1864 mv‡j g¨v·I‡qj Zvi weL¨vZ g¨v·I‡q‡ji mgxKiY w`‡q cwieZ©bkxj we`y¨r I †P․¤^K‡ÿÎ‡K GKB
m~‡Îi gv‡S wb‡q G‡m †`Lvb †h Av‡jv Avm‡j GKwU we`y¨r ‡P․¤^Kxq Zi½| we`y¨r I Pz¤^K Avjv`v wKQz bq, Avm‡j G `ywU
GKB kw³i `ywU wfbœ iƒc| GwU mg‡qvc‡hvMx GKwU Avwe®‥vi wQj, KviY 1801 mv‡j Bqs cixÿvi gva¨‡g Av‡jvi Zi½ a‡g©i
cÖgvY K‡i †i‡LwQ‡jb|
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. ‡K cÖ_g e‡jb- Ôc„w_ex GKwU Pz¤^KÕ? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (`vwbqye) : 13]
K. †cø‡Uv L. I‡qevi M. wMjevU© N. ievU© big¨vb DËi : M
02. ‡KvbwU †P․¤^K c`v_©? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (‡WjUv) : 14; 14Zg wewmGm]
K. cvi` L. †Kvevë M. wemgv_ N. A¨vw›Ugwb DËi : L
03. Pz¤^K Øviv AvK…ó nq bv- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 18]
K. wb‡Kj L. wcZj M. †jvnv N. B¯úvZ DËi : L
e¨vL¨v: Avgiv Rvwb, Pz¤^K hv‡ì AvKl©Y K‡i Zv‡K †P․¤^K c`v_© e‡j| Ack‡b wcZj e¨wZZ wb‡Kj, †jvnv, B¯úvZ†K
Pz¤^K AvKl©Y K‡i|
04. K¨v‡m‡Ui wdZvq kã iwÿZ _v‡K wK wn‡m‡e? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (fjMv) : 13; 23Zg wewmGm]
K. •e`y¨wZK †ÿÎ wn‡m‡e L. †g‡gvwi wPc wn‡m‡e M. †P․¤^K †ÿÎ wn‡m‡e N. Kve©b †ÿÎ wn‡m‡e D : M
05. cvi¯úvwiK Av‡ek‡K eënvi Kiv nq- (32Zg wewmGm)
K. AvBwm‡Z L. UªvÝdg©v‡i M. mwjb‡q‡W N. †KvbwUB bq DËi : L
06. ‡Uc †iKW©vi I Kw¤úDUv‡ii ¯§„wZi wdZvq eënvi Kiv nq- (28Zg wewmGm)
K. ¯’vqx Pz¤^K I wmivwgK Pz¤^K L. A¯’vqx Pz¤^K M. msKi Pz¤^K N. cÖvK…wZK Pz¤^K DËi : K
07. †P․¤^K c`v_© bq- [20Zg wewmGm]
K. KvuPv †j․n L. B¯úvZ M. A¨vjywgwbqvg N. †Kvevë DËi : M
08. ‡KvbwU‡K Pz¤^‡K cwiYZ Kiv hvq? [36Zg wewmGm]
K. Zvgv L. B¯úvZ M. wcZj N. ¯^Y© DËi : L
kã I Zi½
kã : kã GK ai‡bi Aby‣`N¨© Zi½ (ms‡KvPb I cÖmviY NUvq) hv K¤ú‡bi d‡j Drcbœ n‡q Avgv‡ì Kv‡b kÖe‡Yi Abyf~wZ
RvMvq| k‡ãi DrcwË nq e¯‘i K¤ú‡bi gva¨‡g| kã we¯Ív‡ii Rb¨ w¯’wZ¯’vcK gva¨‡gi cÖ‡qvRb nq| k‡ãi Drm Ges Avgv‡ì
Kv‡bi gaëZ©x ¯’v‡b hw` †Kv‡bv w¯’wZ¯’vcK Ro gva¨g bv _v‡K Zvn‡j kã Avgv‡ì Kv‡b †c․uQv‡Z cv‡i bv| Pvu‡` evqygÐj
‡bB| ZvB hw` P›`ªc„‡ô †Kv‡bv cÖPÐ we‡ùviY N‡U Zv c„w_ex‡Z KLbI †kvbv hv‡e bv| f¨vKzqvg ev k~‡bï ga¨ w`‡q kã
mÂvwiZ n‡Z cv‡i bv| gvbe‡`‡n kã Drcbœ K‡i— ¯îhš¿| †Kvb kã †kvbvi ci Avgv‡ì gw¯Í‡®‥ †ik _v‡K 1/10 ev 0.1
†m‡KÛ|
K¤úv¼ : GKwU K¤úgvb KYv GK †m‡K‡Û hZwU c~Y© K¤úb m¤úbœ K‡i, Zv‡K Zvi K¤úv¼ e‡j| K¤úv‡¼i GKK nvR©
(Hz)| K¤úv¼‡K f Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq|
Zi½ : Zi½ n‡”Q GKUv gva¨‡gi ‡fZi w`‡q GK RvqMv †_‡K Ab¨ RvqMvq kw³ cvVv‡bvi cÖwµqv, †hLv‡b gva¨‡gi
KYv¸‡jv Zvi wb‡Ri Ae¯’v‡b ¯úw›`Z n‡Z cv‡i wKš‘ †mLvb †_‡K m¤ú~Y© m‡i hv‡e bv| kã Zi‡½i PjvP‡ji Rb¨ Aek¨B
gva¨‡gi cÖ‡qvRb Av‡Q A_©vr k~b¨ gva¨‡g— kã Zi½ Pj‡Z cv‡i bv| Zi½ `yB cÖKvi| h_v- K. jw¤^K ev Aby‣`N¨© Zi½ Ges
L. Avo ev AbycÖ¯’ Zi½|
Zi½ •`N¨© : GKwU K¤úgvb KYv ev e¯‘i GK `kv †_‡K cieZx© GKB `kvi gaëZ©x `~iZ¡‡K ejv nq Zi½ •`N¨©| Zi½ ‣`N¨©
cÖKvk Kiv nq j¨vgWv (  ) Øviv| Avëªvm‡bvMÖvwd— †QvU Zi½ •`‡N©ï Øviv m„wó B‡gwRs|
Zi½ †eM, K¤úv¼ I Zi½ •`‡N©ï g‡a¨ m¤úK©— v  f |
wewfbœ gva¨‡g k‡ãi MwZ‡eM
nxiv (KwVb gva¨‡g me‡P‡q †ewk) 12000 m/s nvB‡Wªv‡Rb 1284 m/s
‡jvnv‡Z 5130 m/s cvi` 1450 m/s
cvwb‡Z 1493 m/s evqy‡Z (me‡P‡q Kg) 330 m/s
k~b¨ gva¨‡g (k~b¨ A_© Kg bq) 0
Z_¨m~Î : beg-`kg †kÖwYi c`v_©weÁvb (mßg Aa¨vq t Zi½ I kã)
 k‡ãi †e‡Mi ZxeªZvi µg : KwVb ˃ Zij ˃ evqexq |
k‡ãi `ªæwZ wb‡¤œv³ wbqvg‡Ki Dci wbf©ikxj| h_v-
K) ZvcgvÎv : | 10 ‡m. ev 10 ‡Kjwfb ZvcgvÎv e„w×‡Z evZv‡m k‡ãi †eM cÖvq 0.6 wg./‡m. e„w× cvq| kxZKv‡ji †P‡q MÖx®§Kv‡j
evqyi DòZv †ewk _v‡K e‡j kxZKv‡ji †P‡q MÖx®§Kv‡j evqy‡Z k‡ãi †eM †ewk nq|
L) Av`ª©Zv : evZv‡mi Av`ª©Zv †e‡o †M‡j k‡ãi †eM †e‡o hvq| evqyi Av`ª©Zv †ewk _v‡K e‡j el©vKv‡j kã `ªæZZi P‡j|
k‡ãi `~lY
k‡ãi `~lY ej‡Z mnbkxj gvÎvi AwZwi³ Ae¯’v‡K †evSvq| wb‡Pi †Uwe‡j wewfbœ ai‡bi k‡ãi cwigvY-
‡RU BwÄb 110-140 dB ‡Uwjwfkb 50-60 dB
UªvwdK 80-90 dB K_vevZ©v 40-60 dB
Mvwo 60-80 dB wbtk^vm 10 dB
 105 dB Gi Dc‡i gvbyl ewai n‡Z cv‡i|
kÖve¨Zvi mxgv : gvby‡li kÖve¨Zvi mxgv— 20-20,000 Hz A_©vr Dr‡mi K¤úv¼ 20Hz ‡_‡K 20,000 Hz Gi g‡a¨
mxwgZ _vK‡jB †Kej gvbyl Zv ïb‡Z cvq| G‡K kÖve¨Zvi cvjøv e‡j|
AvëªvmwbK ev k‡ãvËi Zi½ : †h k‡ãi K¤úv¼ 20,000 nvR© Gi †ewk Zv‡K k‡ãvËi ev AvëªvmwbK Zi½ e‡j| ev`yo
GB Zi½ eënvi K‡i Lv`¨ A‡š^lY K‡i| KzKzi, weovj GB kã eënvi K‡i| ÿwZKi e¨vK‡Uwiqv aŸsm Ki‡ZI GB Zi½
eënvi Kiv nq| †ivM wbY©q Ges wPwKrmvi †ÿ‡Î k‡ãvËi Zi½ eënvi Kiv nq| Avëªvm‡bvMÖvwd n‡jv †QvU Zi½ •`‡N©ï kã
eënvi K‡i B‡gwRs •Zwi Kiv nq| mgy‡`ªi MfxiZv wbY©q, wng‣kj, Wz‡evRvnvR BZ¨vwì BZ¨vw` Ae¯’vb wbY©q Kiv nq| m~²
B‡j±ªwbK hš¿cvwZ cwi®‥vi Kivi Kv‡R eëüZ nq|
Bbd«vmwbK ev k‡ãZi Zi½ : †h Zi‡½i K¤úv¼ 20 nv‡R©i Kg Zv‡K k‡ãZi ev Bbd«vmwbK Zi½ e‡j| nvwZ GB
Zi‡½i gva¨‡g wb‡R‡ì g‡a¨ †hvMv‡hvM K‡i|
wewfbœ cÖvYxi EaŸ© mxgv
cÖvYxi bvg EaŸ© mxgv cÖvYxi bvg EaŸ© mxgv cÖvYxi bvg EaŸ© mxgv
KzKzi 35000 Hz ev`yo 100,000 Hz weovj 50,000 Hz
cÖwZaŸwb : †Kv‡bv Drm †_‡K kã Drcbœ n‡q `~ieZx© †Kv‡bv gva¨‡g evuav †c‡q Dr‡mi Kv‡Q wd‡i Avm‡j g~jaŸwbi †h
cybive„wË N‡U, Zv‡K g~j k‡ãi cÖwZaŸwb e‡j| Avgiv hLb wKQz ïwb Zvi Abyf~wZUv 0.1s ch©šÍ gw¯Í‡®‥ †_‡K hvq| Drm n‡Z
cÖwZdj‡Ki gaëZx© wbY©q Kiv hvK-
aiv hvK, `~iZ¡ = h (hvIqv + Avmv = 2h), g~jaŸwb I cÖwZaŸwb †kvbvi gaëZ©x mgq = t Ges k‡ãi †eM = v|
Avgiv Rvwb,
`~iZ¡ = †eM mgq 
  evZv‡m k‡ãi `ªæwZ 330 s
 wgUvi
AZGe, cÖwZaŸwb †kvbvi Rb¨ Drm I cÖwZdj‡Ki gaëZ©x `~iZ¡ Kgc‡ÿ wgUvi n‡Z nq|
 ‡jvKfwZ© njN‡i k~b¨ N‡ii †P‡q ÿxY nevi KviY— k~b¨ N‡i k‡ãi †kvlY Kg nq|
 cyiæ‡li Mjvi ¯î †gvUv I †g‡q‡ì Zxÿè nevi KviY— cyiæ‡liv Kg K¤úv‡¼i kã •Zwi K‡i, †g‡qiv †ewk K¤úv‡¼i kã
•Zwi K‡i| kã mÂvj‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb— Ro gva¨g hv cÖgvY K‡ib A‡Uvfb ‡MwiK| Pvu‡` †Kvb kã Ki‡j Zv †kvbv
hvq bv KviY Pvu‡` evqygÐj †bB| me‡P‡q `ªæZMwZ‡Z P‡j— mycvimwbK wegvb|
 k‡ãi ZxeªZv cwigvc Kiv nq— IwWIwgUvi Øviv|
 GKwU k~b¨ cvÎ‡K AvNvZ Ki‡j cvwbfiv cv‡Îi †P‡q kã †ewk nq KviY evZv‡m kã Zi‡½i we¯Ívi †ewk| ‡ij ‡÷k‡b
AvMgbiZ BwÄ‡b evuwk evRv‡Z _vK‡j cøvUd‡g© `vuov‡bv e¨w³i Kv‡Q evuwki K¤úbv¼ Avm‡ji †P‡q †ewk n‡e|
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. k~b¨ gva¨‡g k‡ãi †eM KZ? (37Zg wewmGm)
K. 280 L. 0 M. 332 N. 1120 DËi : L
02. ev`yi AÜKv‡i Pjv‡div K‡i wKfv‡e? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK- 2018]
K. †Pv‡L †`‡L L. NªvY kw³i gva¨‡g M. AvjUªvmwbK k‡ãi gva¨‡g N. me¸‡jv wVK DËi : M
e¨vL¨v: iv‡Zi †ejv AÜKv‡i ev`yi Pjv‡div K‡i g~jZ AvëªvmwbK ev k‡ãvËi Zi½ m„wó K‡i| ev`y‡ii Pjvi c‡_ evav ev
cÖwZeÜKZv _vK‡j Zv k‡ãvËi Zi½ av°v †L‡q cÖwZaŸwb n‡q `ªæZ wd‡i Av‡m ev`y‡ii Kv‡b d‡j mn‡RB ev`yo w`K
cwieZ©b Ki‡Z cv‡i|
03. gvbe‡`‡n kã Drcbœ K‡i— [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (XvKv wefvM) : 06]
K. wRnŸv L. †VvuU M. gyL N. ¯îhš¿ DËi : N
04. kã we¯Ív‡ii Rb¨— [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (Rev) : 2009]
K. †Kvb gva¨‡gi cÖ‡qvRb nq bv L. w¯’wZ¯’vcK gva¨‡gi cÖ‡qvRb nq
M. evqexq gva¨‡gi cÖ‡qvRb nq N. Dc‡ii †KvbwUB bq DËi : L
05. kã Zi½ Pj‡Z cv‡i bv— [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (ivBb) : 2013]
K. k~b¨ gva¨‡g L. KwVb gva¨‡g M. Zij gva¨‡g N. evqexq gva¨‡g DËi : K
06. k~b¨ gva¨‡g k‡ãi †eM KZ? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (cÙv) : 2013]
K. 280 m/s L. 0 m/s M. 332 m/s N. 1120 ft/s DËi : L
09. ‡Kvb gva¨‡g k‡ãi MwZ me‡P‡q †ewk? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK- 2018]
K. cvwb L. k~b¨Zvq M. †jvnvq N. evZv‡m DËi : M
e¨vL¨v: wewfbœ gva¨‡gi MwZ‡e‡Mi µg :
KwVb < Zij < evhexq A_¨©vr KwVb gva¨‡g k‡ãi MwZ‡eM me‡P‡q †ewk; Gici Zij; evqexq gva¨‡g me‡P‡q Kg
MwZ‡eM| kã k~b¨ gva¨‡g Pj‡Z cv‡i bv|
07. ‡h m‡e©v”P kÖæwZ mxgvi Ic‡i gvbyl ewai n‡Z cv‡i Zv n‡”Q— [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (‡WjUv) : 14]
K. 75 wWwe L. 90 wWwe M. 105 wWwe N. 120 wWwe DËi : M
08. ‡Kvb gva¨‡g k‡ãi MwZ me‡P‡q †ewk? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (‡nvqvs‡nv): 2013,; †iwR÷vW© cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (nvmbv‡nbv): 2011]
K. k~b¨Zvq L. KwVb c`v_© M. Zij c`v_© N. evqexq c`v_© DËi : L
09. ‡Kvb gva¨‡g k‡ãi MwZ me‡P‡q †ewk? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (`vwbqye) : 2013; cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix (2018); cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq
mnKvix wkÿK (K¨v‡gwjqv) : 2012]
K. k~b¨Zvq L. †jvnv M. cvwb N. evZvm DËi : L
10. ‡Kvb gva¨‡g k‡ãi MwZ me‡P‡q Kg? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK (PÆMÖvg wefvM) : 2005]
K. KwVb c`v_© L. Zij c`v_© M. evqexq c`v_© N. k~b¨ gva¨g DËi : M
11. ‡Kvb gva¨‡g ZvcgvÎv evo‡j H gva¨‡g k‡ãi MwZ— [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (hgybv) : 2013]
K. K‡g L. ev‡o M. AcwiewZ©Z _v‡K N. AwbqwgZ nq DËi : L
12. evZv‡mi DòZv evo‡j k‡ãi MwZ— [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (weUv) : 2014; cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (‡gNbv) : 2012]
K. K‡g L. ev‡o M. cÖ_‡g ev‡o c‡i K‡g N. AcwiewZ©Z _v‡K DËi : L
13. ‡Kvb wegvb k‡ãi †P‡q †ewk `ªæZ MwZ‡Z P‡j? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK : 1994]
K. †evwqs-707 L. mycvimwbK wegvb M. ‡RU wegvb N. wgivR DËi : L
14. cÖwZdwjZ kã‡K ejv nq— [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2010]
K. †Kvjvnj L. ZxÿœZv M. cÖwZaŸwb N. we¯Ívi DËi : M
15. wK‡mi mvnv‡h¨ mgy`ª I Kzqvi MfxiZv wbY©q Kiv hvq? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (myigv, eywoM½v) : 2013; cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq
mnKvix wkÿK (wm‡jU wefvM) : 2006]
K. cÖwZdjb L. cÖwZmiY M. cÖwZaŸwb N. cÖwZmiYv¼ DËi : M
16. ‡Kvb kã †kvbvi ci KZ †m‡KÛ ch©šÍ Gi †il Avgv‡ì gw¯Í‡®‥ _v‡K? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (ivBb) : 2013]
K. 1 †m‡KÛ L. 0.1 †m‡KÛ M. 0.01 †m‡KÛ N. 0.001 †m‡KÛ DËi : L
17. k~b¨ N‡ii †P‡q †jvKfwZ© N‡i kã Kg nq, KviY— [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (wkDwj) : 2009; 23Zg wewmGm]
K. k~b¨ N‡i bxie _v‡K L. †jvKfwZ© N‡i gvby‡li †kvi‡Mvj nq
M. k~b¨ N‡i k‡ãi †kvlY †ewk nq N. k~b¨ k‡ãi †kvlY Kg nq DËi : N
18. ev`yo AÜKv‡i Pjv‡div Kivi mgq wK‡mi mvnv‡h¨ w`K wbY©q K‡i? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2018]
K. †Pv‡L †`‡L L. NªvY kw³i gva¨‡g M.AvëªvmwbK k‡ãi gva¨‡g N. me¸‡jv DËi : M
19. AvëªvmwbK kã ej‡Z †evSvq— [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (Avjdv): 2014]
K. hvi MwZ k‡ãi MwZ †_‡K Kg L. hvi MwZ k‡ãi MwZ †_‡K †ewk
M. †h kã mvaviYfv‡e gvbyl ïb‡Z cvq N. †h kã †Kvb †Kvb Rxe-Rš‘ ïb‡Z cvq DËi : N
20. AvëªvmwbK Zi½ wK? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (‡Mvjvc) : 2009]
K. kÖve¨ k‡ãi Zi½ †_‡K Kg K¤úv‡¼i Zi½ L. k~b¨ gva¨‡g MwVZ Zi½
M. kÖve¨ k‡ãi K¤úv¼ †_‡K †ewk K¤úv‡¼i Zi½ N. ‡KvbwUB bq DËi : M
Zvc I ZvcMwZwe`¨v
Zvc
Zvc GK ai‡bi kw³| kw³ KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i A_©vr ej cÖ‡qvM K‡i e¯‘‡K e‡ji w`‡K miv‡Z cv‡i| †hgb- †Uªb ev Mvwo‡Z
R¦vjvwb †Zj R¦vwj‡q Zvc •Zwi Kiv nq hv †Uªb ev Mvwo‡K QzwU‡q wb‡q hvq| Zvc †h‡nZz kw³, †m‡nZz kw³i g‡ZvB Zv‡ci
GKK Ryj (J)| Zv‡ci Av‡iv GKwU GKK Av‡Q, Zvi bvg K¨vjwi (Cal)|
1 MÖvg cvwbi ZvcgvÎv †mjwmqvm evov‡Z n‡j †h cwigvY Zv‡ci ìKvi †mUv n‡”Q 1 K¨vjwi| 1 K¨vjwi = 4.20 Ryj|
ZvcgvÎv
ZvcgvÎv n‡”Q e¯‘i Zvcxq Ae¯’v hv Ab¨ e¯‘i Zvcxq Ae¯’v hv Ab¨ e¯‘i Zvcxq ms¯ú‡k© Avm‡j Zvc MÖnY Ki‡e bv eR©b Ki‡e
Zv wba©viY K‡i| AvšÍR©vwZK c×wZ‡Z ZvcgvÎvi GKK †Kjwfb (K)| c~‡e© ZvcgvÎvi cÖPjwZ GKK wQj wWwMÖ †mjwmqvm|
‡R‡b ivLyb : Zvc I ZvcgvÎvi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨-
Zvc n‡jv GK ai‡bi kw³, hvi Kvi‡Y †Kv‡bv wKQz‡K VvÛv ev Mig jv‡M| Ab¨w`‡K KZUzKz VvÛv ev Mig jvM‡Q Zv cÖKvk
Kivi gvÎv‡K ZvcgvÎv e‡j|
ZvcgvÎv cwigv‡ci †¯‥j
†Kvb wKQz cwigv‡ci Rb¨ GKwU wbw`©ó Av`k©gvb wVK K‡i †bqv nq| Zvici †mB Av`k©
gv‡bi mv‡_ Zzjbv K‡i bZzb ‡Kv‡bv wKQzi cwigvc ‡ei Kiv nq| ZvcgvÎv cwigv‡ci Av`k©
gv‡bi me©wb¤œ gvb‡K wb¤œ w¯’iv¼ Ges m‡ev©”P gvb‡K D”P w¯’iv¼ ejv nq| ZvcgvÎv cwigv‡ci
K‡qKwU †¯‥j Pvjy Av‡Q| †hgb-
‡¯‥j me©wb¤œ gvb m‡e©v”P gvb ZvcgvÎvi cv_©K¨
dv‡ibnvBU
‡mjwmqvm
‡Kjwfb
‡mjwmqvm
†Kjwfb
dv‡ibnvBU
wewfbœ ZvcgvÎv †¯‥‡ji m¤úK©

= =  = =
wPÎ. †mjwmqvm, †Kjwfb
g‡b ivLyb : wWwMÖ †mjwmqvm ZvcgvÎvq †mjwmqvm I dv‡ibnvBU †¯‥‡ji gvb I dv‡ibnvBU †¯‥j
GKB nq|
Zv‡ci mÂvjb
Zvc †ewk ZvcgvÎv wewkó ¯’vb †_‡K Kg ZvcgvÎv wewkó AÂ‡j hvq, G‡K Zvc mÂvjb e‡j| Zvc mÂvjb wZb fv‡e nq|
h_v- K. cwienb, L. cwiPjb Ges M. wewKiY|
Zvc cwienb
KwVb c`v‡_©i KYv¸‡jv wb‡Riv ¯’vb cwieZ©b Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| Zviv †Kej wb‡R‡ì ¯’v‡b †`vj Lvq| KwVb c`v‡_©i Mig
KYv¸‡jv ‡`vj †L‡q cv‡ki VvÛv KYv‡K Zvc w`‡q †`q| Gfv‡e KYv¸‡jv ¯’vb cwieZ©b bv K‡i Zvc‡K Mig cÖvšÍ †_‡K VvÛv
cÖv‡šÍ wb‡q hvq| Zvc mÂvj‡bi G NUbv‡K Zvc cwienb e‡j| Mig ZiKvwii evwU †_‡K Pvg‡Pi gva¨‡g Zvc cwienb
c×wZ‡Z mÂvwjZ nq| G c×wZ‡K KwVb c`v‡_© Zvc mÂvwjZ nq|
KwVb c`v‡_©i g‡a¨ avZe c`v_©¸‡jv ‡hgb- ‡jvnv, AavZz †hgb KvV, mywZ Kvco, gvwU Gme Zvc cwienb K‡i
wcZj, A¨vjywgwbqvg, `¯Ív G¸‡jv `ªæZ Zvc cwienb LyeB Kg| ZvB Mig nvuwo aivi Rb¨ Avgiv Kvc‡oi UzKiv
K‡i| G Kvi‡YB avZzi •Zwi ivbœvi nvuwo eënvi Kiv eënvi Kwi| GKB Kvi‡Y ivbœvi Rb¨ Kv‡Vi bvovwb eënvi
nq| myweavRbK|
Zvc cwiPjb
Zij I evqexq c`v‡_© G cÖwµqvq Zvc mÂvwjZ nq| GKwU cv‡Î cvwb wb‡q Pzjvi Dc‡i ewm‡q w`‡j cÖ_‡g cv‡Îi Mv msjMœ
cvwbi KYv¸‡jv DËß n‡q nvjKv n‡q Dc‡i D‡V hvq Ges Dc‡ii VvÛv cvwbi KYv¸‡jv wb‡P P‡j Av‡m| Gfv‡e cy‡iv cv‡Îi
cvwbB Mig n‡Z _v‡K| G‡ÿ‡Î cvwbi KYv¸‡jv Zvc MÖnY K‡i kw³ AR©b K‡i| Gfv‡e ch©vqµ‡g mKj KYv Zvc MÖnY K‡i
DËß nq, Zvc GK ¯’vb n‡Z Ab¨ ¯’v‡b mÂvwjZ nq| Gfv‡e KYv‡ì ¯’vb cwieZ©‡bi gva¨‡g Zvc mÂvj‡bi cÖwµqvi bvg
cwiPjb| kx‡Zi mgq Av¸‡bi cv‡k `vuov‡bv‡Z Mig jvMvi KviY n‡jv Zvc cwiPjb|
Zvc wewKiY
m~h© Zv‡ci g~j Drm| m~h© †_‡K Zvc wewKi‡Yi gva¨‡g c„w_ex‡Z †c․uQvq| †hLv‡b †Kv‡bv Ro gva¨g ‡bB (k~b¨ gva¨g) †mLv‡b
Zvc wewKi‡Yi gva¨‡g mÂvwjZ nq| m~h© GKwU wewKiK ZvB Zvc wewKiY K‡i| iv‡Zi †ejv DËß c„w_ex Zvc wewKiY K‡i
kxZj nq| Zvc mÂvj‡bi `ªæZZg cÖwµqv— wewKiY|
c`v‡_©i Zv‡ci Kvi‡Y cÖmviY
 KwVb c`v‡_©i cÖmviY wZb cÖKvi| h_v- •`N©¨ cÖmviY, †ÿÎ cÖmviY Ges AvqZb cÖmviY|
 Zij I evqexq c`v‡_©i cÖmviY ej‡Z— AvqZb cÖmviY‡K †evSvq|
 Zvc cÖ‡qv‡M me‡P‡q †ewk cÖmvwiZ nq— evqexq c`v_© Ges me‡P‡q Kg cÖmvwiZ nq— KwVb c`v_©| cÖmvi‡Yi µg :
evqexq c`v_© ˃ Zij c`v_© ˃ KwVb c`v_©|
 wkwk ev †evZ‡ji wQwc †Lvjvi Rb¨— Zvc cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq, G‡Z cÖmviY NUbv N‡U— KwVb c`v‡_©i|
 gvSLv‡b †MvjvKvi wQ`ªwewkó GKwU †cøU‡K DËß Ki‡j †cø‡Ui cÖmvi‡Yi d‡j gvSLv‡bi wQ`ªwUi e¨vm— Kg‡e|
 ‡ij jvB‡bi wdm‡cøU Øviv †ijjvB‡bi `yBwU †ij‡K mshy³ Kiv n‡jI ‡ij jvB‡bi ‡jvnvi cv‡Zi gv‡S dvuK ivLv nq
KviY †i‡ji †jvnvi PvKvi msN‡l© ev m~‡h©i Zv‡c Drcbœ Zv‡c †ij jvB‡bi cvZ cÖmvwiZ n‡q `yN©Ubv m„wó bv nq| GwU
KwVb c`v‡_©i cÖmvi‡Yi D`vniY|
 we`y¨r I †Uwj‡dv‡bi Zvi Szwj‡q ivLv nq| KviY- kxZKv‡j Kg ZvcgvÎvq avZe Zvi m¼zwPZ nq| m‡¼vP‡bi d‡j Zvi
wQ‡o †h‡Z ev we`y¨‡Zi †cv÷ †f‡½ †h‡Z cv‡i|
 KvP Zvc Kzcwievnx c`v_©| GRb¨ Kv‡Pi Møv‡m Mig wKQz Xvj‡j MøvmwU †d‡U hvq|
cvwbi e¨wZµgx cÖmviY
cvwbi NbZ¡ me‡P‡q †ewk/¯^vfvweK Av`k© cwi‡e‡k cvwbi NbZ¡ †h ZvcgvÎvq m‡e©v”P gvb cwiMÖn K‡i — ‡mjwmqvm
ZvcvgvÎvq| A_©vr mvaviYZ Zvc cÖ‡qv‡M Zij c`v‡_©i AvqZb evo‡jI 00 †mjwmqvm ZvcgvÎvi cvwb‡K DËß Ki‡j
†mjwmqvm ZvcgvÎvq NbZ¡ me‡P‡q †ewk nq| GB NUbv‡K cvwbi e¨wZµgx cÖmviY e‡j| G Kvi‡Y kxZcÖavb †`k¸‡jv‡Z 00
†mjwmqvm ZvcgvÎvq cvwbi Dc‡i eid R‡g †M‡jI †mjwmqvm ZvcgvÎvq wb‡P cvwb Zij Ae¯’vq _v‡K Ges †mLv‡b RjR
cÖvYx †eu‡P _v‡K|
Z_¨KwYKv
 ce©‡Zi P~ovq Av‡ivnYKv‡j bvK w`‡q i³ co‡Z cv‡i| KviY— DuPz ce©‡Zi P~ovq evqyi Pvc Kg _v‡K| (13Zg wewmGm)
 Kv‡jv i‡½i Pv‡qi Kv‡c— Pv ZvovZvwo VvÛv nq| (14Zg wewmGm)
 ‡Lvjv cvÎ A‡cÿv XvKbv †Ìqv cv‡Î Pvj kxNª wm× nq— ùyUbv¼ ev‡o e‡j|
 ZvcgvÎv— ‡mjwmqvm †¯‥‡j †mwjwmqvm| mv`v i‡½i e¯‘i Zvc †kvlY ÿgZv— me‡P‡q Kg|
 Kvc‡oi Kvj i‡½i Zvc weKxiY I †kvlY Kivi ÿgZv— me‡P‡q †ewk| G Kvi‡Y MÖx®§Kv‡j Avgiv Kvj Kvco cwiavb
Kwi bv| mv`v i‡Oi e¯‘i Zv‡ci wewKiY Ges †kvlY ÿgZv— me‡P‡q Kg| G Kvi‡Y MÖx®§Kv‡j mv`v †cvkvK cwiavb
Kiv Avivg`vqK| kn‡ii iv¯Ívq UªvwdK cywjk mvaviYZ mv`v QvZv I Rvgv eënvi K‡i— Zv‡ci wewKiY †_‡K evuPvi
Rb¨| mv`v Pv‡qi Kv‡c Pv †ewkÿY Mig _v‡K— mv`v i‡Oi Zvc wewKiY ÿgZv Kg e‡j|
 mgvb ZvcgvÎv w`‡jI `ya cvwb A‡cÿv Av‡M †dv‡U, KviY— cvwbi ZvcMÖvwnZv †ewk|
 kxZKv‡j kix‡ii Pvgov dvUvi KviY— Av`ª©Zvi Afve|
 ev®úxq BwÄ‡bi RbK— †Rgm IqvU| kxZKv‡j evZv‡m Rjxq ev‡®úi cwigvY— Kg _v‡K|
 cig k~b¨ ZvcgvÎvq M¨v‡mi AvqZb— k~b¨| ‡mjwmqvm †¯‥‡j ei‡di Mjbv¼— †mjwmqvm|
 GKwU e× N‡i GKwU Pvjy wd«‡Ri ìRv Ly‡j ivL‡j N‡ii ZvcgvÎv— AcwiewZ©Z _v‡K|
 kx‡Z kixi Kvucvi KviY— kix‡ii ZvcgvÎvi †P‡q evwn‡ii ZvcgvÎv Kg|
 el©Kv‡j †fRv Kvco ïKv‡Z †ìx nevi KviY— evZv‡m Rjxq ev‡®úi cwigvY ‡ewk _v‡K|
 GK LÐ eid‡K DËß K‡i cvwb‡Z cwiYZ Ki‡j— Gi AvqZb K‡g hvq|
 Gfv‡i÷ ce©‡Zi Dc‡i cvwb dzU‡Z kyiæ K‡i— †mjwmqvm ZvcgvÎvq|
 cyiæ Kv‡Pi Møv‡m Mig cvwb ivL‡j Zv †d‡U hvq KviY— Møv‡mi ‡fZ‡i I evwn‡i Amg AvqZb cÖmvi‡Yi Rb¨|
 ‡Kjwfb †¯‥‡j wb¤œ w¯’iv¼ ( )— me‡P‡q Kg nq|
 Avgiv hLb cÖ¾¡wjZ Av¸‡bi mvg‡b hLb Avgiv ewm ZLb Avgiv Mig Abyfe Kwi— Zv‡ci wewKiY Øviv|
 UªvwdK cywjk mv`v Kvco c‡o _v‡K _v‡K— Zv‡ci wewKiY ‡_‡K iÿvi Rb¨|
 ‡gvUi Mvwoi BwÄb‡K VvÛv ivLvi Rb¨ cvwb eënvi Kiv nq— KviY cvwb Zvc A‡bK ‡kvlY Ki‡jI cvwbi DòZv Aí
e„w× cvq| †iwd«Rv‡iU‡i K‡¤úªmv‡ii KvR— †dqb‡K ev‡®ú cwiYZ Kiv|
 ‡c‡Uªvj BwÄb mdjfv‡e cÖ_g Pvjy K‡ib— W. A‡Uv| GKRb my¯’ e¨w³ †`‡ni ¯^vfvweK ZvcgvÎv— .
 Zvc cwievnK‡Z¡i gvb wbf©i K‡i— cwievn‡Ki Dcv`v‡bi Dci|
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. Zv‡ci GKK †KvbwU? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 93]
K. K¨vjwi L. †mjwmqvm M. †mw›U‡MÖW N. dv‡ibnvBU DËi : K
02. GK MÖvg cvwbi ZvcgvÎv `yB 20 ‡_‡K 30 ‡mjwmqvm e„w× Kivi Rb¨ KZ Zv‡ci cÖ‡qvRb? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (PÆMÖvg
wefvM) : 2002; 28Zg wewmGm ]
K. 1 K¨vjwi L. 2 K¨vjwi M. 3 K¨vjwi N. 4 K¨vjwi DËi : K
01. AvKvk †gNjv _vK‡j Mig †ewk jvMvi KviY—(23Zg wewmGm)
K. ‡gN DËg cwievnK L. m~hv©‡jv‡Ki AwZ‡e¸wb iwk¥i cÖfv‡e †gN Zvc Drcbœ K‡i
M. eRªcv‡Zi d‡j Zvc Drcbœ n‡q e‡j N. †gN c„w_ex c„ô †_‡K weKxY© Zvc‡K Dc‡i †h‡Z evuav †`q DËi : N
e¨vL¨v : iv‡Zi †ejv f~-c„ô Zvc wewKiY K‡i kxZj nq| †gN Zvc‡ivax e‡j weKxY© Zvc †g‡Ni g‡a¨ w`‡q EaŸ©vKv‡k
†h‡Z cv‡i bv; †gN Øviv cÖwZdwjZ n‡q f~-c„‡ô wd‡i Av‡m| G Kvi‡Y f~-c„ôv VvÛv nq bv Ges wkwki R‡g bv|
03. ‡Kvb ZvcgvÎvq dv‡ibnvBU I †mjwmqvm †¯‥‡j mgvb ZvcgvÎv wb‡`©k K‡i? [23Zg wewmGm]
K. L. 00 M. 1000 N. 40 DËi : K
04. cvwb hLb dzU‡Z _v‡K Zvi DòZvi wK cwieZ©b N‡U? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (‡gNbv) : 12]
K. evo‡Z _v‡K L. Kg‡Z _v‡K M. GKB _v‡K N. Kg-‡ewk nq DËi : M
e¨vL¨v : Zij c`v_©‡K Zvc w`‡j DòZv e„w× cvq| GKwU wbw`©ó DòZvq Zij c`v_© dzU‡Z Avi¤¢ K‡i Ges ev‡®ú cwiYZ
n‡Z _v‡K| hZÿY ch©šÍ m¤ú~Y© Zij c`v_© ev‡®ú cwiYZ bv nq ZZÿY ch©šÍ Zij c`v‡_©i DòZv GKB _v‡K| GB
wbw`©ó DòZv‡K ejv nq— ùzUbv¼| ùzUb Avi¤¢ nIqvi 30 wgwbU ci cvwb RxevYygy³ nq|
05. Zvc cÖ‡qv‡M me‡P‡q †ewk cÖmvwiZ nq †Kvb c`v_©? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (weUv) : 14; cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK
(Ki‡Zvqv) : 10; 23Zg wewmGm]
K. Zij c`v_© L. evqexq c`v_© M. big c`v_© N. KwVb c`v_© DËi : L
06. KvP‡K nVvr DËß Ki‡j †d‡U hvq, wKš‘ avZz dv‡U bv KviY KvP Zvc— [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (K‡cvZvÿ) : 10]
K. AšÍiK L. mycwievnx M. Kzcwievnx N. Aa©-cwievnx DËi : M
07. ‡ijjvB‡bi wdm †cøU wK Kv‡R eëüZ nq? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (wµmvbw_gvg) : 12]
K. †Uª‡bi MwZ‡eM wbqš¿Y K‡i L. `yBwU †ij‡K mshy³ K‡i
M. †ijjvBb †eu‡K hvIqv wbeviY K‡i N. †ij‡K mg`~i‡Z¡ iv‡L DËi : L
08. we`y¨r I †Uwj‡dv‡bi Zvi Szwj‡q Uvbv nq, KviY— [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (XvKv wefvM) : 08]
K. Uvbv K‡i Zvi jvMv‡bv m¤¢e bq L. †ewk Uv‡b wcjvi †n‡j †h‡Z cv‡i|
M. kxZKv‡j VvÛvq Zvi m¼zwPZ nq N. Dc‡ii me¸‡jvB wVK DËi : M
09. gvSLv‡b †MvjvvKvi wQ`ª wewkó GKwU †cøU‡K DËß Ki‡j, wQ`ªwUi e¨vm— [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (Ki‡Zvqv): 10]
K. Kg‡e L. evo‡e M. AcwiewZ©Z _vK‡e N. cÖ_‡g evo‡e DËi : K
10. ¯^vfvweK Av`k© cwi‡e‡k cvwbi NbZ¡ †h ZvcgvÎvq m‡e©v”P gvb cwiMÖn K‡i Zv n‡jv— [‡iwR÷vW© cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK
(Rev) : 11]
K. 00 ‡mw›U‡MÖW L. 40 ‡mw›U‡MÖW M. 1000 ‡mw›U‡MÖW N. 2630 ‡mw›U‡MÖW DËi : L
11. ‡Kvb ZvcgvÎvq cvwbi NbZ¡ me‡P‡q †ewk? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (cÙv, Ki‡Zvqv) : 13]
K. 00 ‡mw›U‡MÖW L. 40 ‡mw›U‡MÖW M. 320 dv‡ibnvBU N. 1000 ‡mjwmqvm DËi : L
12. ‡Lvjv cvÎ A‡cÿv XvKbv †Ìqv cv‡Î Pvj kxNª wm× nq †Kb? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (PÆMÖvg wefvM) : 02]
K. ùyUbv¼ K‡g e‡j L. ùyUbv¼ ev‡o e‡j M. AvqZb e„w× cvq e‡j N. Pvc e„w× cvq e‡j DËi : L
13. ‡cÖmvi KzKv‡i cvwbi ùzUbv¼— [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (‡WjUv) : 14; cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (‡gNbv) : 13; †iwR÷vW©
cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (wkDjx): 11]
K. Kg nq L. †ewk nq M. wVK _v‡K N. †Kv‡bvwUB bq DËi : L
14. D”P ce©‡Zi Dci cvwbi ùzUbv¼ K‡g hvq, KviY H D”PZvq— [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKix wkÿK (kxZjÿ¨v) : 13; 24Zg wewmGm]
K. evqyi Pvc †ewk L. evqyi Pvc Kg M. m~h© Zv‡ci cÖLiZv †ewk N. †KvbwUB bq DËi : L
15. ‡cÖmvi KzKv‡i ivbœv ZvovZvwo nq KviY D”PPv‡c Zi‡ji ùzUbv¼ e„w× cvq| (10g I 27Zg wewmGm)
K. e× cv‡Î Zvc msiwÿZ nq L. ivbœvi Rb¨ ïay Zvc bq PvcI KvR K‡i
M. D”P Pv‡c Zi‡ji ùzUbv¼ e„w× cvq M. mwÂZ ev‡®úi Zvc ivbœvi mnvqK DËi : M
e¨vL¨v : Pvc evo‡j Zi‡ji ùzUbv¼ †e‡o hvq Ges Pvc Kg‡j ùzUbv¼ K‡g| f~-c„ô †_‡K Dc‡ii w`‡K evqyi Pvc Kg‡Z
_v‡K| G Kvi‡Y cvnvo ev myyD”P ce©‡Zi Dc‡i DV‡j
16. mgvb ZvcgvÎv w`‡jI `ya cvwb A‡cÿv Av‡M †dv‡U †Kb? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK : 94]
K. cvwbi ZvcMÖvwnZv †ewk e‡j L. `y‡ai ZvcMÖvwnZv †ewk e‡j
M. `ya cvwbi †P‡q Nb e‡j N. cvwb eY©nxb-`ya mv`v e‡j DËi : K
17. Zvc mÂvj‡bi cÖwµqv KqwU? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (Lyjbv wefvM) : 06]
K. `yBwU L. wZbwU M. PviwU N. cvuPwU DËi : L
18. ‡Kvb c`v‡_©i g‡a¨ w`‡q Zvc cwienb ÿgZv me‡P‡q †ewk nq? [gva¨wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK: 2000]
K. KwVb L. Zij M. evqexq N. f¨vKzqvg DËi : K
19. Zvc mÂvj‡bi `ªæZZg cÖwµqv †KvbwU? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (wSjvg) : 13; cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (myigv) : 12; cÖv_wgK
we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (ivRkvnx wefvM): 07]
K. cwienb L. cwiPjb M. wewKiY N. †KvbwUB bq DËi : M
20. me‡P‡q fvj Zvc cwievnK n‡”Q— [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (wZ¯Ív) : 10]
K. †jvnv L. Zvgv M. mxmv N. †eªvÄ DËi : L
21. m~h© †_‡K c„w_ex‡Z Zvc Av‡m— [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (myigv) : 10]
K. wewKiY c×wZ‡Z L. cwienb c×wZ‡Z M. cwiPjb c×wZ‡Z N. me Dcv‡qB DËi : K
22. ‡Kvb i‡Oi e¯‘i Zvc †kvlY ÿgZv Kg? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (eywoM½v) : 13; cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (wSjvg) : 13;
cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (‡nvqvs‡nv)]
K. Kv‡jv L. †e¸wb M. mv`v N. njy` DËi : M
23. ‡Kvb i‡Oi e¯‘i Zvc †kvlY ÿgZv †ewk? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (myigv) : 13; cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (wSjvg) : 13]
K. mv`v L. †e¸wb M. jvj N. Kv‡jv DËi : N
24. MÖx®§Kv‡j mv`v Kvco civ nq, KviY— [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (ivBb) : 13]
K. mv`v Kvc‡oi Zvc wewKiY ÿgZv ‡ewk L. mv`v Kvco Zvc †kvlY K‡i bv
M. mv`v Kvc‡o Zvc cÖwZdjb ÿgZv †ewk N. mv`v Kvc‡oi Zvc cÖwZmiY ÿgZv †ewk DËi : L
25. ‡Kvb i‡Oi Kv‡c Pv ZvovZvwo VvÛv nq? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (W¨v‡dvwWj) : 12; †iwR÷vW© cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (‡Mvjvc) : 11]
K. mv`v L. jvj M. Kv‡jv N. a~mi DËi : M
26. ‡gNjv iv‡Z— [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (evMvbwejvm) : 12; cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (wZ¯Ív) : 10]
K. wkwki Drcbœ nq bv L. wkwki Drcbœ nq M. DfqwUB wVK N. †Kv‡bvwUB bq DËi : K
27. ‡gNv”Qbœ AvKv‡k ivZ A‡cÿvK…Z Mig nq, KviY— [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (hgybv) : 13; cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (PÆMÖvg
wefvM) : 08]
K. evqygÐjxq Pvc Kg _vKvq L. evqygÐjxq NbZ¡ †e‡o hvIqvq
M. evqygÐ‡j †ewk cwigvY a~wjKYv _vKvq N. †gN gvwU evqy‡Z Zvc wewKiY evav †`q DËi : N
28. ‡c‡Uªvj BwÄb mdjZvi mv‡_ †K Pvjy K‡ib? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (weUv) : 14]
K. W. A‡Uv L. †Rgm IqvU M. †Kjwfb N. Kv‡Yv© DËi : K
29. Kvey©‡iUi _v‡K— (27Zg wewmGm)
K. †c‡Uªvj BwÄ‡b L. wW‡Rj BwÄ‡b M. i‡KU BwÄ‡b N. wegvb BwÄ‡b DËi : K
e¨vL¨v : †c‡Uªvj BwÄ‡bi Kve©y‡iUi †c‡Uªvj‡K ev‡®ú iæcvšÍwiZ K‡i| †c‡Uªvj BwÄb GKwU— PZzN©vZ BwÄb| GB BwÄ‡b
wc÷‡bi `yÕevi mvg‡b Ges `yÕevi wcQ‡b †gvU Pvievi MwZi mg‡q gvÎ GKevi R¦vjvwb mieivn Kiv nq e‡j GB
BwÄbwU‡K PZzN©vZ BwÄb e‡j| W. A‡Uv 1886 mv‡j GB BwÄb mdjZvi mv‡_ Pvjy K‡ib| `yB †`qv‡j iƒc cÖ‡jc _vKvq
wewKiY c×wZ‡ZI ‡fZ‡ii Zvc evB‡i A_ve evB‡ii Zvc †fZ‡i †h‡Z cv‡i bv|
30. evwo‡Z eëüZ wd«‡R wngvqKiƒ‡c eëüZ nq— [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (wµmvbw_gvg) : 12]
K. wbqb L. †d«qb ev A¨v‡gvwbqv M. w¯úwiU N. †KvbwUB bq DËi : L
31. ‡iwd«Rv‡iU‡i Kg‡cÖm‡ii KvR wK? [28Zg wewmGm]
K. †d«qb‡K Nbxf~Z Kiv L. †d«qb‡K ev‡®ú cwiYZ Kiv
M. †d«qb‡K msKzwPZ K‡i Gi Zvc I ZvcgvÎv evov‡bv N. †d«qb‡K VvÛv Kiv DËi : K
32. _v‡g©vd¬v· Kq ¯Íi wewkó cvÎ? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (ivRkvnx wefvM) : 07]
K. `yB ¯Íi L. wZb ¯Íi M. Pvi ¯Íi N. cvuP ¯Íi DËi : K
e¨vL¨v : _v‡g©vd¬v¯‥ `yB †`qvj wewkó Kv‡Pi cvÎ| Kv‡Pi †`qv‡ji GB cvÎwU KK© Øviv eÜ _v‡K| `yB †`qv‡ji gaëZ©x
Ask evqyk~b¨ nIqvq Zvc cwienb ev cwiPjb c×wZ‡Z †fZi †_‡K evwn‡i wKsev evwni †_‡K ‡fZ‡i †h‡Z cv‡i bv|
33. Zvc BwÄ‡bi KvR- (37Zg wewmGm)
K. hvwš¿K kw³‡K Zvckw³‡Z iƒcvšÍi L. Zvckw³‡K hvwš¿Kkw³‡Z iƒcvšÍi
M. we`y¨rkw³‡K hvwš¿K kw³‡Z iƒcvšÍi N. Zvckw³‡K we`y¨rkw³‡Z iƒcvšÍi DËi L
34. we`y¨r kw³‡K kã kw³‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ Kiv nq †Kvb h‡š¿i gva¨‡g?
K. jvDW w¯úKvi L. A¨vgwcødvqvi M. †Rbv‡iUi N. gvwëwgUvi DËi : K
35. Ng©v³ †`‡n cvLvi evZvm Avivg †`q †Kb? (35Zg wewmGm)
K. Mv‡qi †jvg Nvg †ei n‡Z †`q bv L. ev®úvqb kxZjZvi m„wó K‡i
M. cvLvi evZvm kxZj Rjxqev®ú aviY K‡i N. cvLvi evZvm mivmwi †jvgK~c w`‡q kix‡i Xz‡K DËi : L
Av‡jv I Av‡jvK hš¿cvwZ

Av‡jv
Av‡jv GK cÖKvi kw³ hv †Pv‡L (†iwUbv) cÖ‡ek K‡i gw¯Í‡®‥ `k©‡bi Abyf~wZ RvMvq wKš‘ wb‡R A`„k¨ _v‡K| Av‡jvi Zi½ •`N©¨
400nm ‡_‡K 700nm Gi †fZ‡i n‡j Avgiv we`y¨r †P․¤^Kxq Zi½ †`L‡Z cvB Ges †mUv‡K Avgiv Av‡jv ewj| e„wói KYvi
Kvi‡Y AvKv‡k isaby m„wó nq| e„wói KYvq hLb Av‡jvKiwk¥ c‡o, ZLb e„wói KYv wcÖR‡gi gZ KvR K‡i m~h©iwk¥ (mv`v
Av‡jv) †K 7wU i‡O wef³ K‡i hv isaby bv‡g cwiwPZ| m~‡h©i wecixZ w`‡K isaby m„wó nq|
Av‡jvi cÖK…wZ
Av‡jv n‡”Q we`y¨r †P․¤^Kxq Zi½| mijc‡_ P‡j| wbw`©ó iO I wbw`©ó gva¨‡g Av‡jvi †eM wbw`©ó| k~b¨¯’v‡b Av‡jvi †eM
| Av‡jv KL‡bv Zi‡½i g‡Zv (nvB‡Mb, 1678), KL‡bv KYvi g‡Zv (wbDUb, 1672) AvPiY K‡i| Av‡jvi
cÖwZdjb, cÖwZmiY, e¨wZPvi, we”QziY, AceZ©b I mgeZ©b N‡U|
ZvwoZ‡P․¤^K Zi½
Av‡jvi eY© wba©viY K‡i Zvi— Zi½‣`N©¨| me©v‡cÿv †QvU Zi½ ‣`‡N©ï wewKiY n‡”Q— Mvgv iwk¥| iw½b †Uwjwfkb †_‡K
†ei nq— ÿwZKi Mvgv iwk¥ (Z‡e Ack‡b g„`y iÄb iwk¥ _vK‡j †mwU DËi Ki‡eb)|
Zi½ •`N©¨ we‡ÿcY, cÖwZmiY I wePz¨wZ

Mvgv-‡i
G·-‡i
Avëªv fv‡qv‡jU
Bbd«v‡iW
gvB‡µvI‡qf
‡iwWI I‡qf
me‡P‡q Kg me‡P‡q †ewk
me‡P‡q †ewk me‡P‡q Kg
`„k¨gvb Av‡jvi g‡a¨ (Zi½‣`N¨©)

 me‡P‡q Kg— ‡e¸wb Av‡jvi Ges
 me‡P‡q †ewk— jvj Av‡jvi|
wPÎ :
†Pv‡Li †¯úKUªvg `„k¨gvb Av‡jvmg~‡ni g‡a¨ jvj Av‡jvi Zi½ •`N©¨
Ges wfbœ is‡q me‡P‡q †ewk Ges we‡ÿcY me‡P‡q Kg nIqvq
†Pv‡Li me‡P‡q eû`~i ch©šÍ †`Lv hvq| AwaK Zi½‣`‡N©ï Kvi‡Y
ms‡e`bkxjZv m~‡h©v`q ev m~h©v‡¯Íi mgq Avgiv m~h©‡K jvj †`wL|
wewfbœ iwk¥i Zi½‰`N©¨

iwk¥ Zi½‰`N©¨ iwk¥ Zi½‰`N©¨
Mvgv iwk¥ wgUv‡ii Kg (me‡P‡q †QvU) Ae‡jvwnZ iwk¥ †_‡K wgUvi
G· iwk¥ n‡Z wgUvi gvB‡µvI‡qf †_‡K 1 wgUvi
AwZ‡e¸bx iwk¥ n‡Z wgUvi ‡eZvi Zi½ 1 ‡_‡K wgUvi
`„k¨gvb iwk¥ †_‡K wgUvi
 gvbe †Pv‡L †`L‡Z cvIqv hvq— 400 †_‡K 700 b¨v‡bvwgUvi Av‡jvK Zi½|
 ivWv‡i ‡h Zwor †P․¤^K Zi½ eënvi Kiv nq— gvB‡µvI‡qf|
 ‡gvevBj †dvb Wvqvj Ki‡j m„ó †eZvi Zi½ hvq— ‡cÖiK I MÖvnK UvIqv‡i|
`„k¨gvb Av‡jvi Zi½ ‣`‡N©ï EaŸ©µg
VIBGYOR ‡e¸bx (Violet) < Avmgvbx (Indigo) < bxj (Blue) < meyR (Green) < njy` (Yellow) <
Kgjv (Orange) < jvj (Red)|
AwZ‡e¸bx Av‡jv
Zi½‣`N¨© hw` `„k¨gvb Av‡jvi (‡ebxAvmnKjv) me‡P‡q †QvU Zi½‣`N©¨ (‡e¸bx) †_‡KI †QvU nq, Zv‡K AwZ†e¸bx Av‡jv
(Ultraviolet Light) e‡j|
Ae‡jvwnZ Av‡jv
Zi½‣`N©¨ hw` `„k¨gvb Av‡jvi me‡P‡q eo Zi½‣`N©¨ (jvj) †_‡KI eo nq Z‡e gvB‡µvI‡qf Av‡jv †_‡K †QvU nq Z‡e
Zv‡K Ae‡jvwnZ Av‡jv (Infrared Light) e‡j| wUwf wi‡gvU© K‡›Uªv‡j Ae‡jvwnZ Av‡jv (Infrared Light) eënvi Kiv nq|
Zi½ •`N©¨ hw` `„k¨gvb Av‡jvi me‡P‡q †QvU nq Zi½ •`N©¨ †_‡KI †QvU nq, †mUv‡K Avgiv ewj AvjUªv fv‡qv‡jU Av‡jv,
Av‡iv †QvU n‡j G· ‡i, Av‡iv †QvU n‡j Mvgv †i †hUv †ZRw¯…q wbDwK¬qvm †_‡K †ei nq|
Avevi Zi½ •`N©¨ hw` `„k¨gvb Av‡jvi †P‡q eo Zi½ •`N©¨ †_‡KI eo nq, †mUv‡K Avgiv ewj Bbd«v‡iW, Av‡iv eo n‡j
†iwWI I‡qf|
Av‡jvi cÖwZdjb, cÖwZmiY, †kvlY I we”QziY
cÖwZdjb (Reflection) : Av‡jv hLb k~b¨ ev evqy ev Ab¨ †Kvb gva¨‡gi †fZi w`‡q cÖwZmiY
hvIqvi mgq wØZxq †Kvb gva¨‡g evav cvq, ZLb wKQz cwigvY Av‡jv cÖ_g gva¨‡g wd‡i <r
Av‡m| GB NUbv‡K Av‡jvi cÖwZdjb e‡j| cÖwZdjb ‡kvlY
cÖwZmiY (Refraction) : Av‡jvKiwk¥ GK ¯^”Q gva¨g †_‡K Ab¨ ¯^”Q gva¨‡g
Zxh©Kfv‡e cÖ‡ekKv‡j Awfj‡¤î w`‡K ev Awfj¤^ †_‡K `~‡i m‡i hvq| G NUbv‡K <i
Av‡jvi cÖwZmiY e‡j| D‡jøL¨ ‡h. nvjKv gva¨g †_‡K Nb gva¨‡g hvevi mgq Av‡jv AvcwZZ
iwk¥
Awfj‡¤î w`‡K †eu‡K hvq Ges Nb gva¨g ‡_‡K nvjKv gva¨‡g hvevi mgq Av‡jv Awfj¤^
†_‡K `~‡i m‡i hvq| cÖ_g gva¨g wØZxq gva¨g
 Pvu` w`M‡šÍi Kv‡Q A‡bK eo †`Lvq evqygÐjxq cÖwZmi‡Yi Kvi‡Y|
‡kvlY (Absorbtion)
Av‡jv GK gva¨g †_‡K Ab¨ gva¨‡g cª‡ek Ki‡j wKQz Av‡jv nvwi‡q hvq, GB NUbv‡K †kvlY e‡j|
 jvj Av‡jv‡Z bxj i‡½i e¯‘ ‡`Lvq- Kvj|
 w`‡bi †ejv Mv‡Qi cvZv meyR †`Lvi KviY cvZvi †K¬v‡ivwdj meyR e¨wZZ mKj eY© †kvlY K‡i|
Av‡jvi we”QziY
‡h․wMK Av‡jvKiwk¥i wewfbœ e‡Y© wef³ nIqv‡K Av‡jvK ‡Kv‡bv ÿz`ªZg KwYKvi Dci Av‡jvK Zi½ co‡j Av‡jvK Zi½
wewfbœ w`‡K Qwo‡q c‡o, GB NUbv‡K Av‡jvi we”QziY e‡j| A_©vr wcÖR‡gi g‡a¨ w`‡q m~h©v‡jvK †M‡j †h eY©vjxiƒc `„ó nq Gi
cðv‡Z †h cÖwZfvm Zv n‡jv Av‡jvi— we”QziY| 1666 mv‡j AvBR¨vK wbDUb Av‡jvK we”Qzi‡Yi cÖgvY †`b| wZwb cÖgvY
K‡ib— Av‡jv mvZwU e‡Y©i mgwó|
 isaby m„wói mgq cvwbi KYv¸‡jv— wcÖR‡gi b¨vq KvR K‡i| mv`v Av‡jv wcÖR‡g we”QzwiZ n‡q— mvZwU e‡Y© we”QzwiZ
nq| AvKv‡k isaby m„wói KviY— e„wói KYv| iOaby mvZwU i‡½i g‡a¨ ga¨ eY© meyR|
 isaby‡Z njy` i‡Oi `yB cv‡ki msjMœ iO `ywU— meyR I Kgjv|
 Av‡jvi eY© wba©viY K‡i— Zi½ •`N¨©| eY©vjxi cÖvšÍxq eY©— †e¸bx I jvj|
 mvZwU i‡Oi mgš^‡q mv`v iO ‣Zwi nq Ges Kv‡jv iO •Zwi nq— me i‡Oi Abycw¯’wZi Kvi‡Y|
cÖwZdj‡bi m~Î
01. AvcwZZ iwk¥, cÖwZdwjZ iwk¥ Ges AvcZb we›`y‡Z Aw¼Z Awfj¤^ GKB mgZ‡j Ae¯’vb K‡i|
02. cÖwZdjb †KvY (< r) = AvcZb †KvY (< i)|
→ eid mv`v †`Lvq KviY Av‡jvi me iwk¥ cÖwZdjb K‡i|
cÖwZmi‡Yi m~Î
01. AvcZb iwk¥ Ges Awfj¤^ w`‡q †h mgZjwU Kíbv Kiv nq, cÖwZdwjZ iwk¥ †mB GKB mgZ‡j _vK‡e|
02. GK †Rvov wbw`©ó gva¨‡g GK wbw`©ó e‡Y©i Av‡jvKiwk¥i Rb¨ AvcZb †Kv‡Yi mvBb I cÖwZmiY ‡Kv‡Yi mvB‡bi AbycvZ
me©`v aªæeK| GB aªye msL¨vwU‡K cÖwZmiYv¼ ejv nq Ges wØZxq m~ÎwU‡K †¯ø‡bi m~Î ejv nq|
 cvwb‡Z †b․Kvi ‣eVv evuKv †`Lv hvevi KviY— Av‡jvi cÖwZmiY|

 iv‡Zi AvKv‡k Zviv¸‡jv wgU wgU K‡i R¦‡j— Av‡jvi cÖwZmi‡Yi Kvi‡Y| wcÖR‡g cwZZ Av‡jv mvaviYZ cÖwZmwiZ nq|
 Pvu` w`M‡šÍi Kv‡Q A‡bK eo †`Lvq, Zvi KviY— evqygÐjxq cÖwZmiY|
m¼U †KvY
Av‡jvKiwk¥ Nb gva¨g †_‡K nvjKv gva¨‡g hvevi mgq AvcZb ‡Kv‡Yi †h gv‡bi Rb¨ cÖwZdjb †Kv‡Yi gvb nq, Zv‡K
m¼U †KvY e‡j| †hgb- cvwbi mv‡c‡ÿ evZv‡mi m¼U †KvY |
c~Y© Af¨šÍixY cÖwZdjb
Av‡jvKiwk¥ Nb gva¨g †_‡K nvjKv gva¨‡g hvIqvi mgq AvcZb †Kv‡Yi m¼U †KvY c~Y© Af¨šÍixY cÖwZdjb
gvb msKU †Kv‡Yi †P‡q †ewk n‡j Av‡jvKiwk¥ cÖwZmwiZ bv n‡q cybivq Nb
gva¨‡g wd‡i Av‡m| GB NUbv‡K c~Y© Af¨šÍixY cÖwZdjb e‡j|
c~Y© Af¨šÍixY cÖwZdjb †Kv‡Yi eënvi I D`vniY

 AcwUK¨vj dvBev‡i Av‡jvi c~Y© Af¨šÍixY cÖwZdjb eënvi Kiv nq|
 giæf~wg‡Z evZv‡mi Nb‡Z¡i cv_©‡Kï Kvi‡Y gixwPKv †`Lv hvq| wPÎ. m¼U †KvY I c~Y© Af¨šÍixY cÖwZdjb
 nxiK D¾¡j †`Lvq— c~Y© Af¨šÍixY cÖwZdj‡bi Rb¨| G Kvi‡YB cÙ cvZvi Dci e„wói †dvuUv PKPK K‡i|
 MÖx‡®§i cÖLi †iv‡` wcPXvjv gm„Y ivRc_‡K e„wó cieZ©x mg‡qi gZ †fRv I PKP‡K g‡b nq|
‡g․wjK eY© (Prime Colour) jvj

‡h mKj eY© Ab¨ e‡Y©i mgš^‡q •Zwi Kiv hvq bv Zv‡ì‡K †g․wjK eY© ejv
nq| †g․wjK e‡Y©i mgš^‡q Ab¨ me is •Zwi Kiv nq| †g․wjK eY© wZbwU|
g‡b ivLvi Dcvq- Avmj (Avmgvwb, meyR, jvj)/ bxjvm (bxj, jvj, meyR)| g¨v‡R›Uv njy`
mv`v
kn‡ii iv¯Ívq UªvwdK jvBU †h µg Abymv‡i R¦‡j- jvj, njy`, meyR, njy`,
jvj (jvnmnjv)
Avmgvbx/bxj gqyiKÉx meyR
c Av‡jvi we‡ÿcY bxj
hLb Av‡jvK Zi½ ‡Kvb ÿz`ª KwYKvi Dci c‡o, ZLb KwYKv¸‡jv Av‡jvK Zi½‡K wewfbœ w`‡K Qwo‡q †`q, G NUbv‡K
Av‡jvi we‡ÿcY ejv nq| bxj Av‡jvi we‡ÿcY †ewk nIqvq AvKvk I mgy`ª bxj †`Lvq| m~‡h©v`q Ges m~h©v‡¯Íi mgq AvKvk
Ges m~‡h©i LvwbKUv Ask Mvp jvj †`Lvq| Av‡jvi we‡ÿc‡Yi Rb¨ Giƒc †`Lvq|
Z_¨KwYKv
 wec` ms‡K‡Zi Rb¨ jvj Av‡jv eënvi Kiv nq KviY jvj Av‡jvi Zi½ •`N¨© me‡P‡q †ewk nIqvq A‡bK`~i ch©šÍ †`Lv
hvq| iv‡Zi †ejv weovj I KzKz‡ii †PvL R¦jR¦j K‡i— KviY KzKzi I weov‡ji †Pv‡L †U‡cUvg bvgK iÄK †Kvl _v‡K|
 Zi½ZË¡ Dc¯’vcb K‡ib— nvB‡Mb| GKwU Mvwo‡Z njy` evwZ R¦vjv‡bv nq— MvwowU †gvo Nyievi mgq|
 meyR Av‡jv‡Z njy` i‡½i e¯‘‡K— Kvj †`Lvq| ‡mvwWqvg jvB‡Ui wb‡P iv‡Z jvj Kvco— Kvj †`Lvq|
 njy` dzj‡K bxj Kvu‡Pi ga¨ w`‡q †`L‡j— Kv‡jv †`Lvq|
 eid mv`v †`Lvq| KviY— me¸‡jv iO cÖwZdjb (reflect) K‡i| †Kvb e¯‘ hLb mg¯Í Av‡jv †kvlY K‡i ZLb Zv‡K—
Kv‡jv †`Lvq| AÜKvi N‡i jvj Av‡jv‡Z Mv‡Qi meyR cvZv/Mv‡Qi bxj i‡Oi dzj— Kv‡jv †`Lvq|
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. evqy‡Z ev k~b¨¯’v‡b cÖwZ †m‡K‡Û Av‡jv‡Ki MwZ KZ? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK : 93]
K. 3 X 108 ‡m. wg. L. 3 x 109 ‡m. wg. M. 3 x 1010 ‡m. wg. N. 3 x 1011 ‡m. wg. DËi : M
01. ‡Kvb is †ewk `~i †_‡K †`Lv hvq? (36Zg wewmGm)
K. mv`v L. Kv‡jv M. njy` N. jvj DËi : N
02. evqy‡Z ev k~b¨¯’v‡b cÖwZ †m‡K‡Û Av‡jvi MwZ KZ? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK : 01]
K. 3 X 107 wgUvi L. 3 X 108 wgUvi M. 3 X 109 N. 3 X 1010 DËi : L
03. Av‡jvi MwZ I †eZvi Zi‡½i MwZ- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (bvMwj½g) : 12]
K. mgvb bq L. †eZvi Zi‡½i MwZ †ewk M. Av‡jvi MwZ †ewk N. mgvb DËi : N
04. me©v‡cÿv †QvU Zi½ •`‡N©ï wewKiY n‡”Q— [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (`vwbqye) : 13]
K. Avjdv iwk¥ L. weUv iwk¥ M. iÄb iwk¥ N. Mvgv iwk¥ DËi : N
05. iwOb †Uwjwfkb †_‡K ÿwZKi †Kvb iwk¥ †ei nq? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (bvMwj½g) : 12]
K. weUv iwk¥ L. Mvgv iwk¥ M. KmwgK iwk¥ N. g„`y iÄb iwk¥ DËi : N
06. Av‡jvi eY© wbav©iY K‡i Zvi— [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (hgybv) : 13; cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (kir) : 10]
K. MwZ‡eM L. we¯Ívi M. Zi½ •`N©¨ N. †Kv‡bvwUB bq DËi : M
07. `„k¨gvb Av‡jvi e„nËg Zi½‣`N©¨ †Kvb i‡Oi Av‡jvi? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (hgybv) : 13; cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (kir) : 10]
K. bxj L. meyR M. jvj N. †e¸bx DËi : M
08. `„k¨gvb Av‡jvi ÿy`ªZg Zi½‣`N¨© ‡Kvb i‡Oi Av‡jvi? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (ivBb) : 13; †iwR÷vW© cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq
mnKvix wkÿK (Rev) : 11]
K. jvj L. bxj M. meyR N. †e¸bx DËi : N
09. wb‡Pi †KvbwU‡Z mvaviYZ Bbd«v‡iW wWfvBm eënvi Kiv nq? [36Zg wewmGm]
K. WAN L. Satellite Communication M. MAN N. TV wi‡gvU© K‡›Uªv‡j DËi : N
10. ‡Kvb e‡Y©i Av‡jvi cÖwZmiY mePvB‡Z †ewk? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (cÙv) : 13; cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (kxZjÿ¨v) : 13]
K. †e¸bx L. meyR M. jvj N. njy` DËi : K
11. ‡Kvb i‡Oi Av‡jvi wePz¨wZ me‡P‡q Kg? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (Ki‡Zvqv) : 13; †iwR÷vW© cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (kvcjv) : 11]
K. jvj L. †e¸bx M. bxj N. njy` DËi : K
12. ‡Kvb iO †ewk `~i †_‡K †`Lv hvq? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (PÆMÖvg wefvM) : 03; 36Zg wewmGm]
K. mv`v L. jvj M. Kv‡jv N. njy` DËi : L
13. ‡jRvi iwk¥ †K KZ mv‡j Avwe®‥vi K‡ib? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 15]
K. †evi, 1963 L. iv`vi‡dvW©, 1961 M. nvBM¨vb, 1961 N. gvBg¨vb, 1960 DËi : N
14. AvKv‡k isaby m„wói KviY- (37Zg wewmGm)
K. a~wjKYv L. evqy¯Íi M. e„wói KYv N. AwZ‡e¸wb iwk¥ DËi : M
15. wec` ms‡K‡Zi Rb¨ jvj Av‡jv eëüZ nq †Kb? [miKvix gva¨wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 06]
K. jvj Av‡jvi Zi½‣`N©¨ me©vwaK L. jvj Av‡jvi MwZ Kg
M. jvj Av‡jvi Drcv`b LiP Kg N.jvj Av‡jvi we‡ÿcY †ewk DËi: K
16. cvwb‡Z †b․Kvi •eVv evuKv †`Lv hvIqvi KviY Av‡jvi— [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix we`¨vjq (XvKv wefvM) : 06; cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK
(wm‡jU wefvM): 05; 12Zg wewmGm]
K. c~Y© Af¨šÍixY cÖwZdjb L. cÖwZmiY M. we”QziY N. †cvjvivqb DËi : L
17. Pvu` w`M‡šÍi Kv‡Q A‡bK eo †`Lvq Zvi KviY Kx? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (cÙv) : 13; cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 15]
K. AceZ©‡b L. Av‡jvi we”Qzi‡Y M. evqygÐ‡ji cÖwZmiY N. `„wóå‡g DËi : M
18. iv‡Zi AvKv‡k Zviv¸‡jv wgUwgU Kivi KviY Av‡jvi— [7g we‡RGm (mnKvix RR) cÖv_wgK cixÿv : 12]
K. cÖwZdjb L. cÖwZmiY M. we”QziY N. †cvjvivqb DËi : L
19. nxiK D¾¡j †`Lvq KviY— [31Zg wewmGm]
K. nxi‡Ki wbR¯^ Av‡jv Av‡Q L. Av‡jvi c~Y© Af¨šÍixY cÖwZdjb nq
M. nxiK Av‡jvK cÖwZmiY K‡i N. nxiK Av‡jvK wewKiY K‡i DËi : L
20. eY©vjxi cÖvšÍxq eY© wK wK? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (cÙv) : 13; cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (Ki‡Zvqv): 10]
K. †e¸bx I njy` L. jvj I bxj M. ‡e¸bx I jvj N. bxj I meyR DËi : M
21. mvZwU i‡Oi mgš^‡q mv`v is n‡j, Kv‡jv is wK‡m nq? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (Lyjbv wefvM) : 05]
K. jvj I mey‡Ri mgš^‡q L. jvj I bxj i‡Oi mgš^‡q
M. ‡e¸bx I bxj i‡Oi mgš^‡q N. me i‡Oi Abycw¯’wZi Rb¨ DËi : N
22. isaby m„wói mgq cvwbi KYv¸‡jv wK‡mi KvR K‡i? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (weUv) : 14; cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (Wvwjqv) : 12]
K. ‡j‡Ýi L. AvZkx Kv‡Pi M. `c©‡Yi N. wcÖR‡gi DËi : N
23. c~e©vKv‡k isaby †`Lv hvq bv †Kvb mgq? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 90]
K. mKvj †ejvq L. weKvj †ejvq M. kirKvj N. kxZKv‡j DËi : K
24. cwðg AvKv‡ki isaby †`Lv hvq bv †Kvb mgq? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 89]
K. we‡Kj †ejv L. mKvj †ejv M. kirKv‡j N. el©vKv‡j DËi : K
25. isaby‡Z njy` i‡Oi `yB cv‡ki msjMœ iO `ywU wK wK? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK : 93]
K. bxj I Kgjv L. meyR I jvj M. †e¸bx I jvj N. meyR I Kgjv DËi : N
26. isabyi mvZwU i‡Oi g‡a¨, ga¨g iO †KvbwU? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (‡WjUv) : 14]
K. njy` L. bxj M. jvj N. meyR DËi : N
27. †h e¯‘ Av‡jvi mKj is cÖwZdwjZ K‡i, Zvi is— [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (Ki‡Zvqv) : 10]
K. Kv‡jv L. mv`v M. jvj N. †e¸wb DËi : L
28. ‡Kv‡bv e¯‘ hLb mg¯Í Av‡jv †kvlY K‡i ZLb Zv‡K— [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (XvKv wefvM) : 08]
K. Kv‡jv †`Lvq L. bxj †`Lvq M. jvj †`Lvq N. mv`v †`Lvq DËi : K
29. meyR Av‡jv‡Z GKwU njy` i‡Oi e¯‘‡K wK i‡Oi †`Lv‡e? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (wm‡jU wefvM) : 05]
K. Kv‡jv L. †e¸wb M. meyR N. jvj DËi : K
30. GKwU bxj KvP‡K DËß Ki‡j DËß Ki‡j Gi †_‡K †ei n‡e— [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (‡gNbv) : 13]
K. jvj is L. bxj is M. meyR is N. njy` is DËi : N
31. eid mv`v †`Lvq| KviY— [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK (Mvgv) : 14]
K. jvj I njy` iO †kvlY K‡i L. eid &Ggwb‡ZB mv`v
M. †e¸wb iwk¥ †kvlY K‡i N. me¸‡jv iO cÖwZdjb K‡i DËi : N
32. AvKvk bxj †`Lvq †Kb? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (‡gNbv) : 13]
K. bxj Av‡jvi Zi½‣`N©¨ †ewk n‡j L. bxj Av‡jvi we‡ÿcY A‡cÿvK…Z †ewk e‡j
M. bxj mgy‡`ªi cÖwZdj‡bi d‡j N. bxj Av‡jvi cÖwZdjb †ewk e‡j DËi : L
33. mgy`ª‡K bxj †`Lv‡bvi KviY n‡jv AvcwZZ m~h© iwk¥i- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (Ki‡Zvqv) : 10; cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (Rev) : 09]
K. we‡ÿcY L. cÖwZdjb M. cÖwZmiY N. †kvlY DËi : K
34. ‡Mva~wji KviY Kx? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq miKvix wkÿK (kir) : 10]
K. cÖwZdjb L. cÖwZmiY M. we‡ÿcY N. †KvbwUB bq DËi : M
`c©Y : ‡h gm„Y Z‡j Av‡jvi wbqwgZ cÖwZdjb N‡U Zv‡K `c©Y e‡j| `c©‡Y Av‡jvi cÖwZdjb N‡U| Kvu‡Pi Dci avZzi cÖ‡jc
w`‡q (cviv jvMv‡bv ev wmjfvwis) `c©Y •Zwi Kiv nq| cÖ‡jc mvaviYZ iƒcv A_ev gvK©vwi w`‡q •Zwi Kiv nq|
`c©‡Yi cÖKvi‡f` : `c©Y cÖavbZ `yB cÖKvi| h_v— mgZj `c©Y I †Mvjxq `c©Y| ‡Mvjxq `c©Y `yB cÖKvi| h_v— DËj
`c©Y I AeZj `c©Y|
mgZj `c©Y : e¯‘ †hgb †ZgbB †`Lvq| †hgb— mij †cwi‡¯‥vc eënvi K‡i jÿë¯‘‡K †`Lv, Avqbvq wb‡Ri †Pnviv †`Lv
cÖf…wZ| mgZj `c©‡Y wb‡Ri we¤^ †`L‡Z n‡j `c©‡Yi •`N©¨ `k©‡Ki D”PZvi Kgc‡ÿ A‡a©K nIqv cÖ‡qvRb| mgZj `c©Y n‡Z
e¯‘i `~iZ¡ hZ, `c©Y n‡Z we‡¤î `~iZ¡I ZZ nq|
mij †cwi‡¯‥vc : mij †cwi‡¯‥vc •Zwi Kiv nq— cÖwZdjb I e¨wZPvi bxwZi Dci wfwË K‡i| mvaviYZ A‡bK `~‡ii e¯‘
†mvRvmywR †`Lvi Rb¨ GwU eënvi Kiv nq|| Wz‡evRvnvR I mve‡gwi‡b bvwe‡Kiv mij †cwi‡¯‥v‡ci mvnv‡h¨ cvwbi wbP †_‡K
Dc‡ii Ask †`Lvi Rb¨ eënvi K‡i|
AeZj `c©Y : ev¯Íe Ae¯’vi ‡P‡q eo †`Lvq| †hgb— wPwKrmK KZ©„K bvK, Kvb, Mjv ch©‡eÿY| w÷gv‡ii mvP© jvB‡Ui
cÖwZdjK Ges b‡fv `~iexÿ‡Y AeZj `c©‡Yi eënvi †`Lv hvq|
DËj `c©Y : e¯‘‡K ev¯Í‡ei †P‡q †QvU †`Lvq| †hgb— Mvwoi jywKs Møv‡m jÿë¯‘‡K †`Lv| iv¯Ívi jvB‡U cÖwZdjK wn‡m‡e
DËj `c©Y eënvi Kiv nq|
wbivc` WªvBwfs
 Mvwoi WªvBfv‡ii wm‡Ui ìRvi mvg‡bi w`‡K mvBW wfD wgii bv‡g `ywU Avqbv ev `c©Y _v‡K|
 Mvwoi wfZ‡i mvg‡bi w`‡K gvSLv‡bI wiqvi wfD wgii bv‡g Av‡iKwU Avqbv ev `c©Y _v‡K| G¸‡jv Mvwoi `ycv‡k Ges
‡cQ‡bi w`‡K †`Lvi Kv‡R mvnvh¨ K‡i| d‡j WªvBfvi gv_v bv Nywi‡qB Pvicv‡k †`L‡Z cv‡i|
 cvnvwo iv¯Ívi wewfbœ evu‡K eo mvB‡Ri †Mvjxq `c©Y ÷¨v‡Û `vuo Kwi‡q ivLv nq| iv¯Ívi euvK n‡jI G `c©Y †`‡L
wfbœ w`K n‡Z Avmv Mvwoi Ae¯’vb Rvbv hvq|
‡jÝ
`ywU †Mvjxq c„ô w`‡q mxgve× †Kvb ¯^”Q cÖwZmviK gva¨g‡K †jÝ e‡j| †jÝ `yB cÖKvi| h_v— DËj ev Awfmvix †jÝ
(Convex lens) Ges AeZj ev Acmvix †jÝ (Concave lens)|
DËj †jÝ AeZj †jÝ
Pkgv, AvZkx KvuP wn‡m‡e, K¨v‡givq, AYyexÿY h‡š¿ Pkgv, M¨vwjwjIi `~iexÿY hš¿, weea©K KvuP I wm‡bgv‡¯‥vc
Ges Av¸b R¦vjv‡bvi Kv‡R eëüZ nq| cÖ‡R±‡i eëüZ nq|
 ‡j‡Ýi ÿgZv (P) I †dvKvm `~i‡Z¡i (f) g‡a¨ m¤úK©, | ‡j‡Ýi ÿgZvi GKK WvqvÞi (D)|
 ‡j‡Ýi ÿgZv ej‡Z eySvq, †jÝwU AeZj Ges GwU cÖavb A‡ÿi mgvšÍivj GK¸”Q Av‡jvKiwk¥‡K Ggbfv‡e
AcmvwiZ K‡i †h, G¸‡jv †Kvb †jÝ †_‡K 50 †mwg `~‡ii †Kvb we›`y †_‡K Acm„Z n‡”Q e‡j g‡b nq| =
ev 50 ‡mw›UwgUvi|
 ‡j‡Ýi ÿgZv ej‡Z eySvq, †jÝwU DËj Ges GwU cÖavb A‡ÿi 1 wgUvi `~‡i Av‡jvKiwk¥¸”Q‡K wgwjZ Ki‡e|
ev 1 wgUvi|
‡Pv‡Li wµqv
†Pv‡Li Ask¸‡jvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q †iwUbv, †Pv‡Li †jÝ, A¨vKzqvm wnDgvi, wfwUªqvm wnDgvi Ges KwY©qv| †Pv‡Li †jÝ DËj ev
Awfmvix †j‡Ýi g‡Zv KvR K‡i| Awfmvix †jÝ me mgq D‡ëv cÖwZwe¤^ •Zwi K‡i| Avgv‡ì mvg‡b e¯‘ _v‡K, ZLb H e¯‘
†_‡K Av‡jvKiwk¥ GB †jÝ Øviv cÖwZmvwiZ nq Ges †iwUbvi Dci GKwU D‡ëv cÖwZwe¤^ •Zwi K‡i| ‡iwUbvi Dci Av‡jv
co‡j ¯œvqyi mv‡_ mshy³ ÿz`ª ÿz`ª iW Ges †KvY †Kvl¸‡jv †mB Av‡jv MÖnY K‡i Zv‡K Zwor ev we`y¨r wmMb¨v‡j cwiYZ K‡i|
¯œvqy GB we`y¨r ev Zwor wmMb¨vj‡K ZvrÿwYKfv‡e AcwUK bvf© ev Awÿ ¯œvqyi mv‡_ gw¯Í‡®‥ cvVvq| ‡KvY †Kvl¸‡jv Zxeª
Av‡jv‡Z mvov †`q Ges i‡Oi Abyf~wZ I i‡Oi cv_©K¨ eywS‡q †`q| Ab¨w`‡K iW‡Kvl¸‡jv Lye Kg Av‡jv‡Z ms‡e`bkxj nq|
G Kvi‡Y †R¨vr¯œvi Av‡jv‡Z Avgiv ÔÔiWÕÕ †Kvl¸‡jvi Kvi‡Y †`L‡Z cvB wKš‘ †Kvb is eyS‡Z cvwi bv| gw¯Í®‥ †iwUbvq m„ó D‡ëv
cÖwZwe¤^‡K †mvRv K‡i †`q e‡j Avgiv e¯‘wU‡K †h iKg _v‡K †miKgB †`wL|
¯úó `„wói b~¨bZg `~iZ¡ : †Pv‡Li me‡P‡q Kv‡Q †h we›`y ch©šÍ jÿë¯‘‡K Lvwj †Pv‡L ¯úó †`Lv hvq, Zv‡K ¯úó `„wói wbKU
we›`y e‡j| GB `~iZ¡ eqm evovi m‡½ m‡½ cwiewZ©Z nq| GKRb wkïi GB `~iZ¡ 5 †mw›UwgUv‡ii KvQvKvwQ Ges GKRb
¯^vfvweK eq¯‥ †jv‡Ki 25 †mw›UwgUvi ch©šÍ n‡Z cv‡i|
‡Pv‡Li ÎæwU Ges Zvi cÖwZKvi : my¯’ Ges ¯^vfvweK †PvL ÔÔwbKU we›`yÕÕ (Near point) ‡_‡K ïiæ K‡i Amxg `~i‡Z¡i Ò`~i
we›`yÓ-Gi gvSLv‡b †h ¯’v‡bB †Kv‡bv e¯‘ _vKzK bv †Kb †mUv ¯úó †`L‡Z cv‡i| GUvB †Pv‡Li ¯^vfvweK `„wókw³| GB ¯^vfvweK
`„wókw³ e¨vnZ n‡jB Zv‡K †Pv‡Li ÎæwU ejv nq| GwU `yB cªKvi| h_v—
n«¯^`„wó ev ÿxY`„wó (Myopia) : hLb †PvL Kv‡Qi e¯‘ †`L‡Z cvq wKš‘ `~‡ii e¯‘ †`L‡Z cvq bv, ZLb †Pv‡Li GB ÎæwU‡K
n«¯^`„wó e‡j| `ywU Kvi‡Y GB ÎæwU n‡q _v‡K— ‡Pv‡Li †j‡Ýi Awfmvix kw³ e„w× ‡c‡j ev †dvKvm `~iZ¡ K‡g †M‡j I ‡Kv‡bv
Kvi‡Y Awÿ-‡Mvj‡Ki e¨vmva© e„w× †c‡j| Gi d‡j `~‡ii e¯‘ †_‡K Avmv Av‡jvKiwk¥ †Pv‡Li †j‡Ýi ga¨ w`‡q cÖwZmi‡Yi ci
†iwUbvi Dc‡i cÖwZwe¤^ •Zwi bv K‡i GKUz mvg‡b cÖwZwe¤^ •Zwi K‡i| d‡j †PvL e¯‘wU ¯úó †`L‡Z cvq bv|
cÖwZKvi : GB ÎæwU `~i Kivi Rb¨ GKwU AeZj †j‡Ýi Pkgv eënvi Ki‡Z n‡e|
`xN©`„wó ev `~i`„wó (Hypermetropia) : hLb †Kvb †PvL `~‡ii e¯‘ †`‡L wKš‘ Kv‡Qi e¯‘ †`L‡Z cvq bv, ZLb GB
ÎæwU‡K `xN©`„wó ÎæwU e‡j| mvaviYZ eq¯‥ e¨w³‡ì g‡a¨ GB ÎæwU †`Lv hvq| wb¤œwjwLZ `ywU Kvi‡Y GB ÎæwU N‡U-
‡Pv‡Li †j‡Ýi Awfmvix ÿgZv n«vm †c‡j A_ev †Pv‡Li †j‡Ýi †dvKvm `~iZ¡ †e‡o †M‡j|
‡Kvb Kvi‡Y Awÿ-‡Mvj‡Ki e¨vmva© K‡g †M‡j|
Gi d‡j `~i †_‡K Avmv Av‡jv mwVKfv‡e †Pv‡Li †iwUbv‡Z cÖwZwe¤^ •Zwi Ki‡jI KvQvKvwQ we›`y †_‡K Avmv Av‡jvKiwk¥
†Pv‡Li †j‡Ýi ga¨ w`‡q cÖwZmi‡Yi ci †iwUbvi wVK Dc‡i bv n‡q wcQ‡b wgwjZ nq|
cÖwZKvi : GB ÎæwU `~i Kivi Rb¨ DËj †j‡Ýi Pkgv eënvi Ki‡Z n‡e|
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. ‡gvUi Mvoxi ‡nWjvB‡U wKiƒc `c©Y eëüZ nq— [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (cÙv) : 13]
K. AeZj `c©Y L. mgZj `c©Y M. DËj `c©Y N. me¸‡jvB DËi : M
02. Avqbvi †cQ‡b †Kvb avZzwU eëüZ nq? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (bvMwj½g) : 12; cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (‡Mvjvc) : 09; ]
K. A¨vjywgwbqvg L. wR¼ M. gvK©vwi N. Kcvi DËi : M
03. ‡h gm©Y Z‡j Av‡jvi wbqwgZ cÖwZdjb N‡U Zv‡K e‡j— [20Zg wewmGm]
K. `c©Y L. †jÝ M. wcÖRg N. we¤^ DËi : K
04. Wz‡evRvnvR †Kbv h‡š¿i ‡Kvb h‡š¿i mvnv‡h¨ cvwbi wbP †_‡K Ic‡ii `„k¨ †`‡L? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿ (wm‡jU wefvM) : 05]
K. †cwi‡¯‥vc L. †Uwj‡¯‥vc M. gvB‡µv‡¯‥vc N. †÷‡_v‡¯‥vc DËi : K
05. mve‡gwib †_‡K mgy‡`ªi Dc‡ii RvnvR †`Lvi Rb¨ eëüZ nq- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (‡ejx) : 09]
K. gvB‡µv‡¯‥vc L. †Uwj‡¯‥vc M. †cwi‡¯‥vc N. evB‡bvKzjvi DËi : M
06. ‡cwi‡¯‥vc †Kvb bxwZi Dci •Zwi nq? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (XvKv wefvM) : 06]
K. ïaygvÎ cÖwZmiY L. cÖwZdjb I e¨wZPvi M. cÖwZmiY I cÖwZdjb N. AceZ©b DËi : L
07. ‡Uwjwfkb iwOb Qwe Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ KqwU †g․wjK iO-Gi Qwe eënvi Kiv nq- [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (ivBb) : 13]
K. 3wU L. 5wU M. 2wU N. 4wU DËi : K
08. AcwUK¨vj dvBevi n‡jv— [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 19]
K. Kv‡Pi ¸ov hv w`‡q Pkgv evbv‡bv nq L. cøvw÷‡Ki m~Zv hv w`‡q †jÝ evbv‡bv nq
M. miæ KvPZš‘ hv Av‡jvK iwk¥ en‡bi Kv‡R eënvi nq N. cøvw÷‡Ki m~Zv hv w`‡q Kw¤úDUvi evbv‡bv nq| DËi : M
09. AwaKvsk d‡UvKwc †gwkb KvR K‡i— [‡iwR÷vW© cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (nvmbv‡nbv) : 11]
K. Ad‡mU gy`ªY c×wZ‡Z L. †cvjvi‡qW d‡UvMÖvwd c×wZ‡Z
M. wWwRUvj B‡gwRs c×wZ‡Z N. w¯’i •e`y¨wZK B‡gwRs c×wZ‡Z DËi : L
10. m‡ev©Ëg Zwor cwievnK— [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (PÆMÖvg wefvM) : 03]
K. B¯úvZ L. cvwb M. KvP N. Zvgv DËi : N
11. wm‡bgv‡¯‥vc cÖ‡R±‡i ‡Kvb ai‡bi †jÝ eëüZ nq? [13Zg wewmGm]
K. DËj L. AeZj M. Ryg N. wmwjbwWªK¨vj DËi : L
Zwor
B‡jK‡Uªv‡¯‹vc : B‡jK‡Uªv‡¯‥vc w¯’i we`y¨r cixÿvi GKwU hš¿| GLv‡b Pv‡R©i Aw¯ÍZ¡ ‡evSvi Rb¨ i‡q‡Q LyeB nvjKv †mvbv,
A¨vjywgwbqvg ev Ab¨ †Kv‡bv avZzi `ywU cvZ|
Kzj‡¤î m~Î : weÁvbx Kzj¤^ `ywU Pv‡R©i gv‡S KZLvwb ej KvR K‡i †mUv †ei K‡iwQ‡jb| GiKg GKUv e‡ji m~Î i‡q‡Q hv
weÁvbx wbDU‡bi gva¨vKl©Y e‡ji m~Î| ‡mwU wQj G iKg- | Kzj‡¤î m~ÎwU - |
w¯’i we`y¨‡Zi eënvi : d‡UvKwc †gwk‡b mv`v KvM‡R Kvwji `vM emv‡Z, f¨vb wW MÖvd †gwk‡b, R¦vjvwb Uªv‡K, eRªcvZ I
eRªwb‡ivaK h‡š¿, Mvwo, mvB‡Kj, w÷‡ji Avjgvwi ev Ab¨vb¨ avZe wRwbm is Kivi Rb¨ w¯’i ‣e`y¨wZK is †¯úª cÖf…wZ‡Z
eënvi Kiv nq|
cwievnx c`v_© : †mvbv, iƒcv, Zvgv, A¨vjywgwbqvg BZ¨vw` we`y¨r mycwievnx|
Acwievnx c`v_© : Zwor ev we`y¨r cwien‡bi Rb¨ †Kv‡bv gy³ B‡jKUªb †bB †mB c`v_©¸‡jv n‡”Q we`y¨r Acwievnx ev
AšÍiK c`v_©| †hgb- cøvw÷K, ivevi, KvV, KvP| g~jZ AavZz¸‡jv we`y¨r Acwievnx nq|
Aa©cwievnx c`v_© : wKQz wKQz c`v‡_©i we`y¨r cwienb ÿgZv mvaviY ZvcgvÎvq cwievnx Ges Acwievnx c`v‡_©i gvSvgvwS,
Z‡e ZvcgvÎv eov‡j cwienb ÿgZv ‡e‡o hvq| GB ai‡bi c`v_©‡K Aa©cwievnx ev †mwgKÛv±i e‡j|
In‡gi m~Î : In‡gi m~Î †_‡K Rvbv hvq, †iva (R) †ewk n‡j we`y¨r cÖevn (I) Kg n‡e, †iva (R) Kg n‡j we`y¨r cÖevn
(I) †ewk n‡e| m~ÎwUi MvwYwZK iƒc-
‡iva : †iva n‡”Q we`y¨r cªev‡ni evav| ZvB †Kv‡bv c`v‡_©i •`N¨© hZ †ewk n‡e Zvi evav ZZ †ewk n‡e| | cÖ¯’‡”Q`
(A) hZ †ewk n‡e †iva (R) A_©vr | Gfv‡e †jLv hvq— | †gvUv Zv‡ii Zzjbvq wPKb Zv‡ii Zzjbvq
‡iva Kg| we`y¨r cwievn‡Ki †iv‡ai GKK— Ing ( )|
Z_¨KwYKv
 ‣e`y¨wZK wgUv‡i GK BDwbU ej‡Z †evSvq— GK wK‡jvIqvU-NÈv| we`y¨r we‡ji wnmve Kiv nq— wK‡jvIqvU NÈvq|
 ‣e`y¨wZK cvLv ax‡i ax‡i Nyi‡jI we`y¨r LiP— GKB nq| we`y¨revnx Zvi cvwL em‡j mvaviYZ we`y¨r ¯ú„ó nq bv
KviY— gvwUi mv‡_ ms‡hvM nq bv| AvevwmK evwoi eZ©bx‡Z mvwK©U †eªKvi eënvi Kiv nq AwZgvÎvq we`y¨rcÖevnRwbZ
`yN©Ubv †iv‡ai Rb¨| evmvevwo‡Z mieivnK…Z we`y¨‡Zi wd«Kz‡qwÝ n‡jv— 50 Hz A_©vr we`y¨‡Zi K¤úv¼ cÖwZ †m‡KÛ
50 mvB‡Kj Gi A_©— we`y¨r cÖevn cÖwZ †m‡K‡Û 50 evi w`K e`jvq| ‡m․i †Kv‡li we`y¨r iv‡ZI eënvi Kiv m¤¢e
hw` Gi m‡½ _v‡K †÷v‡iR e¨vUvwi|
 WªvB †m‡ji B‡j‡±ªvW wn‡m‡e i‡q‡Q— Kve©b `Ð I `¯Ívi †K․Uv| `~‡ii we`y¨r Drcv`b †K›`ª n‡Z we`y¨r wb‡q Avmvi
Rb¨ nvB‡fv‡ëR eënvi Kiv nq KviY G‡Z we`y¨r AcPq Kg nq| AwaKvsk d‡UvKwc †gwkb KvR K‡i— †cvjvi‡qW
d‡UvMÖvwd c×wZ‡Z| AvKv‡k we`y¨r PgKvq †g‡Ni AmsL¨ RjKYv I eid KYvi g‡a¨ PvR© mwÂZ n‡j|
 ‡Uwj‡dvb jvB‡bi ga¨ w`‡q cÖevwnZ nq— Zwor kw³| Gwm Kv‡i‡›Ui •ewkó¨ mg‡qi mv‡_ w`‡Ki cwieZ©b|
evsjv‡`‡ki evmvevwo‡Z mvcøvBK…Z we`y¨‡Zi †fv‡ëR 220 †fvë Gwm| ‣e`y¨wZK wnUvi I Bw¯¿‡Z eëüZ nq—
bvB‡µvg Zvi| ‡h hš¿ w`‡q Zwor cÖevn, wefe cv_©K¨ I ‡iva gvcv nq Zv‡K e‡j— gvwëwgUvi|
 ‣e`y¨wZK wdD‡R eënvi Kiv nq— mxmv I wUb| K¨vcvwmU‡ii cÖavb KvR— kw³ msiÿY Kiv| Kgy‡UUi _v‡K—
wWwm †Rbv‡iU‡i| we`y¨r‡K mvaviY gvby‡li Kv‡R jvMv‡bvi Rb¨ me‡P‡q ‡ewk Ae`vb— Ugvm Avjfv GwWm‡bi|
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. we`y¨rkw³i evwYwR¨K GKK †KvbwU? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (Ki‡Zvqv): 2019]
K. IqvU L. IqvU - N›Uv M. wK‡jvIqvU N›Uv N. Kzj¤^ DËi : M
e¨vL¨v: IqvU— ÿgZvi GKK IqvU, G‡K W Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq| we`y¨rkw³i evwYwR¨K GKK n‡jv— wK‡jvIqvU-
NÈv| 1 wK‡jvIqvU NÈv— 1000 IqvU NÈv| Kyj¤— Avav‡bi GKK n‡”Q Kzj¤^ (C)|
02. we`y¨r cÖev‡ni GKK— [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (cÙv) : 13; cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (W¨v‡dvwWj) : 12]
K. †fvë L. A¨vw¤úqvi M. Ryj N. IqvU DËi : L
02. †gvevBj †Uwj‡dv‡bi ga¨ w`‡q cÖevwnZ nq- (36Zg wewmGm)
K. kãkw³ L. Zworkw³ M. Av‡jvKkw³ N. †P․¤^Kkw³ DËi L
e¨vL¨v : †gvevBj †Uwj‡dv‡bi ga¨ w`‡q kã kw³ Zwor kw³‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ nq hv †kÖvZvi wbKU kã kw³‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ n‡q
†kÖvZvi Kv‡b †c․uQvq|
03. ‡Kvb e¯‘‡Z Avav‡bi Aw¯ÍZ¡ wbY©‡qi hš¿ n‡jv- (35Zg wewmGm)
K. G¨vwgUvi L. AYyexÿY hš¿ M. †fvëvwgUvi N. ZworexÿY hš¿ DËi N
e¨vL¨v : cÖkœwUi Ack‡bi hš¿mg~‡ni eënvi
hš¿ eënvi hš¿ eënvi
A¨vwgUvi we`y¨r cÖevn gvcK hš¿ †fvëvwgUvi •e`y¨wZK wefe ev Pvc cwigvcK hš¿
AYyexÿY hš¿ ‡QvU e¯‘‡K eo K‡i †`Lvq ZworexÿY hš¿ e¯‘i Avav‡bi Aw¯ÍZ¡ wbY©qK hš¿
04. ‡KvbwU m‡e©vËg Zwor cwievnK? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (PÆMÖvg wefvM) : 03]
K. KvuP L. ivevi M. KvV N. Zvgv DËi : N
05. wb‡Pi †KvbwUi we`y¨r cwievwnZv me‡P‡q †ewk? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (myigv): 12; 34Zg wewmGm]
K. iƒcv L. Zvgv M. †mvbv N. Kve©b DËi : K
06. ‡KvbwU Aa©-cwievnx bq? [31Zg wewmGm]
K. †jvnv L. wmwjKb M. Rv‡g©wbqvg N. M¨vwjqvg DËi : K
07. AvKv‡k weRjx PgKvq— [12Zg, 26Zg I 31Zg wewmGm] DËi : N
K. `yB LÐ †gN ci¯úi msNl© n‡j L. †g‡Ni g‡a¨ we`y¨r †Kvl ‣Zwi n‡j
M. †gN we`y¨r cwievnx Ae¯’vq G‡j N. †g‡Ni AmsL¨ cvwb I eid KYvi g‡a¨ PvR© mwÂZ n‡j
08. eRªcv‡Zi mgq Avcwb Mvox K‡i hv‡”Qb| wb‡R‡K myiwÿZ ivLvi Rb¨ Avcwb †Kvb DcvqwU MÖnY Ki‡eb? [14Zg wewmGm;
cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (cÙv) : 12; cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 01]
K. Mvoxi g‡a¨B e‡m _vK‡eb L. †Kvb Mv‡Qi Zjvq AvkÖq wb‡eb DËi : K
M. evB‡i G‡m gvwUi Dci Dcyo n‡q ky‡q co‡eb N. evB‡i G‡m AvKv‡ki w`‡K gyL K‡i `vuwo‡q _vK‡eb
09. eRªcv‡Zi mgq _vKv DwPZ— [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK- 2018]
K. DPz Mv‡Qi wb‡P L. ¸nvi wfZi/gvwU‡Z ï‡q M. †Lvjv gv‡V `vuvwo‡q N. DuPy †`qv‡ji Kv‡Q DËi : L
10. we`y¨r cwievn‡Ki †iv‡ai GKK— [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (hgybv) : 13]
K. IqvU L. Kzj¤^ M. A¨vw¤úqvi N. Ing DËi : N
11. ‣e`y¨wZK cvLv ax‡i ax‡i Nyi‡j we`y¨r LiP- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (weUv) : 14; 11Zg I 23Zg wewmGm]
K. Kg nq L. †ewk nq M. GKB nq N. Lye Kg nq DËi : M
12. ‣e`y¨wZK ÿgZvi GKK— [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (Ki‡Zvqv) : 13; cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (ivBb) : 13;
cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (K¨v‡gwjqv) : 12]
K. A¨vw¤úqvi L. Ing M. †fvë N. IqvU DËi : N
13. GK •e`y¨wZK BDwbU mgvb KZ? [32Zg wewmGm]
K. GK wK‡jvIqvU ‡m‡KÛ L. GK IqvU NÈv M. GK wK‡jvIqvU NÈv N. GK IqvU †m‡KÛ DËi : M
14. we`y¨r we‡ji wnmve wKfv‡e Kiv nq? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (wSjvg): 13]
K. Ryj L. IqvU AvIqvi M. wK‡jvIqvU NÈv N. IqvU DËi : M
15. DBÛwg‡ji mvnv‡h¨ wK Drcv`b Kiv nq? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2019]
K. evqy L. we`ÿr M. †Zj N. cÖK…wZK M¨vm DËi : L
AvaywbK c`v_©weÁvb I B‡j±ªwbKm

‡ZRw¯ŒqZv : 1896 mv‡j †nbwi †eK‡ij cÖ_g BD‡iwbqvg †_‡K †ZRw¯…q iwk¥i Aw¯ÍZ¡ cÖgvY K‡ib| cieZx©‡Z Av‡b©÷
iv`vi‡dvW©, wcqv‡i Kzwi, †gwi Kzwi I Ab¨vb¨ weÁvbxiv Ab¨vb¨ †g․‡ji †ZRw¯…qZv Avwe®‥vi K‡ib| ‡ZRw¯…qZv Gi Gm AvB
GKK —†eK‡ij| ‡ZRw¯…qZvi Kvi‡Y ‡ZRw¯…q iwk¥ wbM©Z n‡q wbDwK¬qv‡mi MVb cwiewZ©Z n‡q †mwU wfbœ GKwU †g․‡j
iƒcvšÍwiZ n‡q hvq| ‡g․‡ji wbDwK¬qvm †_‡K †h wZbwU cÖavb †ZRw¯…q iwk¥ †ei nq †m¸‡jv n‡jv— Avjdv ( ), weUv ( )
Ges Mvgv ( ) iwk¥| Avjdv iwk¥ ev Avjdv KYv GKwU wnwjqvg wbDwK¬qvm| BD‡iwbqv‡gi GKwU AvB‡mv‡Uvc Avjdv KYv
wewKiY K‡i †_vwiqv‡gi GKwU AvB‡mv‡Uv‡c cwiYZ nq| | weUv iwk¥ ev weUv KYv n‡jv
B‡jKUªb| Mvgv iwk¥ Avm‡j kw³kvjx we`yy¨r †P․¤^Kxq Zi½|
 cÖK…wZ‡Z cÖvß †ZRw¯…q †g․j— BD‡iwbqvg, †_vwiqvg, †cv‡jvwbqvg, †iWb, cøy‡Uvwbqvg, †bcPzwbqvg cÖf…wZ| ‡hme
†g․‡ji cvigvYweK msL¨v 82 Gi AwaK ‡mme †g․‡j ‡ZRw¯…q ag© cwijwÿZ nq|
 gnvk~b¨ †_‡K c„w_ex‡Z AvMZ iwk¥‡K e‡j— KmwgK iwk¥| me©cÖ_g †ZRw¯…q c`v_© wn‡m‡e eëüZ nq— BD‡iwbqvg|
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. ‡KvbwU †ZRw¯…q c`v_© bq? [20Zg wewmGm]
K. †jvnv L. BD‡iwbqvg M. cøy‡Uvwbqvg N. †bcPzwbqvg DËi : K
02. ‡iwWI AvB‡mv‡Uvc eëüZ nq— [23Zg wewmGm]
K. wKWwbi cv_i Mjv‡Z L. wcËcv_i Mjv‡Z
M. MjMÐ †ivM wbY©‡q N. bZzb cigvYy •Zwi‡Z DËi : M
c„w_ex m„wói BwZnvm
1924 mv‡j nvej †`wL‡qwQ‡jb wekêªþv‡Ði me¸‡jv M¨vjvw· G‡K A‡bï †_‡K `~‡i m‡i hv‡”Q, †hwU cÖ`k©b K‡i †h
wekêªþvÐ ax‡i ax‡i cÖmvwiZ n‡”Q| weÁvbxiv †`Lvb cÖvq †P․Ï wewjqb eQi Av‡M ÔweM e¨vsÕ bv‡g GKwU cÖPÐ we‡ùvi‡Y
wekêªþvÐ •Zwi nIqvi ci †mwU cÖmvwiZ n‡Z _v‡K| ÔweM e¨vsÕ ZË¡wUi cÖe³v nj †ejwRqv‡gi RR© j¨v‡gUvi| wZwbB cÖ_g
ÔweM e¨vsÕ ZË¡wU m¤ú‡K© aviYv cÖ`vb K‡ib| weªwUk c`v_© I †R¨vwZwe©Ávbx w÷‡db nwKÝ Zvui weL¨vZ ÔA Brief History
of Time’ bvgK eBwU‡Z ÔweM e¨vsÕ Z‡Ë¡i AvaywbK e¨vL¨v cÖ`vb K‡ib| (Z_¨m~Î- gva¨wgK c`v_©weÁvb)
gnvwe‡ùvi‡Yi mg_©‡b cÖgvY : gnvwek^ GLbI we¯Í…Z n‡”Q| gnvKv‡ki M¨vjvw·/Qvqvc_ I Zvivmg~n G‡K Ac‡ii †_‡K `~‡i
m‡i hv‡”Q| Kv‡RB Giv nq‡Zv GKmv‡_ ÿz`ª GKwU RvqMvq wQj; we‡ùvi‡Yi gva¨‡g Avjv`v n‡q‡Q| (Z_¨m~Î- lô †kÖwYi
weÁvb: Øv`k Aa¨vq)
Z_¨KwYKv
→ Rvgvj bRiæj Bmjvg : ‡R¨vwZwe©Ávbx Rvgvj bRiæj Bmjvg evsjv‡`‡ki wSbvB`‡n Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| wZwb gnvwe‡kî
D™¢e I cwiYwZ wel‡q †g․wjK M‡elYvi Rb¨ L¨vwZ AR©b K‡ib|
→ c„w_ex‡Z Kxfv‡e Rx‡ei m„wó n‡qwQj? : cÖvq 260 †KvwU eQi Av‡M c„w_exi evqygÐ‡j cÖPzi cwigv‡Y wg‡_b ( ),
A¨v‡gvwbqv ( ), nvB‡Wªv‡Rb mvjdvBW ( ) Ges Rjxq ev®ú; bvB‡Uªv‡Rb ( ) I Kve©b WvB-A·vBW ( )
M¨vm wQj| Anin Av‡MœqwMwii AMœy¨rcv‡Zi d‡j evqygÐ‡ji ZvcgvÎvi e„w× NUZ Ges eRªcv‡Zi d‡j I AwZ‡e¸wb iwk¥i
cÖfv‡e GB †h․M c`v_©¸‡jv wgwjZ n‡q A¨vgvB‡bv GwmW I wbDwK¬K GwmW •Zwi K‡i| c‡i A¨vgvB‡bv GwmW I wbDwK¬q
GwmW wgwjZ nIqvq wbDwK¬q‡cÖvwUb AYyi m„wó nq| c‡ii aviYv¸‡j wbDwK¬q‡cÖvwUb → †cÖv‡UvfvBivm → fvBivm|
→ weM e¨vs m„wói c~e© gyn~‡Z©i mxgv‡K e‡j- cøv¼ Iqvj| gnvwe‡kî m„wói Av‡Mi gyn~Z©‡K e‡j wR‡iv AvIqvi ev UvBg wR‡iv|
→ w÷‡db DBwjqvg nwKÝ Gi eBmg~n- The Universe in a Nutshell, The Theory of Everything, The
Grand Design. wZwb 14 gvP©, 2018 wLª÷v‡ã g„ZzëiY K‡ib|
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. BDwi M¨vMvwib gnvk~‡b¨ hvb- (33Zg wewmGm)
K. 1956 L. 1961 M. 1964 N. 1969 DËi : L
02. w÷‡db nwKÝ GKRb (38Zg wewmGm)
K. `vk©wbK L. c`v_©we` M. imvqbwe` N. Kwe DËi : L
03. weM e¨vO Z‡Ë¡i cÖe³v †K? (33Zg wewmGm)
K. AvBb÷vBb L. wR.j¨v‡gUvi M. w÷‡db nwKÝ N. M¨vwjwjI DËi : L
04. w÷‡db nwKÝ we‡kî GKRb AwZkq weL¨vZ (18Zg I 30Zg wewmGm)
K. `vk©wbK L. c`v_©we` M. imvqbwe` N. Kwe DËi : L
Avgv‡ì eZ©gvb mf¨ZvwUi †cQ‡b me‡P‡q eo Ae`vb †i‡L‡Q B‡jKUªwbKm| B‡jKUªwbK‡mi µgweKvk‡K †gvUvgywU wZbwU
As‡k fvM Kiv hvq- f¨vKzqvg wUDe, UªvbwR÷i Ges Bw›U‡MÖ‡UW mvwK©U|
f¨vKzqvg wUDe : 1883 mv‡j GwWmb †`‡LwQ‡jb jvBU ev‡j¦i †fZ‡i wdjv‡g›U †_‡K Ab¨ GKwU avZe †cø‡U dvuKv RvqMv
w`‡qI we`y¨r cwienb n‡Z cv‡i| GB cÖwµqvwU GwWmb wµqv bv‡g cwiwPZ| 1904 mv‡j Rb †d¬wgs GwWmb wµqv‡K Kv‡R
jvwM‡q cÖ_g `yB B‡jK‡Uªv‡Wi GKwU f¨vKzqvg wUDe •Zwi K‡ib †hwU ‡iKwUdvqvi wn‡m‡e KvR KiZ A_©vr cwieZ©bkxj
we`y¨rcÖevn‡K GKw`‡K cÖevwnZ KiZ| GB f¨vKzqvg wUDe‡K B‡jKUªwbK‡mi m~Pbv wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv hvq|
UªvbwR÷i : UªvbwR÷i n‡jv p-UvBc Ges n-UvBc †mwg KÛv±i w`‡q •Zwi GK ai‡bi wWfvBm †hwU Zvi wfZi w`‡q
we`y¨‡Zi cÖevn wbqš¿Y Ki‡Z cv‡i| p-n-p Ges n-p-n `y ai‡bi UªvbwR÷i i‡q‡Q| 1947 mv‡j †ej j¨ve‡iUwi‡Z cÖ_g
UªvbwR÷i •Zwi Kiv nq| GB Avwe®‥v‡ii Rb¨ Rb eviwWb, Iqvëvi eªvB‡UBb Ges DBwjqvg kKwj‡K †bv‡ej cyi¯‥vi †Ìqv
nq| UªvbwR÷i f¨vKzqvg wUD‡ei g‡ZvB KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i wKš‘ f¨vKzqvg wUD‡ei Zzjbvq GwU Aí ÿz`ª, IRb LyeB Kg, GwU
eënvi Ki‡Z Lye Aí we`y¨‡Zi cÖ‡qvRb nq| UªvbwR÷i eënv‡ii d‡j c„w_exi gvbyl ¯^í g~‡j¨ B‡jKUªwbKm hš¿cvwZ †c‡Z
ïiæ Kij| UªvbwR÷‡ii MVb A‡bKUv m¨vÛDB‡Pi g‡Zv| Rv‡g©qvg, wmwjKb †mwgKÛ±i wn‡m‡e eëüZ nq|
Bw›U‡MÖ‡UW mvwK©U : GKvwaK •e`y¨wZK eZ©bx ev mvwK©U GKwU wmwjK‡bi cvZjv †cø‡U mvwR‡q •Zwi Kiv nq Bw›U‡MÖ‡UW
mvwK©U| 1952 mv‡ji w`‡K Bw›U‡MÖ‡UW mvwK©U wb‡q K_v ïiæ n‡jI •Zwi ïiæ nq lv‡Ui `k‡K| UªvbwR÷‡ii mv‡_ Wv‡qvW
wKsev †iwR÷vi Ges K¨vcvwmUi ewm‡q c~Y©v½ GKwU mvwK©U •Zwi Kiv nq hv ciewZ©‡Z Bw›U‡MÖ‡UW mvwK©U ev AvBwm bv‡g
cwiwPwZ cvq| gvB‡µvKw¤úDUvi, wPwKrmvi hš¿cvwZ, wfwWI K¨v‡giv Ges †hvMv‡hvM DcMÖ‡ni g‡Zv AZ¨vaywbK AvBwm Qvov
KL‡bvB m¤¢e n‡Zv bv| D™¢veK †R Gm †Kjwe|
fwel¨‡Zi B‡jKUªwbKm : B‡jKUªwbKm cÖhyw³ GL‡bv GwM‡q hv‡”Q Ges fwel¨‡Z B‡jKUªwbKm mvwK©‡U AcwUKm ev
Av‡jvi mvnv‡h¨ Z_¨ wewbgq msµvšÍ AvBwm †`L‡Z cvIqv hv‡e| GKB mv‡_ ‡cÖvMÖvg K‡i wb‡Ri cÖ‡qvRb g‡Zv mvwK©U •Zwi
Kivi AvBwm (FPGA- Field Programmable Gate Array) AviI †ewk †ÿ‡Î eëüZ n‡e|
 Wv‡qvW me‡P‡q †ewk eëüZ nq— †iKwUdvqvi wn‡m‡e| AvaywbK gy`ªY eë¯’vq avZz wbwg©Z Aÿ‡ii cÖ‡qvRb dz‡ivevi
KviY— d‡Uvwj‡_vMÖvwd| wi‡gvU †mwÝs ev `~i Abyaveb ej‡Z †evSvq— DcMÖ‡ni mvnv‡h¨ `~i †_‡K f~gÐ‡ji
Ae‡jvKb| gvB‡µvI‡q‡fi gva¨‡g †h †Uwj‡hvMv‡hvM eë¯’v Avgv‡ì †`‡k cÖPwjZ Zv‡Z gvB‡µvI‡q‡fi AwaKvsk `~iZ¡
AwZµg K‡i— I‡qf MvB‡Wi ga¨ w`‡q|
 eø¨vK e· hš¿wU eënvi Kiv nq— D‡ovRvnv‡R| Rb †jvwR †eqvW©— †Uwjwfkb Avwe®‥vi K‡ib| ‡iwWI Avwe®‥vi
K‡ib— wR gv‡K©vwb| ‡h wWfvBm ev †K․k‡ji mvnv‡h¨ Zwor cÖevn‡K GKgyLx Kiv hvq ev Gwm‡K wWwm Kiv hvq Zv‡K
e‡j— †iKwUdvqvi| B‡j±ªwb· wk‡í— wmwjK‡bi eënvi me‡P‡q †ewk|
 LASER Gi c~Y©iƒc— Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation.
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. Rxe RM‡Zi Rb¨ me‡P‡q ÿwZKi iwk¥ †KvbwU? (36Zg wewmGm)
K. Avjdv iwk¥ L. weUv iwk¥ M. Mvjv iwk¥ (Mvgv) N. Avëªvfv‡qv‡jU iwk¥ D-M
e¨vL¨v : Rxe RM‡Zi me‡P‡q ÿwZKi iwk¥ Mvgv (cÖ‡kœ wQ‡j Mvjv) iwk¥| KviY Ab¨vb¨ mKj iwk¥i †P‡q Mvgv iwk¥i
Zi½•`N¨© Kg| Zi½‣`N¨© me‡P‡q Kg nIqvq K¤úv¼ ev †f`b ÿgZv me‡P‡q †ewk|
02. K¨vÝvi wPwKrmvq eëüZ Mvgv wewKi‡Yi Drm n‡jv- (36Zg wewmGm)
K. AvB‡mv‡Uvb L. AvB‡mv‡Uvc M. AvB‡mvevi N. ivmvqwbK c`v_© DËi : L
e¨vL¨v : †ZRw¯…q †g․‡ji iwk¥ n‡Z Avjdv, weUv I Mvgv iwk¥ wbM©Z nq| †iwWI AvB‡mv‡Uvc eënvi K‡i wb‡¤œv³
‡ivMmg~‡ni wbivgq Kiv hvq-
AvB‡mv‡Uvc ‡iv‡Mi bvg AvB‡mv‡Uvc ‡iv‡Mi bvg
Av‡qvwWb- 131 [ I] _vBi‡qW K¨vÝvi BwiwWqvg ‡eªBb K¨vÝvi
‡Kvevë- 60 [ Co] wUDgvi dmdivm- 32 [ p] i‡³i wjD‡Kvwgqv
03. ‡Mv‡q›`v wefv‡M wb‡¤œi †Kvb iwk¥ eëüZ nq? (35Zg wewmGm)
K. †eK‡ij iwk¥ L. G·-iwk¥ M. Mvgv iwk¥ N. weUv-iwk¥ DËi : L
e¨vL¨v : †Mv‡q›`v wefv‡M †PvivPvjbxi †c‡U †mvbvmn Ab¨vb¨ g~jëvb avZz kbv³ Ki‡Z G·-‡i eënvi Kiv nq|
‡ivM wbY©‡q eëüZ hš¿cvwZ
1950 mv‡j c„w_exi gvby‡li Mo Avqy wQj 50 eQ‡ii KvQvKvwQ| 60 eQ‡i †mB Avqy 20 eQi e„w× †c‡q‡Q| c„w_exi gvby‡li
Rxebavi‡Yi gvb DbœZ nIqv, †ivM cÖwZ‡laK eënvi, ¯^v¯’¨m‡PZb nIqv Ges wPwKrmvi gvb Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ mviv c„w_ex‡Z
gvby‡li Mo Avqy e„w× †c‡q‡Q|
G·-‡i
 ¯’vbPz¨Z nvo, nv‡o dvUj, †f‡½ hvIqv nvo BZ¨vw` Lye mn‡R kbv³ Kiv hvq|
 `vu‡Zi K¨vwfwU Ges Ab¨vb¨ ÿq †ei Kivi Rb¨ G·-‡i eënvi Kiv nq|
 ‡c‡Ui G·-‡i K‡i A‡š¿i cÖwZeÜKZv (Intestinal Obstruction) kbv³ Kiv hvq|
nvB †fv‡ëR
i›U‡Rb 1885 mv‡j DBj‡n‡jvg i›U‡Rb
nvB †fv‡ëR
D”Pkw³m¤úbœ GK ai‡bi iwk¥ Avwe®‥vi A¨v‡bvW
K¨v‡_vW
K‡ib, †hwU kix‡ii gvsm‡cwk †f` K‡i
wM‡q d‡UvMÖvwdK †cø‡U Qwe Zzj‡Z cviZ|
GB iwk¥i bvg ZLb Rvbv wQj bv e‡j Gi Uvs‡÷b wdjv‡g›U
wPÎ. G·-‡i
bvg †Ìqv n‡qwQj G·-‡i| G·-‡i wUD‡ei Kvh©
 G·-‡i w`‡q wcË_wj I wKWwb‡Z cv_‡ii Aw¯ÍZ¡ †ei Kiv hvq| c×wZ
 ey‡Ki G·-‡i K‡i dzmdz‡mi †ivM †hgb h²v, wbD‡gvwbqv, dzmdz‡mi K¨vÝvi wbY©q Kiv hvq|
 G·-‡i K¨vÝvi †Kvl‡K †g‡i †dj‡Z cv‡i, ZvB GwU †iwWI‡_ivwc‡Z wPwKrmvi Rb¨ eënvi Kiv nq|
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. fv½v nvo wbY©‡q eëüZ nq- [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (fjMv) : 13]
K. Mvgv iwk¥ L. Avjdv iwk¥ M. weUv iwk¥ N. iÄb iwk¥ DËi : N
02. ‡Mv‡q›`v wefv‡M wb‡¤œi †Kvb iwk¥ eëüZ nq? [35Zg wewmGm]
K. †eK‡ij iwk¥ L. G·-iwk¥ M. Mvgv iwk¥ N. weUv iwk¥ DËi : L
03. ‡iwWI AvB‡mv‡Uvc eëüZ nq- [23Zg wewmGm]
K. wKWwbi cv_i Mjv‡Z L. wcËcv_i Mjv‡Z M. MjMÐ †ivM wbY©‡q N. bZzb cigvYy •Zwi‡Z DËi : M
AvjUªvm‡bvMÖvwd : AvjUªvm‡bvMÖvwd w`‡q kix‡ii †fZ‡ii A½cÖZ¨½, gvsm‡cwk BZ¨vwì Qwe †Zvjv nq| GwU Kivi Rb¨ Lye
D”P K¤úv‡¼i kã eënvi K‡i Zvi cÖwZaŸwb‡K kbv³ Kiv nq| k‡ãi K¤úv¼ 1-10 ‡gMvnvU©R n‡q _v‡K e‡j G‡K
AvjUªvm‡bvMÖvwd ejv n‡q _v‡K|
wmwU ¯‥¨vb (CT Scan) : wmwU ¯‥¨vb kãwU Bs‡iwR Computed Tomography Scan Gi mswÿß iƒc| U‡gvMÖvwd
ej‡Z †evSv‡bv nq wÎgvwÎK e¯‘i GKwU dvwji ev wÎgvwÎK As‡ki cÖwZwe¤^ •Zwi Kiv| wPwKrmv weÁv‡b GB h‡š¿ G·-‡i
eënvi Kiv nq| wmwU ¯‥¨vb K‡i wb‡Pi KvR¸‡jv Kiv m¤¢e-
 wmwU ¯‥¨v‡bi mvnv‡h¨ kix‡ii big wUmy¨, i³evnx wkiv ev agbx, dzmdzm, †eªb BZ¨vwì c~Y©v½ Qwe cvIqv hvq|
 hK…r, dzmdzm Ges AMœ¨vk‡qi K¨vÝvi kbv³ Kivi Kv‡R wmwU ¯‥¨vb eënvi Kiv nq|
 gv_vi wmwU ¯‥¨v‡bi mvnv‡h¨ gw¯Í‡®‥i †fZi †Kvb i³cvZ n‡q‡Q wK bv, agbx dz‡j ‡M‡Q wK bv, †mwU e‡j †Ìqv
hvq| kix‡i i³ mÂvj‡b mgm¨v Av‡Q wK bv †mwUI wmwU ¯‥¨vb †_‡K Rvbv hvq|
GgAviAvB (MRI: Magnetic Resonance Imaging) : gvby‡li kix‡ii cÖvq mËifvM cvwb, hvi A_© gvby‡li
kix‡ii cÖvq me A½cÖZ¨‡½ cvwb _v‡K| cvwbi cÖwZwU AYy‡Z _v‡K _v‡K nvB‡Wªv‡Rb Ges nvB‡Wªv‡R wbDwK¬qvm n‡”Q †cÖvUb|
kw³kvjx †P․¤^K †ÿÎ cÖ‡qvM Ki‡j ‡cÖvUb¸‡jv †mB Zi½ †_‡K kw³ MÖnY K‡i Zv‡ì w`K cwieZ©b K‡i Ges GB cÖwµqvwU‡K
e‡j wbDwK¬qvi g¨vM‡bwUK †i‡Rv‡bÝ| GB NUbvi Dci wfwË K‡i g¨vM‡bwUK †i‡Rv‡iÝ ev GgAvivB •Zwi Kiv n‡q‡Q|
BwmwR (ECG): BwmwR n‡jv B‡jK‡UªvKvwW©IMÖvg (Electro cardiogram) k‡ãi mswÿß iƒc| BwmwR K‡i gvby‡li
ürwc‡Ði •e`y¨wZK Ges †cwkRwbZ KvRKg©¸‡jv ch©‡eÿY Kiv hvq| ürwc‡Ûi †hme A¯^vfvweK Ae¯’v BwmwR Kiv hvq,
†m¸‡jv n‡”Q ürwc‡Ûi †hme A¯^vfvweK ¯ú›`b, A_©vr ¯ú›`‡bi nvi †ewk ev Kg n‡j, nvU© GUvK n‡q _vK‡j, ürwc‡Ûi
AvKvi eo n‡q _vK‡j|
G‡ÛvmKwc (Endoscopy) : wPwKrmvi Kvi‡Y kix‡ii †fZ‡ii †Kv‡bv A½ ev MnŸi‡K evB‡i †_‡K mivmwi †`Lvi
cÖwµqvwUi bvg G‡ÛvmKwc| G‡ÛvmKwc h‡š¿i gva¨‡g kix‡ii dvucv A½¸‡jvi †fZ‡i cixÿv Kiv hvq| G‡ÛvmKwc Kivi mgq
†h‡nZz GKwU bj mivmwi ÿZ¯’v‡b cÖ‡ek Kiv‡bv nq †mwU w`‡q †mB ÿZ ¯’v‡bi Sample wb‡q Avmv m¤¢e Ges cÖ‡qvR‡b GUv
eënvi K‡i wKQz wKQz mvR©vwi Kiv m¤¢e|
BwUwU (ETT) : Bs‡iwR Exercise Tolerance Test Gi mswÿß iƒc n‡jv BwUwU| e¨vqvg ev Abykxjb Kivi mgq BwmwR
Kiv‡KB BwUwU ejv n‡q _v‡K|
‡ivM wbivg‡q c`v_©weÁvb (Physics in Treatment)
‡iwWI‡_ivwc (Radio Therapy) : ‡iwWI‡_ivwc kãwU Bs‡iwR Radiation Therapy kãwUi mswÿß iƒc|
†iwWI‡_ivwc n‡”Q †Kvb †iv‡Mi wPwKrmvq ‡ZRw¯¿q wewKi‡Yi eënvi| GwU g~jZ K¨vÝvi †iv‡Mi wPwKrmvq eënvi Kiv nq|
†iwWI‡_ivwc‡Z mvaviYZ D”P ÿgZvi G·-‡i eënvi K‡i K¨vÝvi †Kvl‡K aŸsm Kiv nq| GB G·-‡i eënvi K‡i †Kv‡li
†fZiKvi wWGbG (DNA) aŸsm K‡i †Kv‡li msL¨v e„w× Kivi ÿgZv bó K‡i †`q| GKwU wUDgvi‡K mvR©vwi Kivi Av‡M
†QvU K‡i †bIqvi Rb¨ wKsev mvR©vwii ci wUDgv‡ii Aewkó Ask aŸsm Kivi RbÏ †iwWI‡_ivwc Kiv nq|
AvB‡mv‡Uvc Ges Gi eënvi : GKwU †g․wjK c`v‡_©i wbDwK¬qvm wbDUª‡bi msL¨v wfbœ n‡j Zv‡K †mB †g․wjK c`v‡_©i
AvB‡mv‡Uvc e‡j| cÖK…wZ‡Z A‡bK †g․‡ji wewfbœ AvB‡mv‡Uvc‡K ¯^vfvweKfv‡e †ZRw¯…q wn‡m‡e cvIqv hvq Avevi wbDwK¬qvi
wewµqv K‡i ‡ZRw¯…q AvB‡mv‡Uvc evbv‡bv m¤¢e|
☼ ‡ZRw¯…q AvB‡mv‡Uvc eënv‡ii GKwU D`vniY PET ev Positron Emission Tomography ‡hLv‡b †ZRw¯…q
AvB‡mv‡UvcwU cwRUªb wewKiY K‡i| cwRUªb B‡j±ª‡bi cÖwZwU KYv (anti-particle) Ges GwU B‡j±ª‡bi mv‡_ hy³
n‡q kw³‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ nq| GB kw³ Mvgv †i wn‡m‡e wecixZ w`‡K †ei n‡q Av‡m| Kv‡RB wecixZ w`‡K `ywU wbw`©ó
kw³ Mvgv †i kbv³ K‡i cwRUªbwU †Kv_v †_‡K †ei n‡q‡Q †mwU †ei K‡i †bIqv hvq|
☼ ‡Kvevë 60 (60Co) GKwU Mvgv †i wewKiYKvix AvB‡mv‡Uvc, GB AvB‡mv‡Uvc eënvi K‡i K¨vÝvi AvµvšÍ †Kvl‡K
Mvgv †i aŸsm Kiv nq|
☼ Av‡qvwWb 131 (131I) _vBi‡qW wPwKrmvq eënvi Kiv nq, _vBi‡qW wPwKrmvq GwU GZB Kvh©Ki, hv AvRKvj
_vBi‡q‡Wi mvR©vwi †miKg cÖ‡qvRb nq bv|
☼ wjD‡Kvwgqv bv‡g i‡³i K¨vÝv‡ii wPwKrmvq †ZRw¯…q AvB‡mv‡Uvc dmdivm 32 (32P) hy³ dm‡dU eënvi Kiv nq|
KmwgK †i
01. gnvRvMwZK iwk¥i Avwe®‥viK †K? (20Zg I 33Zg wewmGm)
K. †nm L. AvBb÷vBb M. U‡jwg N. nvej DËi : K
e¨vL¨v : ‣e`y¨wZK PvR©hy³ †h iwk¥ Av‡jvi †e‡Mi KvQvKvwQ †e‡M gnvk~b¨ †_‡K c„w_ex‡Z AvNvZ nv‡b Zv‡K gnvRvMwZK iwk¥
e‡j| 1912 mv‡j Aw÷ªqvb weÁvbx †nm gnvRvMwZK iwk¥ Avwe®‥vi K‡ib| GRb¨ Zv‡K 1936 mv‡j †bv‡ej cyi¯‥vi †`qv nq|
eø¨vK †nvj : ১৯৬৯ ঴াল঱ মার্কিন র্িজ্ঞানী জন হুই঱ার ঴িিপ্রথম K…òMnŸi িা ব্ল্যাক হ঵া঱ (BLACK HOLE) লব্দর্ি িযি঵ার
কলরন। `ywU eø¨vK‡nvj wgwjZ n‡j †h AkvšÍ eø¨vK‡nvj •Zwi nq, †mLvb †_‡K Av‡m e„ËvwqZ gnvKl© Zi½| 1915 mv‡j weÁvbx
AvBb÷vBb Zvui Av‡cwÿKZv Z‡Ë¡ GB gnvKl©xq Zi‡½i K_v D‡jøL K‡ib| 2015 mv‡ji 14 †m‡Þ¤î hy³iv‡óªi jvB‡Mvi
(LIGO The Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory) mbv³KiY h‡š¿ GKwU ms‡KZ aiv
c‡o| GB ms‡KZ wQj 130 †KvwU Av‡jvKel© `~‡ii `ywU eø¨vK ‡nv‡ji wgj‡bi d‡j m„ó gnvKl© Zi‡½iB ms‡KZ| (m~Î -
gva¨wgK c`v_©weÁvb)| `xN© we‡kølY †k‡l 10 GwcÖj, 2019 mv‡j cÖ_gev‡ii gZ GKwU K…òweei I Zvi cvk^©eZx© AÂ‡ji
cÖZ¨ÿ wPÎ cÖKvwkZ nq| evsjv‡`wk es‡kv™¢zZ cvebv †Rjvi †mwjg kvnwiqvi Ges ei¸bvi `xc¼i ZvjyK`vi wQ‡jb gnvKlx©l
Zi½ mbv³Kvix M‡elK `‡ji Ab¨Zg m`m¨| `xc¼i ZvjyK`vi XvKv wek^we`¨vj‡qi c`v_© weÁv‡bi QvÎ wQ‡jb|
wn‡Mi KYv
m‡Z¨›`ªbv_ emy : wewKiY msµvšÍ †Kvqv›Uvg msL¨vqb Z‡Ë¡i mwVK MvwYwZK e¨vL¨v w`‡qwQ‡jb cÖ‡dmi m‡Z¨›`ªbv_ emy hv †evm
AvBb÷vBb msL¨vqb ZË¡ bv‡g cwiwPZ| c`v_©weÁv‡bi RM‡Z wZwb †h Ae`vb †i‡LwQ‡jb Zvi ¯^xK…wZ¯îƒc GK‡kÖwYi ‡g․wjK
KYv‡K †evmb (†evm) bvg †Ìqv nq|
weªwUk weÁvbx wcUvi wnMm 1964 mv‡j kw³ wn‡m‡e Ggb GKwU KYvi aviYv †`b hv e¯‘i fi m„wó K‡i Ges Gi d‡j gnvwek^
m„wó m¤¢e n‡q‡Q| G KYvwUB nj wn‡Mi KYv| wnMm KYv GKwU †evmb KYv nIqvq GwU‡K c`v_©weÁv‡b ÔwnMm †evmb KYvÕ ejv
nq| c`v_© weÁvbx wcUvi wnMm I m‡Z¨›`ªbv_ emy ev m‡Z¨b †evm Gi bv‡g GB KYvi bvgKiY Kiv nq| হকায়ান্িাম ারাথি
র্িজ্ঞালনর ভা঳ায় হযলকালনা ারালথির মূ঱ ‣ewkó¨ এর ভর bvB। হ঴ ঴ক঱ কণারই ভর থাকলি যালরর ঴ালথ র্঵গ঴ হিা঴ন কণা ঴ংযুক্ত
থাকলি। এ Kvi‡YB এলক Ôঈশ্বর কণাÕ ev God’s Particle ি঱া ঵য়।
Wv‡qvW
Wv‡qvW Ggb GKwU B‡jKUªªwbK wWfvBm †hLv‡b e¨vUvwii GK ai‡bi
ms‡hv‡M we`y¨r cÖevn nq, D‡ëv ms‡hv‡M nq bv|
wP‡Î †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q GKUv p ai‡bi †mwgKÛv±i n ai‡bi
†mwgKÛv±‡ii mv‡_ hy³ K‡i Zvi mv‡_ GKUv e¨vUvwi Ggbfv‡e hy³
Kiv n‡q‡Q, †hb e¨vUvwii cwRwUf AskwU hy³ n‡q‡Q n Gi mv‡_
Ges †b‡MwUf AskwU hy³ n‡q‡Q p Gi mv‡_|
‡dvUb KYv
01. d‡UvB‡jKwUªK †Kv‡li Dci Av‡jv co‡j wK Drcbœ nq? (29Zg wewmGm)
K. we`y¨r L. Zvc M. Pz¤^K N. wKQzB bv DËi : K
e¨vL¨v : d‡UvB‡jKwUªK †Kv‡li (Wv‡qvW) Ici Av‡jvK co‡j Av‡jvK kw³ we`y¨r kw³‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ nq|
c`v_©weÁv‡b †dvUb GKwU †g․wjK KYv| ‡dvUb Zi½ Ges KYv Dfq ag©B cÖ`k©b K‡i| †dvU‡bi AvaywbK aviYv AvjevU©
AvBb÷vBb ax‡i ax‡i Dbœqb K‡ib| 1900 mv‡j g¨v· cøv¼ K…òe¯‘ wewKi‡Yi Dci KvR K‡iwQ‡jb| wbðj Ae¯’vq †dvUb
KYvi fi 0, MwZkxj Ae¯’vq Gi fi _v‡K|
Aa¨vq GK : evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq welqvewj

cÖvPxbKvj n‡Z mg mvgwqK Kv‡ji BwZnvm, K…wó I ms¯‹…wZ| evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv hy‡×i BwZnvm% fvlv
Av‡›`vjb% 1954 mv‡ji wbe©vPb% Qq `dv Av‡›`vjb 1966% MY Afz¨Ìvb 1968-69% 1970 mv‡ji wbe©vPb%
Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vjb 1971% 7 gv‡P©i HwZnvwmK fvlY% ¯^vaxbZv †NvlYv% gywRebMi miKv‡ii MVb I Kvh©vewj%
gyw³hy‡×i iY‡KŠkj% gyw³hy‡× e„nr kw³e‡M©i f~wgKv% cvK evwnbxi AvZ¥mgc©Y Ges evsjv‡`‡ki Afz¨`q|
cÖvPxbKvj n‡Z mg-mvgwqK Kv‡ji BwZnvm, K…wó I ms¯‹…wZ

cÖvPxb evsjvi Rbc`
evsjv bv‡gi GKwU ALÐ †`‡ki Rb¥ GKev‡i nqwb| Gi hvÎv ïiæ nq Rbc`¸‡jvi ga¨ w`‡q| DrKxY© wkjvwjwc I
wewfbœ mvwnZ¨MÖ‡š’ cÖvq 16wU Rbc‡ì K_v Rvbv hvq| Z‡e cÖwZwU Rbc‡ì mxgv memgq GKB iKg _v‡Kwb|
KL‡bv †Kv‡bv Rbc‡ì mxgv ‡e‡o‡Q, Avevi KL‡bv K‡g‡Q|
cÖvPxb cyÐª Rbc`

o gnv¯’vbMo‡K ÔcyÐªÕ bv‡g Rbc`wU M‡o Zz‡jwQj— cyÐª RvwZ|
o mxgvbv— iscyi, ivRkvnx, w`bvRcyi, e¸ov (kU©KvU- isivwè)| gnv¯’vbMo
o ivRavbxi bvg wQj— cyÐªbMi| cieZ©xKv‡j Gi bvg nq gnv¯’vbMo|
o cwÐZiv g‡b K‡ib— gnv¯’vbMo cÖvPxb cyÐªbMixi aŸsmve‡kl|
o cÖvPxb mf¨Zvi wb`k©‡bi w`K w`‡q wQj cÖvPxb mg„× Rbc`— cyÐª|
o cv_‡ii PvKwZ‡Z †Lv`vB Kiv wjwc cvIqv hvq— cyÐª‡Z|
aviYv Kiv nq, evsjv‡`‡k cÖvß GwUB cÖvPxbZg wkjvwjwc|
o cyÐª RvwZi D‡jøL cvIqv hvq— êw`K mvwn‡Z¨ I gnvfvi‡Z|
o cÖvPxb cyÐª ivR¨ ¯^vaxb mË¡v nvivq—m¤ªvU A‡kv‡Ki ivRZ¡Kv‡j|
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. gnv¯’vbM‡oi cyivZb bvg wK? (cÖvK- cÖv_wgK wkÿK wb‡qvM cixÿv- 2016)
K. myeY©MÖvg L. cyÐªbMi M. P›`ªØxc N. wmsnRvbx DËi : L
02. gnv¯’vbMo †Kvb b`xi Zx‡i Aew¯’Z? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK- 2012]
K. hgybv L. Ki‡Zvqv M. cïi N. gnvb›`v DËi : L
e¨vL¨v: gnv¯’vbMo Ki‡Zvqv b`xi Zx‡i Aew¯’Z, GLv‡b Aew¯’Z weL¨vZ mvaK kvn myjZvb ejLxi (int) Gi gvRvi|
G b`xi ZxieZx© kni n‡”Q- gnv¯’vbMo, e¸ov, cÂMo| hgybv b`xi Dcb`x n‡jv— Ki‡Zvqv|
03. gnv¯’vbMo GKmgq evsjv‡`‡ki ivRavbx wQj| ZLb Zvi bvg wQ‡jv— [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK- 2012]
K. cyÐªbMi L. ivgveZx M. KY©myeY© N. gnv¯’vb DËi : K
04. eZ©gvb evsjv‡`‡ki †Kvb Ask‡K mgZU ejv n‡Zv? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2019]
K. PUªMÖvg I K·evRvi L. w`bvRcyi I iscyi
M. Kzwgjøv I †bvqvLvjx N. ivRkvnx I e¸ov DËi : M
05. ? A_ev, evsjvi cÖvPxbZg RvqMv †KvbwU? [21Zg I 36Zg wewmGm& ‡lvok wkÿK
wbeÜb (¯‹zj ch©vq)- 2019)]
K. cyÛª L. Zv¤ªwjß M. †MŠo N. nwi‡Kj DËi : K
06. weL¨vZ mvaK kvn myjZvb ejLxi gvRvi †Kv_vq? (10g I 12Zg wewmGm)
K. gnv¯’vbM‡o L. kvnRv`cy‡i M. †bÎ‡KvYvq N. ivgcv‡j DËi: K
07. gnv¯’vbMo †Kvb b`xi Zx‡i Aew¯’Z? (11Zg wewmGm)
K. Ki‡Zvqv L. M½v M. eªþcyÎ N. gnvb›`v DËi : K
08. gnv¯’vbMo GK mgq evsjvi ivRavbx wQj, ZLb Gi bvg wQj− (12Zg wewmGm)
K. gnv¯’vb L. KY©myeY© M. cyÐªbMi N. ivgveZx DËi : M
09. evsjvi cÖvPxbZg bMi‡K›`ª †KvbwU? (24Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi- evwZj)
K. gqbvgwZ L. cvnvocyi M. gnv¯’vbMo N. †mvbvi Mvu DËi : M
10. cÖvPxb cyÐªea©b bMi †Kvb ¯’v‡b Aew¯’Z? [13Zg I 25Zg wewmGm& ‡lvok wkÿK wbeÜb (¯‹zj ch©vq)- 2019)]
K. gqbvgwZ L. weµgcyi M. gnv¯’vbMo N. cvnvocyi DËi: M
cÖvPxb ‡MŠo Rbc`

o AšÍf©y³ GjvKv— PvucvBbeveMÄ, gvj`n, gywk©`vev`, b`xqv| [g‡b ivLyb Pvcv gvgy b`x‡Z]
o †MŠo Rbc‡ì GKgvÎ evsjv‡`‡ki †Rjv— PvucvBbeveMÄ|
o evsjvq gymjgvb hy‡Mi ïiæ‡Z j²YveZx‡K †MŠo ejv n‡Zv| me©‡kl †MŠo ej‡Z †evSvq mgMÖ evsjv‡K|
o 6ô kZ‡K c~e© evsjvi DËi As‡k M‡o I‡V— †MŠo ivR¨ e‡j GKwU ¯^vaxb ivR¨|
o ‡MŠo Rbc` M‡o D‡VwQj— fvMxi_x b`xi Zx‡i|
o mßg kZ‡K ‡MŠoivR ejv n‡Zv— kkv¼‡K| ‡MŠo Rbc`
o †MŠ‡oi ivRavbx wQj— KY©myeY©|
o KY©myeY© Gi Ae¯’vb wQj— eZ©gvb gywk©`vev` †Rjvq|
o kkv‡¼i kvmbvg‡ji c‡i e½‡`k wZbwU Rbc‡` wef³ wQj| h_v— cyÐª, †MŠo, e½|
o ivRv‡ì †MŠ‡ok¦i Dcvwai Rb¨ ‡MŠo Rbc`wU cwiwPwZ jvf K‡i|
o 637 wLª÷v‡ã ivRv kkv‡¼i g„Zzï ga¨ w`‡q evsjvq m„wó nq— gvrm¨b¨vq| gvrm¨b¨vq †`Lv †`q— cvj-
Zv¤ª kvmbvg‡j|
cÖvPxb e½ Rbc`
 ‡hLv‡b M‡o D‡VwQj— evsjv‡`‡ki c~e© I `wÿY-c~e© w`‡K|
 AšÍf©y³ GjvKv— XvKv, MvRxcyi, gqgbwmsn, dwi`cyi, Lyjbv, ewikvj, ev‡MinvU, cUzqvLvjx|
(g‡b ivLyb : DGM dwi` Lye evMcUz)
 Abygvb Kiv nq GLv‡b Ôe½Õ bv‡g GKwU RvwZ evm KiZ| ZvB G Rbc`wU cwiwPZ nq Ôe½Õ bv‡g|
 cÖvPxb wkjvwjwc‡Z e‡½i `yÕwU AÂ‡ji bvg cvIqv hvq| GKwU weµgcyi Ges Ab¨wU bve¨| eZ©gv‡b bve¨
e‡j †Kvb RvqMvi Aw¯ÍZ¡ †bB| aviYv Kiv nq dwi`cyi, ev‡KiMÄ I cUzqvLvjxi wbuPz Rjvf~wg G bve¨
AÂ‡ji AšÍf©y³ wQj| e‡½i AvqZb msKzwPZ n‡q c‡o— cvj I †mbeskxq ivRv‡ì Avg‡j|
 evOvwj RvwZi DrcwË— e½ Rbc` †_‡K| ÔHZ‡iq AviY¨KÕ MÖ‡š’ me©cÖ_g Ôe½Õ k‡ãi D‡jøL cvIqv hvq|
†`kevPK ÔevsjvÕ k‡ãi cÖ_g eënvi nq Aveyj dR‡ji ÔAvBb-B-AvKewiÕ MÖ‡š’|
 M½v I fvMxi_xi gvSLv‡bi AÂj‡K ejv n‡Zv— e½| ‡`kevPK
cÖvPxb nwi‡Kj Rbc`

mßg kZ‡Ki †jL‡Kiv nwi‡Kj bv‡gi Rbc‡ì eY©bv K‡i‡Qb| G Rbc‡ì Ae¯’vb wQj evsjvi c~e© cÖv‡šÍ| g‡b
Kiv nq AvaywbK wm‡jU †_‡K PÆMÖvg ch©šÍ G Rbc` we¯ÍZ
… wQj| ivRavbx : kÖxnÆ|
cÖvPxb mgZU Rbc`

 mxgvbv— c~e© I `wÿY-c~e© evsjvq e‡½i cÖwZ‡ekx Rbc` wn‡m‡e mgZ‡Ui Ae¯’vb| ‡KD †KD g‡b K‡ib
mgZU eZ©gvb Kzwgjøvi cÖvPxb bvg|
 M½v-fvMxi_xi c~e© Zxi †_‡K ïiæ K‡i †gNbvi †gvnbv ch©šÍ mgy`ªK~jeZx© AÂj‡K ejv n‡Zv— mgZU|
 Kzwgjøv kni †_‡K eo KvgZvi (mgZ‡Ui ivRavbx) `~iZ¡— 12 gvBj| Kzwgjøvi gqbvgwZ‡Z kvjeb wenvi
Aew¯’Z| Ôeo KvgZvÕ 7g kZ‡K mgZ‡Ui ivRavbx wQj|
 wnD‡qb mvO-Gi weeiY Abymv‡i Kvgiƒ‡c ÔmgZUÕ bv‡g Rbc` wQj|
cÖvPxb e‡i›`ª Rbc`

e‡i›`ª DËie‡½i GKwU cÖvPxb Rbc`| cy‡Ðªi GKwU Ask Ry‡o e‡i›`ªi Ae¯’vb wQj| e¸ov, w`bvRcyi I ivRkvnx
†Rjvi A‡bK AÂj Ges m¤¢eZ cvebv †Rjv Ry‡o e‡i›`ª AÂj we¯ÍZ… wQj| G Rbc`wU M½v I Ki‡Zvqvi gaëZ©x
AÂ‡j M‡o I‡V| Rbc`wUi Ab¨ Av‡iKwU bvg− ev‡i›`ªx Rbc`| evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g hv`yNi ÔÔe‡i›`ª hv`yNiÕÕ
ivRkvnx‡Z cÖwZwôZ nq 1910 mv‡j|
cÖvPxb Zv¤ªwjß Rbc`

 nwi‡K‡ji `wÿ‡Y Aew¯’Z wQj—Zv¤ªwjß Rbc`|
 mßg kZK †_‡K GwU `Ðfzw³ bv‡g cwiwPZ n‡Z _v‡K|
cÖvPxb P›`ªØxc Rbc`

P›`ªØxc − evsjvi Rbc`¸‡jvi g‡a¨ me‡P‡q ÿz`ª Rbc` P›`ªØxc| ewikvj †Rjvi c~e© bvg P›`ªØxc| eZ©gvb ewikvj
†RjvB wQj P›`ªØx‡ci g~j f~-LÐ I cÖvY‡K›`ª| P›`ªØxc AwaKvi K‡ib ˆÎ‡jvK¨P›`ª| G cÖvPxb Rbc`wU ev‡jkî I
†gNbvi gaëZ©x ¯’v‡b Aew¯’Z wQj|
cÖkœ mgvavb
11. eZ©gv‡b e„nËg XvKv †Rjv cÖvPxbKv‡j †Kvb Rbc‡ì AšÍf©y&³ wQj? (24Zg wewmGm - evwZj)
K. mgZU L. cyÐª M. e½ N. nwi‡Kj DËi: M
12. cÖvPxb †MŠo bMixi Askwe‡kl evsjv‡`‡ki †Kvb †Rjvq Aew¯’Z? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK- 12& cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq
mnKvix wkÿK (‡gNbv) : 12]
K. Kzwóqv L. e¸ov M. Kzwgjøv N. PvucvBbeveMÄ DËi : N
13. †KvbwU evsjvi cÖvPxb Rbc‡ì bvg bq? (cÖv_wgK wkÿK wb‡qvM cixÿv- 2018)
K. cyÐª L. †MŠo M. ivp N. †gŠh© DËi : N
e¨vL¨v: cÖvPxb evsjvq 16 wU Rbc‡ì g‡a¨ cyÐª, †MŠo, ivp Rbc` D‡jøL‡hvM¨| myZivs Ack‡b _vKv †gŠh© bv‡g
cÖvPxb evsjvq ivResk wQ‡jv (cÖvPxb Rbc`)|
14. ivRkvnxi DËivsk, e¸ovi cwðgvsk, iscyi I w`bvRcy‡ii wKQz Ask wb‡q MwVZ— (19Zg wewmGm)
K. cjj MwVZ mgf~wg L. e‡i›`ªf~wg M. DËie½ N. gnv¯’vbMo DËi : L
15. cÖvPxb ÔP›`ªØxcÕ Gi eZ©gvb bvg — (11Zg I 30Zg wewmGm)
K. gvjØxc L. m›Øxc M. ewikvj N. nvwZqv DËi : M
16. cÖvPxbKv‡j ÔmgZUÕ ej‡Z evsjv‡`‡ki †Kvb Ask‡K eySv‡bv n‡Zv? [RvZxq ivR¯^ †ev‡W©i BÝ‡c±i: 10& wbe©vPb Kwgkb
mwPevj‡q Dc‡Rjv ev _vbv wbe©vPb Awdmvi : 08]
K. e¸ov I w`bvRcyi AÂj L. Kzwgjøv I †bvqvLvjx AÂj
M. XvKv I gqgbwmsn AÂj N. e„nËg wm‡jU AÂj DËi : L
17. e‡i›`ªf~wg bv‡g cwiwPZ— [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (hgybv) : 12& cÖv_wgK I MYwkÿv wefv‡M mnKvix cwiPvjK : 01]
K. gqbvgwZ I jvjgvB cvnvo L. gaycyi I fvIqvj Mo
M. my›ìeb N. ivRkvnx wefv‡Mi DËi-cwðgvsk DËi : N
18. ÔDqvix-e‡UkîÕ MÖv‡g †Kvb mg‡q bMi mf¨Zv M‡o D‡VwQj? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2019]
K. cvuP †KvwU eQi Av‡M L. wZb †KvwU eQi Av‡M
M. `yB kZ eQi Av‡M N. AvovB nvRvi eQi Av‡M DËi : N
cÖvPxb evsjvi ivR‰bwZK BwZnvm
‡gŠh© hy‡M evsjv

327-326 wLª÷c~e©v‡ã wMÖK exi Av‡jKRvÛv‡ii fviZ Avµg‡Yi mgq †_‡K cÖKZ … BwZnvm cvIqv hvq| wMÖK
†jLK‡ì K_vq evsjv‡`‡k ÔM½vwiWBÕ bv‡g GKwU kw³kvjx RvwZi evm¯’vb wQj fvMxi_x I cÙvi gaëZx© AÂ‡j|
wMÖK MÖš’KviMY M½vwiWB QvovI ÔcÖvwmAqÕ bv‡g Aci GK RvwZi D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| Av‡jKRvÛv‡ii Avµg‡Yi mgq
evsjvi ivRv gMavw` †`k Rq K‡i cvÄve ch©šÍ ivR¨ we¯Ívi K‡iwQ‡jb| wZwb wQ‡jb cvUwjcy‡Îi b›èskxq †Kvb
ivRv|
o gnv¯’vbM‡o ‡gŠh© esk cÖwZwôZ nq— 321 wLª÷c~e©v‡ã| Av‡jKRvÛv‡ii fviZ Z¨v‡Mi gvÎ `yB eQi ci
321 wLª÷c~e©v‡ã ‡gŠh© m¤ªvU P›`ª¸ß †gŠh© fvi‡Zi GK wekvj AÂ‡ji Ici †gŠh© es‡ki cÖfzZ¡ ¯’vcb K‡ib|
o cÖvPxb evsjv †gŠh© kvm‡bi cÖwZôvZv— P›`ª¸ß †gŠh©|
o GwU me©fviZxq cÖ_g— mv¤ªvR¨| P›`ª¸ß †gŠh©‡K ejv nq fvi‡Zi cÖ_g m¤ªvU|
o Av‡jKRvÛv‡ii †mbvcwZ †mjyKvm‡K civwRZ K‡ib— P›`ª¸ß ‡gŠh©|
o wLª÷c~e© 302 A‡ã wMÖK `~Z †gMvw¯’wbm‡K wn‡m‡e P›`ª¸‡ßi ivRìev‡i †cÖiY K‡ib— †mjyKvm|
o wMÖK cwieªvRK †gMvw¯’wbm K‡qK eQi G ‡`‡k Ae¯’vb K‡i †gŠh© kvmb m¤ú‡K© Zvui AwfÁZv ÔBwÛKvÕ bvgK
MÖ‡š’ wjwce× K‡ib|
o P›`ª¸ß †gŠ‡h©i ivRavbx— cvUwjcyÎ|
PvYK¨
PvYK¨ wQ‡jb P›`ª¸ß †gŠ‡h©i cÖavbgš¿x| Zvi QÙbvg— †KŠwUj¨| †KŠwUj¨ iwPZ MÖ‡š’i
bvg ÔA_©kv¯¿Õ| PvY‡Kï Ab¨ Av‡iKwU bvg Ôweòz¸ßÕ| fviZ PvYK¨ bxwZ‡Z P‡j|
ÔÔ‡h ivRv kÎæi MwZwewa m¤ú‡K© aviYv Ki‡Z cv‡i bv Ges ïay
Awf‡hvM K‡i †h Zvi wc‡V QzwiKvNvZ Kiv n‡q‡Q, Zv‡K
wmsnvmbPz¨Z Kiv DwPZ|ÕÕ (-PvYK¨)
m¤ªvU A‡kvK (wLª÷c~e© 269-232 Aã)
→ DËi evsjvq †gŠh© kvmb cÖwZwôZ nq— m¤ªvU A‡kv‡Ki (‡gŠh© es‡ki Z…Zxq kvmK) ivRZ¡Kv‡j| AÂjwU
†gŠh©‡ì GKwU cÖ‡`‡k cwiYZ n‡qwQj| cÖvPxb cyÐªbMi wQj G cÖ‡`‡ki ivRavbx|
→ m¤ªvU A‡kv‡Ki GKwU wkjvwjwc cvIqv hvq— gnv¯’vbM‡o|
→ Kw_Z Av‡Q, m¤ªvU A‡kvK Kwj½ hy‡× fqvenZv †`‡L ‡eŠ×ag© MÖnY K‡i|
→ m¤ªvU A‡kvK †eŠ×ag©‡K wekâ‡g© cwiYZ K‡ib| GRb¨ Zv‡K †eŠ× a‡g©i Kb÷vbUvBb ejv nq|
→ Kwj½ hy× msMwVZ nq— 260 gZvšÍ‡i 261 wLª÷c~e©v‡ã|
¸ß hy‡M evsjv
 fvi‡Zi BwZnv‡m ¯^Y©hyM wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv nq— ¸ß hyM‡K|
 ¸ß‡ì mg‡q ivRZš¿ wQj— mvgšÍ wbf©i|
 ¸ß ivRv‡ì Aax‡b eo †Kv‡bv AÂ‡ji kvmK‡K ejv n‡Zv— gnvmvgšÍ|
 ‡gŠh©‡ì g‡Zv G‡`‡k ¸cÍ‡ì ivRavbx wQj— gnv¯’vbM‡oi cyÐªbMi|
 ¸ß es‡ki cÖKZ … cÖwZôvZv ejv nq— cÖ_g P›`ª¸ß‡K| wZwb ¸ß mv¤ªvR¨ cÖwZôv K‡ib— 320 wLª÷v‡ã|
mgy`ª ¸ß (340-380 wLª÷vã)

¸ß es‡ki ‡kÖô kvmK mgy`ª¸ß mgMÖ evsjv Rq K‡ib| Zvu‡K cÖvPxb fvi‡Zi ‡b‡cvwjqb ejv nq| mgy`ª¸‡ßi
ivRZ¡Kv‡j mgMÖ evsjv Rq Kiv n‡jI mgZU wQj Ki` ivR¨|
wØZxq P›`ª¸ß (380-415 wLª÷vã)

mgy`ª¸‡ßi g„Zzï ci cvUwjcy‡Îi wmsnvm‡b e‡mb wØZxq P›`ª¸ß| Zvui Dcvwa wQj Ôweµgvw`Z¨Õ| wØZxq P›`ª¸‡ßi
kvmbvg‡j ˆPwbK Zx_©hvÎx dv-wn‡qb fviZe‡l© G‡mwQ‡jb| wZwbB cÖ_g Pxbv cwieªvRK wn‡m‡e fviZe‡l©
G‡mwQ‡jb| Zvui fviZ md‡ii 7wU eB‡qi g‡a¨ Ô‡dv-Kz‡qv-wKsÕ we‡klfv‡e D‡jøL‡hvM¨|
Ͽ g‡b ivLyb : dvnv` (dvnv- dv- wn‡qb, `- wØZxq P›`ª¸ß)|
¯^vaxb †MŠo ivR¨, kkv¼ I gvrm¨b¨vq

kkv¼
→ mvgšÍivRv kkv¼ †MŠo AÂ‡j ÿgZv `Lj K‡i- 594 wLª÷v‡ãi †Mvovi w`‡K|
→ kkv¼ cÖ_g ‡MŠ‡o ivR¨ ¯’vcb K‡ib| wZwb wQ‡jb cÖvPxb evsjvi BwZnv‡m cÖ_g mve©‡fŠg b„cwZ|
→ kkv¼‡K gnvmvgšÍ ejv nq KviY ¸ß‡ì Aax‡b eo AÂ‡ji kvmK wQ‡jb| aviYv Kiv nq kkv¼ ¸ß ivRv
gnv‡mb¸‡ßi GKRb ÔgnvmvgšÍÕ Ges Zvui cyÎ A_ev åvZz®úyÎ|
→ kkv‡¼i ivRavbxi bvg− KY©myeY© (gywk©`vev‡` Aew¯’Z)
→ wnD‡qb mvO ivRv kkv¼‡K †eŠ× a‡g©i wbMÖnKvix wn‡m‡e AwfwnZ K‡i‡Qb| kkv¼ 637 wLª÷v‡ãi wKQz Av‡M
g„ZzëiY K‡ib| kkv‡¼i ag© ‰ke wQj|
nl©ea©b
ivRëa©‡bi g„Zzï ci wmsnvm‡b e‡mb− nl©ea©b| nl©ea©‡bi ivRZ¡Kv‡ji Pxbv †eŠ× cwÐZ wnD‡qb mvO 630
wLª÷v‡ã fviZ md‡i Av‡mb| wnD‡qb mvO bvj›`v gnvwenv‡ii Aa¨ÿ kxjf‡`ªi Kv‡Q †eŠ× ag©kv¯¿ Aa¨qb K‡ib|
Gici wZwb ÔwmwÜÕ bv‡g GK MÖš’ iPbv K‡ib| wnD‡qb mvO ivRv kkv¼‡K †eŠ×ag© we‡Ølx e‡j AvL¨vwqZ K‡ib|
nl©ea©‡bi mfvi evbfÆ Ônl©PwiZÕ iPbv K‡ib|
wewfbœ †`k †_‡K Dcgnv‡`‡k AvMZ cwieªvRK
cwieªvR‡Ki bvg ‡`‡ki bvg ‡Kvb kvm‡Ki Avg‡j
dv-wn‡qb Pxb wØZxq P›`ª¸ß
gv-ûqvb Pxb wMqvmDwÏb AvRg kvn
wnD‡qb mvO Pxb nl©ea©b
‡gMvw¯’wbm wMÖm P›`ª¸ß †gŠh©
Be‡b eZzZv gi‡°v gynv¤§` web ZzNjK (fviZ)
dLiæwÏb †gveviK kvn (evsjv)
kkv‡¼i g„Zzï ci evsjvi BwZnv‡m cÖvq 100 eQi (mßg-Aóg kZK) a‡i GK `y‡h©vMc~Y© AÜKvigq hy‡Mi m~Pbv
nq| G mgqKvj‡K gvrm¨b¨vq ejv nq|
gvrm¨b¨vq (7g-8g kZK)

evsjvi AivRKZvi mgqKvj‡K cvj Zv¤ªkvm‡b AvL¨vwqZ Kiv n‡q‡Q Ôgvrm¨b¨vqÕ| cyKz‡i eo gvQ †QvU gvQ‡K a‡i
wM‡j †djvi g‡Zv wek„•Lj cwiw¯’wZ‡K e‡j gvrm¨b¨vq| G AivRKZvi hyM P‡j GKk eQie¨vcx| Aóg kZ‡Ki
gvSvgvwS G AivRKZvi Aemvb N‡U cvj ivR‡Z¡i DÌv‡bi ga¨ w`‡q|
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. cÖvPxb evsjvi cÖ_g ¯^vaxb bicwZi bvg wK? (cÖv_wgK wkÿK wb‡qvM cixÿv- 2018)
K. ivRv kkv¼ L. wMqvmDwÏb AvRg kvn
M. dKiæwÏb †gveviK kvn N. j²Y †mb DËi : K
02. ‡K †MŠ‡oi ¯^vaxb b„cwZ wQ‡jb? cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK- 1992]
K. kkvsK L. eg©b M. fv¯‹I N. †è¸ß DËi : K
03. Pxbv cwieªvRK wnD‡qb mvO−Gi `xÿv¸iæ †K wQ‡jb? (35Zg wewmGm)
K. AZxk `xc¼i L. gvûqvb M. kxjf`ª N. †gMvw¯’wbm DËi : M
04. gnv¯’exi kxjf`ª †Kvb gnvwenv‡ii AvPvh© wQ‡jb? (35Zg wewmGm)
K. Avb›` wenvi L. †Mvwm‡cv wenvi M. bvj›`v wenvi N. †mvgcyi wenvi DËi : M
05. wb‡¤œi †Kvb ch©UK †mvbviMvuI G‡mwQ‡jb? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK- 2012]
K. Be‡b eZzZv L. dv-wn‡qb M. gv‡Kv© †cvjv N. wnD‡qb mvs DËi : K
e¨vL¨v: gi‡°vi ch©UK Be‡b eZzZv myjZvb dLiæÏxb †gveviK kv‡ni Avg‡j evsjvq Av‡mb (1345-46)|
ˆPwbK cwieªvRK dv-wn‡qb wØZxq P›`ª¸‡ßi Avg‡j fviZ Dcgnv‡`‡k Av‡mb| wnD‡qb mvO fviZe‡l© Av‡mb
ivRv nl©ea©b Gi ivRZ¡Kv‡j|
cvjesk (750-1161 wLª÷vã)

 evsjvq cÖ_g eskvbyµwgK kvmb ïiæ nq— cvj es‡ki gva¨‡g| cvj ivRviv wQ‡jb †eŠ× ag©vj¤^x|
 cvj ivRv‡ì mg‡q evsjv mvwn‡Zï GKgvÎ cÖvPxb wb`k©b ÔPh©vc`Õ iwPZ nq|
 cvj ivRv‡ì wcZ…f~wg wQj e‡i›`ª AÂj| GB hy‡M fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡k Bmjv‡gi cÖ_g Avwef©ve nq|
 evsjvi `xN©¯v’ qx ivRes‡ki bvg— cvj esk|
‡Mvcvj (750-781)
gvrm¨b¨v‡qi AivRKZv‡K †`‡L evsjvi ivRc‡` ‡Mvcv‡ji kvmb mK‡j ‡g‡b †bq A_©vr †Mvcvj cvj es‡ki
cÖwZôvZv| A‡b‡Ki g‡Z, †Mvcvj 27 eQi kvmb K‡iwQ‡jb| wKš‘ AvaywbK M‡elKMY g‡b K‡ib, †Mvcvj 750
wLª÷vã †_‡K 781 wLª÷vã ch©šÍ †`k kvmb K‡ib| ‡Mvcv‡ji wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivn‡Yi ga¨ w`‡q evsjvq cvj es‡ki
ivR‡Z¡i ïiæ nq| cvj es‡ki ivRvMY GKUvbv ÔPvikÕ eQi G‡`k kvmb K‡ib|
ag©cvj (781-821 wLª÷vã)

 cvj ivRv‡ì g‡a¨ me©‡kÖô wQ‡jb— ag©cvj (781-821 wLª÷vã) |
 evsjv I wenvie¨vcx Zvui kvmb cÖwZwôZ wQj|
 cvj ivRv‡ì g‡a¨ wZwbB m‡e©v”P mve©‡fŠg Dcvwa ci‡gkî, cigfÆviK gnvivRvwaivR Dcvwa aviY K‡ib|
 fvMjcy‡ii 24 gvBj c~‡e© wZwb GKwU †eŠ× wenvi ev gV wbg©vY K‡ib| weµgkxj Zvui wØZxq bvg ev Dcvwa
Abymv‡i GwU Ôweµgkxj wenviÕ bv‡g L¨vZ wQj|
 bIMvu †Rjvi cvnvocyi bvgK ¯’v‡bI ag©cvj wenvi cÖwZôv K‡ib| GwU Ô†mvgcyi wenviÕ bv‡g cwiwPZ| GB
¯’vcZ¨ RvwZms‡Ni BD‡b‡¯‹v KZ©„K 1985 mv‡j wek^mf¨Zvi wb`k©b wn‡m‡e (Iqvì© †nwi‡UR) ¯^xK…Z n‡q‡Q|
 ag©cv‡ji cyÎ ‡ècv‡ji c„ô‡cvlKZvq bvj›`v wek¦we`¨vjq mgMÖ Gwkqvq ‡eŠ× ms¯‹…wZi cÖavb cÖvY‡K›`ª n‡q
D‡VwQj| Rvfv, mygvÎv I gvj‡qi ˆk‡j›`ª es‡ki gnvivR evjcyÎ‡è‡K bvj›`vq GKwU gV cÖwZôvi AbygwZ
`vb K‡iwQ‡jb| G NUbv †_‡K `wÿY-c~e© Gwkqvi Øxccy‡Äi mv‡_ evsjvi Nwbô m¤ú‡K©i cÖgvY cvIqv hvq|
gnxcvj
→ gnxcv‡ji ivRZ¡Kvj wQj— 50 eQi|
→ w`bvRcy‡ii gnxcvj `xwN I gywk©`vev‡ì gnxcv‡ji mvMi`xwN wbg©vY K‡ib—gnxcvj|
‰KeZ© we‡`ªvn
DËie‡½i e‡i›`ª AÂ‡ji mvgšÍeM© wØZxq gnxcv‡ji mg‡q cÖKv‡k¨ we‡`ªvn †NvlYv K‡ib| BwZnv‡m G we‡`ªvn
Ô‰KeZ© we‡`ªvnÕ bv‡g cwiwPZ| ‰KeZ© we‡`ªv‡ni †bZv wQ‡jb ˆKeZ© bvqK w`‡e¨vK ev wè¨| wZwb wØZxq gnxcvj‡K
nZ¨v K‡i e‡i›`ª `Lj K‡i †bb Ges wbR kvmb cÖwZôv K‡ib|
ivgcvj
→ cvj es‡ki me©‡kl mdj kvmK wQ‡jb— ivgcvj|
→ cÖvPxb evsjvi Kwe mÜ¨vKi b›`x iwPZ ÔivgPwiZÕ †_‡K ivgcv‡ji RxebK_v Rvbv hvq|
→ ivgcvj ivRavbx ¯’vcb K‡ib— gvj`‡ni KvQvKvwQ ÔivgveZxÕ bvgK ¯’v‡b|
→ w`bvRcyi kn‡ii wbKU †h ÔivgmvMiÕ i‡q‡Q Zv ivgcv‡ji KxwZ©|
→ mÜ¨vKi b›`xi ÔivgPwiZgÕ MÖš’ †_‡K ivgcv‡ji ivRZ¡ m¤ú‡K© Rvbv hvq|
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. ÔgnvivRvwaivRÕ c`we Kviv aviY K‡ib? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2019]
K. AKei, ûgvqyb I Rvnv½xi L. Bwjqvm kvn, ZzNjK I RvjvjDwÏb
M. ag©cvj, †Mvcvj N. †MvP›`ª, ag©vw`Z¨ I mgvPvi‡è DËi : M
02. Kvi c„ô‡cvlKZvq Ôbvj›`v wek^we`¨vjqÕ cÖvY‡K›`ª n‡q D‡V? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2019]
K. †ècvj L. ag©cvj M. weMÖn cvj N. bvivqb cvj DËi : K
e¨vL¨v : ag©cv‡ji cyÎ ‡ècv‡ji c„ô‡cvlKZvq bvj›`v wek¦we`¨vjq mgMÖ Gwkqvq ‡eŠ× ms¯‹…wZi cÖavb cÖvY‡K›`ª
n‡q D‡VwQj|
03. mßg kZvãx‡Z wbwg©Z cvnvocy‡ii †eŠ×wenviwU wK bv‡g cwiwPZ wQj? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK- 2012& 10g
wewmGm]
K. kÖx wenvi L. †mvgcyi wenvi M. ag©cvj wenvi N. RMÏj wenvi DËi : L
04. cvnvocyi †eŠ× wenv‡ii wbg©vZv †K? (24Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi- evwZj)
K. ivgcvj L. ag©cvj M. P›`ª¸ß †gŠh© N. Avw`k~i DËi : L
‡mb kvmbvg‡j evsjv (1061-1204 wLª÷vã)

 ‡mb es‡ki cÖ_g cyiæl wQ‡jb— mvgšÍ †mb| ‡mb es‡ki cÖwZôvZv— ‡ngšÍ †mb|
 ‡mb es‡ki ivRv‡ì Avw`wbevm— `wÿYv‡Zï KY©vUK|
 KY©v‡U exiZ¡ cÖ`k©b K‡i †kl eq‡m ivp AÂ‡j M½v b`xi Zx‡i emwZ ¯’vcb K‡ib— mvgšÍ †mb|
 G‡`‡k eY©cÖ_vi cÖPjb K‡iwQ‡jb— ‡mb ivRviv|
 ‡mb ivRv ejøvj †m‡bi Avg‡j eªvþY¨ a‡g©i cÖwZcwË e„w× cvq| d‡j †eŠ× ag© `ye©j n‡q c‡o| A‡b‡K g‡b
K‡ib- G Kvi‡YB Ph©vc` †bcv‡j cvIqv hvq|
‡ngšÍ †mb
→ mvgšÍ †m‡bi cyÎ †ngšÍ †mb‡K †mb es‡ki cÖwZôvZv ejv nq| Kvib mvgšÍ †mb ivR¨ cÖwZôv Ki‡Z cv‡ibwb|
→ aviYv Kiv nq ‡ngšÍ †mb cvj ivRv‡ì Aax‡b GKRb mvgšÍ ivRv wQ‡jb|
→ ‰KeZ©¨ we‡`ªv‡ni mgq cvj es‡ki ivRv ivgcvj‡K mvnvh¨ K‡ib− ‡ngšÍ †mb|
weRq †mb (1098-1160 wLª÷vã)

→ ‡ngšÍ †m‡bi g„Zyï ci evsjvi wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnY K‡ib− weRq †mb (1098-1160 wLª÷vã)|
→ ‡mb es‡ki me©‡kÖô ivRv— weRq †mb|
→ cvj es‡ki cZb N‡U— weRq †m‡bi nv‡Z|
→ ûMjx †Rjvi wÎ‡eYx‡Z Aew¯’Z weRqcyi wQj weRq †m‡bi cÖ_g ivRavbx| wØZxq ivRavbx ¯’vcb Kiv nq eZ©gvb
gyÝxMÄ †Rjvi weµgcy‡i| a‡g©i w`K †_‡K weRq †mb wQ‡jb ˆke|
ejøvj †mb (1160-1178 wLª÷vã)

→ weRq †m‡bi ci wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnY K‡ib— Zvui cyÎ ejøvj †mb |
→ Ô`vbmvMiÕ I ÔA™¢zZmvMiÕ MÖ‡š’i †jLK— ejøvj †mb| ÔA™¢zZmvMiÕ MÖšw’ U wZwb mgvß K‡i †h‡Z cv‡ibwb| GwU
mgvß K‡i Zvui cyÎ j²Y †mb|
→ ejøvj †mb wQ‡jb— Zš¿ wn›`ya‡g©i c„ô‡cvlK| wZwb ivgcv‡j ivRavbx ¯’vcb K‡ib|
→ ejøvj †mb wn›`y mgvR‡K bZzb K‡i MVb Kivi Rb¨ Ô‡KŠwjb¨ cÖ_vÕ cÖeZ©b K‡iwQ‡jb| ejøvj †mb †kl Rxeb
AwZevwnZ K‡ib− evbcÖ¯’ Aej¤^b K‡i| ejøvj †m‡bi we‡kl Dcvwa wQj− AwiivR wb:k¼ k¼i|
j²Y †mb ( 1178-1204 wLª÷vã)

‡mb es‡ki me©‡kl ivRv| ‡Wv¤§b cvj we‡`ªvnx nq 1196 wLª÷v‡ã| e„× eq‡m j²Y †mb `ye©j n‡q ci‡j M½vZx‡i
wØZxq ivRavbx beØx‡c emevm ïiæ K‡ib| d‡j Af¨šÍixY †Mvj‡hv‡Mi m„wó nq| G my‡hv‡M my›ìeb GjvKvq †Wv¤§b
cvj we‡`ªvnx n‡q GKwU ¯^vaxb ivR¨ cÖwZôv K‡ib| j²Y †m‡bi cÖavbgš¿x I agx©q cÖavb wQ‡jb− njvqy` wgkÖ whwb
evsjv mvwn‡Zï AÜKvi hy‡Mi m„wóKg© Ô†kL ï‡fv`qvÕ iPbv K‡ib| 1204 wLª÷v‡ã gymwjg ‡mbvcwZ BLwZqvi DwÏb
eLwZqvi LjwR b`xqv AvµgY Ki‡j j²Y †mb †Kvb cÖwZ‡iva bv K‡i b`xc‡_ c~e©e‡½i ivRavbx eZ©gvb gyÝxMÄ
†Rjvi weµgcy‡i AvkÖq MÖnY K‡ib| Gfv‡e j²Y †m‡bi civR‡qi ga¨ w`‡q evsjvq †mb kvm‡bi Aemvb N‡U|
wewfbœ ivR esk I cÖwZôvKvj
esk/iv‡Rï bvg cÖwZôvKvj esk/iv‡Rï bvg cÖwZôvKvj
¸ß cieZ©x esk lô kZK eg© esk GKv`k kZK
LoM esk mßg kZK ïi esk GKv`k kZK
‡è esk Aóg kZK ‡mb esk Øv`k kZK
KvwšÍ‡`‡ei ivR¨ beg kZK BLwZqvi LjwRi evsjv AvµgY Î‡qv`k kZ‡K
P›`ª esk `kg kZK Z_¨m~Î- beg-`kg †kÖwYi evsjv‡`‡ki BwZnvm I wek^mf¨Zv
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. evsjvi †kl wn›`y ivRv †K wQ‡jb? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (PÆMÖvg wefvM) : 07]
K. weRq †mb L. j²Y †mb M. †ngšÍ †mb N. ejøvj †mb DËi : L
evsjvi ga¨hyM
gymjgvb‡ì kvmbvg‡j evsjv
1192 mv‡j ZivB‡bi wØZxq hy‡× gyn¤§` Nyix c„w_¡ivR †PŠnvb‡K civwRZ K‡i fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡k cÖ_g gymwjg
kvm‡bi m~Pbv K‡ib| Z‡e 712 wLª÷v‡ã gynv¤§` web Kvwkg wmÜz R‡qi gva¨‡g fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡k cÖ_g Bmjv‡gi
kvmb cÖPj‡bi cÖ‡Póv Pvjvb|
gymwjg kvmb
evsjvq w`wjø‡Z
myjZvwb Avgj (1204-1538) w`wjø mvjZvbvZ (1206-1526)
¯^vaxb myjZvwb Avgj (1338-1538) gyNj kvmb (1526-1540)
AvdMvb kvmb (1538-1576) AvdMvb kvmb (1540-1555)
gyNj kvmb (1576-1857) gyNj kvmb (1576-1857)
my‡e`vix kvmb
bevex kvmb
w`wjø mvjZvbvZ
 w`wjø mvjZvbv‡Zi cÖwZôvZv— KZzeDwÏb AvB‡eK| wZwb w`wjøi ÔKyZze wgbviÕ wbg©vY K‡ib|
 fviZe‡l© ZzwK© mv¤ªv‡Rï cÖKZ
… cÖwZôvZv— KzZzeDwÏb AvB‡eK|
 w`wjøi mv¤ªv‡Rï cÖKZ… cÖwZôvZv— kvgmywÏb BjZzrwgk| wZwb wQ‡jb KzZzeDwÏ‡bi RvgvZv| Zvi Dcvwa
wQ‡jv— ÔmyjZvb- B- AvhgÕ|
 w`wjøi wmsnvm‡b cÖ_g bvix gymwjg kvmK— ivwRqv myjZvbv (BjZzrwg‡ki Kb¨v)
 dLiæwÏb gyeviK kv‡ni kvmbvg‡j w`wjøi kvmK wQ‡jb- gyn¤§`-web-ZzNjK| [gynv¤§` web ZzNjK w`wjø †_‡K
†èwMwi‡Z ivRavbx ¯’vbvšÍi K‡ib| wZwb †mvbv I iæcvi gy`ªvi cwie‡Z© cÖZxK Zv¤ªgy`ªv cÖPjb K‡ib|]
 w`wjø mvjZvbv‡Zi †kl kvmK— Beªvwng †jvw`|
cvwbc‡_i cª_g hy× cvwbc‡_i Z…Zxq hy×

gyNj m¤ªvU evei 1526 mv‡j msNwUZ GB hy‡×i gva¨‡g fvi‡Z gyNj 1761 mv‡ji GB hy×wU Avng` kvn
mv¤ªvR¨ cÖwZôv K‡ib| GB hy‡× Beªvwng †jv`x civwRZ I wbnZ nb| Ave`vwj I gvivVv‡ì g‡a¨ msNwUZ
Beªvwng †jvwì civR‡qi NUbvi gva¨‡g w`wjøi myjZvwb kvm‡bi Aemvb nq| 18 kZ‡Ki me‡P‡q eo GB hy‡×
nq| evei GB hy‡× fvi‡Zi BwZnv‡m cÖ_g Kvgvb eënvi K‡ib| gvivVviv civwRZ nq|
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. wmÜz weR‡qi gva¨‡g †K fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡k Bmjvg cÖwZôvi c_ myMg K‡ib? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb. wkÿK : 93]
K. nv¾vR-web-BDmyd L. gyn¤§`-web-Kvwmg
M. gyn¤§` Nyix N. BLwZqvi-gyn¤§`-web-eLwZqvi-wLjwR DËi : L
02. myjZvb gvngy` KZ evi fviZel© AvµgY K‡ib? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb. wkÿK (evMvbwejvm) : 12]
K. 15 evi L. 17 evi M. 18 evi N. 20 evi DËi : L
03. fvi‡Z cÖ_g gy`ªv cÖPjb K‡ib—— [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2018]
K. jW© KY©Iqvwjk L. †kikvn M. gynv¤§` web ZzNjK N. BjZzrwgk DËi : N
04. †Kvb wLª÷v‡ã w`wjøi myjZvwb kvm‡bi Aemvb nq? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2019]
K. 1527 L. 1523 M. 1526 N. 1524 DËi : M
BLwZqvi DwÏb gyn¤§`-web-eLwZqvi LjwR

Î‡qv`k kZ‡Ki ïiæ‡Z (1204 mv‡j) ZzwK© exi BLwZqvi DwÏb gyn¤§`-web-eLwZqvi LjwR evsjvi DËi I DËi
cwðgvs‡k †mb kvm‡bi Aemvb NwU‡q (b`xqv weRq) gymjgvb kvm‡bi m~Pbv K‡ib| Z‡e 1204 †_‡K 1338 mvj
ch©šÍ evsjvi myjZvbiv w`wjøi mvjZvbv‡Zi Aaxb¯Í wQ‡jb|
wZwb GZ wÿcÖMwZ‡Z c_ AwZµg K‡iwQ‡jb †h, gvÎ 17/18 Rb ˆmwbK Zvu‡K AbymiY Ki‡Z †c‡iwQj| Avi g~j
evwnbx cðv‡ZB wQj| j²Y †mb wcQ‡bi ìRv w`‡q cvwj‡q mcwiev‡i Lvwj cv‡q †Mvc‡b †bŠKv‡hv‡M c~e©e‡½i
gyÝxMÄ †Rjvi weµgcy‡i AvkÖq MÖnY K‡ib| mgqUv wQj ga¨vý‡fv‡Ri mgq Avi j²Y †mb wQ‡jb e„×| BLwZqvi
DwÏb eLwZqvi LjwR QÙ‡e‡k †cŠuQvb Ges Ak^ we‡µZv g‡b K‡i Zv‡K iv‡R¨ cÖ‡e‡ki AbygwZ cÖ`vb Kiv nq|
eLwZqvi LjwR ivRavbx ¯’vcb K‡ib j²YveZx (‡MŠo)| j²YveZxB gymjgvb Avg‡j jL‡bŠwZ bv‡g cwiwPZ nq|
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. evsjv‡`‡k gymwjg kvm‡bi m~ÎcvZ K‡ib—— [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2019]
K. AvjvDwÏb LjwR L. BLwZqvi DwÏb gynv¤§` eLwZqvi LjwR
M. m¤ªvU evei N. dKiæwÏb †gveviK kvn DËi : L
02. ( ) – (24Zg evwZj wewmGm)
K. Avjx g`©vb LjRx L. ZzNwij Lvb DËi : N
M. mvgQzwÏb wd‡ivR N. BLwZqvi DwÏb †gvnv¤§` web eLwZqvi LjwR
03. !" # $% # ? (30Zg wewmGm)
K. 1212 L. 1200 M. 1204 N. 1211 DËi : M
evsjvq ZzwK© kvm‡bi BwZnvm

kvmbvgj— 1204 †_‡K 1338 wLª÷vã ch©šÍ| kvmK‡ì mK‡jB w`wjøi myjZvb‡ì Aax‡b evsjvi kvmbKZ©v n‡q
G‡mwQ‡jb| gymwjg kvm‡bi G hyM wQj we‡`ªvn-wek„•Ljvq c~Y©| ZvB HwZnvwmK wRqvDwÏb evivbx evsjv‡`‡ki bvg
w`‡qwQ‡jb ÔeyjMvKcyiÕ| Gi A_© Ôwe‡`ªv‡ni bMixÕ| eLwZqvi DwÏb LjwR g„Zzï ci Zvui mn‡hv×v‡ì g‡a¨ ïiæ
n‡q hvq ÿgZvi Ø›Ø| Zvui mn‡hv×v wZbRb LjwR gvwj‡Ki bvg Rvbv hvq| Zvuiv n‡”Qb- gyn¤§` wkivb LjwR, Avwj
g`©vb LjwR Ges ûmvgDwÏb BIR LjwR|
 LjwR gvwjK‡ì g‡a¨ me©‡kÖô wQ‡jb— myjZvb wMqvmDwÏb BIR LjwR|
 evsjvq gymjgvb kvmK‡ì g‡a¨ †bŠevwnbxi †MvovcËb K‡ib— myjZvb wMqvmDwÏb BIR LjwR|
 AveŸvmxq Lwjdv Avj-bvwm‡ii wbKU †_‡K ¯^xK…wZcÎ jvf K‡iwQ‡jb— wMqvmDwÏb BIR LjwR|
BIR LjwRi g„Zzï ci †_‡K 1287 wLª÷vã ch©šÍ lvU eQi evsjv w`wjøi gymjgvb kvmK‡ì GKwU cÖ‡`‡k
cwiMwYZ nq| G mgq c‡b‡iv Rb kvmbKZ©v evsjv kvmb K‡ib| Zvu‡ì `kRb wQ‡jb `vm| `vm‡ì ÔgvgjyKÕ
ejv n‡Zv| G Kvi‡Y lvU eQ‡ii evsjvi kvmb‡K A‡b‡K `vm kvmb ev gvgjyK kvmb e‡j AwfwnZ K‡ib|
→ gvgjyK kvmbvg‡ji c‡b‡iv Rb kvm‡Ki mK‡jB wQ‡jb— ZzwK©|
→ gvgjyK ZzwK©‡ì g‡a¨ me©‡kÖô wQ‡jb— ZzNwij|
→ ‰Zgyi jO fviZ AvµgY K‡ib— 1398 mv‡j|
evsjvq ¯^vaxb myjZvwb kvm‡bi BwZnvm

w`wjøi myjZvbMY 1338-1538 wLª÷vã ch©šÍ `yBk eQi evsjv‡K Zvu‡ì AwaKv‡i ivL‡Z cv‡ibwb| cÖ_gw`‡K w`wjøi
myjZv‡bi †mbvevwnbx AvµgY Pvwj‡q‡Q| ‡Póv K‡i‡Q evsjv‡K wb‡Ri AwaKv‡i Avbvi Rb¨| Ae‡k‡l mdj n‡Z bv
†c‡i nvj †Q‡o w`‡q‡Q| ZvB, G mg‡q evsjvi myjZvbMY ¯^vaxbfv‡e Ges wbwð‡šÍ G‡`k kvmb Ki‡Z †c‡i‡Qb|
dLiæwÏb gyeviK kv‡ni gva¨‡g ¯^vaxbZvi m~Pbv n‡jI Bwjqvm kvnx es‡ki myjZvb‡ì nv‡Z evsjv cÖ_g w¯’wZkxjZv
jvf K‡i|
1352 wLª÷v‡ã dLiæwÏb gyeviK kvn‡K civwRZ K‡i †mvbviMvuI `Lj Ki‡Z mÿg nb Bwjqvm kvn| d‡j cy‡iv
evsjv Zvui KZ…©Z¡vaxb P‡j Av‡m| wZwb cvÐzqvq ivRavbx ¯’vcb K‡ib| Bwjqvm kvnx es‡ki cÖ_g ch©vq mgvß nq
ivRv M‡Y‡ki DÌv‡b| cybivq gymwjg weR‡qi gva¨‡g ivRv M‡Y‡ki cyÎ h`y Bmjvg ag© MÖnY K‡ib Ges evsjvi
wmsnvm‡b e‡mb| Zvui bZzb bvg nq RvjvjyÏxb gynv¤§`| wZwb `y ch©v‡q 1415-1416 Ges 1418-1433 mvj ch©šÍ
evsjv kvmb K‡ib| wZwb 1418 mv‡j ivRavbx cvÐzqv †_‡K †MŠ‡o ¯’vbvšÍi K‡ib| Gici myjZvwb kvm‡bi †kl ch©šÍ
(1538 mvj ch©šÍ) evsjvi ivRavbx _v‡K †MŠ‡o| ZvB ejv hvq, myjZvwb Avg‡j evsjvi ivRavbx wQj †MŠ‡o|
dLiæwÏb gyeviK kvn (1338-1349)

†mvbviMvu‡qi kvmbKZ©v evnivg Lv‡bi g„Zz¨ nq 1338 wLª÷v‡ã| evnivg Lv‡bi g„Zzï ci Zvui eg©iÿK ÔdLivÕ
bv‡gi GK Kg©Pvix ¯^vaxbZv †NvlYv K‡ib Ges ÔdLiæwÏb gyeviK kvnÕ bvg w`‡q †mvbviMvuI kvmb K‡ib| Gfv‡eB
m~Pbv nq evsjvi ¯^vaxb myjZvwb hy‡Mi|
 evsjv cÖ_g ¯^vaxb myjZvb| A_©vr evsjvi cÖ_g ¯^vaxb gymwjg mvjZvbv‡Zi cÖwZôvZv|
 Zvui ivRavbx wQj HwZnvwmK †mvbviMvuI|
 Zvui kvmbvg‡j w`wjøi kvmK wQ‡jb— gyn¤§`-web-ZzNjK|
 dLiæwÏb me©cÖ_g Rq K‡ib— PÆMÖvg| wZwb PÆMÖvg †_‡K Pvu`cyi ch©šÍ ivRc_ ˆZwi K‡ib|
 dLiæwÏ‡bi gy`ªvq †Lvw`Z ZvwiL †`‡L aviYv Kiv hvq, wZwb 1338-1349 wLª÷vã ch©šÍ †mvbviMvu‡qi ivRZ¡
K‡ib| GKRb ¯^vaxb myjZvb wn‡m‡e wZwb wbR bv‡g gy`ªv cÖPjb K‡iwQ‡jb|
Be‡b eZzZv
gi‡°vi ch©UK Be‡b eZzZv 1333 wLª÷v‡ãi 12B †m‡Þ¤î gynv¤§` web ZzNj‡Ki
ivRZ¡Kv‡j fviZe‡l© AvMgb K‡ib| myjZv‡bi mv‡_ cwiPq NU‡j wZwb GB
cwieªvRK‡K KvwRi c‡` wbhy³ K‡ib| wZwb dLiæwÏb gyeviK kv‡ni ivRZ¡Kv‡j
(1345-46 wLª÷v‡ã) evsjvq Av‡mb| evsjv‡`‡k Avmvi Zvui g~j D‡Ïk¨ wQj wm‡j‡U
wM‡q nhiZ kvnRvjv‡ji m‡½ mvÿvr Kiv| wZwb `wÿY fviZ †_‡K mgy`ªc‡_ PÆMÖvg
Av‡mb| †mLvb †_‡K wZwb wm‡jU hvb| wm‡jU †_‡K wZwb b`xc‡_ †mvbviMvuI Av‡mb|
wZwb cÖ_g we‡`wk wn‡m‡e Ôev½vjvÕ kã eënvi K‡ib| wZwb evsjvi bvgKiY K‡ib
Ô‡`vhLcyi Avh wbqvgZÕ ev ÔAvkxe©v`cyó biKÕ ev abc~Y© biK| Zvui ÔwKZveyj †invjvÕ
bvgK MÖ‡š’ evsjvi Aciƒc eY©bv cvIqv hvq|
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. evsjvq Ô¯^vaxb myjZvbÕ kvmb cÖwZôv K‡ib †K? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2019]
K. BLwZqvi DwÏb gynv¤§` eLwZqvi LjwR L. beve wmivRD‡ÏŠjv
M. dLiæwÏb †gveviK kvn N. beve Avjxe`©x Lv DËi : M
02. myjZvwb Avg‡j evsjvi ivRavbx bvg wK wQj? [29Zg wewmGm& cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK (†WjUv): 14]
K. †mvbviMvuI L. Rvnv½xibMi M. XvKv N. †MŠo DËi : N
03. Be‡b eZzZv Kvi kvmbvg‡j ‡mvbviMvuI Av‡mb? (25Zg Zg wewmGm)
K. kvgmywÏb wd‡ivR kvn L. nvRx Bwjqvm kvn
M. ‡nv‡mb kvn N. dLiæwÏb gyeviK kvn DËi : N
Bwjqvm kvnx esk (1342-1412 wLª÷vã)

 Bwjqvm kvn → wmKv›`vi kvn → wMqvmDwÏb ÔAvRg kvnÕ
‡mvbviMvu‡q dLiæwÏb gyeviK kvn hLb ¯^vaxb myjZvb ZLb jL‡bŠwZi wmsnvmb `Lj K‡iwQ‡jb ‡mLvbKvi †mbvcwZ
Avwj gyeviK| wmsnvm‡b e‡m wZwb ÔAvjvDwÏb Avwj kvnÕ Dcvwa MÖnY K‡ib| jL‡bŠwZ‡Z wZwbI ¯^vaxb ivR¨ M‡o
†Zv‡jb| c‡i ivRavbx ¯’vbvšÍi K‡ib cvÐzqvq (wd‡ivRvev`)| Avwj kvn ÿgZvq wQ‡jb 1342 wLª÷vã ch©šÍ| Zvui
`yafvB wQ‡jb nvwR Bwjqvm| wZwb Avwj kvn‡K civwRZ I wbnZ K‡i ÔkvgmywÏb Bwjqvm kvnÕ bvg wb‡q evsjvq
GKwU ivResk cÖwZôv K‡ib| GB ivRes‡ki bvg Bwjqvm kvwn esk|
kvgmywÏb Bwjqvm kvn (1342-1358 wLª÷vã)

 evsjvi cÖ_g cÖK…Z ¯^vaxb myjZvb| Bwjqvm kvn wd‡ivRvev‡ì wmsnvmb AwaKv‡ii gva¨‡g DËi I DËi-cwðg
evsjvi AwacwZ nb— 1342 wLª÷v‡ã| 1338 mv‡j dLiæwÏb gyeviK kvn evsjvi ¯^vaxbZv m~Pbv Ki‡jI
cÖKZ
… ¯^vaxbZv cÖwZôv K‡ib— Bwjqvm kvn 1352 wLª÷v‡ã| w`wjøi kvmK wd‡ivR kvn kvmK Bwjqvm kv‡ni
mv‡_ mwÜ K‡i evsjvi ¯^vaxbZv †g‡b †bb|
 evsjvi mKj AÂ‡ji Awaevmx evOvwj e‡j cwiwPZ nq- Bwjqvm kv‡ni kvmbvg‡j| Bwjqvm kvn Ôkvn-B evOvjvÕ
I Ôkvn-B-evOvwjqvbÕ Dcvwa MÖnY K‡ib|
wMqvmDwÏb AvRg kvn (1393-1411 wLª÷vã)

o wmKv›`vi kv‡ni g„Zzï ci evsjvi wmsnvm‡b e‡mb— wMqvmDwÏb AvRg kvn (1393-1411 wLª÷vã)| wZwb
ÔAvRg kvnÕ Dcvwa MÖnY K‡ib| wZwb ‡RŠbcy‡ii ivRv Lvb Rvnv‡bi mv‡_ eÜzZ¡ ¯’vcb K‡ib| wiqvR-Dm-
mvjvwZb MÖ‡š’ wMqvmDwÏb AvRg kv‡ni b¨vqwePv‡ii K_v D‡j&øL i‡q‡Q|
o cÖL¨vZ Kwe nvwd‡Ri mv‡_ Zvui cÎvjvc n‡Zv|
o wZwb wQ‡jb Bwjqvm kvnx es‡ki me‡P‡q RbwcÖq myjZvb| ivRavbx wQj— †mvbviMvuI|
o wMqvmDwÏb AvRg kv‡ni ivRZ¡Kv‡j cÖ_g evOvwj gymjgvb Kwe kvn& gyn¤§` mMxi ÔBDmyd-Ry‡jLvÕ Kve¨ iPbv
K‡ib| AvRg kv‡ni ivRZ¡Kv‡jB weL¨vZ mywd mvaK b~i KzZze-Dj-Avjg cvÐzqvq Av¯Ívbv M‡o †Zv‡jb|
o wZwb evsjvi cÖ_g myjZvb wn‡m‡e Px‡bi wgs mv¤ªv‡Rï mv‡_ K~U‰bwZK m¤úK© M‡o †Zv‡jb|
o wZwb wQ‡jb Bwjqvm kvnx es‡ki †kl myjZvb| Zvui g„Zzï ci †_‡KB G es‡ki cZb kyiæ nq|
hy‡M hy‡M evsjvi wewfbœ bvg

e½ &' ( ) ‘ - - ’ +
, - । me©cÖ_g e½ bv‡gi D‡jøL cvIqv hvq ÔHZ‡iq AviY¨KÕ MÖ‡š’|
ev½vjvn /012 3 $ + 4 ‘ + $’।
RvbœvZvev` /105 6 &'7 + # ‘ 8 ’।
my‡e evsjv /19: 6 &' 8 4 ‘3 ’। 3 ; <=

। <= > & ' = (? (@ ।
‡e½j †cÖwm‡WwÝ AA $B /51C 3 4 ‘‡e½j †cÖwm‡WwÝ’।
c~e© e½ A /DE1 +(+ $ + $ ‘ +’।
c~e© cvwK¯Ívb /D1: ( + ‘ ’$ ।
MYcÖRvZš¿x /D92 /: A F - $G
evsjv‡`k $ ‘@4 H ’।
cieZ©x Bwjqvm kvnx es‡ki kvmb

ivRv M‡Yk I Zvui eska‡ii wÎk eQ‡ii kvmbvemv‡bi ci ‡MŠ‡oi wmsnvmb k~b¨ _vKvi †cÖÿvc‡U 1452 mv‡j
Bwjqvm kv‡ni GK eskai‡K †MŠ‡oi wmsnvm‡b emvb AwfRvZe„›`| BwZnv‡m wZwb bvwmiDwÏb gvngy` kvn bv‡g
cwiwPZ| Bwjqvm kv‡ni eskaiMY Gfv‡e cybivq ¯^vaxb ivRZ¡ ïiæ K‡ib| ZvB G hyM‡K ejv nq ÔcieZx© Bwjqvm
kvnx hyMÕ|
lvU-¸¤^R gmwR`
evsjv‡`‡ki ev‡MinvU †Rjvi `wÿY cwð‡g Aew¯’Z GKwU ga¨hyMxq
gmwR`| myjZvb bvwmiDwÏb gvngy` kv‡ni (1435-59) Avg‡j Lvb
Avj-AvRg DjyM LvbRvnvb my›ìe‡bi †Kvj †Nu‡l Lwjdvev` ivR¨ M‡o
†Zv‡jb| LvbRvnvb êVK Kivi Rb¨ GKwU ìevi M‡o †Zv‡jb, hv
c‡i lvU ¸¤^yR gmwR` nq| gmwR`wU‡Z 81wU M¤^yR i‡q‡Q| G‡Z
ZzNjwK I †RŠbcyix wbg©vY‰kjx my¯úó| GwU evsjv‡`‡ki wZbwU wek^
HwZnëvnx ¯’v‡bi GKwUi g‡a¨ Aew¯’Z| ev‡MinvU kniwU‡KB wek^
HwZnëvnx ¯’v‡bi gh©v`v †`qv n‡q‡Q| 1983 wLª÷v‡ã UNESCO
GB gh©v`v cÖ`vb K‡i| (Z_¨m~Î parjatan.portal.gov.bd)
 1459 wLª÷v‡ã bvwmiDwÏb gvngy` kv‡ni g„Zzëi‡Yi ci evsjvi wmsnvm‡b e‡mb— iæKbDwÏb eieK kvn|
 ‡MŠ‡oi Ô`vwLj ìIqvRvÕ bv‡g cwiwPZ weivU I my›ì †ZviYwU wbg©vY K‡iwQ‡jb— eieK kvn|
nvewm kvmb (1487-1493)

o evsjvq nvewm kvmb ¯’vqx n‡qwQj— gvÎ Qq eQi| PviRb nvewm myjZv‡bi wZbRb‡KB nZ¨v Kiv nq|
o nvewm †bZv myjZvb kvnRv`v ÔeieK kvnÕ Dcvwa wb‡q cÖ_g evsjvi ÿgZvq e‡mb| wKš‘ K‡qK gv‡mi g‡a¨
nvewm †mbvcwZ gvwjK Avw›`‡ji nv‡Z wbnZ nb|
o gvwjK Avw›`j ÔmvBdzwÏb wdiæR kvnÕ Dcvwa wb‡q wmsnvm‡b e‡mb| GKgvÎ Zvui wZb eQ‡ii ivRZ¡Kv‡ji
(1487-1490 wLª÷vã) BwZnvm wKQzUv †MŠiegq wQj|
o nvewm kvm‡bi Aemvb N‡U— kvgmywÏb gyRvddi kv‡ni g„Zzï gva¨‡g|
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. me©cÖ_g e½ bv‡gi D‡jøL cvIqv hvq ‡Kvb MÖ‡š’? [‡lvok wbeÜb (¯‹yj ch©vq) 2019]
K. AvBb B AvKewi L. HZ‡iq AviY¨K
M. Dcwbl` N. gnvfviZ DËi : L
02. ‡Kvb kvm‡Ki mgq †_‡K mgMÖ evsjv fvlvfvlx AÂj cwiwPZ n‡q D‡V Ôev½vjvnÕ bv‡g? (12Zg wewmGm)
K. dLiæwÏb †gveviK kvn L. kvgmywÏb Bwjqvm kvn
M. AvKei N. Ckv Lvb DËi : L
03. cÖvPxb evsjvi me¸‡jv Rbc`B GK‡Î evsjv bv‡g cwiwPZ jvf K‡i Kvi Avgj †_‡K? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK
(BQvgwZ) : 10]
K. myjZvb wmKv›`vi kvn L. myjZvb kvgmDwÏb Bwjqvm kvn
M. beve wmivRD‡ÏŠjv N. beve Avjxew`© Lvu DËi : L
04. $ ) = I $ J # 3 ? (24Zg evwZj wewmGm)
K. wMqvmDwÏb AvRg kvn L. AvjvDwÏb ‡nv‡mb kvn
M. dLiæwÏb †gveviK kvn N. mvZ M¤^yR gmwR` DËi : K
05. ev‡Minv‡U Lvb Rvnvb Avjxi cÖwZwôZ gmwR`wU KZ M¤^yR wewkó? (19Zg wewmGm)
K. Avwk L. GKvwk M. lvU N. †PŠlwÆ DËi : L
06. ‡K ÔlvU M¤^yRÕ gmwR`wU wbg©vY K‡ib? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK (Ki‡Zvqv, wgwmwmwc) : 13& cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix
wkÿK (kvcjv) : 11]
K. nhiZ AvgvbZ kvn L. ev‡qwR` †ev¯Ívgx
M. cxi Lvb Rvnvb Avjx N. mydx kvn gL`yg DËi : M
07. evsjv‡`‡ki me‡P‡q eo ga¨hyMxq gmwR` †KvbwU? (24Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi- evwZj)
K. Kzmy¤^v gmwR` L. eo †mvbv gmwR`
M. lvU M¤^yR gmwR` N. mvZ M¤^yR gmwR` DËi : M
‡nv‡mb kvnx esk (1493-1538 wLª÷vã)

AvjvDwÏb ‡nv‡mb kvn (1493-1519 wLª÷vã)
 wZwb evsjvi AvKei bv‡g cwiwPZ| ‡nv‡mb kvnx hy‡Mi †kÖô myjZvb wQ‡jb— myjZvb AvjvDwÏb ‡nv‡mb kvn|
 AvivKvwb‡ì PÆMÖvg ‡_‡K weZvwoZ K‡ib— AvjvDwÏb †nv‡mb kvn|
 AvjvDwÏb ‡nv‡mb kv‡ni kvmbvg‡j êòe a‡g©i cÖeZ©K— kÖx‰PZb¨‡`‡ei Avwef©ve N‡U|
 wZwb ‡MŠ‡oi Ô‡QvU †mvbv gmwR`Õ I ¸gwZØvi cÖwZôv K‡ib| Zvui kvmbvgj‡K e‡½i gymjgvb kvm‡bi BwZnv‡m
Ô¯^Y©hyMÕ ejv nq|
 AvjvDwÏb ‡nv‡mb kvn g„ZzëiY K‡ib— 1519 mv‡j| wZwb `xN© 26 eQi (1493-1519) ivRZ¡ K‡ib|
ivRavbx wQj— GKWvjv|
bvwmiDwÏb Aveyj gyRvddi bymiZ kvn

AvjvDwÏb †nv‡mb kv‡ni g„Zzï ci Zvui †R¨ô cyÎ bymiZ kvn ÔbvwmiDwÏb Aveyj gyRvddi bymiZ kvnÕ Dcvwa wb‡q
evsjvi wmsnvm‡b e‡mb|
→ bymiZ kv‡ni kvmbvg‡j ev‡Minv‡Ui ÔwgVvcyKziÕ Lbb Kiv nq|
→ ‡MŠ‡oi weL¨vZ ÔK`g imyjÕ fe‡bi cÖ‡Kv‡ô bymiZ kvn GKwU gÂ wbgv©Y K‡ib| Zvui Dci nhiZ gynv¤§‡ì
(mv.) c`wPý msewjZ GKwU Kv‡jv KviæKvh© LwPZ gg©i †ew` emv‡bv nq|
→ †MŠ‡oi weL¨vZ Ôeo †mvbv gmwR`Õ ev Ôev‡iv`yqvwi gmwR`Õ Zvui Avg‡ji KxwZ©|
→ ‡nv‡mb kv‡ni †mbvcwZ civMj Lvu I Zvi cyÎ QzwU LvuÕi c„ô‡cvlKZvq Kex›`ª ci‡gkî I kÖxKi b›`x evsjv
fvlvq gnvfviZ Abyev` K‡ib|
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. AvjvDwÏb ‡nv‡mb kvn KLb e„nËi evsjv kvmb K‡ib? (40Zg wewmGm)
K. 1498−1516 wLª. L. 1498-1517 wLª.
M. 1498-1518 wLª. N. 1498-1519 wLª. DËi : N
e¨vL¨v : beg-`kg †kÖwYi evsjv‡`‡ki BwZnvm I wek^mf¨Zv eBwUi Z_¨g‡Z, ‡nv‡mb kv‡ni kvmbvgj wQj−
1493-1519 wLª.| Avi ‡nv‡mb kvnx Avgj wQj 1493-1538 wLª÷vã ch©šÍ| ‡nv‡mb kv‡ni mgq evsjvi
ivR¨mxgv e„w× cvq| wZwb Kvgiƒc I KvgZv Rq K‡ib| Dwol¨v I wÎcyiv iv‡Rï wKQz AskI Zvui KivqË wQj|
DËi I `wÿY wenv‡ii wKQz AskI Zvui AwaKv‡i Av‡m| evsjvwcwWqvi Z_¨vbymv‡i, ‡nv‡mb kvn Kvgiƒ‡ci †Lb
ivResk‡K DrLvZ K‡i Kvgiƒc I KvgZv‡K evsjviv‡Rï AšÍf©y³ K‡ib| wZwb Kvgiƒc I KvgZv‡K evsjvi
AšÍfy©³ K‡ib 1498 mv‡j| ZvB cÖ‡kœi Ôe„nËi evsjvÕ kvm‡bi hyw³ Ackb ÔNÕ Gi gva¨‡gB †gjv‡bv m¤¢eci|
02. ‡MŠ‡oi ‡mvbv gmwR` Kvi Avg‡j wbwg©Z nq? (29Zg wewmGm)
K. dLiæwÏb †gveviK kvn L. †nv‡mb kvn
M. kv‡q¯Ív Lvu N. Cmv Lvu DËi : L
03. †Kvb gymwjg kvmb Kvj‡K Ô¯^Y©hyMÕ ejv nq? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2019]
K. eLwZqvi wLjwR L. m¤ªvU kvnRvnvb
M. ‡nv‡mb kvn N. m¤ªvU evei DËi : M
04. ev‡Minv‡Ui ÔwgVvcyKziÕ †K Lbb K‡ib? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 12& cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (ewikvj wefvM) : 08]
K. mgªvU ûgvq~b L. myRvDÏxb
M. AvjvDÏxb †nv‡mb kvn N. myjZvb bymiZ kvn DËi : N
05. ‡Kvb Avg‡j evsjv MRj I mywd mvwnZ¨ m„wó nq? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (‡gNbv) : 2019]
K. Bwjqvm kvnx L. ‡nv‡mb kvnx M. myjZvwb N. gyNj DËi : L
06. d«v‡Ýi ivRv PZz`©k jyB Gi b¨vq †Kvb myjZvb †NvlYv K‡ib- ÔAvwgB ivóªÕ?
K. wMqvmDwÏb ejeb L. RvjvjDwÏb LjRx
M. web ZzNjKv N. AvjvDwÏb LjRx DËi : N
AvdMvb kvmb
`yBk eQ‡ii ¯^vaxb myjZvwb Avg‡ji mgvwß nq- 1538 wLª÷v‡ã †ki kvn k~i †MŠo `Lj Ki‡j| gyNj m¤ªvU evei I
Zvui cyÎ ûgvq~b, ‡nv‡mb kvnx hy‡Mi †kl w`K †_‡KB †Póv KiwQ‡jb evsjv‡K gyNj AwaKv‡i wb‡q Avm‡Z| wKš‘
AvdMvb‡ì Kvi‡Y gyNj‡ì G D‡Ïk¨ mdj nqwb|
‡kikvn
→ †kikvn 1537 wLª÷v‡ã `yBevi evsjvi ivRavbx †MŠo AvµgY K‡ib| ZLb w`wjøi m¤ªvU ûgvqyb †ki kv‡ni
(cÖK…Z bvg- †ki Lvb) wcQz avIqv K‡i evsjvi ivRavbx †MŠo AvµgY K‡ib| †MŠ‡oi PgrKvi cÖvmv` I
cÖvK…wZK †mŠ›`‡h© gy» n‡q ûgvqyb Gi bvgKiY K‡ib ÔRvbœvZvev`Õ|
→ ‡ki Lv‡bi mv‡_ ûgvqyb civwRZ nb—1539 mv‡j| gyNj m¤ªvU ûgvqyb‡K civwRZ K‡i †ki Lvb Dcvwa †bb−
†ki kvn| K‡bŠ‡Ri hy‡× n‡qwQj— ûgvqy‡bi civRq| G hy‡× civR‡qi gva¨‡g †ki kvn w`wjøi wmsnvmb
AwaKvi K‡ib| Gfv‡e `xN©w`b ci evsjv Avevi w`wjøi kvm‡b P‡j Av‡m| †ki kvn k~i es‡ki e‡j G mg‡qi
evsjvi kvmb wQj k~i AvdMvb es‡ki kvmb| wZwb w`wjø †_‡K cZ©ywMR‡ì weZvwoZ K‡ib|
→ ‡ki kvn evsjv `Lj K‡ib— 1540 wLª÷v‡ã|
→ †kikvn †Nvovi Wv‡Ki cÖPjb K‡ib| fviZe‡l© Ô`vgÕ gy`ªvi cÖPjb K‡ib— ‡kikvn|
→ MÖ¨vÛ Uª¨vsK †ivW wbgv©Zv †kikvn‡K ejv nq mo‡K AvRg| ‡ki kvn RvwZ‡Z wQ‡jb— cvVvb|
→ wZwb KeywjqZ I cvÆv cÖ_vi cÖeZ©K| wZwb †mvbviMvuI n‡Z jv‡nvi ch©šÍ iv¯Ív wbg©vY K‡ib|
→ cvwbc‡_i wØZxq hy× msNwUZ nq− 1556 mv‡j| GB hy‡× AvKe‡ii †mbvcwZ ‰eivg Lvb Avw`j kvn mywii
cÖavbgš¿x wngy‡K civwRZ K‡ib| G hy‡× wngy wbnZ n‡j AvKei w`wjø AwaKvi K‡ib| cvwbc_ DËi-cwðg
fvi‡Zi nwiqvbv iv‡R¨ Aew¯’Z hgybv b`xi ZxieZ©x GKwU kni|
 evsjvq †kl AvdMvb kvm‡Ki bvg— `vD` Lvb Kiivwb|
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. wek^ weL¨vZ MÖ¨vÛ Uª¨vsK †ivW evsjv‡`‡ki †Kvb GjvKv †_‡K ïiæ n‡q‡Q? [ciivóª gš¿Yvjq (e¨w³MZ Kg©KZ©v) : 2019]
K. XvKv L. †mvbviMvuI M. jv‡nvi N. †KvbwUB bq DËi : L
02. ÔKeywjqZ I cvÆv cÖ_vi cÖeZ©KÕ †K wQ‡jb? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK wkÿK wb‡qvM cixÿv- 2018]
K. m¤ªvU evei L. Bwjqvm kvn M. †kikvn N. bymiZ kvn DËi : M
03. fviZe‡l© Ô‡Nvovi WvKÕ Gi cÖPjb K‡ib— [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (KY©dzjx)- 2012& cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb
wkÿK (ewikvj wefvM) : 07]
K. AvKei L. †kikvn M. gyn¤§` web ZzNjK N. AvIi½‡Re DËi : L
04. ÔMÖ¨vÛ Uªv¼ †ivWÕ Gi wbg©Zv— [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (K‡cvZvÿ)- 2010& cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mn. wkÿK: 92]
K. evei L. AvKei M. kvnRvnvb N. †kikvn DËi : N
gyNj kvmb
(fviZe‡l©- 1526-1757 wLª. Ges evsjvq 1576-1757 wLªóvã)
gyNj m¤ªvU‡ì µg
g‡b ivLyb
RwniDwÏb gyn¤§` evei †KŠk‡j
bvwmiDwÏb gyn¤§` ûgvqyb evevi nBj AvRvi

R¦i kvwij
AvIi½‡R‡ei
RvjvjDwÏb AvKei kvwn evnv`ywi
‡`‡L| A_©vr
†mwjg b~i DwÏb gyn¤§` Rvnv½xi evei, ûgvqyb,
AvKei,
kvnRvnvb Ii‡d Lyiig Rvnv½xi,
kvnRvnvb,
AvIi½‡Re,
AvIi½‡Re gynv¤§` kvn,
evnv`yi kvn|
wØZxq evnv`yi kvn
m¤ªvU RwniDwÏb gyn¤§` evei (1526-1530 wLª÷vã)

 gyNj mv¤ªv‡Rï cÖwZôvZv— evei|
 wZwb ZzhyK-B-evei ev eve‡ii Rxebx bv‡g AvZ¥Rxebx‡Z (gyNj‡ì g‡a¨ cÖ_g AvZ¥Rxebx) Zvui Rq civR‡qi
Mí wjwce× K‡ib| ÔZzhyK-B-eveiÕ ev ÔeveyibvgvÕ bvgK AvZ¥Rxebxg~jK MÖšw’ U iwPZ n‡qwQj— ZzwK© fvlvq|
 eZ©gvb iæk ZzwK©¯Ív‡bi AšÍM©Z dviMvbvq eve‡ii Rb¥|
 wZwb wcZvi w`K †_‡K ˆZgyi jO Ges gv‡qi w`K †_‡K †Pw½m Lv‡bi eskai wQ‡jb|
 fvi‡Zi DËi cÖ‡`‡ki A‡hva¨vq wZwb 1527 wLª÷v‡ã Ôevewi gmwR`Õ wbgv©Y K‡ib| 1992 mv‡ji 6 wW‡m¤î
DMÖev`x wn›`y‡Mvôx HwZnvwmK GB gmwR`wU †f‡½ †d‡j| evewi gmwR`-ivg Rb¥f~wg gvgjvi P~ovšÍ ivq ‡NvlYv
K‡i— fvi‡Zi mywc«g ‡KvU© (9 b‡f¤î 2019 wL«÷v‡ã)|
 1526 mv‡ji 12B GwcÖj cvwbc‡_i cÖ_g hy‡× m¤ªvU evei Beªvwng †jv`x‡K civwRZ I wbnZ K‡i gyNj mv¤ªvR¨
cÖwZwôZ K‡ib|
 evei g„ZzëiY K‡ib— 1530 wLª÷v‡ã| mgvwnZ Kiv nq— Kveyj|
m¤ªvU bvwmiDwÏb gyn¤§` ûgvq~b (1530-1540 wLª÷vã)

 eve‡ii †R¨ô cy‡Îi bvg— ûgvq~b| ûgvq~b k‡ãi A_©— fvMëvb|
 ûgvq~b ÿgZv jvf K‡i— 1530 wLª÷v‡ã| c‡ii eQi †kikv‡ni weiæ‡× Avevi Awfhvb cwiPvjbv K‡ib|
wKš‘ K‡bŠ‡Ri wbKU wejMÖv‡gi G hy‡× civR‡qi gva¨‡g †ki kv‡ni wbKU civwRZ n‡q wmsnvmbPy¨Z nb—
1540 wLª÷v‡ã|
 ûgvq~b civwRZ nb— 1539 wLª÷v‡ã †kikv‡ni mv‡_ †PŠmv‡ii hy‡× ‡kikv‡ni wbKU|
 cvim¨ m¤ªv‡Ui mnvqZvq ûgvq~b cybivq w`wjøi wmsnvmb D×vi K‡ib— 1555 wLª÷v‡ã|
 wZwb MÖšv’ Mv‡ii wmuwo †_‡K c‡o gviv hvb— 1556 wLª÷v‡ã|
 †MŠ‡oi PgrKvi cÖvmv` I cÖvK…wZK †mŠ›`‡h© gy» n‡q ûgvq~b Gi bvgKiY K‡ib ÔRvbœvZvev`Õ|
m¤ªvU RvjvjDwÏb AvKei (1556-1605 wLª÷vã)

o gyNj mv¤ªv‡Rï †kÖô kvmK wQ‡jb— AvKei| wZwb 13 eQi eq‡m wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnY K‡ib|
o m¤ªvU AvKei KZ©K „ 1576 mv‡j evsjv weR‡qi gva¨‡g evsjvq gyNj mv¤ªv‡Rï AvwacZ¨ ¯’vwcZ nq|
o fvi‡Z Bmjvgx kvmbvg‡j wnRix cwÄKv Abymv‡i mKj KvRKg© n‡Zv| AvKei cÖPwjZ wnRix Pv›`ª el©cwÄKv‡K
†mŠicwÄKvq iƒcvšÍwiZ Kivi wm×všÍ †bb| Biv‡bi wewkó weÁvbx I ‡R¨vwZwe©` Igi dZzjøvn wkivRxi mycvwi‡k
AvKei 992 wnRix (1584 wLª÷vã) – G evsjv ‡mŠi el©cÄxi cÖeZ©b K‡ib| 29 eQi c~‡e© Zvui wmsnvm‡b
Av‡ivn‡Yi w`b †_‡K G cwÄKv cÖPj‡bi wb‡`©k †`b| GRb¨ 963 wnRix (1556 wLª÷vã) mvj †_‡K e½vã
MYbv ïiæ nq| evsjv beel© Ôc‡njv êkvLÕ Pvjy K‡ib— RvjvjDwÏb gyn¤§` AvKei|
o wZwb `xb-B-Bjvnx bv‡g GKkîv` ag©gZ cÖPjb K‡ib hvi Abymvix wQ‡jb 17 (gZvšÍ‡i 19 Rb) Rb|
o ÔwRwRqv KiÕ I ÔZx_© KiÕ ¯’wMZ K‡ib m¤ªvU AvKei|
o m¤ªvU AvKe‡ii ivR¯^gš¿x wQ‡jb †UvWigj| G †`‡ki miKvwi Kv‡R dviwm fvlv Pvjy K‡ib— †UvWigj|
o m¤ªvU AvKe‡ii mg‡q ev‡iv fu~BTv‡ì DÌvb N‡U|
o wZwb ÔAg„Zmi ¯^Y©gw›ìÕ, Ôeyj›` ìIqvRÕ wbg©vY K‡ib|
o AvKe‡ii mgvwa †m‡K›`ªvq|
o cvwbc‡_i 2q hy× msNwUZ nq AvKe‡ii †mbvcwZ êivg Lvb (AvKe‡ii AwffveK) I AvdMvb †bZv wngyi
g‡a¨| ‰eivg Lvb wQ‡jb AvKe‡ii wcZv ûgvq~‡bi eÜz|
o ÔAvBb-B-AvKeixÕ bv‡g GKwU weL¨vZ MÖš’ iPbv K‡ib— gyNj m¤ªvU AvKe‡ii mfvm` Aveyj dRj| wZwb GB
MÖ‡š’ †`kevPK ÔevsjvÕ kã eënvi K‡ib| G †`‡ki Rwgi mxgvbvm~PK ÔAvjÕ (− Avwj, AvBj) cÖZ¨q‡hv‡M
cÖvPxb bvg Ôe½Õ k‡ãi mv‡_ hy³ n‡q ÔevsjvÕ kã MwVZ n‡q‡Q− eBwU‡Z GiKg AwfgZ e¨³ K‡i‡Qb eBwUi
†jLK| AviI mfvKwe wQ‡jb †UvWigj, ‰dwR, exiej, gvbwmsn cÖfw… Z| eyjeyj-B-wn›` ejv nq Zvb‡mb‡K|
o ivRcyZ bxwZi cÖeZ©K— AvKei| Ôgvbme`vwi cÖ_vÕ cÖPjb K‡ib— AvKei| Ôgvbme`vwi cÖ_vÕ n‡j †mbvevwnbx
ms¯‹vi cwiKíbv|
m¤ªvU †mwjg byi DwÏb ‡gvnv¤§` Rvnv½xi (1605-1627 wLª÷vã)

→ m¤ªvU AvKei cyÎ Rvnv½x‡ii ivRZ¡Kv‡j fviZe‡l© AvMgb K‡i— Bs‡iRiv|
→ Rvnv½xi wb‡Ri bv‡g gy`ªv cÖeZ©b K‡ib| Zvui ¯¿x byiRvnv‡bi cÖK…Z bvg †g‡niæb-‡bmv|
→ evsjv AwaKv‡ii Rb¨ my‡e`vi wn‡m‡e Bmjvg Lvb‡K †cÖiY K‡ib| Zvui Avg‡jB Bmjvg Lvb KZ©K „ ev‡iv
fzuBqv‡ì `gb Kiv nq| G mg‡q Bmjvg Lvb 1610 wLª÷v‡ã evsjvi ivRavbx XvKvq ¯’vbvšÍi K‡ib|
→ XvKvi bvgKiY Kiv nq Rvnv½xibMi| 1612 mv‡j mgMÖ evsjv gyNj‡ì kvm‡b Avbqb K‡ib|
→ Zvui kvmbvg‡j Bs‡iRiv ÔB÷ BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwbÕ evsjvq Avbqb K‡i|
→ Zvui iwPZ AvZ¥Rxebxg~jK MÖ‡š’i bvg— ÔZzRyK-B-Rvnv½xiÕ| Zvui mgvwa Aew¯’Z— jv‡nv‡i|
m¤ªvU kvnRvnvb Ii‡d Lyiig (1605-1627 wLª÷vã)

 m¤ªvU kvnRvnvb‡K ejv nq ÔwcÖÝ Ae weìvm©Õ| c„w_exi mßvðv‡h©i Ab¨Zg fvi‡Zi DËi cÖ‡`‡ki hgybv b`xi
Zx‡ii AvMÖvi ZvRgnj wZwb wbg©vY K‡ib| ZvRgn‡ji ¯’cwZ I¯Ív` Ckv gv÷vi wmivwR| wZwb w`wjø‡Z
jvj‡Kjøv wbg©vY K‡ib|
 ÔkvnRvnvbÕ Dcvwa †`b— m¤ªvU Rvnv½xi|
 Zvui wbwg©Z wmsnvm‡bi bvg gq~i wmsnvmb| 1739 mv‡j cvi‡mï Awaevmx bvwì kvn fviZel© AvµgY K‡i
†Kvwnbyi nxiv, gq~i wmsnvmbmn cÖPzi ab-iZœ n¯ÍMZ K‡i Biv‡b P‡j hvb|
 ‡Ìqvb-B-Avg, †Ìqvb-B-Lvm m¤ªvU kvnRvnv‡bi w`wjøi ìev‡i wbwg©Z Agi KxwZ©|
 Zvui AbygwZµ‡g B÷ BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwb evsjvi wcwcjvB bvgK ¯’v‡b cÖ_g evwYR¨ KzwV ¯’vcb K‡i|
 kvnRvnv‡bi ¯¿x ggZvR gnj g„ZzëiY K‡ib 1631 mv‡j|
 m¤ªvU kvnRvnv‡bi cyÎ Pvi Rb I †g‡q `yB Rb| `viv, gyiv`, AvIi½‡Re, myRv, Rvnvb Aviv I iIkb Aviv|
 m¤ªvU kvnRvnv‡bi kvmbvg‡j cZ©ywMR‡ì ûMwj †_‡K D‡”Q` Kiv nq|
m¤ªvU AvIi½‡Re (1658-1707 wLª÷vã)

→ AwZkq ag©cÖvY nIqvi Kvi‡Y AvIi½‡Re‡K ejv nq— wR›`vcxi| wZwb ev`kvn AvjgMxi bv‡gI cwiwPZ
KviY m¤ªvU kvnRvnvb Zvi cyÎ AvjgMx‡ii ‡hvM¨Zvi ¯^xK…wZ¯îƒc G Dcvwa cÖ`vb K‡ib|
→ m¤ªvU AvIi½‡R‡ei AvZ¥Rxebxg~jK iPbv Ôd‡Zvqv-B-AvjgMxixÕ|
→ m¤ªvU kvnRvnvb wRwRqv Ki cyb¯’vcb K‡ib|
→ m¤ªvU kvnRvnv‡bi DËivwaKvi Ø‡›Ø Rvnvb Aviv `viv cÿ Ges iIkb Aviv AvIi½‡R‡ei cÿ Aej¤^b K‡i|
→ AvIi½‡R‡ei kvmbvg‡j evsjvi kvmbKZ©v wQ‡jb— kv‡q¯Ív Lvb|
wØZxq evnv`yi kvn

wZwb wQ‡jb me©‡kl gyNj m¤ªvU| wmcvwn we‡`ªv‡ni ci 1858 wLª÷v‡ã Zvu‡K †i½y‡b wbe©vmb †`qv nq Ges †mLv‡bB
wZwb g„ZzëiY K‡ib|
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. gyNj es‡ki cÖwZôvZv †K? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK wkÿK wb‡qvM- 2016]
K. evei L. ûgvqyb M. kvnRvnvb N. AvKei DËi : K
02. evsjv beel© Ô c‡njv êkvLÕ Pvjy K‡ib— [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK- 2012]
K. j²Y †mb L. Bwjqvm kvn M. AvKei N. weRq †mb DËi : M
03. evsjv beel© c‡njv êkvL Pvjy K‡iwQ‡jb— [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2019& 32Zg wewmGm]
K. W. gyn¤§` knx`yjøvn L. m¤ª&vU AvKei
M. kv‡q¯Ív Lvb N. †kL nvwmbv DËi : L
04. gyNj m¤ªvU‡ì gv‡S ‡K cÖ_g AvZ¥Rxebx wj‡LwQ‡jb? (38Zg wewmGm)
K. AvKei L. evei M. kvnRvnvb N. ûgvqyb DËi : L
05. ‡Kvb gyNj mg«vU evsjvi bvg ‡`b ÔRvbœvZvev`Õ? [10g wewmGm& cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK (`Rjv, ivBb) : 13]
K. evei L. ûgvqyb M. AvKei N. Rvnv½xi DËi : L
06. ‡K evsjv mb MYbv ïiæ K‡ib? (10g, 26Zg I 31Zg wewmGm& 32Zg wewmGm)
K. j²Y †mb L. Bwjqvm kvn M. weRq †mb N. AvKei DËi : N
07. evsjv (‡`k I fvlv) bv‡gi DrcwË welqwU ‡Kvb M«‡š’ me©vwaK D‡jøwLZ n‡q‡Q? (36Zg wewmGm)
K. AvjgMxibvgv L. AvBb-B-AvKeix M. AvKeibvgv N. ZzRyK-B-AvKeix D : L
08. G ‡`‡k miKvwi Kv‡R ÔdviwmÕ fvlv Pvjy K‡ib ‡K? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (Ki‡Zvqv)- 2012]
K. û‡mb kvn L. m¤ªvU Rvnv½xi M. ivRv †UvWigj N. Bs‡iRiv DËi : M
e¨vL¨v: m¤ªvU AvKe‡ii ivR¯^gš¿x wQ‡jb ivRv †UvWigj| ZvB ivR¯^ kãwU Zvi bv‡gi mv‡_ RwoZ| wZwb G
‡`‡k miKvwi Kv‡R ÔdviwmÕ fvlv Pvjy K‡ib|
09. ‡kl gyNj m¤ªvU evnv`yi kv‡ni Kei †Kv_vq? (cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK- 2015)
K. w`wjø L. AvMÖv M. Bqv½yb N. jv‡nvi DËi : M
10. AvMÖvi `y‡M©i wbg©vZv †K? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (‡ngšÍ) : 10]
K. m¤ªvU kvnRvnvb L. m¤ªvU ûgvqyb
M. m¤ªvU AvIi½‡Re N. m¤ªvU Rvnv½xi DËi : ‡bvU
‡bvU : AvMÖvi `y‡M©i KvR ïiæ nq AvKe‡ii mgq, †kl K‡ib AvIi½‡Re| Z‡e m¤ªvU kvnRvnvb I m¤ªvU
Rvnv½x‡ii mg‡qI Gi `„k¨gvb AMÖMwZ nq| eZ©gvb iƒc †`b m¤ªvU kvnRvnvb|
11. ‡Kvb Avg‡j Ôgmwjb KvcoÔ XvKvq ˆZwi nq? (cÖv_wgK wkÿK wb‡qvM cixÿv- 2018)
K. †mb Avg‡j L. Bs‡iR Avg‡j M. cvj Avg‡j N. gyNj Avg‡j DËi : N
e¨vL¨v: gyNj Avg‡j evsjvi ivRavbx XvKvq nIqvq gmwjb Kvc‡oi Pvwn`v †e‡o hvq GgbwK wekê¨vcx L¨vwZ
jvf K‡i|
my‡e`vix Avgj
1576 mv‡j ivRgn‡ji wbKU evsjvi †kl AvdMvb kvmK `vD` Kiivbx civwRZ n‡j evsjvq gyNj kvmb ïiæ nq|
G mgq gyNj kvmK wQ‡jb m¤ªvU AvKei| myev`vwi I bevwe— G `yB c‡e© evsjvq gyNj kvmb AwZevwnZ nq|
ev‡ivf~uBqv‡ì `g‡bi ci mgMÖ evsjvq my‡e`vix cÖwZwôZ nq| G mgq mgMÖ e½ †`k Ômyen -B-ev½vjvnÕ bv‡g cwiwPZ
nq| gyNj cÖ‡`k¸‡jv ÔmyevÕ bv‡g cwiwPZ wQj| cÖv‡`wkK kvmbKZ©v‡K ejv n‡Zv— my‡e`vi|
Bmjvg Lvub
 Zvu‡K 1608 mv‡j m¤ªvU Rvnv½xi Ômy‡e`viÕ wn‡m‡e wb‡qvM †`q| wZwb ev‡ivf~uBqv‡ì `gb K‡i mgMÖ evsjvq
myev`vwi kvmb cÖwZôv K‡ib|
 1610 mv‡j my‡e`vi Bmjvg Lvu wenv‡ii ivRgnj ‡_‡K ivRavbx XvKvq wb‡q Av‡mb Ges bvgKiY K‡ib
Rvnv½xibMi|
 wZwb XvKvi Ô‡avjvB LvjÕ Lbb K‡ib| ˆmq` AvIjv` †nv‡mb †j‡bi gmwR`wU Bmjvg Lvu wbwg©Z e‡jB Abygvb
Kiv nq| XvKvi †K›`ªxq KvivMvi hv GKwU `yM© wQj Zv Bmjvg Lvb cybwbg©vY K‡iwQ‡jb|
 myev`vi Bmjvg Lvb g„ZzëiY K‡ib— 1613 mv‡j|
ev‡iv f~uBqv‡ì BwZnvm

m¤ªvU AvKei evsjvi Dci cy‡ivcywi AwaKvi cÖwZwôZ Ki‡Z cv‡ibwb| evsjvi eo eo Rwg`viiv gyNj‡ì AaxbZv
†g‡b †bqwb| fvwU AÂ‡ji Rwg`viMY Zv‡ì wbR wbR Rwg`vwi‡Z ¯^vaxb wQ‡jb| ¯^vaxbZv iÿvi Rb¨ Zviv
GK‡RvU n‡q gyNj †mbvcwZi weiæ‡× Svuwc‡q co‡Zb| evsjvi BwZnv‡m fvwU AÂ‡ji G Rwg`viMY ev‡iv f~uBqv
bv‡g cwiwPZ| Awbw`©ó msL¨K Rwg`vi‡K †evSv‡Z Ôev‡ivÕ kãwU eënvi Kiv nq|
 evsjv‡`‡k ev‡iv fyuBqv‡ì Afz¨Ìvb N‡U— AvKe‡ii mgq|
 evsjvi Rwg`viNY gyNj kvm‡bi weiæ‡× cÖwZ‡iva M‡o †Zv‡jb| G‡ì msL¨v wbw`©ó Kiv cÖvq Am¤¢e| Zvuiv
cwiwPZ wQ‡jb— ev‡iv f~uBqv bv‡g|
 ev‡iv f~uBqv‡ì AšÍf©y³ wQ‡jb— Cmv Lvu (‡mvbviMvuI), cÖZvcvw`Z¨ (h‡kvi I P¨vwÐKvb), Pvu` ivq I †K`vi
ivq (kÖxcyi ev weµgcyi), K›`c© ivh I ivgP›`ªivq (evK&jv ev P›`ªØxc), j²Y gvwYK¨ (fzjyqv), gyKz›`yivg ivq
I mÎvwRr ivq (f~lYv ev d‡Znvev`), dRj MvRx (fvIqvj I Pvu`cÖZvc), KsmbvivqY ivq (Zvwnicyi), exi
nv¤^xi (weòzcyi), cxZv¤î I bxjv¤î (cyuwUqv), Ckv Lvu †jvnvbx I Dmgvb Lvu †jvnvbx (Dwol¨v I wnRjx) cÖgyL|
 Cmv Lvu Gi RxebKvj— 1529-1599 wLª÷vã| Cmv Lvui ivRavbx wQj— ‡mvbviMvuI|
 gyNj m¤ªvU Rvnv½xi my‡e`vi Bmjvg Lvu‡K †cÖiY Ki‡j wZwb evsjv †_‡K ev‡iv f~uBqv‡K weZvwoZ K‡ib| A_©vr
G mgq evsjv wewRZ nq|
hy‡M hy‡M evsjvi ivRavbx ÔXvKvÕ
µg ¯’vbvšÍiKvix AÂj mgqKvj cÖvmw½K eY©bv
cÖ_g evi my‡e`vi Bmjvg Lvu my‡e evsjv 1610 wenv‡ii ivRgnj †_‡K XvKvq wb‡q Av‡mb
Ges bvgKiY K‡ib Rvnv½xibMi|
1638 mv‡j kvn myRv ivRavbx XvKv ‡_‡K wenv‡ii ivRgn‡j wb‡q ‡M‡j c«_gevi XvKv ivRavbxi
gh©v`v nvivq|
wØZxq evi my‡e`vi gxi Rygjv my‡e evsjv 1660 wenv‡ii ivRgnj †_‡K XvKvq Av‡bb|
1717 mv‡j beve gyk©x`Kywj Lvb XvKv ‡_‡K gKmy`vev` wb‡q ‡M‡j wØZxqevi XvKv ivRavbxi gh©v`v
nvivq (c‡i bvgKiY Kiv nq gyk©x`vev`)|
Z…Zxq evi jW© KvR©b c~e©e½ I Avmvg 1905 e½f½ ‡NvlYv Ki‡j c~e©e½ I Avmvg‡K
wb‡q MwVZ nq DËi c«‡`‡ki ivRavbx XvKv|
1911 mvj jW© nvwW©Ä e½f½ i` Ki‡j c~e©evsjv, cwðg evsjvi mv‡_ hy³ nq| 1912 mv‡j
ivRavbx XvKv n‡Z KjKvZvq ¯’vbvšÍwiZ n‡j, XvKv Z…Zxqev‡ii gZ ivRavbxi gh©v`v nvivq|
PZz_© evi cvwK¯Ívb miKvi c~e© cvwK¯Ívb 1947 cvwK¯Ívb ¯^vaxb n‡j c~e©evsjv cvwK¯Ív‡bi
Ask nq Ges c~e©evsjvi ivRavbx nq
XvKv|
cÂg evi evsjv‡`k miKvi evsjv‡`k 1972 msweav‡bi 5g Aby‡”Q‡` XvKv‡K
evsjv‡`‡ki ivRavbx ‡NvlYv Kiv nq|
o XvKv †gvU ivRavbx nq 5 evi (evsjvi ivRavbx nq 4 evi Ges evsjv‡`‡ki ivRavbx nq 01 evi)|
o XvKv ivRavbxi gh©v`v nvivq 3 evi|
Kvwmg Lvb Rywqwb
m¤ªvU kvnRvnvb KZ©K„ wb‡qvMK…Z cÖ_g myev`vi wQ‡jb Kvwmg Lvb Rywqwb (1628 wLª÷v‡ã)| û‡mb kvwn hyM †_‡KB
evsjvq cZz©wMRiv evwYR¨ KiZ| cZ©ywMR‡ì AZ¨vPv‡ii gvÎv Pi‡g ‡cŠuQ‡j m¤ªvU kvnRvnv‡bi Av‡`‡k Kvwmg Lvb
Zv‡ì‡K k³ nv‡Z `gb K‡ib|
kvn myRv
→ m¤ªvU kvnRvnv‡bi 2q cyÎ kvn myRv 20 eQi evsjvq myev`vwi K‡ib|
→ wZwb Bs‡iR‡ì webv ï‡é evwYR¨ Kivi AbygwZ cÖ`vb K‡ib| d‡j G mgq Bs‡iR ewYKiv kw³kvjx nq|
→ wZwb XvKvi PKevRv‡ii eoKvUiv wbg©vY K‡ib|
gxi Rygjv (1660-1663)

 AvIi½‡R‡ei †mbvcwZ gxi Rygjv (1660-1663 wLª÷vã) myRv‡K `g‡bi Rb¨ evsjvi ivRavbx Rvnv½xibMi
ch©šÍ G‡mwQ‡jb| ZvB m¤ªvU AvIi½‡Re gxi Rygjv‡K (1660-1663 wLª÷vã) evsjvi myev`v‡ii `vwqZ¡ †`b|
 K…lK‡ì wbKU †_‡K cÖ_g ivR¯^ Av`vq K‡ib— gxi Rygjv| wZwb XvKv †MU (c~e© bvg gxi Rygjv) wbg©vY K‡ib|
 me©cÖ_g Avmvg I KzPwenvi ivR¨ gyNj mv¤ªvR¨fz³ K‡ib— gxi Rygjv| Zvui Avmvg hy‡× eëüZ KvgvbwU Imgvbx
D`¨v‡b msiwÿZ Av‡Q|
kv‡q¯Ív Lvb (1664-1688 wLª÷vã)

o kv‡q¯Ív Lvb 1664 wL÷v‡ã evsjvi myev`vi wbhy³ nb| AvIi½‡R‡ei gvgv wQ‡jb kv‡q¯Ív Lvb (1664-1688
wLª÷vã)| gM‡ì DrcvZ †_‡K evsjvi Rvb I gvj iÿv K‡ib— kv‡q¯Ív Lvb| wZwb m›Øxc I PÆMÖvg AwaKvi
K‡i AvivKvwb (gM) Rj`myy¨‡ì m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c DrLvZ K‡ib|
o my‡e`vwii †kl w`‡K kv‡q¯Ív Lv‡bi mv‡_ Bs‡iR B÷ BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwbi we‡iva evu‡a| `xN©w`‡bi †Póvi ci
kv‡q¯Ív Lvb evsjv †_‡K Bs‡iR‡ì weZvwoZ K‡ib|
o AvivKvwb Rj`my¨‡ì nwU‡q wZwb PÆMÖv‡gi bvg iv‡Lb— ÔBmjvgvev`Õ| Gi gva¨‡g PÆMÖvg cÖ_gev‡ii gZ
c~Y©fv‡e evsjvi mv‡_ hy³ nq|
o UvKvq AvU gY Pvj cvIqv ‡hZ— kv‡q¯Ív Lv‡bi Avg‡j|
o kv‡q¯Ív Lv‡bi Avg‡ji ¯’vcZ¨ wkí— †QvU KvUiv, jvjevM †Kjøv, wewe cwii (kv‡q¯Ív Lv‡bi †g‡q) mgvwa-
‡mŠa, †nv‡mbx `vjvb, mwd Lv‡bi gmwR`, eywoM½vi gmwR`, PK gmwR`, mvZ ¸¤y^R gmwR` cÖfw… Z|
cwiwewe
cwiwewe wQ‡jb kv‡q¯Ív Lv‡bi Kb¨v I ev`kvn AvIi½‡R‡ei cyÎ gyn¤§`
AvRg Gi ¯¿x| evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii KvUivi IqvKd cwi`ß‡i msiwÿZ
kv‡q¯Ív Lv‡bi Kb¨v wn‡m‡e wbR¯^ AwQqZbvgv †_‡KB kv‡q¯Ív Lv‡bi Kb¨v
wn‡m‡e wewe cwi‡K (Bivb `yLZ ingZ evby) wPwýZ Kiv hvq| jvjevM `yM©
Af¨šÍ‡i feb wZbwUi g‡a¨ me‡P‡q AvKl©Yxq eM©vKvi feb| fe‡bi †K‡›`ªi
eM©vKvi KÿwU‡Z i‡q‡Q wewe cwii mgvwa| (Z_¨m~Î evsjvwcwWqv)| cwiwewei gvRvi
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. XvKvi cÖ_g ivRavbx ¯’vcb K‡ib— (cÖv_wgK wkÿK wb‡qvM cixÿv- 2018)
K. m¤ªvU Rvnv½xi L. Bmjvg Lvu M. kv‡q¯Ív Lvb N. m¤ªvU AvKei DËi : L
e¨vL¨v: evsjvi ev‡iv (12) f‚uBqv‡ì DrLvZ K‡i c~e© evsjvi cÖv‡`wkK ivRavbx ivRgnj †_‡K XvKv‡Z ¯’vbvšÍi
K‡ib Bmjvg Lvu 1610 mv‡j| ZLb gyNj m¤ªvU wQ‡jb m¤ªvU Rvnv½xi| Zvi bvgvbymv‡i XvKvi bvgKiY nq
Rvnv½xibMi|
02. XvKvi Ô†avjvBLvjÕ †K Lbb K‡ib? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2019& 36Zg wewmGm]
K. Cmv Lvb L. kv‡q¯Ív Lvb M. cwiwewe N. Bmjvg Lvb DËi : N
03. Kvi mgq evsjvi ivRavbx XvKvq ¯’vcb Kiv nq? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK : 93]
K. eLwZqvi LjRx L. gywk©`Kzwj Lvu M. m¤ªvU Rvnv½xi N. †kikvn DËi : M
04. XvKvq evsjvi ivRavbx ¯’vc‡bi mgq gyNj my‡e`vi †K wQj? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK (‡nvqvs‡nv) : 13& 26Zg wewmGm]
K. Bmjvg Lvb L. Beªvnxg Lvb M. kv‡q¯Ív Lvb N. gxi Rygjv DËi : K
05. XvKvi bvg ÔRvnv½xibMiÕ iv‡Lb †K? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (`voUvbv) : 2008& cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK
(cÙv): 12]
K. kv‡q¯Ív Lvb L. myev`vi Bmjvg Lvb M. Beªvwng Lvb N. gxi Rygjv DËi : L
06. XvKv me©c«_g evsjvi ivRavbx n‡qwQj? (10g, 21Zg, 24Zg I 28Zg wewmGm)
07. ‡K evsjvi ivRavbx XvKv †_‡K gywk©`vev‡` ¯’vbvšÍi K‡ib? (15Zg wewmGm)
K. beve wmivRD‡ÏŠjv L. beve gywk©`Kzwj Lvu
M. myev`vi Bmjvg Lvb N. myev`vi kv‡q¯Ív Lvb DËi : L
08. XvKvi †QvU KvUiv I eo KvUiv †Kvb GjvKvq? (17Zg wewmGm)
K. PK evRv‡i L. mìNv‡U M. †cv¯Í‡Mvjvq N. k¨vgevRv‡i DËi : K
e¨vL¨v : XvKvi Ô†QvU KvUivÕ I Ôeo KvUivÕ Aew¯’Z PKevRvi GjvKvq| †QvU KvUiv wbg©vY K‡ib kv‡q¯Ív Lvb Ges eo
KvUiv wbg©vY K‡ib m¤ªvU kvnRvnvb cyÎ XvKvi myev`vi Ôkvn myRvÕ|
09. XvKvi weL¨vZ †QvU KvUiv wbg©vY K‡ib †K? [‡iwR÷vW© cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (nvmbv‡nbv) : 11& cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq
mnKvix wkÿK (Lyjbv wefvM) : 05]
K. beve wmivRD‡ÏŠjv L. kv‡q¯Ív Lvu M. Cmv Lvu N. gywk©`Kzwj Lvb DËi : L
10. wewe cwi †K wQ‡jb? (24Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi- evwZj)
K. AvIi½‡R‡ei Kb¨v L. kv‡q¯Ív Lv‡bi Kb¨v
M. gywk©`Kzwj Lv‡bi ¯¿x N. AvRgymkv‡bi gvZv DËi : L
11. jvjevM `y‡M©i Af¨šÍ‡ii mgvwa‡Z mgvwnZ kv‡q¯Ív Lv‡bi GK Kb¨vi Avmj bvg− (17Zg wewmGm)
K. wewe cwi L. Bivb `yL&Z M. Rvnvbviv N. gwiqg DËi : L
12. jvjevM †Kjøv ¯’vcb K‡ib †K? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK- 2012]
K. Bmjvg Lvub L. kvn myRv M. wUcy myjZvb N. kv‡q¯Ív Lvb DËi : N
e¨vL¨v: XvKvi jvjev‡M Aew¯’Z jvjevM †Kjøv wbgv©Y KvR AvIi½‡R‡ei cyÎ ïiæ Ki‡jI wZwb Zv †kl Ki‡Z
cv‡ib wb| kv‡q¯Ív Lvb evsjvi myev`vi wbhy³ n‡j wZwb Gi KvR †kl K‡ib| jvjev‡Mi wfZ‡i Aew¯’Z Zvi
Kb¨v cwi wewei gvRvi hvi Avmj bvg Bivb `yLZ|
13. ¯^vaxb evsjv‡`‡ki ivRavbx nIqvi c~‡e© XvKv evsjv‡`‡ki ivRavbx wQj— [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (‡Mvjvc) : 2012]
K. wZbevi L. Pvievi M. `yBevi N.GKevi DËi : L
14. ‡Kvb bMix gyNj Avg‡j myev bv‡g cwiwPZ wQj? (16Zg wewmGm)
K. †MŠo L. †mvbviMvuI M. XvKv N. ûMwj DËi : M
15. Ôev‡ivfzuBqvÕ Kv‡ì ejv n‡Zv? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2019]
K. gyNj Avg‡ji 12 Rb †mbvcwZ‡K L. weªwUk hy‡Mi kw³kvjx †hv×v‡ì
M. Dc‡ii DwjøwLZ mKj‡K N. eo eo ¯^vaxb Rwg`vi DËi : N
16. XvKvq jvjev‡Mi `yM© wbg©vY K‡ib †K? (16Zg I 36Zg wewmGm)
K. kv‡q¯Ív Lvb L. kv‡q¯Ív Lvb
M. gxi Rygjv N. my‡e`vi Bmjvg Lvb DËi : L
17. XvKvi P‡Ki gmwR‡ì wbg©vZv— [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (wkDwj) : 2011]
K. gxi Rygjv L. Bmjvg Lvb M. gywk©`Kzwj Lvb N. kv‡q¯Ív Lvb DËi : N
18. evsjvi `wÿY AÂ‡ji gvbyl‡K cZz©wMR I gM Rj`my¨‡ì AZ¨vPvi †_‡K †K iÿv K‡ib? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix
K. gywk©`Kzwj Lvb L. Bmjvg Lvb M. kv‡q¯Ív Lvb N. Cmvv Lvb DËi : M
19. ‡Kvb gyNj my‡e`vi cZz©wMR‡ì PÆMÖvg †_‡K weZvwoZ K‡ib? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (eywoM½v) : 2013]
K. Kvwmg Lvb L. Bmjvg Lvb M. gxi Rygjv N. kv‡q¯Ív Lvb DËi : N
20. ‡Kvb gyNj my‡e`vi PÆMÖvg `Lj K‡i Gi bvg iv‡Lb Bmjvgvev`? (24Zg evwZj wewmGm)
K. Bmjvg Lvb L. ivRv gvbwmsn M. gxi Rygjv N. kv‡q¯Ív Lvb DËi : N
21. evsjv‡`‡ki eZ©gvb †fŠ‡MvwjK GjvKv gymjgvb KZ©K „ kvwmZ nq—
K. PZz`©k †_‡K Aóv`k kZvãx ch©šÍ L. cÂ`k kZvãx‡Z
M. gyNj kvmbvg‡j N. PZz`©k kZvãxi c~‡e© DËi : M
e¨vL¨v : evsjv wewfbœ mg‡q wewfbœ kvmK KZ©K„ kvwmZ n‡jI PÆMÖvg AšÍf©y³ wQj bv| gyNj m¤ªvU AvIi½‡Re
KZ©K„ wbhy³ my‡e`vi kv‡q¯Ív Lvu AvivKvwb Rj`my¨‡ì nwU‡q PÆMÖv‡gi bvg iv‡Lb— ÔBmjvgvev`Õ| Gi gva¨‡g
PÆMÖvg cÖ_gev‡ii gZ c~Y©fv‡e evsjvi mv‡_ hy³ nq|
evsjvq bevex Avgj

gywk©` Kzwj Lvb → myRvDwÏb Lvb → midivR Lvb → Avjxew`© Lvb → wmivRD‡ÏŠjv|
gywk©` Kzwj Lvb (1717-1727)

gyNj m¤ªv‡Ui diiyL wkqvi ivRZ¡Kv‡j gywk©`Kzwj Lvb (1727-1739) evsjvi myev`vi wbhy³ nb| gywk©`Kzwj Lv‡bi
me©vwaK ¯§iYxq KxwZ© ivR¯^ ms¯‹vi (ivR¯^ eë¯’vi bvg- gvjRvwgbx)| m¤ªvU AvIi½‡R‡ei g„Zzï ci `ye©j gyNj
m¤ªvUMY `~ieZx© myev¸‡jvi w`‡K †Zgb `„wó w`‡Z cv‡ibwb| d‡j, Gme AÂ‡ji myev`viMY A‡bKUv ¯^vaxbfv‡e
wb‡R‡ì AÂj kvmb Ki‡Zb Ges evwl©K 1 †KvwU 3 jÿ UvKv ivR¯^ cvVv‡Zb| Zvui kvmbvg‡j evsjv myev cÖvq
¯^vaxb n‡q c‡o| G mgq myev‡K ejv n‡Zv ÔwbRvgZÕ Avi myev`v‡ii e`‡j c`we nq ÔbvwRgÕ|
→ gywk©`Kzwj Lv‡bi mgq D‡”Q`K…Z Rwg`vi‡ì cÖ`Ë fiY‡cvl‡Yi eë¯’vi bvg n‡jv—bvbKi|
→ wZwb evsjvq 1717 mv‡j ¯^vaxb bevex kvmb Pvjy K‡ib|
Avjxew`© Lvb
o Avjxew`© Lvb (cÖK…Z bvg— gxRv© †gvnv¤§` Avjx) wQ‡jb— wenv‡ii bv‡qe-B-AvwRg| wZwb midivR Lvb‡K
civwRZ K‡i evsjvi ÿgZv evsjvi beve nb|
o wZwb evsjvi cÖ_g cÖKZ
… ¯^vaxb beve KviY wZwb gyNj m¤ªvU‡ì ivR¯^ cÖ`vb eÜ K‡ib|
o gymjgvb kvmbvg‡j G‡`‡k G‡m AZ¨vPvi I jyU K‡i‡Q— eM©xiv| evsjv †_‡K eMx©‡ì weZvwoZ K‡ib−
Avjxew`© Lvb|
AÜK~c nZ¨v
beve wmivRD‡ÏŠjvi KjKvZv Awfhv‡bi mgq njI‡qjmn KwZcq Bs‡iR Kg©Pvix †dvU© DBwjqv‡g e›`x n‡q
wQ‡jb| njI‡q‡ji eY©bv Abymv‡i Rvbv hvq, beve 146 Rb BD‡ivcxq Bs‡iR e›`x‡K GKwU ÿz`ª AÜKvi cÖ‡Kv‡ô
Ave× iv‡Lb| cÖPÐ Mi‡g ÿz`ª RvqMvq 146 R‡bi g‡a¨ 123 Rb k^vmiæ× n‡q gviv hvq| evsjvi beve
wmivR‡ÏŠjv‡K ‡nq c«wZcbœ Kivi D‡Ïk¨ wb‡qB m¤¢eZ GB Kvwnbx iwPZ I c«PvwiZ n‡qwQj e‡j Abygvb Kiv nq|
njI‡qj KZ©K„ cÖPvwiZ GB Kvwnwb AÜK~c nZ¨v bv‡g cÖPvwiZ nq hvi †Kvb HwZnvwmK mZ¨Zv cvIq hvqwb|
‡kl beve I cjvkx hy×

→ cÖK…Z bvg—wgR©v †gvnv¤§`| wZwb wQ‡jb ‡kl ¯^vaxb beve| Zvui wcZvi bvg— R‡qb DwÏb|
→ Avjxew`© Lvb beve g‡bvbxZ K‡ib− Zvui Kwbô Kb¨v Av‡gbv †eM‡gi cyÎ wmivRD‡ÏŠjv‡K Zvui DËivwaKvix
g‡bvbxZ K‡ib| wmivR evsjv, wenvi, Dwol¨vi wmsnvm‡b e‡mb gvÎ 23 eQi eq‡m 10 GwcÖj, 1756 mv‡j|
→ 1756 mv‡j Bs‡iR‡ì KjKvZv †dvU© DBwjqvg `yM© `Lj K‡i †bb Ges KjKvZvi bvg iv‡Lb AvjxbMi|
→ Avjxew`©i cÖ_g Kb¨v N‡lwU †eM‡gi B‡”Q wQj Zvui wØZxq fwMœi cyÎ kIKZ R½ beve n‡eb| d‡j wZwb
wmivRD‡ÏŠjvi weiæ‡× lohš¿ Ki‡Z _v‡Kb|
→ cjvkxi hy× msNwUZ nq— 1757 mv‡ji 23 Ryb| G hy‡× Bs‡iR‡ì c‡ÿ †bZ…Z¡ †`b ievU© K¬vBf| Zv‡K
loh‡š¿ mvnvh¨ K‡ib N‡lwU †eMg, ivq`yj©f, RMr‡kV, gxi Rvdi, DwgPvu`, ivRejøf cÖgyL|
1757 mv‡ji 23 Ryb cjvwki hy‡× bev‡ei †mbvcwZ gxi Rvdi wek^vmNvZKZv K‡i hy‡× AskMÖn‡Y weiZ _v‡Kb|
Amnvqfv‡e civRq N‡U wmivRD‡ÏŠjvi| Gfv‡eB cjvwki hy‡×i ga¨ w`‡q evsjvq Bs‡iR kvm‡bi wfwË ¯’vwcZ
nq| Avi GKB mv‡_ evsjvq ga¨hy‡MiI Aemvb N‡U Ges bZzb hy‡Mi m~Pbv nq|
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. evsjvi cÖ_g ¯^vaxb beve †K? (37Zg wewmGm)
K. beve wmivRD‡ÏŠjv L. gywk©`Kzwj Lvb
M. Bwjqvm kvn N. AvjvDwÏb ‡nv‡mb kvn DËi : L
02. cjvkxi hy× msNwUZ nq 1757 mv‡ji— [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2019& 39Zg we‡kl wewmGm]
K. 22 Ryb L. 23 Ryb M. 24 Ryb N. 21 Ryb DËi : L
03. XvKvi Avnmvb gwÄj †K wbg©vY K‡ib? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2019]
K. beve KzZze DwÏb L. beve nvwdRyi ingvb
M. beve Avãyj MwY N. beve Avãyj jwZd DËi : M
04. evnv`yi kvn cvK© †Kv_vq Aew¯’Z? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2019]
K. w`jøx‡Z L. AvMÖvq M. ivRkvnx‡Z N. XvKvq DËi : N
evsjvq ewYK‡ì AvMgb

1648 mv‡j BD‡iv‡ci hy×iZ wewfbœ †`‡ki g‡a¨ GKwU kvwšÍPzw³ nq| G‡K e‡j ÔI‡q÷dvwjqvi Pzw³Õ| GwU
m¤úvw`Z nIqvi ci kvwšÍ cÖwZwôZ n‡j BD‡ivcxq wewfbœ RvwZ bZzb D`¨‡g evwY‡Rï D‡Ï‡k¨ †ewi‡q c‡o| G‡ì
AwaKvs‡ki jÿ¨ wQj fviZel©|
cZz©wMR o fvi‡Zi Avmvi Rjc_ Avwe®‹vi (1487 mv‡j)|
o 1487 mv‡j— ev_©‡jvwgD w`qvR DËgvkv AšÍix‡c ‡cŠuQvb|
o fv‡¯‹v `v Mvgv Avwd«Kv gnv‡`‡ki `wÿY DcK~‡j Aew¯’Z DËgvkv AšÍixc n‡q fviZe‡l©
Av‡mb— 1498 mv‡j| wZwb KvwjKU e›`‡i ‡cŠuQvb|
o fvi‡Z Avm‡Z fv‡¯‹v `v Mvgv Avie bvweK‡ì mvnvh¨ ‡bb|
o BD‡ivcxq‡ì g‡a¨ c«_g fvi‡Z Av‡m I NvuwU ¯’vcb— 1516 mv‡j|
o fvi‡Z cZ©ywMR ev BD‡ivcxq‡ì cÖ_g `yM© wQj Ô‡KvwPbÕ|
o Zviv evsjv‡Z wdwiw½ bv‡g cwiwPZ wQj|
Ij›`vR o †b`vij¨vÛ ev nj¨v‡Ûi Awaevmx‡ì ejv nq— Ij›`vR|
o Dcgnv‡`‡k gmjvi †kÖô eëmv wQj— Ij›`vR ewYK‡ì|
o Zviv B‡›`v‡bwkqv‡Z Dcwb‡ek ¯’vcb K‡iwQj|
o Zviv evsjvq Av‡m— 1602 mv‡j|
Bs‡iR o gyNj m¤ªvU Rvnv½x‡ii Avg‡j Bs‡iRiv webv ï‡é evwYR¨ Kivi AbygwZ cvq| m¤ªvU AvKe‡ii
AbygwZµ‡g ûMjx‡Z cZ©ywMRiv kni cÖwZwôZ K‡i| ewYKMY mivmwifv‡e e½‡`‡k evwYR¨ †K›`ª
¯’vcb K‡ib— m¤ªvU kvnRvnv‡bi Avg‡j|
o eëvmi D‡Ï‡k¨ Bswjk B÷ BwÛqv ‡Kv¤úvwb MVb— 1600 mv‡j|
o Dcgnv‡`‡k/evsjvq Bs‡iR‡ì c«_g KywV— myiv‡U (1608 mv‡j)|
o Bs‡iR evwYwR¨K †Kv¤úvwb KjKvZvq †dvU© DBwjqvg `yM© wbg©vY K‡ib|
‡Wwbk o †Wbgv‡K©i Awaevmx‡ì ejv nq— †Wwbk ev w`‡bgvi|
o ‡Wwbk B÷ BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwb MVb K‡i— 1616 mv‡j|
divwm o BD‡ivcxq‡ì g‡a¨ mevi †k‡l Av‡m| D‡Ïk¨ wQj— mv¤ªvR¨ ¯’vcb|
o divwmiv me©cÖ_g fvi‡Z evwYR¨ KzwVi ¯’vcb K‡i— myiv‡U| cwÐ‡Pix bvgK divwm Dcwb‡ekwU
¯’vcb K‡i d«vu‡mvqv gvwU©b| divwm B÷ BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwb cÖwZôv K‡i A_©mwPe †KvjevU|
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. evsjvq BD‡ivcxq ewYK‡ì g‡a¨ cÖ_g evwY‡Rï D‡Ï‡k¨ cÖ_g G‡mwQ‡jb− [10g I 16Zg wewmGm% gva¨wgK
we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 09% cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (K‡cvZvÿ) : 10]
K. Bs‡iRiv L. Ij›`vRiv M. divmxiv N. cZz©wMRiv DËi : N
e¨vL¨v : 27 †g, 1498 mv‡j (Rjc_ Avwe®‹…Z nq— 1487 mv‡j) cZz©wMR bvweK fv‡¯‹v-`v-Mvgv Avwd«Kv
gnv‡`‡ki `wÿY DcK~‡j Aew¯’Z DËgvkv AšÍixc n‡q `wÿY fvi‡Zi KvwjKU e›`‡i †cŠu‡Q fviZel©‡K wek^
evwYR¨ we¯Ív‡ii cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq wb‡q Av‡mb| Avi `ÿ bvweK Avj eyKvK© fviZ gnvmvM‡ii KZ…©Z¡ AwaKvi K‡i
GK K_vq cy‡iv fvi‡Zi ewne©vwYR¨ KivqË K‡i †bb|
02. KZ mv‡j BD‡ivc n‡Z Avwd«Kvi DËgvkv AšÍixc n‡q mgy`ªc‡_ c~e©w`‡K Avmvi Rjc_ Avwe®‹…Z nq? [cÖv_wgK
mnKvix wkÿK : 10]
03. BD‡ivc ‡_‡K mgy`ªc‡_ fviZe‡l© Avmvi c_ Avwe®‹…Z nq †Kvb mv‡j? [cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK (BQvgwZ) : 10, cÖv_wgK
we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (ivRkvnx wefvM) : 08]
04. ‡Kvb mv‡j cZ©ywMR bvweK fv‡¯‹v `v Mvgv fvi‡Z †cŠ‡Qb?
05. KjKvZv bMixi cÖwZôvZv †K?
K. K¬vBf L. Wvj‡nŠwm M. I‡q‡jmwj N. Re Pvb©K DËi : N
evsjvq Jcwb‡ewkK kvmb

fviZe‡l© evwYR¨ we¯Ív‡ii j‡ÿ¨ 1600 mv‡j Bsj¨v‡Û ¯’vwcZ nq Ôw` weªwUk B÷ BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwbÕ| 1651 mv‡j
ûMwj‡Z Ges 1658 mv‡j KvwkgevRv‡i Zviv evwYR¨KzwV ¯’vcb K‡i| ÔWvP B÷ BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwbÕ 1630 mv‡j
evsjvq cÖ‡ek Ki‡jI weªwUk‡ì mv‡_ wU‡K _vK‡Z bv †c‡i wKQzKvj c‡i B‡›`v‡bwkqv I gvj‡qwkqvi w`‡K P‡j
hvq| Ô‡d«Â B÷ BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwbÕ cÖwZôv K‡i divwmiv 1664 mv‡j evsjvq cÖ‡ek K‡i Ges P›`bbMi Ges PzuPovq
k³ NvuwU M‡o †Zv‡j| Z‡e Bs‡iR‡ì mv‡_ wZb `dv hy‡× †n‡i ZvivI cÖvq GKk eQ‡ii evwYR¨ ¸wU‡q B‡›`vPx‡bi
w`‡K P‡j hvq|
Mfb©i  B÷ BwÛqv ‡Kv¤úvwbi Aaxb kvmK‡ì ejv nZ Mfb©i|
 c«_g Mfb©i- jW© K¬vBf (1765-1772)|
 me©‡kl Mfb©i-Iqv‡ib ‡nw÷sm (1772-1785)|
Mfb©i  B÷ BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwbi kvmK Z‡e weªwUk cvj©v‡g‡›Ui Aaxb wQ‡jb|
†Rbv‡ij  fviZ kvmb msµvšÍ ‡i¸‡jwUs A¨v± 1773 Gi gva¨‡g Gi Kvh©Ki Kiv nq|
 c«_g Mfb©i ‡Rbv‡ij Iqv‡ib ‡nw÷sm (1772-1785) Ges
 me©‡kl Mfb©i ‡Rbv‡ij wQ‡jb jW© K¨vwbs (1856-1858)|
fvBmiq  ivYx wf‡±vwiqvi Aaxb kvmbKZ©v‡K fvBmiq ev eo jvU ejv nq|
 1857 mv‡ji wmcvnx we‡`«v‡ni djkÖæwZ‡Z ‡Kv¤úvwbi kvmb ‡kl nq Ges fvBmiq c‡ì ïiæ nq|
 cÖ_g fvBmiq jW© K¨vwbs (1858-1862) Ges
 me©‡kl fvBmiq jW© gvD›Ue¨v‡Ub (gvP© 1947 – AvM÷ 1947)
ievU© K¬vBf
 Dcgnv‡`‡ki cÖ_g Bs‡iR Mfb©i ievU© K¬vBf|
 †Kv¤úvwbi †Ìqvwb jvf : 1765 mv‡j e·v‡ii hy‡×i (1764 mvj) ci K¬vBf w`wjøi m¤ªvU kvn Avj‡gi mv‡_
Gjvnvev‡` GKwU Pzw³ ¯^vÿi K‡ib| GB Pzw³i d‡j ÔB÷ BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwbÕ gyNj ev`kvn kvn Avj‡gi wbKU
n‡Z AvbyôvwbKfv‡e evsjv, wenvi, Dwol¨vi †Ìqvwb jvf K‡i|
 ‰ØZ kvmb eë¯’v (1765) : w`wjøi m¤ªvU kvn& Avj‡gi wbKU n‡Z †Ìqvwb jv‡fi ci evsjvi beve‡K
e„wË‡fvMx‡Z cwiYZ K‡i ievU© K¬vBf ÔˆØZ kvmbÕ cÖeZ©b K‡ib| ˆØZ kvmb eë¯’vq K¬vBf evsjvi bev‡ei Dci
kvmb I wePvi wefv‡Mi `vwqZ¡ Ac©Y K‡ib| ivR¯^ Av`vq I cÖwZiÿvi `vwqZ¡ b¨¯Í K‡ib ‡Kv¤úvbxi Dci| Gi
d‡j beve †c‡jb ÔÿgZvnxb `vwqZ¡Õ Ges †Kv¤úvwb jvf Kij Ô`vwqZ¡nxb ÿgZvÕ| ‰ØZ kvmb eë¯’vi gvivZ¥K
cwiYwZ nj wQqvË‡ii gš^šÍi|
jW© KvwU©qvi
 wQqvË‡ii gš^šÍ‡ii mgq evsjvi Mfb©i wQ‡jb jW© KvwU©qvi|
 wQqvË‡ii gš^šÍi : ˆØZ kvm‡bi AvIZvq ivR¯^ Av`v‡qi `vwqZ¡ †c‡q Bs‡iRiv cÖRv‡ì Dci AwZwi³ Ki
Av‡ivc K‡i Zv Av`v‡q cÖPÐ Pvc m„wó K‡i| AwZwi³ K‡ii Pv‡c hLb RbMY I K…l‡Ki bvwfk^vm IVvi Ae¯’v
†mmgq †`‡k cici wZb eQi Abve„wói d‡j Livq dm‡ji e¨vcK ÿwZ nq| evsjv 1176 e½vã ev Bs‡iwR
1770 wLªóv‡ã †b‡g Av‡m `ywf©‡ÿi Kivj Qvqv| `ywf©‡ÿ jÿ jÿ †jvK Abvnv‡i gviv ‡M‡jI †Kv¤úvwb K‡ii
†evSv Kgv‡bvi †Kvb c`‡ÿc †bqwb| GB `ywf©‡ÿ evsjvi cÖvq GK Z…Zxqvsk ‡jv‡Ki g„Zz¨ n‡qwQj| BwZnv‡m
GwU ÔwQqvË‡ii gš^šÍiÕ bv‡g cwiwPZ|
‡i¸‡jwUs A¨v±, 1773

ˆØZ kvmb eë¯’vq Bs‡iR †Kv¤úvwbi AZ¨vPvi wbcxo‡bi wewfbœ w`K weªwUk cÎ-cwÎKvq cÖKvwkZ n‡j Bsj¨v‡Û ‰ØZ
kvm‡bi weiæ‡× Zzgyj ZK© weZK© ïiæ nq| GRb¨ weªwUk cvj©v‡g‡›Ui mycvwikµ‡g fviZ kvmb msµvšÍ ‡i¸‡jwUs
A¨v±, 1773 Kvh©Ki Kiv nq| Gi d‡j †Kv¤úvwbi Mfb©‡ii c` Mfb©i †Rbv‡ij c‡` DbœxZ nq|
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. Bs‡iR B÷-BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwb KLb evsjv, wenvi I Dwol¨vi ‡Ìqvwb jvf K‡ib? (24Zg wewmGm- evwZj)
K. 1690 L. 1765 M. 1793 N. 1829 DËi : L
02. evsjvi ÔÔwQqvË‡ii gš^šÍiÕÕ Gi mgqKvj?
K. 1770 wLª÷vã L. 1760 wLª÷vã M. 1765 wLª÷vã N. 1756 wLª÷vã DËi : K
03. ÔwQqvË‡ii gš^šÍiÕ bvgK fqven `ywf©ÿ KZ mv‡j N‡U? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK (Avjdv) : 14 & cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq
mnKvix wkÿK : 19& 14Zg wewmGm]
K. evsjv 1076 mv‡j L. evsjv 1176 mv‡j
M. evsjv 1376 mv‡j N. Bs‡iRx 1876 mv‡j DËi: L
04. ÔwQqvË‡ii gš^šÍiÕ bvgK fqven `ywf©ÿ n‡qwQj KZ mv‡j? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (evMvbwejvm) : 12& cÖv_wgK
we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (wµmbw_gvg) : 12]
evsjv †cÖwm‡WwÝi Mfb©‡ii kvmb
Iqv‡ib †nw÷sm (1772-1785)

→ Iqv‡ib †nw÷sm wQ‡jb— cÖ_g Mfb©i †Rbv‡ij|
→ Dcgnv‡`‡k me©cÖ_g ivR¯^ †evW© MVb K‡ib|
→ AvBb-B-AvKeix MÖšw’ U Bs‡iwR‡Z Abyev` Kivi D‡`¨vM MÖnY K‡ib|
→ fvi‡Z weªwUk mv¤ªvR¨ we¯Ív‡i cÖ_g m~Pbv K‡ib wZwb| GÛgÛ evK©
Iqv‡ib ‡nw÷sm‡K gvbeRvwZi kÎæ e‡j D‡jøL K‡ib|
→ wZwb gywk©`vev` ‡_‡K ivR‡Kvl I ivRavbx KjKvZvq ¯’vbvšÍi K‡ib|
→ 1772 mv‡j †evW© Ae wW‡i±i‡mi wb‡`©‡k ‰ØZ kvmb eë¯’v iwnZ K‡ib|
→ wZwb cvuPkvjv e‡›`ve¯Í cÖeZ©b K‡ib|
jW© Kb©Iqvwjm (1785-1798)
 jW© Kb©Iqvwjm miKvwi Kg©Pvix‡ì Rb¨ †h wewa weavb Pvjy K‡ib
cieZ©xKv‡j Zv ÔBwÛqvb wmwfj mvwf©mÕ bv‡g cÖPwjZ nq|
 wZwb 1789 wLª÷v‡ã evsjvq `k kvjv e‡›`ve¯Í Pvjy K‡ib|
 1793 mv‡j wZwb `k kvjv e‡›`ve¯Í‡K ÔwPi¯’vqx e‡›`ve¯ÍÕ e‡j †NvlYv †`b|
wPi¯’vqx e‡›`ve‡¯Í Rwgi gvwjK nq Rwg`viMY|
 m~h©v¯Í AvB‡bi Kvi‡Y wbw`©ó w`‡b ivR¯^ cÖ`v‡b e¨_© nIqvq eû Rwg`vi
Zv‡ì Rwg`vwi nvivq|
jW© I‡q‡jmwj (1798-1805)

→ gnxk~‡ii kvmbKZ©v wUcy myjZvb wØZxq gnxk~i hy‡× Bs‡iR †mbvcwZ
†eªB_I‡qU‡K civwRZ K‡ib|
→ mv¤ªvR¨ we¯Ív‡i jW© I‡q‡jmwj KZ©K „ M„nxZ bxwZi bvg AaxbZvg~jK wgÎZv|
jW© I‡q‡jmwj wUcy myjZvb‡K AaxbZvg~jK wgÎZv bxwZ MÖn‡Yi Avgš¿Y
Rvbvb| wUcy myjZvb GB Avgš¿Y cÖZ¨vL¨vb Ki‡j I‡q‡jmwj 1799 mv‡j wUcyi
weiæ‡× ÔPZz_© gnxk~i hy×Õ †NvlYv K‡ib| wUcy ex‡ii b¨vq hy× K‡i knx` nb|
→ wZwb †dvU© DBwjqvg K‡j‡Ri cÖwZôvZv (1800 wLª÷v‡ã)|
→ fvi‡Z I‡q‡jmwji kvmbvg‡j &mg-mvgwqK BD‡iv‡ci kvmK wQj †b‡cvwjqb
†evbvcvU©| jW© I‡q‡jmwj
‡WwfW †nw÷sm (1813-1823)

→ 1817 mv‡j KjKvZv wn›`y K‡jR cÖwZôv K‡ib|
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. Ôevsjvq wPi¯’vqx e‡›`ve¯ÍÕ cÖeZ©b Kiv nq KZ mv‡j? (10g I 34Zg wewmGm)
K. 1700 L. 1762 M. 1965 N. 1793 DËi : N
02. evsjvq wPi¯’vqx f~wg eë¯’v ‡K cÖeZ©b K‡ib? [22Zg wewmGm]
K. jW© Kb©Iqvwjm L. jW© †ew›UsK M. jW© K¬vBf N. jW© Iqv‡fj DËi : K
fvi‡Zi Mfb©i †Rbv‡i‡ji kvmb
jW© DBwjqvg †ew›U¼ (1823-1835 wLª.)

 mZx`vn cÖ_v : 1829 mv‡ji 4 wW‡m¤î jW© DBwjqvg †ew›U¼ AvBb K‡i mZx`vn cÖ_v iwnZ K‡ib| GB ms¯‹vi
Kv‡R jW© DBwjqvg †ew›U¼ ivRv ivg‡gvnb iv‡qi mn‡hvwMZv jvf K‡ib| mZx`vn n‡jv ¯^vgxi wPZvq RxešÍ
¯¿x‡KI `vn| ZrKvjxb wn›`y mgv‡R g„Z ¯^vgxi mv‡_ RxweZ ¯¿x‡KI †cvov‡bv n‡Zv|
 fviZe‡l© cvðvZ¨ wkÿvi cÖmv‡i me©cÖ_g AvBb cÖYqb K‡ib|
jW© Wvj‡nŠwm (1848-1856 wLª.)
→ Dcgnv‡`‡k Bs‡iR kvmK‡ì g‡a¨ me‡P‡q †ewk mv¤ªvRëv`x jW© Wvj‡nŠwm Ô¯^Z¡ we‡jvc bxwZÕ cÖ‡qvM K‡i
mvuZviv, Svuwm, bvMcyi, m¤^jcyi cÖfw… Z ivR¨¸‡jv weªwUk mv¤ªvR¨fz³ K‡ib|
→ 1850 mv‡j wZwb me©cÖ_g KjKvZv †_‡K WvqgÛ nvievi ch©šÍ ‡UwjMÖvd jvBb ¯’vcb K‡ib|
→ 1853 mv‡j wZwb Dcgnv‡`‡k ‡ij †hvMv‡hvM eë¯’v Pvjy K‡ib|
→ 1856 mv‡j wZwb wn›`y weaev weevn AvBb (The Hindu Widows Re-marriage Act, 1856) cvm K‡i
wn›`y weaev‡ì cybtweevn Pvjy K‡ib| GB AvBb cÖPj‡b CkîP›`ª we`¨vmvM‡ii f~wgKv Ab¯^xKvh©|
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. mZx`vn cÖ_v KZ mv‡j iwnZ nq? [22Zg wewmGm& cÖv_wgK wkÿK wb‡qvM cixÿv- 2018& cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK
(`Rjv, ivBb) : 13]
K. 1819 L. 1829 M. 1839 N. 1849 DËi: L
02. ÔmZx`vnÕ cÖ_v iwnZKiY AvBb cvm K‡ib †K? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (hgybv)- 2012]
K. jW© K¨vwbs L. jW© †ew›U¼ M. jW© wicb N. jW© KvR©b DËi : L
Mfb©i †Rbv‡ij I fvBmi‡qi kvmb

jW© K¨vwbs (1858-1862 wLª÷vã)
 jW© K¨vwbs wQ‡jb Dcgnv‡`‡ki me©‡kl— Mfb©i †Rbv‡ij|
 wZwb me©‡kl Mfb©i †Rbv‡ij wn‡m‡e 1856 1858 mvj ch©šÍ `vwqZ¡ cvjb
K‡ib| Gi ci 1858 1862 mvj ch©šÍ fvBmiq ev eojvU wn‡m‡e `vwqZ¡
cvjb K‡ib| ZvB wZwb Dcgnv‡`‡ki— cÖ_g fvBmiq|
 K¨vwbs-Gi Avg‡j 1857 mv‡j Dcgnv‡`‡k wmcvwn we‡`ªvn nq|
 1861 mv‡j jW© K¨vwbs Dcgnv‡`‡k cywjk mvwf©m I BwÛqvb wmwfj mvwf©m
Pvjy K‡ib|
 wZwb Dcgnv‡`‡k KvM‡Ri gy`ªv Pvjy K‡ib|
 Rwg`vi‡` i nvZ †_‡K ivqZ‡ì iÿv‡_© K¨vwbs wUb¨vwÝ A¨v± Pvjy K‡ib|
jW© †g‡qv (1869-1872 wLª÷vã)

o 1872 mv‡j jW© †g‡qvi kvmbvg‡j fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡k cÖ_g Av`gïgvwi cwiPvwjZ nq|
jW© wjUb (1876-80 wLª÷vã)

 1878 mv‡j A¯¿ AvBb (The Arms Act) cvm K‡i webv jvB‡m‡Ý A¯¿ ivLv wbwl× K‡ib|
 msev`cÎ AvBb (Vernacular Press Act) cvm K‡i †`kxq fvlvq cÖPvwiZ msev`c‡Îi ¯^vaxbZv niY K‡ib|
jW© wicb (1880-84 wLª.)

→ 1881 mv‡j kÖwgK Kj¨v‡Yi Rb¨ Ôd¨v±wi AvBbÕ Pvjy K‡i we‡kl L¨vwZ AR©b K‡ib| G AvB‡bi Øviv kÖwgK‡ì
8 NÈv Kv‡Ri weavb Pvjy Kiv nq|
→ 1882 mv‡j wZwb DBwjqvg nv›Uvi‡K ‡Pqvig¨vb K‡i cÖ_g fviZxq wkÿv Kwgkb MVb K‡ib|
→ KviLvbv‡Z wkï kÖwgK wb‡qvM wbwl× K‡ib|
→ msev`cÎ AvBb iwnZ K‡i msev`c‡Îi ¯^vaxbZv cÖ`vb K‡ib|
→ fvi‡Z ¯’vbxq miKvi eë¯’vi cÖeZ©K| BjevU© wej cvm K‡ib|
→ Judge me my acts and not by my words. (jW© wicb KjKvZvi cÖ_g Rbmfvq e‡jb|)
jW© KvR©b (1899-1905 wLª÷vã)

 e½f‡½i mgq fvBmi‡qi wQ‡jb|
 fvi‡Zi e„nËg jvB‡eªwi ÔB‡¤úwiqvj jvB‡eªwiÕ cÖwZôv K‡ib|
e½f½ (1905) I e¨vgwdì dzjvi

 1905 mv‡ji 19 RyjvB miKv‡ii P~ovšÍ wm×všÍ ‡gvZv‡eK 1905 mv‡ji 16B A‡±vei Kvh©Ki nq|
 e½f‡½i gva¨‡g evsjv 2wU fv‡M wef³ nq| c«‡`k `yBwU M‡o I‡V—
c~e©e½ I Avmvg o evsjv‡`k I Avmvg‡K wb‡q M‡o I‡V| ¦evsjv G hveZ `yÕevi wef³ nq—
cÖ‡`k o G cÖ‡`‡ki ivRavbx wQj XvKv|
o G cÖ‡`‡ki 1g †jd‡Ub¨v›U Mfb©i wQ‡jb  1905 mv‡j e½f‡½i
e¨vgwdì dyjvi| gva¨‡g|
cwðge½, wenvi o cwðg evsjv, wenvi Ges Dwol¨v wb‡q|  1947 mv‡j fviZ wefw³i
I Dwol¨v cÖ‡`k o G cÖ‡`‡ki ivRavbx wQj KjKvZv| gva¨‡g|
jW© wg‡›Uv (1905-1910)

→ gwj©-wg‡›Uv ms¯‹vi AvB‡bi gva¨‡g jW© wg‡›Uv gymjgvb‡ì c„_K wbe©vP‡bi AwaKvi †`b|
→ 1910 mv‡j †cÖm A¨v± cÖYqb K‡ib|
jW© nvwW©Ä (1910-1916 wLª÷vã), ¯^‡`kx Av‡›`vjb I e½f½ i`

jW© KvR©b 1905 mv‡ji 19 RyjvB miKvwifv‡e e½f‡½i ‡NvlYv ‡`b| c«wZwµqvq
Av‡›`vj‡bi ïiæ nq| Av‡›`vj‡bi iY‡KŠk‡ji AšÍM©Z wQj weªwUk cY¨ eqKU Ges
‡`kxq wkí I Drcv`b c«wµqvi DbœwZ mvab| GwU 1911 mvj ch©šÍ P‡jwQj| GB
Av‡›`vjb wQj cÖvK-MvÜx hy‡Mi mdjZg Av‡›`vjb¸wji Ab¨Zg| 1911 mv‡j e½f½
i` nq| e½f½ i‡ì mgq we«‡U‡bi ivRv wQ‡jb 5g RR© Ges fvBmiq wQ‡jb jW©
nvwW©Ä| 1912 mv‡j ivRavbx KjKvZv Kiv n‡jI 1912 mv‡j w`wjø‡Z n¯ÍvšÍi Kiv
nq (c~e© + cwðg evsjv = ‡e½j cÖ‡`k)|
XvKv wek^we`¨vjq cÖwZôv

o 1912 mv‡j XvKvq wek^we`¨vjq cÖwZôvi cÖwZkÖæwZ †`b ZrKvjxb weªwUk fvi‡Zi fvBmiq jW© nvwW©Ä|
o 1913 mv‡j cÖKvwkZ nq bv_vb KwgwUi BwZevPK wi‡cvU© Ges †m eQiB wW‡m¤î gv‡m †mwU Aby‡gvw`Z nq|
o 1917 mv‡ji gvP© gv‡m ˆmq` bIqve Avjx †PŠayix Bg‡cwiqvj †jwRm‡jwUf KvDwÝ‡j Awej‡¤^ XvKv wek^we`¨vjq
wej cv‡ki AvnŸvb Rvbvb| 1920 mv‡ji 23 gvP© Mfb©i †Rbv‡ij G we‡j m¤§wZ †`b|
o 1921 mv‡ji 1jv RyjvB XvKv wek^we`¨vj‡qi hvÎv ïiæ nq|
o GB wek^we`¨vj‡hi cÖ_g DcvPvh© wQ‡jb m¨vi wc. †R. nvU©R Ges cÖ_g QvÎx wQ‡jb jxjv bvM|
jW© †Pgm‡dvW© (1916-1921)
g‡›U¸-‡Pgm‡dvW© AvBb (1919) cÖYxZ nq hv fviZ kvmb AvBb bv‡g cwiwPZ| GB AvBb †gvZv‡eK, †K‡›`ª
`yBKÿwewkó AvBbmfv wQj Z‡e cÖKZ … ÿgZv wQj fvBmi‡qi ev eojv‡Ui nv‡Z| cÖv‡`wkK ˆØZkvmb bxwZ Kvh©Ki
_vK‡jI ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq¸‡jv wQj Mfb©‡ii nv‡Z| GRb¨ RbM‡Yi ¯^vqËkvm‡bi `vex c~iY nqwb|
jW© gvD›Ue¨v‡Ub (gvP©-AvM÷, 1947 wL÷vã)

1947 mv‡ji 3 Ryb weªwUk fvi‡Zi †kl fvBmiq ev eojvU gvD›Ue¨v‡Ub fviZel©‡K fviZ I cvwK¯Ívb bv‡g `ywU
mve©‡fŠg iv‡óª wef³ Kivi cwiKíbv †NvlYv K‡ib| wZwb wmwij Rb i¨vWwK¬d‡K `ywU mxgvbv wbhy³Kvix Kwgk‡bi
†Pqvig¨vb K‡ib| 1947 mv‡ji 18 RyjvB weªwUk cvj©v‡g‡›U ÔfviZ ¯^vaxb AvBb, 1947Õ cÖYxZ nq| G mgq weª‡U‡bi
cÖavbgš¿x wQ‡jb wK¬‡g›U GUwj|
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. fviZe‡l© cÖ_g Av`gïgvwi nq †Kvb mv‡j? [miKvwi gva¨wgK we`¨vj‡qi cÖavb wkÿK : 97]
K. 1972 L. 1850 M. 1872 N. 1971 DËi : M
02. jW© K¨vwbs fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡k cÖ_g †Kvb eë¯’v Pvjy K‡ib? (22Zg I 35Zg wewmGm)
K. wPi¯’vqx e‡›`ve¯Í eë¯’v L. mZx`vn wbeviY eë¯’v
M. ‰ØZ kvmb eë¯’v N. cywjk eë¯’v DËi : N
03. Dcgnv‡`‡ki me©‡kl Mfb©i †Rbv‡ij †K wQ‡jb?
K. jW© wg‡›Uv L. jW© KvR©b M. jW© gvD›Ue¨v‡Ub N. jW© K¨vwbs DËi : N
04. c~e©e½ I Avmvg cÖ‡`k MVbKv‡j weªwUk fvi‡Zi Mfb©i †Rbv‡ij I fvBmiq wQ‡jb− (29Zg I 37Zg wewmGm I
40Zg wewmGm)
K. jW© wicb L. jW© KvR©b M. jW© wg‡›Uv N. jW© nvwW©Ä DËi : L
05. 1905 mv‡j beMwVZ cÖ‡`‡ki cÖ_g †jd‡U‡b›U Mfb©i †K wQ‡jb? (15Zg wewmGm)
K. e¨vgwdì dzjvi L. jW© wg‡›Uv M. Iqv‡ib †nw÷sm N. jW© KvR©b DËi : K
06. e½f½ i` nq KZ mv‡j? (24Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi- evwZj)
K. 1905 L. 1916 M. 1923 N. 1911 DËi : N
07. e½f‡½i c‡iB XvKvq wK wbwg©Z nq? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (kir) : 10]
K. myig¨ AÆvwjKv L. KvR©b nj M. nvB‡KvU© N. Gi me¸wjB DËi : N
08. Ôe½f½Õ wK ai‡bi ms¯‹vi wQj? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2019]
K. cÖkvmwbK ms¯‹vi L. mvgvwRK ms¯‹vi M. KvVv‡gvMZ ms¯‹vi N. Avw_©K ms¯‹vi DËi : K
09. ‡KvbwU weªwUk Avg‡ji ¯’vcZ¨? (cÖv_wgK wkÿK wb‡qvM cixÿv- 2018)
K. Avw½bv gmwR` L. KvR©b nj M. jvjevM †Kjøv N. RvZxq msm` feb DËi : L
e¨vL¨v: weªwUk Avg‡j ¯’vcZ¨ n‡jv-KvR©b nj| cÖ_‡g G njwU UvDb nj wn‡m‡e wbwg©Z nq c‡i weªwUk fvi‡Zi
fvBmiq jW© KvR©b 1904 mv‡j Gi wfwËcÖ¯Íi ¯’vcb K‡ib Avi bvgKiY nq KvR©b nj|
10. XvKv wek^we`¨vjq cÖwZwôZ nq †Kvb m‡b? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2019& 22Zg wewmGm]
K. 1905 L. 1911 M. 1920 N. 1921 DËi : N
11. PÆMÖvg wek^we`¨vjq K‡e cÖwZwôZ nq?
e¨vL¨v: PÆMÖvg wek^we`¨vjq cÖwZwôZ nq- 18 b‡f¤î, 1966 mv‡j PÆMÖvg †Rjvi nvUnvRvix‡Z|
12. Dcgnv‡`‡ki g‡a¨ XvKv wek^we`¨vj‡qi cÖ_g fvBm P¨v‡Ýji− (25Zg wewmGm)
K. W. i‡gkP›`ª gRyg`vi L. W. ˆmq` †gvqv‡¾g †nv‡mb
M. W. gvngy` †nv‡mb N. m¨vi G. Gd ingvb
13. evsjvq gymjgvb‡ì g‡a¨ AvaywbK wkÿv cÖPj‡b †K AMÖYx f~wgKv cvjb K‡ib? (24Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi- evwZj)
K. ‰mq` Avwgi Avjx L. bIqve Avãyj jwZd
M. bIqve m¨vi mwjgyjøvn N. m¨vi ˆmq` Avn‡g` Lvb DËi : L
14. weªwUk fvi‡Zi †kl fvBmiq †K? (29Zg wewmGm)
K. jW© Iqv‡fj L. jW© KvR©b M. jW© gvD›Ue¨v‡Ub N. jW© †ew›UK DËi : M
evsjvq ¯^vaxKvi Av‡›`vjb

Iqv‡ib †nw÷sm 1781 mv‡j KjKvZv gv`ªvmv cÖwZôv K‡ib| Gici 1791 mv‡j ms¯‹…Z K‡jR cÖwZôv Kiv nq|
D”PZi wkÿv I M‡elYv cÖwZôvb wn‡m‡e cÖwZôv Kiv nq ÔKjKvZv wek^we`¨vjqÕ| Gm‡ei g~j D‡Ïk¨ wQj GKwU
wkwÿZ AbyMZ †kÖwY M‡o †Zvjv| Z‡e mKj cÖwZeÜKZvi g‡aÏ ¯^vaxbZvKvgx gvbyl ¯^vaxKvi Av‡›`vjb Pvwj‡q †h‡Z
_v‡K|
dwKi-mbœ¨vmx Av‡›`vjb
→ B÷ BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwbi ÿgZv jv‡fi ci cÖ_g we‡`ªvn dwKi— mbœ¨vmx Av‡›`vjb bv‡g cwiwPZ| 1760-1800
mvj ch©šÍ G we‡`ªvn P‡jwQj|
→ 1764 mv‡j e·v‡ii hy‡× gxi Kvwkg dwKi-mbœ¨vmx‡ì wbKU mvnvh¨ Kvgbv K‡ib| dwKi-mbœ¨vmxM‡Yi
mnvqZvi c‡iI gxi Kvwkg civwRZ n‡j Zvuiv Av‡›`vjb Pvwj‡q †h‡Z _v‡Kb|
→ evsjvq mbœ¨vmx we‡`ªv‡ni bvqK-bvwqKv wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ— fevbx cvVK I †èx †PŠayivYx|
→ GB Av‡›`vj‡bi †bZv dwKi gRby kv‡ni g„Zzï ci GB Av‡›`vjb †hvM¨ †bZ…‡Z¡i Afv‡e w¯ÍwgZ n‡q c‡o|
e·v‡ii hy× (1764 wLª÷vã)

1760 mv‡j Bs‡iR Mfb©i fvwÝUvU© gxiRvdi‡K ÿgZv †_‡K mwi‡q gxi Kv‡kg‡K kZ©mv‡c‡ÿ wmsnvm‡b emvb|
gxi Kvwkg ¯^vaxbfv‡e kvmbKvh© cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z PvIqvq Bs‡iR‡ì mv‡_ Zvui hy× Awbevh© n‡q D‡VwQj| beve
Bs‡iR‡ì †gvKv‡ejvi Rb¨ cÖ¯w‘ Z MÖnY Ki‡Z _v‡Kb| wZwb A‡hva¨vi beve myRvD‡ÏŠjv Ges gyNj m¤ªvU kvn
Avj‡gi m‡½ GKwÎZ n‡q 1764 mv‡ji 22‡k A‡±vei wenv‡ii e·vi bvgK ¯’v‡b Bs‡iR‡ì mv‡_ kw³ cixÿvq
AeZxY© nb| `yf©vM¨µ‡g mw¤§wjZ evwnbx †gRi gb‡ivi Kv‡Q civwRZ nq|
PvKgv we‡`ªvn (1776-1789)

 ‡bZ…Z¡ †`q— PvKgv ivRv ‡Rvqvb eLm& Lvu|
 KviY— PvKgv ivRv †Rvqvb eKm&‡K gy`ªvq ivR¯^ w`‡Z eva¨ Kiv nq I cve©Z¨ PÆMÖv‡g gy`ªv A_©bxwZ cÖPj‡bi
eë¯’v Kiv nq| d‡j †mLv‡b Aw¯’iZv †`Lv hvq Ges PvKgv we‡`ªvn msMwVZ nq|
wZZzgx‡ii Av‡›`vjb
 wZZzgx‡ii cÖKZ
… bvg— gxi wbmvi Avjx wZZzgxi|
 Iqvnvwe Av‡›`vj‡bi m~Î a‡i wZZzgxi cÖ_g evivmv‡Z Bs‡iR‡ì wec‡ÿ we‡`ªvn †NvlYv K‡ib|
 evivmv‡Zi we‡`ªv‡ni ci Bs‡iR‡ì mv‡_ hy‡×i Avk¼v K‡i wZwb bvwi‡Kjevwoqvq evu‡ki‡Kjøv (1831 wLª÷v‡ã
19 b‡f¤î) wbg©vY K‡ib| wZZzgx‡ii ˆZwi euv‡ki †Kjøv Bs‡iR ˆmbïv aŸsm K‡i 1831 mv‡j|
 Bs‡iR †jd‡Ub¨v›U K‡b©j ÷zqv‡U©i †bZ…‡Z¡ Bs‡iR Kvgvb I †Mvjv¸wj‡Z wZZzgx‡ii evu‡ki †Kjøv P~Y©-weP~Y© nq|
GB hy‡× cÖ_g ev½vwj wn‡m‡e B÷ BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwbi weiæ‡× A¯¿aviY K‡i knx` nb| GB hy‡× Zvui AviI Pwjøk
mnPi knx` nb|
mvuIZvj we‡`ªvn
→ †bZ…Z¡ †`b `yB fvB− wmay Avi Kvby|
→ eo jvU Wvj‡nŠwmi mg‡q mvuIZvj we‡`ªvn (1855 mv‡ji 30 Ryb) nq|
wmcvwn we‡`ªvn
→ 1856 mv‡j Gbwdì bvgK GK cÖKvi ivB‡dj eënvi ïiæ nq| GB e›`y‡Ki KvZ©yR `vuZ w`‡q †K‡U eënvi
Ki‡Z nq| ¸Re i‡U †h, GB e›`y‡Ki KvZ©yR Miæ I ï‡qv‡ii Pwe© w`‡q ˆZix| wn›`y-gymjgvb ˆmwbK‡ì g‡b
aviYv R‡b¥ †h, Zv‡ì ag© webó Kivi Rb¨ GB eë¯’v K‡i‡Q|
→ 1857 mv‡ji 29 gvP© e¨vivKcy‡i wmcvwn g½jcv‡Ð KvZz©R eënv‡i A¯^xK…wZ Rvbvb Ges Zvi E‡aŸv©Zb
Kg©KZ©v‡K AvµgY K‡ib|
→ 1857 mv‡ji 1 †g wgivU kn‡i ïiæ nIqv weªwUk B÷ BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwbi †mbvevwnbxi wmcvwn‡ì GwU we‡`ªvn|
wmcvwn we‡`ªvn‡K fvi‡Zi cÖ_g ¯^vaxbZv hy×, gnvwe‡`ªvn, fviZxq we‡`ªvn, 1857 mv‡ji we‡`ªvn I 1858
mv‡ji MYAfz¨Ìvb bv‡gI AwfwnZ Kiv nq|
div‡qRx Av‡›`vjb
Ewbk kZ‡K evsjvq M‡o IVv GKwU ms¯‹vi Av‡›`vjb| cÖv_wgK ch©v‡q G Av‡›`vj‡bi jÿ¨ wQj ag© ms¯‹vi| wKš‘
cieZ©x mg‡q GB Av‡›`vj‡b Av_©-mvgvwRK ms¯‹v‡ii cÖeYZv jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| Ôdiv‡qRxÕ kãwU ÔdiRÕ kã †_‡K
D™¢~Z| Gi A_© n‡”Q Avjøvn KZ©K „ wb‡`©wkZ Aek¨ cvjbxq KZ©e¨| G Av‡›`vj‡bi D‡`¨v³v/cÖe³v nvRx
kwiqZDjøvn| nvRx kwiqZDjøv‡ni g„Zzï ci G Av‡›`vj‡bi ‡bZ…Z¡ †`b Zvui my‡hvM¨ cyÎ gynwmbDÏxb Ii‡d `y`y
wgqv| LvRbv Av`v‡qi Rb¨ Rwg`vi‡ì AZ¨vPvi †ivaK‡í `y`ywgqv Avjøvni mve©‡fŠgZ¡ cÖwZôvi Rb¨ e‡jb− ÔÔRwg
†_‡K LvRbv Av`vq Avjøvni AvB‡bi cwicš’xÕÕ| `y`y wgqv G Av‡›`vjb‡K ivR‰bwZK Av‡›`vj‡b iƒc †`b|
bxj we‡`ªvn (Indigo Revolt)

→ Aóv`k kZvãxi †kl w`‡K BD‡iv‡c wkí wecø‡ei d‡j e¯¿wk‡íi GK AfyZc~e© DbœwZ mvwaZ nq| d‡j Kvc‡o
is Kivi Rb¨ bx‡ji Pvwn`v e¨vcK †e‡o hvq| G eëmv jvfRbK nIqvq bxjPv‡l eva¨ K‡i Bs‡iRiv| wKš‘
bxjKiiv bxjPvlx‡ì bvbvfv‡e VKvZ| bxj Pv‡l Am¤§wZ Rvbv‡j Zv‡ì Dci †b‡g AvmZ AeY©bxq wbh©vZb|
→ bxj Pv‡li cÖwZ‡iv‡a Av‡›`vj‡b cÖ_g cÖev` cyiæl— m`©vi wek^bv_| †m 1808 mv‡j Bs‡iR‡ì nv‡Z aiv c‡o
Ges g„Zz¨`‡Ð `wÐZ nq|
→ ZrKvjxb b`xqv Ges eZ©gvb evsjv‡`‡ki h‡kvi ‡Rjvq †PŠMvQvq cÖ_g bxj we‡`ªvn †`Lv hvq weòzPiY wek^vm I
w`M¤¢i wek^v‡mi †bZ…‡Z¡| 1859-1862 mvj ch©šÍ Av‡›`vjb wewfbœ ¯’v‡b Qwo‡q c‡o|
→ bxj we‡`ªvn `gb Kivi Rb¨ 1860 mv‡j miKvi MVb K‡i— Ôbxj KwgkbÕ ev ÔBwÛ‡Mv KwgkbÕ| bxj Kwgkb
bxjPvlx‡ì Awf‡hv‡Mi mZ¨Zv Lyu‡R cvq| Gici miKvi GKwU AvB‡bi Øviv †NvlYv K‡ib †h, bxjKiiv
bxjPvlx‡ì bxj Pv‡l eva¨ Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv Ges †mUv Ki‡j AvBbZ `Ðbxq n‡e| G AvBb cv‡mi d‡j 1862
mv‡j bxj we‡`ªv‡ni Aemvb nq|
→ bxj Pvlx‡ì AZ¨vPv‡ii Kvwnwb wb‡q `xbeÜz wgÎ iPbv K‡ib- Ôbxj `c©YÕ|
AvjxMo Av‡›`vjb
→ AvjxMo K‡jR‡K †K›`ª K‡i †h ¯^Zš¿ ivR‰bwZK I mvs¯‹…wZK aviv m„wó nq, Zv‡K AvjxMo Av‡›`vjb e‡j|
→ 1875 mv‡j DËi cÖ‡`‡ki AvjxM‡o m¨vi ˆmq` Avn‡g` Lvb Ô‡gvnv‡gWvb A¨vs‡jv-Iwi‡q›Uvj K‡jRÕ ¯’vcb
K‡ib hv 1920 mv‡j AvjxMo gymwjg wek^we`¨vj‡q iƒcvšÍwiZ nq|
fvi‡Zi RvZxq Ks‡MÖm
→ cÖwZôvKvj- 1885 wL÷vã| GwU fvi‡Zi cÖvPxbZg ivR‰bwZK msMVb| (38Zg wewmGm)
→ cÖwZôvZv— AemicÖvß Bs‡iR wmwfwjqb A¨vjvb A‡±vwfqvb wnDg| `jwUi cÖ_g mfvcwZ- D‡gk e¨vbvwR©|
wbwLj fviZ gymwjg jxM

→ cÖwZôvKvj— 30 wW‡m¤î, 1906 wLª÷v‡ã XvKvq| gymwjg jx‡Mi cÖKZ
„ bvg wQj ÔwbwLj fviZ gymwjg jxMÕ|
→ cÖwZôvZv— beve mwjgyjøvn, AvMv Lvb bIqve wfKvi-Dj-g~jyK|
→ cÖ_g Awa‡ekb e‡m— 1906 wLª÷v‡ã Avnmvb gwÄj, XvKvq|
evsjvq mk¯¿ êcøweK Av‡›`vjb

 1906 mv‡j weªwUk miKvi êcøweK Av‡›`vjb‡K mš¿vmev`x Av‡›`vjb wn‡m‡e wPwýZ K‡i|
 we«wUk we‡ivax wecøex‡ì j¶¨ wQj c«avb ‡c«wm‡WwÝ g¨vwR‡÷«U wKsm ‡dvW©‡K nZ¨v Kiv| ÿzwìvg, cÖdzjø PvKx
wenv‡ii ‡gvRvddicy‡i ‡dv‡W©i Mvwo j¶¨ K‡i ‡evgv wb‡¶c Ki‡j Ab¨ GK Bs‡i‡Ri ¯¿x Ges Kb¨v wbnZ
nq| ¶ywìvg aiv c‡ob Ges dvuwm nq| cÖdzjø PvKx AvZ¥nZ¨v K‡ib|
 PÆMÖvg A¯¿vMvi jyÉb : PÆM«vg A¯¿vMvi jyÉ‡bi Rb¨ ‡bZ…‡Z¡ wQ‡jb— ¯’vbxq b¨vkbvj BÝwUwUD‡Ui wk¶K
gv÷vi `v m~h©‡mb| 1930 mv‡ji 18 B Gwc«j A¯¿vMviwU jyÉb Kiv nq|
 cvnvoZjx †ijI‡q K¬ve AvµgY : cvnvoZjx ‡ijI‡q K¬ve Avµg‡Yi ‡bZ…Z¡ ‡`b— c«xwZjZv Iqv‡Ï`vi|
 wecøex m~h©‡mb Zvi `j I mvaviY gvby‡li Kv‡Q gv÷vi `v bv‡g cwiwPZ| 1932 mv‡j ‡m‡Þ¤^‡i cÖxwZjZv
Iqv‡Ï`v‡ii †bZ…‡Z¡ cvnvoZjx BD‡ivcxqvb K¬ve AvµgY Ki‡j weªwUk miKvi m~h©‡mbmn AwaKvsk wecøex‡K
ai‡Z mÿg nq| 1934 mv‡ji 12 Rvbyqvwi Zvu‡K dvuwm †`qv nq|
fviZ Qvo Av‡›`vjb

fvi‡Zi ivR‰bwZK mgm¨v wbim‡b wµcm wgkb e¨_© n‡j gnvZ¥v MvÜxi †bZ…‡Z¡ 1942 mv‡ji AvM÷ gv‡m ÔfviZ
QvoÕ `vex‡Z Bs‡iR we‡ivax Av‡›`vjb ïiæ nq|
‡ZfvMv Av‡›`vjb
→ Av‡›`vj‡bi †bZ…Z¡ †`b— nvRx †gvnv¤§` `v‡bk I Bjv wgÎ|
→ mgqKvj— 1946-47 wLª÷vã| Av‡›`vjb iscyi I w`bvRcy‡i Zxeª AvKvi aviY K‡iwQj| GB Av‡›`vjb 19wU
†Rjvq Qwo‡q c‡o|
→ ‡ZfvMv Av‡›`vj‡bi `vex wQj Drcbœ dm‡ji wZb fv‡Mi GK fvM cv‡e gvwjK Ges `yB fvM cv‡e Pvlx|
Ab¨vb¨ Z_¨- (¯^vaxKvi Av‡›`vjb msµvšÍ)

 ‰mq` Avgxi Avjx : gymjgvb‡ì AwaKvi Av`v‡qi Rb¨ ‰mq` Avgxi Avjx cÖwZôv K‡ib Ô‡m›Uªvj b¨vkbvj
†gvnv‡gWvb A¨v‡mvwm‡qkbÕ| Avgxi Avjx iwPZ eB‡qi bvg- ÔThe Spirit of Islam’ I ÔA short story of
seracens’.
 nvRx †gvnv¤§` gynvmxb : `vbkxjZvi Rb¨ `vbexi ev evsjvi nv‡Zg ZvB bv‡g cwiwPZ nvRx †gvnv¤§` gynvmxb|
wZwb mgvR ‡meK n‡jI mgvR ms¯‹viK bb|
 bIqve Ave`yj jwZd: 1863 mv‡j KjKvZvq gymwjg mvwnZ¨ mgvR Ô‡gvnv‡gWvb wjUv‡iwi †mvmvBwUÕ cÖwZôv
K‡ib| gymjgvb‡ì wkÿv we¯Ív‡i wZwb AMÖYx f~wgKv cvjb K‡ib|
 ivIjvU AvBb : AvBbwU 1918 mv‡j cÖewZ©Z nq| GB AvB‡bi D‡Ïk¨ wQj msev`c‡Îi KÉ‡iva Kiv| GB
AvB‡bi cÖwZev‡` RvwjqvbIqvjvev‡M AmsL¨ gvbyl mg‡eZ nq| †Rbv‡ij Wvqv‡ii wb‡`©‡k mvaviY gvby‡li
Dci †mbvevwnbx ¸wj Pvjvq Ges A‡bK mvaviY gvbyl wbnZ nq|
 RvwjqvbIqvjvevM nZ¨vKvÐ : nZ¨vKvÐ msMwVZ nq- 13 GwcÖj, 1919 wLª.| nZ¨vKv‡Ði cÖwZev‡` iex›`ªbv_
VvKzi bvBUûU Z¨vM K‡ib|
 Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vjb : 1919 mv‡j ivIjvU Av‡›`vjb I RvwjIqvbIqvjvevM nZ¨vKv‡Ði cÖwZev‡` gnvZ¥v MvÜx
Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vj‡bi Kg©m~wP †NvlYv K‡ib| 1920 mv‡ji 8 †m‡Þ¤î Ks‡MÖ‡mi we‡kl Awa‡ek‡b Amn‡hvM
Av‡›`vj‡bi hyMcrfv‡e cwiPvjbvi wm×všÍ nq| 1922 mv‡ji 12 †deªæqvwi G Av‡›`vj‡bi cwimgvwß N‡U|
 ¯îvR `j I †e½j c¨v± : 1923 mv‡j ‡`keÜz wPËiÄb `v‡mi †bZ„©‡Z¡ ¯îvR cvwU© MwVZ nq| evsjvq
gymjgvb‡ì mv‡_ wPËiÄb `v‡mi †bZ…‡Z¡ e½xq Ks‡MÖm KwgwU GKwU mg‡SvZvq †cŠuQvq| GB mg‡SvZvwU Ôevsjv
Pzw³Õ ev Ô‡e½j c¨v±Õ Pzw³ bv‡g cwiwPZ hv evsjvq wn›`y-gymjgv‡bi wgj‡bi j‡ÿ¨ ewjô f~wgKv cvjb K‡i|
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. KjKvZv gv`ªvmv cÖwZwôZ nq †Kvb mv‡j? [gva¨wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK : 97]
K. 1765 L. 1781 M. 1800 N. 1813 DËi : L
02. e„„wUk kvm‡bi weiæ‡× evOvwj‡ì cÖ_g we‡`ªv‡ni bvg— [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2019]
K. mvuIZvj we‡`ªvn L. bxj we‡`ªvn
M. wmcvwn we‡`ªvn N. dwKi I mbœ¨vmx we‡`ªvn DËi : N
03. dwKiiv KZ mvj †_‡K KZ mvj ch©šÍ evsjvi wewfbœ ¯’v‡b we‡`ªvn K‡iwQj? [†iwR÷vW© cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix
wkÿK (UMi) : 11]
K. 1781 †_‡K 1840 ch©šÍ L. 1760 †_‡K 1800 ch©šÍ
M. 1757 †_‡K 1857 ch©šÍ N. 1819 †_‡K 1862 ch©šÍ DËi : L
04. dwKi Av‡›`vj‡bi †bZv †K? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (BQvgwZ) : 10]
K. wmivR kvn L. †gvnmxb kvn M. gRby kvn N. Rnxi kvn DËi : M
05. weªwUk ewYK‡ì weiæ‡× GKRb PvKgv Rywgqv †bZv we‡`ªv‡ni cZvKv Dwo‡qwQ‡jb, Zvui bvg— [17Zg wewmGm]
K. ivRv wÎwè ivq L. ivRv wÎfzeb PvKgv M. †Rvqvb eKm Lvu N. Ry¤§v Lvb DËi : M
06. euv‡ki †Kjøv L¨vZ ¯^vaxbZv msMÖvgx †K? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (hgybv)- 2012]
K. dwKi gRby kvn L. wZZzgxi M. `y`y wgqv N. gxi Kvwkg DËi : L
07. wZZzgx‡ii evu‡ki †Kjøv †Kv_vq Aew¯’Z wQj? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (XvKv wefvM) : 06]
K. evivmvZ L. bvwi‡Kjevwoqv M. Pvu`cyi N. nvq`vicyi DËi : L
08. evsjvq div‡qRx Av‡›`vj‡bi D‡`¨v³v †K wQ‡jb? A_ev, div‡qRx Av‡›`vj‡bi †bZ…‡Z¡ ‡K wQ‡jb? (15Zg,
21Zg I 24Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi- evwZj)
K. gvIjvbv †KivgZ Avjx L. kvn IwjDjøvn
M. nvRx kwiqZDjøvn N. cxi gnmxbywÏb DËi : M
09. weªwUk Avg‡j evsjv‡`‡k †h me Av‡›`vjb n‡qwQj Zvi g‡a¨ †KvbwU cÖavb? [‡iwR÷vW© cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix
wkÿK (Rev) : 11& cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (kir) : 10]
K. nv‡mgx Av‡›`vjb L. †Kviv‡qkx Av‡›`vjb M. div‡qRx Av›`vjb N. ‰mq`x Av‡›`vjb D : M
10. Rwg †_‡K LvRbv Av`vq Avjøvni AvB‡bi cwicš’x− GwU Kvi †jLv? (14Zg wewmGm)
K. wZZzgxi L. dwKi gRby kvn M. nvRx kwiqZDjøvn N. `y`y wgqv DËi : N
11. div‡qRx Av‡›`vjb‡K †Kvb †bZv ivR‰bwZK Av‡›`vj‡b iƒc`vb K‡ib? [‡iwR÷vW© cÖv_wgK we`¨vj‡qi mnKvix wkÿK
(‡Mvjvc) : 11]
K. nvRx kixqZDjøvn L. wZZzgxi M. beve mwjgyjøvn N. `y`y wgqv DËi : N
12. cvK-fviZ-evsjv GB Dcgnv‡`‡ki cÖ_g ¯^vaxbZv hy× †Kvb m‡b ïiæ nq? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK
(Ki‡Zvqv) : 10]
K. 1751 L. 1857 M. 1952 N. 1971 DËi : L
13. KZ mv‡j bxj Kwgkb MVb Kiv nq? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2019]
K. 1860 L. 1857 M. 1845 N. 1882 DËi : K
14. PÆMÖvg A¯¿vMvi jywÉZ nq †Kvb mv‡j? [‡iwR÷vW© cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (‡Mvjvc) : 11]
15. ‡K Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vj‡b †bZ…Z¡ †`b? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (kir) : 10]
K. MvÜxwR L. gvIjvbv kIKZ Avjx M. RInijvj †b‡niæ N. wewcbP›`ª cvj DËi : K
fviZ wefvMc~e© ivRbxwZ
1937 mv‡ji cÖv‡`wkK wbe©vPb

1935 mv‡ji fviZ kvmb AvBb 1937 mv‡j Kvh©Ki n‡j 1937 mv‡j 1g c«v‡`wkK cwil` wbe©vPb AbywôZ nq|
‡Kvqvwjkb : gymwjg jxM I K…lK c«Rv cvwU©| ‡k‡i evsjv G ‡K dRjyj nK Awef³ evsjvi c«_g gyL¨gš¿x wbe©vwPZ
nb| wbe©vP‡b Rqx `j I Avm‡bi msL¨v—
gymwjg jxM 40wU K…lK cÖRv cvwU© 35wU
¯^Zš¿¨ gymjgvb 41wU ¯^Zš¿ wn›`y 14wU
 1938 mv‡j ÔdøvDW KwgkbÕ MwVZ nq|
 ‡k‡i evsjv G.‡K.dRjyj nK ÔFY mvwjwm †evW©Õ MVb K‡ib| wZwb 1941 mv‡j gymjxg jxM Z¨vM K‡ib|
jv‡nvi cÖ¯Íve
 1939 mv‡j gynv¤§` Avjx wRbœvn wØRvwZ Z‡Ë¡i gva¨‡g wn›`y I gymjgvb bv‡g `ywU Avjv`v RvwZi cÖ¯Íve K‡ib|
 1940 mv‡ji 23 ‡k gvP© jv‡nv‡i wRbœvni mfvcwZ‡Z¡ gymwjg jx‡Mi evwl©K Awa‡ek‡b ZrKvjxb gyL¨gš¿x
dRjyj nK jv‡nvi cÖ¯Íve DÌvcb K‡ib|
 g~jK_v— Dcgnv‡`‡ki DËi-cwðgvÂj Ges DËi-c~e©vÂ‡ji gymjwg AaÿwlZ GjvKv¸‡jv wb‡q GKvwaK
¯^vaxb I mve©‡fŠg ivó« MVb| Gi wfwË‡Z cvwK¯Ívb iv‡ó«i Rb¥ nq|
wµcm wgkb
wµcm wgkb 1942 mv‡ji 23 gvP© K¨vwe‡bU gš¿x m¨vi ÷¨v‡dvW© wµc‡mi ‡bZ…‡Z¡ we«wUk miKvi KZ©K … fvi‡Z
‡c«wiZ GKwU wgkb| wØZxq wek^hy‡×i mgq Rvcvb wgÎ c‡ÿi weiæ‡× †hvM`vb Ki‡j Rvcvwb Avµg‡Y weiæ‡× G
†`kxq mvnvh¨ mn‡hvwMZv jvf Kivi Rb¨ ZrKvjxb weªwUk cÖavbgš¿x PvwP©j G `j‡K Dcgnv‡`‡k †cÖiY K‡ib|
cÂv‡ki gš^šÍi
wØZxq wek^hy‡×i mgq Rvcvwbiv evg©v `Lj Ki‡j evg©v †_‡K evsjvq Pvj Avg`vwb eÜ n‡q hvq| cÿvšÍ‡i evsjvq
Lv`¨km¨ µq K‡i evsjvi evwn‡i ˆmb¨‡ì im` wn‡m‡e cvwV‡q †`qv nq| Amvay, †jvfx I gybvdv‡Lvi eëmvqxiv
Lv`¨ ¸`vgRvZ ïiæ K‡i| Gw`‡K Abve„wói d‡j evsjvq Lv`¨ Drcv`bI n«vm cvq| cwiYv‡g evsjvq 1943 wLª÷v‡ã
ev 1350 e½v‡ãi fqven `ywf©ÿ nq hv cÂv‡ki gš^šÍi bv‡g cwiwPZ|
gš¿x wgkb (The Cabinet Mission)
weªwUk cÖavbgš¿x GUwj Zvi gwš¿mfvi wZb m`m¨‡K 1946 mv‡j fvi‡Z †cÖiY K‡ib| G cÖwZwbwa `j‡K gš¿x wgkb
bv‡g AwfwnZ Kiv nq|
1946 mv‡ji wbe©vPb I †mvnivIqv`©xi gwš¿mfv

 1946 mv‡j c«v‡`wkK cwil` wbe©vP‡b Aveyj nv‡mg Ges ‡mvnivIqv`©xi ‡bZ…Z¡vaxb gymwjg jxM Rqjvf K‡i|
 24 Gwc«j gwš¿mfv MwVZ nq|
 ‡nv‡mb knx` ‡mvnivIqv`©x (MYZ‡š¿i gvbmcyÎ) Awef³ evsjvi 2q I ‡kl gyL¨gš¿x wbe©vwPZ nb|
 1937 mv‡j Awef³ evsjvq c«_g wbe©vPb nq Ges 1946 mv‡j 2q I me©‡kl wbe©vPb AbywôZ nq|
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. 1940 mv‡ji jv‡nvi cÖ¯Ív‡ei DÌvcK †K wQ‡jb? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK (‡gNbv) : 13& cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq
cÖavb wkÿK (K¨v‡gwjqv) : 12]
K. wjqvKZ Avjx Lvb L. G. †K dRjyj nK
M. †gvnv¤§` Avjx wRbœvn N. LvRv bvwRgDÏxb DËi : L
02. Ôwµcm wgkbÕ ‡Kvb D‡Ï‡k¨ G‡`‡k AvMgb K‡i? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (Ki‡Zvqv) : 10]
K. A_©‰bwZK L. ivR‰bwZK M. mvgvwRK N. mvs¯‹…wZK DËi : L
03. fvi‡Z K¨vwe‡bU wgkb KLb G‡mwQj? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (hgybv) : 12]
04. Awef³ evsjvi †kl gyL¨gš¿x †K wQ‡jb? (24Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi- evwZj)
K. †nv‡mb knx` †mvnivIqv`x L. G †K dRjyj nK
M. LvRv bvwRgDÏxb N. Aveyj nv‡mg DËi : K
cvwK¯Ívb Avgj
‡`kwefvM (1947)
1947 mv‡ji 14 B AvM÷ I 15 AvM÷ h_vµ‡g cvwK¯Ívb I fviZ bv‡g ¯^vaxb I mve©‡fŠg ivó« MwVZ nq| 1947
mv‡ji 17B AvM÷ i¨vWwK¬d mxgvbv wba©vi‡Yi KvR †kl K‡ib| fviZ-cvwK¯Ívb mxgvšÍ‡iLvi bvg Ôi¨vWwK¬d jvBbÕ †m
Kvi‡YB Zvi bvgvbymv‡i nq|
QvÎjxM cÖwZôv
1948 mv‡ji 4 Rvbyqvwi bCgywÏb Avng`‡K, gymwjg QvÎjx‡Mi Avn&evqK K‡i c~e© cvwK¯Ívb gymwjg QvÎjx‡Mi Rb¥
nq|
AvIqvgx gymwjg jxM

cÖwZwôZ nq 1949 mv‡ji 23 Ryb| c«wZôvKvjxb mg‡q bvg wQj AvIqvgx gymwjg jxM| 1955 mv‡ji 21-24
A‡±vei ch©šÍ Pjv AvIqvgx gymwjg jx‡Mi KvDwÝ‡j bvg cwieZ©b K‡i AvIqvgx jxM Kiv nq| K‡i Ab¨vb¨
ag©vj¤^x‡ì m`m¨ nIqvi Øvi Db¥y³ K‡i ‡`qv nq| AvIqvgx gymwjg jx‡Mi c«wZôvKvjxb mg‡qi KwgwU-
mfvcwZ gvIjvbv Ave`yj nvwg` Lvb (fvmvbx) hyM¥ m¤úv`K ‡kL gywReyi ingvb
mn-mfvcwZ Avjx AvgRv` Lvb # $%
e½eÜy AvIqvgx gymwjg jx‡Mi fvic«vß mvaviY m¤úv`K nb— 1952 mv‡j,mvaviY m¤úv`K nb— 1953 mv‡ji 9
B RyjvB Ges AvIqvgx jx‡Mi mfvcwZ nb— 1 jv gvP©,1966 mv‡j|
c~e©e½ Rwg`vwi `Lj I cÖRv¯^Z¡ AvBb

1950 mv‡ji wW‡m¤^‡i c~e©e½ Rwg`vwi `Lj I cÖRv¯^Z¡ AvBb (East Bengal State Acquisiton &
Tenancy Act) G cwiYZ nq| Gi d‡j Rwg`vwi cÖ_v wejyß nq|
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. c~e© evsjvi cÖ_g Mfb©i †K wQ‡jb? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (kir) : 10& cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (Rev) : 09]
B¯‹v›`vi gxR©v L. †PŠayix Lv‡jKz¾vgvb M. G †K dRjyj nK N. †mvnivIqv`©x DËi : ‡bvU
‡bvU : c~e© evsjvi cÖ_g Mfb©i wQ‡jb m¨vi d«¨vWwiK Pvjgvm© †evb©| Z…Zxq Mfb©i wQ‡jb †PŠayix Lv‡jKz¾vgvb|
02. c~e©e½ Rwg`vwi `Lj I cÖRv¯^Z¡ AvBb cvm nq— [cÖv_wgK wkÿK wb‡qvM cixÿv- 2018& cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK
(‡gNbv): 12& 13Zg wewmGm]
e¨vL¨v: 1793 mv‡j 23 gvP© cÖeZ©b Kiv Kiv nq wPi¯’vqx e‡›`ve¯Í| Rwg`vwi cÖ_vi wbKU †_‡K evsjvi K…lK‡ì
gyw³i Rb¨ c~e©e½ Rwg`vwi AwaMÖnY I cÖRv¯^Z¡ AvBb cvm nq 1950 mv‡j|
fvlv Av‡›`vjb
m¤ªvU AvKe‡ii †h ivR¯^gš¿x G †`‡ki miKvwi Kv‡R dviwm fvlv Pvjy K‡ib Zvi bvg— †UvWvigj| miKvwi fvlv
wn‡m‡e G‡`‡k Bs‡iwRi eënvi ïiæ nq— 1835 mv‡j| Avi †m Kvi‡YB cvwK¯Ívb m…wói c~‡e©B cvwK¯Ív‡b fvlv Kx
n‡e D`©y bv evsjv G wb‡q weZ‡K©i m…wó n‡qwQj|
1901 mv‡j iscy‡i 1906 mv‡j wbwLj 1937 mv‡j gymwjg jx‡Mi mfvcwZ ‡gvnv¤§`
AbywôZ wk¶v m‡¤§j‡b fviZ gymwjg jxM Avjx wRbœvn D`©y‡K `‡ji `vßwiK fvlv wn‡m‡e
bIqve Avjx ‡PŠayix MwVZ n‡j Gi cÖ_g cÖeZ©‡bi D‡`¨vM M«nY Ki‡j G. ‡K dRjyj
cÖ_g evsjv fvlvi `vwe Awa‡ek‡bB fvlv nKmn Ab¨vb¨ ‡bZv‡ì we‡ivaxZvq Zv mdj
DÌvcb K‡ib| wb‡q cÖkœ D‡V| nqwb|
 1946 mv‡j evsjv‡K ivó«fvlv Kivi cÖ¯Íve ‡`b e½xq cÖv‡`wkK gymjxg jx‡Mi m¤úv`K Avey nvwmg|
 1947 mv‡ji 17 ‡g gymwjg jx‡Mi c«fvekvjx ‡bZv ‡PŠayix LvwjKy¾vgvb Ges GKB eQ‡ii RyjvB gv‡m AvjxMo
wek¦we`¨vj‡qi DcvPvh© W. wRqvDwÏb Avng` D`©y‡K ivó«fvlv Kivi c‡¶ e³e¨ ‡`b| W. gyn¤§` knx`yjøvnmn
‡ek wKQy evOvwj ‡jLK eyw×Rxex Gi Zxeª cÖwZev` K‡ib|
 24 RyjvB, 1947 W. gyn¤§` knx`yjøvn Ô‰`wbK AvRv`Õ cwÎKvq ÔcvwK¯Ív‡bi fvlv mgm¨vÕ wk‡ivbv‡g GKwU wbeÜ
c«Kvk K‡ib| GLv‡b wZwb evsjv‡K ivó«fvlv Kivi `vwe DÌvcb K‡ib| G mgq W. gyn¤§` knx`yjøvn GK fvl‡Y
e‡jwQ‡jb, ÔAvgiv wn›`y ev gymjgvb †hgb mZ¨, Zvi †P‡q †ewk mZ¨ Avgiv ev½vwjÕ|
‡mRb¨ ejv nq †h, ev½vwj RvZxqZvev‡ì wfwË‡Z/GK bZzb RvZxq †PZbvq HKë× n‡q c~e© evsjvq fvlv
Av‡›`vjb nq|
me©`jxq ivóªfvlv msMÖvg cwil`

1952 mv‡ji 26 Rvbyqvwi cvwK¯Ív‡bi ZrKvjxb c«avbgš¿x XvKvq GK Rbmfvq ‡NvlYv K‡ib, D`©yB n‡e cvwK¯Ív‡bi
ivó«fvlv| GB ‡NvlYvi ‡cÖwÿ‡Z MwVZ nq Òme©`jxq ‡K›`ªxq ivóªfvlv msMÖvg cwil` ev KwgwUÓ (All Parties State
Language Movement Committee) 31 ‡k Rvbyqvwi, 1952 mv‡j| me©`jxq ivóªfvlv msMÖvg cwil‡ì
KwgwU wQj 22 m`‡mï—
AvnŸvqK KvRx †Mvjvg gvneye m`m¨ kvgmyj nK m`m¨ Ave`yj gwZb
m`m¨ gvIjvbv fvmvbx m`m¨ Aveyj Kv‡kg
 11 I 13 ‡deªæqvwi, 1952 cZvKv wèm cvwjZ nq| 16 †deªæqvwi, 1952 Ôivó«fvlv evsjv I e›`xi gyw³iÕ
`vwe‡Z ‡kL gywReyi ingvb I gwnDwÏb Avn‡g` dwi`cyi ‡R‡j AvgiY Abkb ag©NU ïiæ K‡ib|
 20 ‡deªæqvwi, 1952 Av‡›`vj‡bi ZxeªZvq fq ‡c‡q c~e© evsjvi gyL¨gš¿x b~iæj Avwgb XvKv kn‡i mfv mgv‡ek
wbwl× K‡i GK gv‡mi Rb¨ 144 aviv Rvwi K‡i|
Z_¨m~Î: RvwZi RbK e½eÜy ‡kL gywReyi ingvb, wmivR DÏxb Avn‡g` (c…ôv: 94)
GKz‡k †deªæqvwi, 1952 wLª÷vã

 21 ‡deªæqvwi, 1952 wLª÷vã wQj— 8 dvêyb, 1358 e½vã, e„n¯úwZevi|
 mKvj 10Uvq XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi AvgZjvq fvlv ‰mwbK MvRxDj n‡Ki mfvcwZ‡Z¡ mfvi Kvh©µg ïiæ
n‡qwQj| Avãym mvgv‡ì ga¨¯’Zvq 10 R‡bi GKwU K‡i `j ‡ewi‡q 144 aviv f½ Kivi wm×všÍ ‡bqv n‡qwQj|
c«_g `‡ji ‡bZ…Z¡ ‡`b XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi BwZnv‡mi ‡gavex QvÎ nvweeyi ingvb| cywj‡ki mv‡_ QvÎ-
wk¶v_©x‡ì msN‡l©i GK ch©v‡q cywjk wgwQ‡j ¸wj Pvjv‡j ¸wj‡Z NUbv¯’‡jB knx` nq K) iwdK DwÏb
Avng`, L) Ave`yj ReŸvi, M) Aveyj eiKZ Ges N) Avãym mvjvg mn AviI A‡b‡K|
 21 Gi 1g knx` iwd‡Ki gv_vi Lywj D‡o hvIqvi exfrm Qwe ‡Zv‡jb d‡UvMÖvdvi Avgvbyj nK|
22 †deªæqvwi, 1952 wLª÷vã

cywjwk nZ¨vKv‡Ði c«wZev‡` ‡kvfvhvÎv PjvKv‡j cywj‡ki ¸wj‡Z knx` nb kwdDi ingvb (nvB‡Kv‡U©i Kg©Pvix)|
22 ‡deªæqvwi AviI knx` nb— Awn`yjøvn (XvKvi jyrdi ingvb ‡j‡bi evwm›`v) Ges Ave`yj AvDqvj
(wi·vPvjK)|
fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi mgq

cvwK¯Ív‡bi cÖavbgš¿x— LvRv bvwRgDwÏb|
Mfb©i †Rbv‡ij— gvwjK †Mvjvg †gvnv¤§`|
c~e© evsjvi g~L¨gš¿x— byiæj Avgxb|
XvKv wek^we`¨vj‡qi DcvPvh©— W. ˆmq` †gvqv‡¾g †nv‡mBb|
Ͽ 52Ôi fvlv knx‡ì mevi Kei AvwRgcyi Kei¯’v‡b|
knx` wgbvi
 GKy‡ki iv‡ZB cÖ_g knx` wgbvi wbg©vY Kiv nq— ivRkvnx K‡jR PZ¡‡i|
 XvKvq wbwg©Z c«_g knx` wgbvi : 23 ‡deªæqvwi XvKv ‡gwW‡Kj K‡j‡Ri ‡nv‡÷‡ji mvg‡b ‡h ¯’v‡b cywjk ¸wj
el©Y K‡iwQj ‡mB ¯’v‡b XvKv ‡gwW‡Kj K‡j‡Ri QvÎiv knx` wgbvi wbg©vY K‡iwQj| knx` wgbviwU wQj 10 dyU
DuPy Avi 6 dyU PIov| knx` wgbviwUi wWRvBbvi wQj Wv. eìæj Avjg|
24 ‡deªæqvwi knx` wgbviwU D‡Øvab K‡ib knx` kwdD‡ii wcZv ‡gŠjfx gvneyeyi ingvb| cywjk knx` wgbviwU
‡f‡½ ‡djvi ci wØZxqevi GwU D‡Øvab K‡ib AvRv` cwÎKvi m¤úv`K Aveyj Kvjvg kvgmyÏxb|evsjv‡K cvwK¯Ív‡bi
ivó«fvlv wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…wZ ‡`qvi c‡i 1957 mv‡j miKvwifv‡e ‡K›`«xq knx` wgbv‡ii KvR ïiæ nq| XvKv
wek¦we`¨vj‡qi DcvPvh© Aa¨vcK W. gvngy` ‡nv‡m‡bi ‡bZ…‡Z¡ MwVZ KwgwUi ZË¡veav‡b 1963 mv‡j knx` wgbv‡ii
wbg©vY KvR ‡kl nq Ges 1963 mv‡ji 21 ‡deªæqvwi knx` eiK‡Zi gv D³ wgbviwU D‡Øvab K‡ib|
eZ©gvb knx` wgbv‡ii c‡njv ‡deªæqvwi, 2010 mv‡j gvbbxq c«avbgš¿x ‡kL nvwmbv
wWRvBbvi nvwg`yi evsjv GKv‡Wwgi ea©gvb nvD‡Ri 2q Zjvq fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi
ingvb| Rv`yNi D‡Øvab K‡ib|
ivóªfvlv I AvšÍR©vwZK gvZ…fvlv wèm wnmv‡e ¯^xK…wZ

 9‡g, 1954 mv‡j evsjv‡K Ab¨Zg ivóªfvlv wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…wZ ‡`q cvwK¯Ívb MYcwil`|
 16 †deªæqvwi, 1956 mv‡j D`©yi cvkvcvwk ivóªfvlv wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…wZ †`q RvZxq cwil`|
 29 †deªæqvwi, 1956 mv‡j msweav‡bi 214(1) bs Aby‡”Q‡` cwieZ©b Avbv nq| evsjv fvlv‡K ivóªfvlv wn‡m‡e
¯^xK…wZi Aby‡”Q‡` ejv nq- ÔThe State Language of Pakistan shall be Urdu and Bengali’.
 12 gvP©, 1975 mv‡j e½eÜz miKvwi Kv‡R evsjv fvlv eënv‡ii wb‡`©k Rvwi K‡ib| 1987 mv‡j RvZxq msm‡`
evsjv fvlv AvBb cvm nq|
1999 mv‡ji 17B b‡f¤î 188 ‡`‡ki mg_©‡b BD‡b‡¯‹vi D‡`¨v³v : KvbvWv c«evmx
30Zg mvaviY Awa‡ek‡b 21 ‡k ‡deªæqvwi ÔAvšÍR©vwZK iwdKyj Bmjvg I Ave`ym
gvZ…fvlv wèmÕ wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…wZ jvf K‡i| 21 ‡k mvjvg|
†deªæqvwi ÔAvšÍRv©wZK gvZ…fvlv wèmÕ wn‡m‡e cvwjZ n‡”Q msMVb : The Mother
2000 mvj ‡_‡K| RvwZmsN 2008 mvj †_‡K gvZ…fvlv Language Lovers of
wèm cvjb Kiv Avi¤¢ K‡i| the World.
cÖfvZ †dwii Mvb

fyje bv fyje bv/GKy‡k ‡deªæqvwi fyje bv o wj‡L‡Qb— MvRxDj nK|
o myi K‡i‡Qb— myiKvi I b…Z¨ cwiPvjK wbRvgyj nK|
Ôfvlvi Rb¨ Rxeb nvivBwj/ev½vwj fvB‡i igbvi gvwU i‡³ fvmvBwj|Õ i‡gk kxj wb‡Ri ‡jLvq ‡M‡q‡Qb
Iiv Avgvi gy‡Li fvlv KvBov wb‡Z Pvq o ‡M‡q‡Qb— Ave`yj jwZd|
wgwjZ cÖv‡Yi Kji‡e ‡hŠeb dyj ‡dv‡U o wj‡L‡Qb— Kwe nvmvb nvwdRyi ingvb|
o myi K‡i‡Qb— ‡kL Ave`yi ingvb|
ÔAvgvi fvB‡qi i‡³ ivOv‡bv GKy‡k o wj‡L‡Qb— Ave`yj Mvddvi ‡PŠayix|
‡deªæqvwi, Avwg wK fywj‡Z cvwi|Õ o cÖ_g myiv‡ivc K‡ib— Avãyj jwZd|
o cieZ©x‡Z myiv‡ivc K‡ib— AvjZvd gvngy`|
Rwni ivqnvb Zvui ÔRxeb ‡_‡K ‡bqvÕ Qwe‡Z G MvbwU eënvi Kivi
ci GwU RbwcÖqZv e¨vcKZv jvf K‡i|
GKzk wb‡q iwPZ

cÖ_g KweZv Kvu`‡Z Avwmwb, dvuwmi `vwe wb‡q G‡mwQ| Kwe— gvneyeyj Avjg †PŠayix|
cÖ_g Mí GKz‡ki Mí| MíKvi— Rwni ivqnvb|
cÖ_g bvUK Kei| bvU¨Kvi— gybxi †PŠayix|
cÖ_g msKjb GKz‡k †deªæqvwi| msKjbKvix— nvmvb nvwdRyi ingvb
cÖ_g Dcb¨vm Av‡iK dvêyb| Jcb¨vwmK− Rwni ivqnvb|
cÖ_g Mvb fyj‡ev bv fzj‡ev bv, GKz‡k †deªæqvwi fzj‡ev bv| MxwZKvi – Av. b. g. MvRxDj nK|
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. fvlv Av‡›`vjb c~e© evsjvq †Kvb fvev`k© Qwo‡q †`q? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2019]
K. ¯^RvZ¨‡eva L. Amv¤úª`vwqK g‡bvfve M. evOvwj RvZxqZvev` N. wØRvwZZZ¡ DËi : M
02. 1952 mv‡ji ZrKvjxb fvlv Av‡›`vjb wK‡mi Rb¥ w`‡qwQj? (14Zg wewmGm)
K. GK ivR‰bwZK gZev‡Ì L. GK mvs¯‹…wZK Av‡›`vj‡bi
M. GK bZzb RvZxq †PZbvi N. GK bZzb mgvR eë¯’vi DËi: M
03. wK‡mi wfwË‡Z c~e© evsjvq fvlv Av‡›`vjb n‡qwQj? (05 L )
K. wØ-RvwZ ZË¡ L. mvgvwRK †PZbv M. evOvwj RvZxqZvev` N. Am¤úª`vwqKZv DËi : M
04. miKvwi fvlv wn‡m‡e G‡`‡k Bs‡iwRi eënvi ïiæ nq †Kvb mb †_‡K? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (myigv) : 12]
K. 1765 L. 1824 M. 1835 N. 1857 DËi : M
05. ‡KvbwU AvšÍR©vwZK gvZ…fvlv wèm? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (Lyjbv wefvM) : 03]
K. 16 wW‡m¤î L. 26 gvP© M. 21 †deªæqvwi N. 7 gvP© DËi : M
06. cvwK¯Ív‡bi MYcwil‡ì Awa‡ek‡b evsjv‡K ivóªfvlv Kivi cÖ_g `vex †K DÌvcb K‡ib?/ cvwK¯Ív‡bi
kvmbZvwš¿K cwil‡ì (Constituent Assembly) aviv weeiYx‡Z evsjv fvlv eënv‡ii `vwe cÖ_g †K
K‡iwQ‡jb? (35Zg wewmGm I 24Zg wewmGm evwZj)
K. Avãyj gwZb L. †k‡i evsjv G ‡K dRjyj nK
M. ax‡i›`ªbv_ `Ë N. †nv‡mb knx` †mvnivIqv`©x| DËi: M
07. Ôme©`jxq †K›`ªxq ivóªfvlv msMÖvg cwil`Õ MwVZ nq— (36Zg wewmGm)
K. 31 Rvbyqvwi, 1952 L. 2 †deªæqvwi, 1952
M. 18 †deªæqvwi, 1952 N. 20 Rvbyqvwi, 1952 DËi : K
08. KZ Zvwi‡L c¨vwi‡m AbywôZ BD‡b‡¯‹vi mvaviY cwil‡ì m‡¤§jb †_‡K ÔGKz‡k †deªæqvwi‡KÕ AvšÍR©vwZK
gvZ…fvlvi wèm †NvlYv Kiv nq? [26Zg wewmGm& cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK : 15 ]
K. 17 b‡f¤î, 1999 L. 17 b‡f¤î, 2000
M. 19 b‡f¤î, 1999 N. 21 b‡f¤î, 1999 DËi : K
09. 1952 mv‡ji 21 †deªæqvwi evsjv KZ ZvwiL wQ‡jv? (cÖv_wgK wkÿK wb‡qvM cixÿv- 2018)
K. 31 †cŠl L. 29 gvN M. 9 gvN N. 8 dvêyb DËi : N
10. fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi mgq cvwK¯Ív‡bi cÖavbgš¿x †K wQ‡jb? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (K‡cvZvÿ) : 10& 13Zg
wewmGm]
K. LvRv bvwRg DwÏb L. byiæj Avwgb
M. wjqvKZ Avjx Lvb N. gynv¤§` Avjx wRbœvn DËi : K
11. ‡K›`ªxq knx` wgbv‡ii ¯’cwZ †K? (27Zg wewmGm)
K. Zvbwei Kwei L. nvwg`yi ingvb M. nvwg`y¾vgvb N. A¯‹vq ev`j DËi : L
12. ¯^vaxbZvi ci cÖ_g WvKwU‡K‡U †Kvb Qwe wQj? (24Zg wewmGm)
K. RvZxq ¯§„wZ‡mŠa L. jvjev‡Mi †Kjøv M. †mvbv gmwR` N. knx` wgbvi DËi : N
13. evsjv fvlv‡K cvwK¯Ívb MYcwil` ‡Kvb Zvwi‡L Ab¨Zg ivóªfvlv ¯^xK…wZ †`q? (36Zg wewmGm)
K. 9 †g 1954 L. 22 †deªæqvwi 1953 M. 16 †deªæqvwi 1956 N. 21 †deªæqvwi 1952 D: K
14. 21 †deªyqvwi‡K †Kvb msMVb AvšÍR©vwZK gvZ…fvlv wèm wn‡m‡e †NvlYv K‡iÑ [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2019]
K. UNDP L. UNESCO M. UNEP N. UNICEF DËi : L
1954 mv‡ji wbe©vPb

 hy³d«›U MwVZ nq— 4 wW‡m¤î, 1953 mv‡j| wbev©Pb AbywôZ nq— 1954 mv‡j|
 hy³d«‡›Ui wbe©vPbx cÖPviYv (wbe©vP‡bi BkwZnvi) 21 `dvi wfwË‡Z cwiPvwjZ nq|
 21 `dv cÖKvwkZ nq— 5 wW‡m¤î, 1953 mv‡j|
 cÖ_g `dv wQj— evsjv‡K cvwK¯Ív‡bi ivóªfvlv wn‡m‡e cÖwZôv Kiv| hy³d«‡›Ui cÖZxK wQj— ‡bŠKv|
 1954 mv‡ji 8B gv‡P©i wbe©vPb wQj c~e© evsjvq cÖ_g Aeva I me©Rbxb †fvUvwaKv‡ii gva¨‡g mvaviY wbe©vPb|
 wbe©vP‡b †fvU ‡`q— kZKiv 37.19 fvM †fvUvi| miKvwifv‡e wbe©vP‡bi dj cÖKvwkZ nq— 2iv GwcÖj|
 wbe©vP‡b †gvU Avmb wQj— 309 wU (gymwjg Avmb— 237wU Ges Agymwjg Avmb— 72wU)
wbe©vP‡bi djvdj
gymwjg Avmb msL¨v 237wU hy³d«‡›Ui kwiK `j¸‡jvi cÖvß
ivR‰bwZK `j ev †Rv‡Ui bvg cÖvß Avmb cÖ`Ë †fv‡Ui nvi Avmb
hy³d«›U 223 54% c~e© cvwK¯Ívb AvIqvgx 143
gymwjg jxM 9 27% gymwjg jxM
‡Ljvd‡Z ieŸvbx 1 13% K…lK kÖwgK cvwU© 48
¯^Zš¿ m`m¨ 4 6% ‡bRv‡g Bmjvg 19
†gvU 237wU MYZš¿x `j 13
Agymwjg Avmb msL¨v 72wU ‡gvU 223
RvZxq Ks‡MÖm 24
Zdwmj †dWv‡ikb 27
hy³d«›U 13 wbe©vP‡b AskMÖnY K‡iwQj— 16wU `j
Ab¨vb¨ 8
‡gvU 72wU
hy³d«‡›Ui gwš¿mfv MVb

1954 mv‡ji 3 GwcÖj ‡k‡i evsjv G.‡K. dRjyj nK cÖ_‡g Pvi m`m¨ wewkó c~e© evsjv cÖv‡`wkK gwš¿mfv
MVb K‡ib| gwš¿mfv MVb wb‡q AvIqvgx jxM I hy³d«‡›Ui Ab¨vb¨ kixK `‡ji mv‡_ ‡k‡i evsjvi gZv‰bK¨
m…wó nq| Ae‡k‡l hy³d«‡›Ui g~j `j AvIqvgx jx‡Mi 7 Rb Ges K…lK k«wgK cvwU©i AviI 3 Rb m`m¨
wb‡q 15 ‡g 14 m`m¨wewkó gwš¿mfv MVb Kiv nq| e½eÜy ‡kL gywReyi ingvb hy³d«›U gwš¿mfvi K…wl, eb,
mgevq I cjøxgš¿x wbhy³ nb| [Z_¨mÎ— ¯^vaxb evsjv‡`‡ki Afy¨`‡qi BwZnvm : W. Avey †gv. ‡`‡jvqvi †nv‡mb (c„ôv— 133)]
 hy³d«‡›Ui gwš¿mfv MwVZ nq— 3 GwcÖj 1954 mv‡j| gwš¿mfvi m`m¨ wQj— 4 Rb|
 gyL¨gš¿x—‡k‡i evsjv G. †K. dRjyj nK| GQvovI wZwb wQ‡jb— A_©, ivR¯^ I ¯îvóª gš¿Yvj‡qi gš¿x|
 hy³d«›U miKv‡ii gwš¿mfvi cZb nq— 30 ‡g, 1954 mv‡j| 1954 mv‡ji hy³d«‡›Ui gwš¿mfv gvÎ 56 w`b
¯’vqx wQj|
 ‡k‡i evsjv G.‡K dRjyj n‡Ki ‡bZ…Z¡vaxb gwš¿mfv evsjv‡K Ab¨Zg ivó«fvlv, 21 ‡deªæqvwi‡K Ôknx` wèmÕ I
miKvwi QywU ‡NvlYv Ges ea©gvb nvDR‡K Ôevsjv GKv‡WwgÕ Kivi cÖ¯Íve MÖnY I Aby‡gv`b K‡i|
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. c~e© evsjvq hy³d«›U KZ mv‡j MVb Kiv nq? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (myigv) : 12]
02. c~e© evsjvi cÖv‡`wkK wbe©vPb KZ mv‡j AbywôZ nq? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (KY©dzjx) : 12]
03. hy³d«‡›Ui wbe©vPbx cÖPviYv KZ `dvi wfwË‡Z cwiPvwjZ nq? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (Ki‡Zvqv) : 12& cÖv_wgK
K. 10 `dv L. 16 `dv M. 21 `dv N. 26 `dv DËi : M
04. HwZnvwmK 21 `dv `vexi cÖ_g `vexwU wK wQj? (20Zg, 21Zg I 28Zg wewmGm)
K. evsjv‡K Ab¨Zg ivóªfvlv L. cÖv‡`wkK ¯^vqËkvmb
M. c~e© evsjvi A_©‰bwZK êlg¨ `~ixKiY N. webv ÿwZc~i‡Y Rwg`vix D‡”Q` DËi : K
05. c~e© evsjvi hy³d«‡›Ui gwš¿mfvi cÖ_g gyL¨gš¿xi bvg wK? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (‡gNbv) : 12& cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb
wkÿK (Rev) : 09]
K. G †K dRjyj nK L. †PŠayix Lv‡jKz¾vgvb M. gynv¤§` Avjx N. B¯‹v›`vi gxR©v DËi : K
06. 1954 mv‡ji wbe©vP‡b hy³d«›U KZwU Avmb jvf K‡i? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2019]
K. 280 wU L. 223 wU M. 171 wU N. 298 wU DËi : L
1956 mv‡ji cvwK¯Ív‡bi kvmbZš¿

 cvwK¯Ív‡bi cÖ_g msweavb Kvh©Ki nq— 23 gvP©, 1956 mv‡j|
 cvwK¯Ívb nq— ÔcvwK¯Ívb Bmjvgx cÖRvZš¿Õ| c~e© evsjvi bvg nq— c~e© cvwK¯Ívb|
 cvwK¯Ív‡bi cÖ_g wbhy³ ‡c«wm‡W›U nb— B¯‹v›`vi gxR©v| Mfb©‡ii cwie‡Z© ivó«cwZ kvwmZ eë¯’vi cÖeZ©b|
 GB msweav‡bi 214 bs Aby‡”Q` Abyhvqx 16 ‡deªæqvwi, 1956 RvZxq cwil` evsjv fvlv‡K cvwK¯Ív‡bi Ab¨Zg
ivó«fvlv wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…wZ cÖ`vb K‡i|
 GB msweavb Pvjy wQj— gvÎ 2 eQi 8 gvm| †cÖwm‡W›U B¯‹v›`vi gxR©v GB msweavb evwZj K‡i— 7 A‡±vei,
1958 mv‡j|
KvMgvix m‡¤§jb (1957)

7 †deªæqvwi, 1957 AvIqvgx jx‡Mi ZË¡veav‡b Uv½vBj ‡Rjvi m‡šÍv‡li KvMgvix‡Z gvIjvbv Avãyj nvwg` Lvb
fvmvbxi mfvcwZ‡Z¡ ‡h m‡¤§jb AbywôZ nq Zv‡K ÔKvMgvix m‡¤§jbÕ e‡j| 1957 mv‡ji 25 RyjvB, gvIjvbv Avãyj
nvwg` Lvb fvmvbx b¨vc MVb K‡ib|
mvgwiK kvmb Rvwi (1958)

c~e© evsjvi msm‡` mf¨‡ì msN‡l© ‡WcywU w¯úKvi kv‡n` Avjx ¸iæZi AvnZ nb| GiB ARynv‡Z,B¯‹v›`vi gxR©v 7 B
A‡±vei,1958mv‡j mvgwiK AvBb Rvwi K‡ib| ‡c«wm‡W›U B¯‹v›`vi gxR©v, cvwK¯Ív‡bi ‡mbvevwnbxi cÖavb AvBqye
Lvb‡K ÔcÖavb mvgwiK AvBb cÖkvmKÕ wn‡m‡e wbhy³ K‡ib| 27 ‡k A‡±vei, 1958 B¯‹v›`vi gxR©v‡K ¶gZvPÿZ
K‡i ¶gZv `Lj K‡i,AvBqye Lvb Ges cÖavbgš¿xi c` wejyß K‡i wb‡RB ivó«cwZi `vwqZ¡ MÖnY K‡ib| ‡cÖwm‡W›U
AvBqye Lvb 23 gvP© 1960 mv‡j mvgwiK kvmb cÖZ¨vnvi K‡ib|
‡gŠwjK MYZš¿ Aa¨v‡`k

 ‡c«wm‡W›U ‡Rbv‡ij AvBqye Lvb Ô‡gŠwjK MYZš¿ Aa¨v‡`kÕ Rvwi K‡ib— 27 A‡±vei, 1959 mv‡j|
 Ô‡gŠwjK MYZvwš¿K Aa¨v‡`kÕ-G 4 ¯Íiwewkó ¯’vbxq ¯^vqËkvmb M‡o ‡Zvjvi K_v ejv n‡q‡Q| ¯Íi¸‡jv n‡jv—
K. BDwbqb KvDwÝj, L. _vbv KvDwÝj, M. ‡Rjv KvDwÝj Ges N. wefvMxq KvDwÝj
 ‡gŠwjK MYZš¿xi msL¨v wQj c~e© cvwK¯Ívb I cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡b 40 nvRvi K‡i ‡gvU 80 nvRvi|
kixd wkÿv Kwgkb
1962 mv‡ji wk¶v Av‡›`vj‡bi j¶¨ wQj wk¶v‡K mve©Rbxb AwaKvi Kiv| Kwgk‡bi c«avb W. Gm Gg kix‡di
bvgvbymv‡i G wi‡cv‡U©i bvg nq kixd Kwgkb| wi‡cvU©wU `vwLj Kiv n‡qwQj 26 ‡k AvM÷, 1959 mv‡j|
cvwK¯Ív‡bi 2q kvmbZš¿ (1962)
1962 mv‡j AvBqye Lv‡bi Avg‡j 2q evi msweavb iPbv Kiv nq| msm`xq MYZ‡š¿i cwie‡Z© ivó«cwZ kvwmZ miKvi
eë¯’v c«Yqb Kiv nq| ivRavbx KivwP ‡_‡K Bmjvgvev‡` ¯’vbvšÍi Kiv nq|
2q cvK−fviZ hy× (1965)

6 ‡m‡Þ¤î, 1965 Kvk¥xi‡K ‡K›`« K‡i fviZ-cvwK¯Ív‡bi g‡a¨ G hy× msNwUZ n‡q 23 ‡m‡Þ¤î ‡kl
nq| G hy‡×i ¯’vwqZ¡Kvj wQj 17 w`b| 1966 mv‡ji 10 Rvbyqvwi DR‡ewK¯Ív‡bi ivRavbx ZvmL‡›`
‡mvwf‡qZ BDwbq‡bi ZrKvjxb c«avbgš¿x ‡KvwmwMwbi ga¨¯’Zvq ÔZvmL›` Pyw³Õ ¯^v¶‡ii ga¨ w`‡q cvK-fviZ
hy‡×i Aemvb nq| fvi‡Zi c‡¶ jvj evnv`yi kv¯¿x Ges cvwK¯Ív‡bi ‡c«wm‡W›U AvBqye Lvb Pyw³‡Z ¯^v¶i
K‡ib| Imgvbx‡K exi‡Z¡i Rb¨ Ôcvcv UvBMviÕ ejv nq|
1966 mv‡ji Qq `dv Av‡›`vjb

 1966 mv‡ji 5-6 ‡deªæqvwi jv‡nv‡i ‡PŠayix ‡gvnv¤§` Avjxi evmfe‡b AbywôZ we‡ivax `j¸‡jvi m‡¤§j‡b
RvwZi wcZv e½eÜy ‡kL gywReyi ingvb HwZnvwmK ÔQq `dv Kg©m~wPÕ ‡ck K‡ib|
 11 ‡deªæqvwi, 1966 mv‡j jv‡nv‡i wegvbe›`‡i mvsevw`K‡ì cÖ‡kœi Rev‡e e½eÜy e‡jb, ÔQq `d evOvwj
RvwZi gyw³i mb`|Õ
 21 †deªæqvwi, 1966 e½eÜyi bv‡g ÔAvgv‡ì evuPvi `vwe Qq `dvÕ Kg©m~wP kxl©K GKwU cyw¯ÍKv cÖKvk Kiv nq|
 13 gvP©, 1966 AvIqvgx jx‡Mi IqvwK©s KwgwU‡Z ÔQq `dvÕ Aby‡gvw`Z nq|
 15 gvP©, 1966 ‡c«wm‡W›U AvBqye Lvb 6 `dv cÖYqbKvix‡ì cvwK¯Ív‡bi kÎy wn‡m‡e AvL¨vwqZ K‡ib|
 23 ‡k gvP©, 1966 AvbyôvwbKfv‡e 6 `dv `vwe ‡NvlYv Kiv nq|
 cÖwZ eQi 7B Ryb evsjv‡`‡k Ô6 `dv wèmÕ cvjb Kiv nq| KviY 1966 mv‡ji GB w`‡b AvIqvgx jx‡Mi WvKv
niZv‡j ‡`‡ki wewfbœ ¯’v‡b gby wgqv, kwdK, kvgmyj nKmn 11 Rb evOvwj knx` nb|
 HwZnvwmK Qq `dv‡K weªwUk kvmbZ‡š¿i `wjj Ôg¨vMbvKvU©v Gi mv‡_ Zzjbv Kiv nq| GwU‡K ev½vwj RvwZi
gyw³i mb` (Charter of Independence) ejv nq| GwU evOvwj RvZxqZvev‡ì weKv‡ki g~j|
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. Qq `dv `vwe †Kv_vq DÌvwcZ nq? A_ev, Z`vbxšÍb c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi ¯^vqËkvm‡bi Rb¨ ZLbKvi we‡ivax
`j¸‡jvi GK m‡¤§j‡b e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb Qq-`dv `vwe †ck K‡ib| H m‡¤§jb †Kv_vq AbywôZ nq?
(18Zg, 22Zg I 30Zg wewmGm)
K. XvKv L. jv‡nvi M. PÆMÖvg N. w`wjø DËi: L
02. Qq `dv `vex †ck Kiv nq – (36Zg wewmGm)
03. M $ J ) #6 N4 $ /D:: – (05 L )
K. †deªæqvwi‡Z L. †g gv‡m M. RyjvB gv‡m N. AvM‡÷ DËi : K
04. HwZnvwmK Qq `dv‡K wK‡mi mv‡_ Zzjbv Kiv nq? [gva¨wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 11]
K. wej Ae ivBUm L. g¨vMbvKvU©v M. wcwUkb Ae ivBUm N. gyL¨ AvBb DËi : L
05. RvwZi wcZv e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb †Kvb Zvwi‡L Qq `dv Kg©m~wP †NvlYv K‡ib? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK :
2019& †iwR÷vW© cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (UMi): 11]
K. 1952 mv‡ji 2 †m‡Þ¤î L. 1965 mv‡ji 23 Ryb
M. 1966 mv‡ji 5 †deªyqvwi N. 1948 mv‡ji 23 Ryb DËi : M
06. e½eÜz KZ©K„ ÔQq `dvÕ †NvwlZ nq K‡e? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2019]
K. 22 †deyªqvwi 1969 L. 5 †deyªqvwi 1966
M. 3 Rvbyqvwi 1968 N. 15 †deªæqvwi 1969 DËi : L
07. †K, †Kv_vq cÖ_g HwZnvwmK Qq `dv †ck K‡ib? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2019]
K. e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb, jv‡nvi L. wgRvbyi ingvb †PŠayix, cvwK¯Ívb RvZxq cwil` D:K
M. e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb, †im‡Kvm© gq`v‡b N. e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb, avbgwÛ 32 bs evwo‡Z
08. e½eÜy †kL gywRe KZ…©K Qq`dv DÌvwcZ nq— (cÖvK cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK wb‡qvM cixÿv- 2015)
K. ivIqvjvwcwÐ‡Z L. KivwP‡Z M. XvKvq N. jv‡nv‡i DËi : N
AvMiZjv gvgjv
ev½vwj RvZxqZvev` Av‡›`vj‡bi †cÖÿvc‡U ivR‰bwZK ‡bZ…e…‡›ì mn‡hvwMZvq ‡j. KgvÛvi ‡gvqv‡¾‡gi ‡bZ…‡Z¡
c~e©-evsjv‡K wew”Qbœ K‡i ivó«xq ¶gZv `L‡ji c«‡Póvi Awf‡hv‡M e½eÜy‡K cÖavb Avmvgx K‡i ‡gvU 35 R‡bi
weiæ‡× cvwK¯Ívb miKvi KZ©„K ‡h gvgjv `v‡qi Kiv nq|
 cvwK¯Ívb miKvi cÖ_‡g †`k‡`ªvwnZvi gvgjv K‡i— 3 Rvbyqvwi, 1968 wLª÷v‡ã|
 cÖ_g `dvq 28 Rb e¨w³‡K †MÖdZvi Kiv nq| ZLbI †kL gywReyi ingvb G gvgjvq Awfhy³ wQ‡jb bv|
 cieZ©x‡Z e½eÜy ‡kL gywReyi ingvb‡K c«avb Avmvwg K‡i c~‡e©i 28 Rb mn ‡gvU 35 Rb‡K Awfhy³
K‡i Ôivó« ebvg ‡kL gywReyi ingvb I Ab¨vb¨Õ bv‡g bZyb K‡i gvgjv `v‡qi Kiv nq— 18 B Rvbyqvwi,
1968 mv‡j|
 Awf‡hvM— c~e© evsjv‡K cvwK¯Ívb n‡Z gy³ K‡i fvi‡Zi mv‡_ mshyw³ †hvMmvRk|
 gvgjvi Z_¨ dvum K‡ib— cvwK¯Ívb B›Uvi B‡›Uwj‡R‡Ýi m`m¨ Avwgi †nv‡mb|
 UªvBey¨bvj MwVZ nq— 21 GwcÖj, 1968 mv‡j| UªvBey¨bv‡ji cÖavb wePvicwZ wQ‡jb Gm. G. ingvb|
 XvKvi Kywg©‡Uvjv ‡mbvwbev‡m wePviKvh© ïiæ nq— 19 Ryb, 1968 mv‡j|
MY-Afz¨Ìvb (1968-69)
MYZvwš¿K msMÖvg cwil` (Democratic Action Committee-DAC)
1969 mv‡ji 8 B Rvbyqvwi AwaKvsk ivR‰bwZK `‡ji cÖwZwbwa XvKvq wgwjZ n‡q 8 `dv Kg©m~wPi wfwË‡Z
MYZvwš¿K msMÖvg cwil` (Democratic Action Committee) MVb K‡i| AvMiZjv lohš¿ gvgjvq e½eÜy‡K
‡M«dZvi Ki‡j evsjvi we¶yä RbZv‡K msMwVZ Ki‡Z ‡`‡ki 8 wU ivR‰bwZK `j GKwÎZ n‡q 1969 mv‡ji 8
Rvbyqvwi DAC MVb K‡i|
QvÎmsMÖvg cwil` (Student Action Committee-SAC)

1969 mv‡ji Rvbyqvwi gv‡m AvBqye Lv‡bi ‰¯îZvwš¿K miKv‡ii weiæ‡× Av‡›`vj‡bi Rb¨ c~e© cvwK¯Ívb QvÎjxM, c~e©
cvwK¯Ívb QvÎ BDwbqb I RvZxq ‡dWv‡ik‡bi GKvsk wgwjZ n‡q 4 Rvbyqvwi, 1969 mv‡j SAC MwVZ nq|
 QvÎmsMÖvg cwil` ‰Zwi K‡i— 11 `dv| Gi cÖwZ mg_©b Rvbvb AvIqvgx jx‡Mi ‡bZvivI| KviY, QvÎjx‡Mi
ZrKvjxb ‡bZ…e…‡›ì weP¶YZvq H 11 `dvi g‡a¨ 6 `dv‡KI AšÍf©y³ Kiv nq|
 MY-Afz¨Ìv‡b cywjkx wbh©vZ‡bi cÖwZev‡` DAC, SAC MVb K‡i ag©N‡Ui Avnevb Kiv nq 20 Rvbyqvwi
1969| niZvj cvjbKv‡j cywj‡ki ¸wj‡Z knx` nb— XvKv wek^we`¨vj‡qi BwZnvm wefv‡Mi QvÎ‡bZv
Avmv`y¾vgvb Avmv`| Zuvi bvgvbymv‡i XvKv †M‡Ui bvg nq ÔAvmv` †MUÕ| 20 Rvbyqvwi knx` nIqvi w`b‡KB
Ôknx` Avmv` wèmÕ wn‡m‡e cvjb K‡i Avm‡Q| ÔAvmv` †MUÕ Gi c~e© bvg wQj— AvBqye Lvb †MU|
 beKygvi BÝwUwUDU Gi QvÎ gwZDi ingvb‡K nZ¨v Kiv nq— 24 Rvbyqvwi, 1969 mv‡j| QvÎmsMÖvg
cwil‡ì c¶ ‡_‡K 24 ‡k Rvbyqvwi niZvj AvnŸvb K‡i| GwU evsjvi BwZnv‡mi HwZnvwmK MYAfÿÌvb wèm|
 XvKv K¨v›Ub‡g‡›U mv‡R©›U Rûiæj nK gviv hvb— 1969 mv‡ji 15 †deªæqvwi| Zvi bvgvbymv‡i Xvwe‡Z GKwU
nj wbg©vY Kiv nq| (Xvwei BKevj n‡ji eZ©gvb bvg mv‡R©›U Rûiæj nK)
 ivRkvnx wek^we`¨vj‡qi imvq‡bi Aa¨vcK W.kvgmy‡¾vnv‡K nZ¨v Kiv nq— 18 †deªæqvwi, 1969 wLª÷v‡ã|
 nZ¨vi weiæ‡× MYAv‡›`vjb ïiæ n‡j AvBqye Lvb gvgjv c«Z¨vnvi K‡i mevB‡K wbtkZ© gyw³ `vb K‡ib— 22
‡k ‡deªqvwi 1969 mv‡j|
 ‡im‡Kvm© gq`v‡b MYmsea©bvq QvÎ msM«vg cwil‡ì c¶ ‡_‡K QvÎ‡bZv ‡Zvdv‡qj Avn‡g` ‡kL gywReyi
ingvb‡K Òe½eÜyÓ Dcvwa‡Z f~wlZ K‡ib— 23 †deªæqvwi, 1969 wLª÷v‡ã|
 AvBqye Lvb c`Z¨vM K‡i— 25 ‡k gvP©, 1969 mv‡j|
 e½eÜz ‡kL gywReyi ingvb ‡nv‡mb knx` ‡mvnivIqv`©xi g…Zÿevwl©Kx Dcj‡¶ GK ‡`vqv Abyôv‡b c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi
bvg iv‡Lb evsjv‡`k— 5 wW‡m¤î, 1969 wLª÷v‡ã|
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. AvMiZjv lohš¿ gvgjvq KZR‡bi weiæ‡× ivóª‡`ªvwnZvi Awf‡hvM Avbv nq? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (Wvwjqv) : 12]
K. 35 Rb L. 44 Rb M. 54 Rb N. 24 Rb DËi : K
02. Avmv` knx` nb— [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (Ki‡Zvqv) : 12& cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (cÙ): 09]
K. 90 Gi MY Av‡›`vj‡b L. 52 Gi fvlv Av‡›`vj‡b
M. 62 Gi wkÿv Av‡›`vj‡b N. 69 Gi MY Av‡›`vj‡b DËi : N
03. Ôknx` Avmv` wèmÕ cvwjZ nq— [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK (‡Wëv) : 2014]
K. 15 Rvbyqvwi L. 20 Rvbyqvwi M. 25 Rvbyqvwi N. 30 Rvbyqvwi DËi : L
04. Avmv` K‡e knx` nb? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2019]
K. 1969, 20 Rvbyqvwi L. 1969, 21 †deªæqvwi
M. 1969, 22 †deªæqvwi N. 1969, 23 †deªæqvwi DËi : K
05. Avmv` †MU †Kvb ¯§„wZ iÿv‡_© wbwg©Z nq? [mnKvix _vbv gva¨wgK wkÿv Kg©KZ©v : 15]
K. 1952 mv‡ji fvlv Av‡›`vjb L. 1966 mv‡ji Qq `dv Av‡›`vjb
M. 1971 mv‡ji gyw³hy× N. 1969 mv‡ji MY-Afz¨Ìvb DËi : N
06. c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡b MYAfz¨Ìvb KZ mv‡j nq? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (KY©dzjx) : 12]
07. Ôme©`jxq QvÎ msMÖvg cwil`Õ MYAfz¨Ìv‡b KZ `dv Kg©m~wP †NvlYv K‡i? [gva¨wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 11]
K GMvi `dv L. GKzk `dv M. Qq `dv N. AvVvi `dv DËi : K
1970 mv‡ji wbe©vPb

30 gvP©, 1970 Bqvwnqv Lvb AvBbMZ KvVv‡gv Av‡`k (Legal Framework Order) ‡NvlYv K‡ib|
7 wW‡m¤î, 1970 RvZxq cwil‡ì wbe©vPb|
17 wW‡m¤î, 1970 cÖv‡`wkK cwil‡ì wbe©vPb|
17 Rvbyqvwi, 1971 N~wY©So I R‡jv”Q¡v‡mi Kvi‡Y evwZj nIqv Avm‡bi wbe©vPb AbywôZ nq|
RvZxq cwil‡ì wbe©vP‡bi djvdj

AÂ‡ji bvg Avmb djvdj c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡b Ab¨ `ywU Avmb jvf K‡i h_vµ‡g
c~e© cvwK¯Ívb 169 AvIqvgx jxM cvq †gvU 167wU wcwWwcÕi byiæj Avgxb (gqgbwms‡ni bv›`vBj,
cwðg cvwK¯Ívb 144 Avmb (wbe©vwPZ 160wU + 7wU gqgbwmsn- 8) I cve©Z¨ PÆMÖv‡gi ivOvgvwU 162
‡gvU 313 msiwÿZ) bs Avm‡b PvKgv ivRv wÎwè ivq (¯^Zš¿)|
cÖv‡`wkK cwil‡ì wbe©vP‡bi djvdj

Avmb 300
msiwÿZ 10 AvIqvgx jxM cvq 298wU (wbe©vwPZ 288wU + msiwÿZ 10wU)
‡gvU 310
1970 mv‡ji RvZxq wbe©vP‡bi we¯ÍvwiZ djvdj

ivR‰bwZK mvaviY Avmb msiwÿZgwnjv Avmb DcRvZxq ‡gvU
`‡ji bvg c~e© cvwK¯Ívb cwðg cvwK¯Ívb Avmb
AvIqvgx jxM 160 - 7 - 167
wccjm cvwU© - 83 5 - 88
Ab¨vb¨ 2 55 1 7 58
‡gvU 162 131 13 7 313
RvZxq cwil‡` AvIqvgx cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡b Ges cvwK¯Ívb wccjm cvwU© c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡b †Kvb Avmb cvqwb|
 AvIqvgx jxM 1970 mv‡ji wbe©vP‡b cÖwZØw›ØZv K‡i— Qq `dv I QvÎ‡ì 11 `dvi wfwË‡Z|
 ‡kL gywRei wbe©vwPZ MNA I MPA m`m¨‡ì kc_ evK¨ cvV Kivb— 3 Rvbyqvwi, 1971 wLª÷v‡ã|
 AvIqvgx jxM ‡gvU ‡fvU ‡c‡qwQj cÖ`Ë †fv‡Ui— c~e© cvwK¯Ívb RvZxq cwil‡` 75.101% Ges cÖv‡`wkK
cwil‡` 70.48% ‡fvU cvq|
 1970 mv‡ji mvaviY wbe©vP‡bi mgq cÖavb wbe©vPb Kwgkbvi wQ‡jb— wePvicwZ Avãym mvËvi|
 cvwK¯Ív‡b cÖ_g 1 Rb e¨w³i 1 †fv‡U wbe©vPb c×wZ‡Z AbywôZ nq— 1970 mv‡ji wbe©vP‡b|
cÖkœ mgvavb
08. 1970 mv‡ji wbe©vP‡b RvZxq cwil‡ì ZrKvjxb c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi Avmb KZwU wQj?
K. 167 L. 169 M. 163 N. 165 DËi : L
09. 1970 mv‡ji wbe©vP‡b AvIqvgx jxM RvZxq cwil‡ì KZwU Avmb cvq? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2019]
K. 167 L. 162 M. 298 N. 300 DËi : K
10. c~e© evsjv cÖv‡`wkK cwil‡` KZwU Avmb wQj? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (myigv) : 12]
K. 250wU L. 275wU M. 300wU N. 309wU DËi : †bvU
e¨vL¨v : c~e© evsjv cÖv‡`wkK cwil‡` wbe©vwPZ Avmb wQj— 300wU Ges msiwÿZ Avmb wQj— 10wU|
11. 1970 mv‡ji mvaviY wbe©vP‡bi mgq cÖavb wbe©vPb Kwgkbvi †K wQ‡jb? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2019]
K. wePvicwZ Avey mvB` †PŠayix L. wePvicwZ Gg Gb û`v
M. wePvicwZ G we wmÏxK N. wePvicwZ Avãym mvËvi DËi : N
evsjv‡`‡ki gyw³hy×
If Blood is the price of 1971 mv‡j gyw³hy‡×i kyiæ‡Z e½eÜz m¤ú‡K© GK e¨w³ `‡¤¢vw³ K‡i,
independence then hv e‡jwQj wb¤œiƒc— Ò‡jvKwU Ges Zvi `j cvwK¯Ív‡bi kÎæ, Gevi
Bangladesh has paid Zviv kvw¯Í Gov‡Z cvi‡e bvÓ G `‡¤¢vw³Kvix e¨w³wU Kx?
the highest price in K. †Rbv‡ij wbqvRx L. †Rbv‡ij wU°v Lvb
history. M. †Rbv‡ij Bqvwnqv Lvb N. †Rbv‡ij nvwg` Lvb DËi : M
London Times (1971)
Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vjb (1971)

1970 mv‡ji wbe©vP‡b AvIqvgx jxM RvZxq I cÖv‡`wkK cwil‡` wbi¼zk msL¨vMwiôZv AR©b Kivi ci 3iv gvP©
Bqvwnqv Lvb RvZxq cwil‡ì Awa‡ekb AvnŸvb K‡ib| Bqvwnqv Lvb 01 gvP© Awa‡ekb Awbw`©ó Kv‡ji Rb¨ ¯’wMZ
K‡ib| cÖwZev‡` me©`jxq msMÖvg cwil` I e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi AvnŸv‡b 2iv gvP© XvKvq Ges 3iv gvP© mviv
†`‡k niZvj cvwjZ nq| d‡j mKj miKvwi Kvh©µg cÖvq APj n‡q c‡o| niZvj PjvKv‡j cywjk I †mbvevwnbxi
¸wj‡Z eû‡jvK nZvnZ nq| e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vj‡bi WvK †`b| Ggb cwiw¯’wZ‡Z e½eÜz
7B gvP© †im‡Kvm© gq`v‡b wekvj GK Rbmfvq HwZnvwmK fvlY †`b| G fvl‡Y wZwb ¯^vaxbZv AR©‡bi j‡ÿ¨ mKj
evOvwj‡K mk¯¿ gyw³hy‡× AskMÖn‡Y AvnŸvb Rvbvb| (Z_¨m~Î− beg-`kg †kÖwYi evsjv‡`k I wek^cwiPq eB : wØZxq Aa¨vq- ¯^vaxb evsjv‡`k)
01-06 gv‡P©i NUbvejx
01 gvP©, 1971  1971 mv‡ji 3 gvP© XvKvq RvZxq msm‡ì Awa‡ekb nIqvi K_v _vK‡jI Bqvwnqv Lvb
gvÎ 2 w`b Av‡MB (1 gvP©, 1971) ‡mB Awa‡ekb ¯’wMZ K‡ib|
 e½eÜy Gi c«wZev‡` 2 gvP© XvKv kni Ges 3 gvP© mviv‡`‡k niZvj AvnŸvb K‡ib|
¯^vaxb evsjv QvÎ msMÖvg cwil`

e½eÜyi wb‡`©‡k QvÎjxM mfvcwZ b~‡i Avjg wmwÏKx, QvÎjxM mvaviY m¤úv`K kvRvnvb wmivR, WvKmy mn-mfvcwZ
Av.m. g. Avãyi ie Ges WvKmy mvaviY m¤úv`K Avãyj KyÏym gvLb GK ‰eV‡K e‡m Ô¯^vaxb evsjv QvÎ msM«vg cwil`Õ
MVb K‡ib— 01 gvP©, 1971 wLª÷v‡ã| G PviRb QvÎ‡bZv‡K GK‡Î Ôgyw³hy‡×i Pvi LwjdvÕ ejv nq|
02 gvP©, 1971 Av.m.g. Avãyi ie evsjv‡`‡ki gvbwPÎ LwPZ cZvKv D‡Ëvjb K‡ib (XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi
eUZjvq)| G Kvi‡Y 2 gvP© ÔRvZxq cZvKv wèmÕ wn‡m‡e cvjb Kiv nq|
03 gvP©, 1971  QvÎjxM cëb gq`v‡b we‡ÿvf mgv‡ek K‡i|
 WvKmyi wfwc Av.m.g. Avãyi ie ‡kL gywRe‡K ÔRvwZi RbKÕ Dcvwa ‡`b|
 ‡mbvevwnbxi ¸wj‡Z 15 Rb wbnZ nb| BKevj n‡ji bvg nq mv‡R©›U Rûiæj nK nj|
04 gvP©, 1971 cvwK¯Ívb ‡iwWI I wUwfÕi bvgKiY Kiv nq h_vµ‡g— evsjv‡`k ‡eZvi Ges evsjv‡`k wUwf|
06 gvP©, 1971 ‡cÖwm‡W›U Bqvwnqv Lvb c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi Mfb©i fvBm GWwgivj Gm Gg Avnmvb‡K AcmviY
K‡i ‡j. ‡Rbv‡ij wU°vLvb‡K c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi Mfb©i wn‡m‡e wb‡qvM ‡`b| (cÖavb wePvicwZ
weG wmwÏKx wU°vLvb‡K kc_ cov‡Z A¯^xKvi K‡ib)
Bqvwnqv Lvb 6B gvP© †eZvi fvl‡Y 25 †k gvP© cybivq RvZxq cwil‡ì Awa‡ekb AvnŸvb K‡ib| evOvwji
Awemsevw`Z †bZv e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvbI †m †NvlYvq Av¯’v ivL‡Z cv‡iwb| Z‡e Zvui †NvlYv evsjv‡`‡ki
weÿzä gvbyl‡K Avk^¯Í Ki‡Z cv‡iwb| d‡j AvIqvgx jx‡Mi cÿ †_‡K 7B gvP© †im‡Kvm© gq`v‡b mvgwiK
kvmbwe‡ivax e„nËi Av‡›`vjb M‡o †Zvjvi j‡ÿ¨ Rbmfvi Av‡qvRb Kiv nq| (Z_¨m~Î− beg-`kg †kÖwYi evsjv‡`‡ki BwZnvm
I wek^mf¨Zv eB)|
Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vj‡bi P~ovšÍ ch©vq
 Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vjb Ae¨vnZ †i‡L 16B gvP© Bqvwnqv-gywRe Av‡jvPbv ïiæ nq|
 19‡k gvP© cvwK¯Ívwb ˆmbïv Rq‡ècy‡i wbixn gvby‡li Dci nvgjv Pvjv‡j Gi cÖfve gywRe-Bqvwnqv Av‡jvPbv‡K
cÖfvweZ K‡i| g~jZ G mgq Av‡jvPbv e¨_© n‡q hvq|
 23‡k gvP© cvwK¯Ív‡bi cÖRvZš¿ wè‡m cvwK¯Ív‡bi cZvKvi cwie‡Z© ¯^vaxb evsjvi cZvKv D‡Ëvjb Kiv nq|
 24‡k gvP© AvIqvgx jxM ‡bZ…e„›` msKU mgvav‡bi †kl †Póv K‡ib| wKš‘ Av‡jvPbv Amgvß †i‡L 25‡k gvP©
Bqvwnqv Lvb †Mvc‡b XvKv Z¨vM K‡ib| Zvi Av‡M wZwb mvgwiK evwnbx‡K wbi¯¿ evOvwji Ici AvµgY Pvjv‡bvi
wb‡`©k w`‡q hvb|
Z_¨m~Î− beg-`kg †kÖwYi evsjv‡`‡ki BwZnvm I wek^mf¨Zv (Î‡qv`k Aa¨vq : mË‡ii wbe©vPb Ges gyw³hy×)
7 B gv‡P©i HwZnvwmK fvlY
7B gv‡P©i  1863 mv‡ji 19 B b‡f¤î Av‡gwiKvi 16 Zg †cÖwm‡W›U Ave«vnvg wj¼b

fvlYwU‡K ‡cbwmjfvwbqv iv‡Rï ‡MwURev‡M©i weL¨vZ fvl‡Yi mv‡_ Zyjbv Kiv nq|
†Kvb
 272 wU k‡ãi mgš^‡q 3 wgwb‡Ui fvl‡Y wZwb e‡jwQ‡jb- ÒDemocracy is a
fvl‡Yi
mv‡_ Zzjbv form of government of the people, by the people, for the
Kiv nq? people, shall not perish for the earth.ÕÕ
07B gv‡P©i fvlYwU KZ wgwb‡Ui wQj?

10 B gvP©, 2017 Bs Zvwi‡L K…wlwe` BÝwUwUDkb wgjbvqZ‡b ÔÔe½eÜyi 7-B o BDwUDe− 14.03 wgwbU
gv‡P©i fvlY : ivó« I mgvR KvVv‡gv cwieZ©‡bi w`K`k©bÓ kxl©K Av‡qvwRZ GK o W. †gvRv‡¤§j n‡Ki D”P
‡mwgbv‡i c«avbgš¿x e‡jb, 7 B gv‡P©i fvlYwU wQj 23 wgwb‡Ui| Avgvi gva¨wgK †cŠiYxwZ I
‡mŠfvM¨ n‡qwQj ‡mB mgq gv‡V Dcw¯’Z wQjvg| g‡Âi mvg‡b bq, wVK cv‡kB mykvmb eB Abymv‡i 19
Dcw¯’Z wQjvg| Z‡e fvlYwU ‡iKW© Kiv n‡qwQj ‡mUv 18-19 wgwb‡Ui| wgwbU|
XvKvi †im‡Kvm© gq`v‡b (eZ©gvb †mvnivIqv`x D`¨v‡b) RvwZi wcZv e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb HwZnvwmK 7 gv‡P©i
fvlY †`b| G mgqI c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡b Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vjb PjwQj|
 e½eÜz 7B gv‡P©i fvl‡Yi ïiæ‡ZB e‡jb- Ôfv‡qiv Avgvi, AvR `ytL fvivµvšÍ gb wb‡q Avcbv‡ì mvg‡b
nvwRi n‡qwQ| Avcbviv meB Rv‡bb Ges †ev‡Sb Avgiv Rxeb w`‡q †Póv K‡iwQÕ|
 25 ZvwiL A¨vm¤^wji AvnŸvb Ki‡j Zvi †cÖwÿ‡Z 4wU `vex Zz‡j a‡ib| wZwb e‡jb, 25 Zvwi‡L A¨v‡m¤^wj Kj
K‡i‡Q| i‡³i `vM ïKvq bvB| Avwg 10 Zvwi‡L wm×všÍ wb‡qwQ H knx‡ì i‡³i Dci cvov w`‡q AviwUwm‡Z
gywReyi ingvb †hvM`vb Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| A¨v‡m¤^wj Kj K‡i‡Qb, Avgvi `vex gvb‡Z n‡e—
o cÖ_‡g mvgwiK gvk©vj j DB_‡Wªv Ki‡Z n‡e|
o mg¯Í mvgwiK evwnbxi †jvK‡ì e¨viv‡K †diZ †bqv| 7B gv‡P©i fvl‡Y kã
o ‡hfv‡e nZ¨v Kiv n‡q‡Q Zvi Z`šÍ Ki‡Z n‡e| msL¨v— 1108wU|
o Avi RbM‡Yi cÖwZwbwa‡ì nv‡Z ÿgZv n¯ÍvšÍi Ki‡Z n‡e|
 7-B gv‡P©i fvl‡Yi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Dw³— ÔÔ ÔAvi hw` GKUv ¸wj P‡j, Avi hw` Avgvi †jvK‡K nZ¨v Kiv
nq, †Zvgv‡ì Kv‡Q Avgvi Aby‡iva iBj- cÖ‡Z¨K N‡i N‡i `yM© M‡o †Zv‡jv|ÕÕ
 7B gv‡P©i fvlY w`‡Z hvIqvi Av‡M e½gvZv †kL dwRjvZz‡bœmv e‡jwQ‡jb— Ô‡Zvgvi mvg‡b RbMY,
†cQ‡b ¸wj| †Zvgvi ü`q hv PvB‡e ZvB ej‡e AvR|Õ 7B gvP©‡K ÔRvZxq HwZnvwmK wèmÕ †NvlYvi wm×všÍ
wb‡q‡Q miKvi|
7-B gv‡P©i fvlY HwZnvwmK `wjj
 e½eÜyi 7B gv‡P©i fvlY‡K HwZnvwmK `wjj wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…wZ
w`‡q‡Q— ÔBD‡b‡¯‹vÕ (UNESCO).
 International Advisory Committee, UNESCO
Gi Memory of the world (MOW) Kg©m~wPi Aax‡b
AvšÍR©vwZK ZvwjKvq (B›Uvib¨vkbvj ‡iwR÷«vi) ‡gvU 78wU
`wjj‡K g‡bvbqb w`‡q‡Q| G ZvwjKvq e½eÜyi 7B gv‡P©i fvlYwU‡K g‡bvbqb ‡Ìqv n‡q‡Q— 48 b¤^‡i|
 wek¦ HwZn¨ I ¸iZ¡c~Y© NUbvi AvšÍR©vwZK ZvwjKvB g~jZ ÔMemory of the WorldÕ|
 BD‡b‡¯‹v ‡g‡gvwi Ad `¨v Iqvì© Pvjy K‡i— 1992 mv‡j|
 G ¯^xK…wZ †g‡j— 30 A‡±vei, 2017 wLª÷v‡ã| G ch©šÍ Gme ¯^xK…wZi g‡a¨ UNESCO G fvlYwU‡KB cÖ_g
cvÐzwjwcwenxb Ges AwjwLZ Ggb †Kv‡bv fvlY‡K HwZn¨ wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…wZ ‡`q|
We Shall fight on the Beaches

The speeches that inspired history
o GwU wL«óc~e© 431 mvj ‡_‡K 1987 wL«óvã ch©šÍ ‡miv fvlY wb‡q 223 c…ôvi eB| eBwU‡Z ¯’vb cvIqv
o eBwUi msKjK— Jack F. Field. eBwU‡Z me©‡gvU fvlY Av‡Q— 41wU| K‡qKwU ¸iZ¡c~Y© fvlY-
o wØZxq wek¦hy×Kv‡j hy³iv‡Rï c«avbgš¿x m¨vi DBÝUb PvwP©‡ji fvlY ‡_‡K we`vq n‡¾i fvlY,
wk‡ivbv‡gi GB msKjb MÖ‡š’i ‡kl fvlYwU hy³iv‡ó«i mv‡eK ‡cÖwm‡W›U ‡ivbvì ‡MwURev‡M©i fvlY. I
wiM¨v‡bi ÔwUqvim WvDb IqvjÕ| have a dream Ges 7
o eBwUi 201 c…ôvq Ô`¨v ÷«vMj w`m UvBg BR `¨ ÷«vMj di BwÛ‡c‡ÛÝÕ B gv‡P©i fvlY
wk‡ivbv‡g ¯’vb ‡c‡q‡Q e½eÜyi fvlY|
25‡k gv‡P©i MYnZ¨v (Acv‡ikb mvP©jvBU)

25 gvP© 1971 iv‡Z Acv‡ikb mvP©jvBU bv‡g N…Y¨, ee©i MYnZ¨v I aŸsmhÁ Pvjv‡bv nq| 1970 mv‡ji wbe©vP‡bi
cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z 25 gvP© 1971 MYcwil‡ì Awa‡ekb Avn&evb K‡ib| Gi c~‡e© cvwK¯Ívwb kvmK Bqvwnqv Lvb GK
kvmbZvwš¿K Av‡jvPbvi Rb¨ 15 gvP© XvKvq Av‡mb Ges 16 gvP© ‡_‡K 25 gvP© Av‡jvPbv P‡j| ‡kl ch©šÍ Av‡jvPbv
e¨_© n‡j Bqvwnqv Lvb Hw`b XvKv Z¨vM K‡ib wKš‘ mvgwiK evwnbx‡K ‡Mvc‡b wb‡`©k w`‡q hvb Awfhvb Pvjv‡Z|
d‡j 25 gvP© ivZ mv‡o 11Uvq ïiæ nq BwZnv‡mi N…Y¨Zg nZ¨vKvÐ| mvsevw`K A¨vš’wb gvmKv‡ibnvm GB NUbv‡K
Ôwek kZ‡Ki RNY¨Zg cÖeÂbvÕ e‡j AvL¨vwqZ K‡i‡Qb| H iv‡ZB ¯^vaxbZvi ‡NvlYv c~‡e©B e½eÜz PÆM«v‡gi Rûi
Avn‡g` ‡PŠayix‡K wb‡gœv³ evZ©v ‡c«iY K‡ib— “Pak army suddenly attacked EPR base at pilkhana,
…………………..May Allah bless you. Joy Bangla.”
Acv‡ikb weM evW©

Acv‡ikb weøR I Acv‡ikb mvP©jvB‡Ui ‡Kv_vI e½eÜy ‡kL gywReyi ingv‡bi bvg mivmwi wQj bv| Z‡e cvK
‡mbv‡ì Gme Acv‡ik‡b ÔweM evW©Õ bv‡g e½eÜyi GKwU ‡KvW bvg wQj| e½eÜy‡K ‡M«dZvi K‡i cvwK¯Ívwb‡ì
nv‡Z e›`x Kivi cÖwµqvi bvgB wQj ÒAcv‡ikb weM evW©Ó|
25‡k gv‡P©i MYnZ¨vi AvšÍR©vwZK ¯^xK…wZ

o ÔOne of the Bloodiest Slaughters of Modern Times’| (—New York Times)
o ‘Bloodbath in Bengal’ wk‡ivbv‡g| (—GwcÖj gv‡m The New York Times m¤úv`Kxq cÖKvk K‡i)
o gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi Kbmy¨j †Rbv‡ij AvP©vi eøvW IqvwksU‡b ‘Selective GENOCIDE’ wk‡ivbv‡g GKwU
†UwjMÖvg †cÖiY K‡i hv ÔeøvW †UwjMÖvgÕ bv‡g weL¨vZ|
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. e½eÜzi 1971 mv‡ji 7 gvP© fvl‡Yi mgqKv‡j c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡b †h Av‡›`vjb PjwQj †mwU n‡jv−
K. Bmjvgvev‡ì mvgwiK miKvi c`Z¨v‡Mi Av‡›`vjb L. c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vjb
M. †cÖwm‡W›U Bqvwnqvi c`Z¨vM Av‡›`vjb N. gvk©vj ÔjÕ c`Z¨v‡Mi Av‡›`vjb DËi : L
02. 1971 mv‡ji 7 gvP© e½eÜy †Kv_vq fvlY w`‡qwQ‡jb? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2019]
K. XvKvi †im‡Kvm© gq`v‡b L. XvKvi †cÖwm‡W›U fe‡b
M. cvj©v‡g‡›U N. XvKvi igbv cv‡K© DËi : K
03. 7 gvP© 1971 Gi e½eÜyi fvl‡Yi g~j e³e¨ wK wQj? (cÖv_wgK wkÿK wb‡qvM cixÿv- 2016& cÖvK-cÖv_wgK wkÿK wb‡qvM-2016)
K. ¯^vaxbZv msMÖvg ev gyw³ msMÖv‡gi K_v L. cybivq wbev©Pb `vex
M. mvgwiK AvBb Rvwi Kiv N. Abkb ag©NU Avnevb Kiv DËi : K
04. Av‡gwiKvb g¨vMvwRb wbDR DB‡K ÔPoet of Politics’ ev ivRbxwZi Kwe bv‡g AvL¨vwqZ Kiv nq - [cÖv_wgK
K. Bw›ìv MvÜx‡K L. myfvl emy‡K
M. e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb N. gnvZ¥v MvÜx‡K DËi : M
05. †K ÔAcv‡ikb mvP©jvBUÕ Gi bxj bKkv ˆZwi K‡ib? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2019]
K. fz‡Æv L. wU°v Lvb M. †gv. Avjx wRbœvn N. Bqvwnqv DËi : N
06. 1971 mv‡j XvKv kn‡i ÔAcv‡ikb mvP©jvBUÕ cwiPvjbvi g~j `vwq‡Z¡ wQ‡jb? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2019]
K. †Rbv‡ij Bqvwnqv Lvb L. †Rbv‡ij ivI digvb Avjx
M. †Rbv‡ij wRqvDi ingvb N. †Rbv‡ij wU°v Lvb DËi : L
¯^vaxbZvi †NvlYv
‡MÖdZvi nIqvi c~e© gyn~‡Z© 26‡k gvP© cÖ_g cÖn‡i e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZvi †NvlYv †`b Ges
Iqvi‡jm‡hv‡M PÆMÖvg †cÖiY K‡ib| G Rb¨B Avgv‡ì ¯^vaxbZv wèm— 26‡k gvP©| ‡NvlYvwU wQj Bs‡iwR‡Z hv‡Z
wekêvmx eyS‡Z cv‡i| ¯^vaxbZvi G †NvlYv evsjv‡`‡ki mKj ¯’v‡b Z`vbxšÍb BwcAvi Gi UªvÝwmUvi, †UwjMÖvg I
†UwjwcÖ›Uv‡ii gva¨‡g cÖPvi Kiv nq| e½eÜzi ¯^vaxbZvi †NvlYv 26‡k gvP© `ycy‡i PÆMÖv‡gi AvIqvgx jxM †bZv Gg.
G. nvbœvb PÆMÖv‡gi †eZvi †K›`ª †_‡K GKevi Ges mÜ¨vq KvjyiNvU †eZvi †K›`ª †_‡K wØZxqevi cÖPvi K‡ib| 27‡k
gvP© KvjyiNvU †eZvi †K›`ª †_‡K †gRi wRqvDi ingvb cybivq e½eÜzi c‡ÿ ¯^vaxbZvi †NvlYv cvV K‡ib| (Z_¨m~Î−
beg-`kg †kÖwYi evsjv‡`‡ki BwZnvm I wek^mf¨Zv : Î‡qv`k Aa¨vq− mË‡ii wbe©vPb I gyw³hy×)
 RvwZi wcZv e½eÜz †kL gyywReyi ingv‡bi ¯^vaxbZvi †NvlYv msweav‡bi mshy³ Kiv nq— 15Zg
ms‡kvabxi gva¨‡g|
 msweav‡bi lô Zdwm‡j 150 (2) bs Aby‡”Q‡` AšÍf©y³ Kiv nq|
 evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv wèm 26 gvP© †NvlYv Kiv nq— 1980 mv‡j|
¯^vaxb evsjv †eZvi †K›`ª

o 1971 mv‡ji 25 ‡k gvP© gaïv‡Z cvwK¯Ív‡bi ‰mb¨‡ì nv‡Z mKj ‡iwWI ‡÷kb P‡j hvq|
o ÔPÆMÖv‡gi KwZcq AvIqvgx jxM ‡bZv PÆM«v‡gi ‡eZvi ‡K›`« n‡Z hš¿cvwZ ¯’vbvšÍwiZ K‡i PÆM«v‡gi KvjyiNvU
‡cÖiY ‡K›`«wU‡K ‡eZvi ‡K›`ª wn‡m‡e M‡o ‡Zv‡jb| Gi bvg ‡Ìqv nq Ò¯^vaxb evsjv wecøex ‡eZvi ‡K›`«|Ó
o 1971 mv‡ji 28 ‡k gvP© ‡gRi wRqvi Aby‡iv‡a ÔwecøexÕ kãwU ev` w`‡q bvgKiY Kiv nq ÔÔ¯^vaxb evsjv ‡eZvi
‡K›`«ÕÕ| 1971 mv‡ji 30 ‡k gvP© nvbv`vi evwnbxi ‡evgv el©‡Yi d‡j ‡eZvi ‡K›`«wU wbie n‡q hvq|
o 1971 mv‡ji 25 ‡g KjKvZvi evwjM‡Ä ‡eZvi ‡K›`«wU 2q ch©v‡q m¤ú«Pvi ïiæ K‡i|
o ¯^vaxbZvi ‡NvlYvcÎ c«Pvi Kiv nq— ¯^vaxb evsjv ‡eZvi ‡K›`« ‡_‡K|
o ¯’vbxq fvlvq PigcÎ cvV K‡ib— Gg Avi AvLZvi gyKyj|
o eR«KÉ— ¯^vaxb evsjv ‡eZvi ‡K›`« KZ©K
… c«PvwiZ e½eÜyi fvl‡Yi Ask we‡kl|
o Rjøv‡ì ìevi— Rjøv‡ì ìev‡i ‡Rbv‡ij Bqvwnqv Lv‡bi AgvbweK PwiÎ I cvkweK AvPiY‡K ‡Kjøv d‡Zn
Lvb Pwi‡Îi gva¨‡g wPwýZ Kiv nq|
o gyw³hy‡×i mgq AvIqvgx jx‡Mi gyLcvÎ wQj Ôevsjvi evYxÕ cwÎKv| Gi m¤úv`K dRjyj nK gwY|
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. ¯^vaxbZvi †NvlYvcÎ msweav‡bi KZ bs Zdwm‡j ms‡hvRb Kiv n‡q‡Q? (40Zg wewmGm)
K. PZz_© L. cÂg M. lô N. mßg DËi : N
02. evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq wèm K‡e? (26Zg wewmGm−evwZj I 33Zg wewmGm)
K. 16B wW‡m¤î L. 7B gvP© M. 26‡k gvP© N. 17B GwcÖj DËi : M
03. 26 gvP© 1971 Gi ¯^vaxbZv †NvlYv e½eÜz Rvwi K‡ib−(36Zg wewmGm)
K. †eZvi/‡iwWIi gva¨‡g L. Iqvi‡j‡mi gva¨‡g
M. †UwjMªvg gva¨‡g N. †Uwjwfk‡bi gva¨‡g DËi : L
04. e½eÜzi Ô¯^vaxbZv †NvlYÕ 26 gvP© PUªMÖvg †eZvi †K›`ª †_‡K †K cÖ_g cÖPvi K‡ib?
K. Aveyj Kv‡kg m›`xc L. †gRi iwdKzj Bmjvg
M. Gg. G. nvbœvb N. †gRi wRqvDi ingvb DËi : M
05. 1971 mv‡j ¯^vaxb evsjv †eZvi †K›`ª †_‡K cÖPvwiZ ÔPigcÎÕ †K cwiPjbv I Dc¯’vcbv K‡ibÑ [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq
mnKvix wkÿK : 2019]
K. †ejvj †gvnv¤§` L. Gg G AvwRR
M. Avey †nbv †gv¯Ídv Kvgvj N. Gg Avi AvLZvi gyKzj DËi : N
06. ¯^vaxb evsjv †eZvi ‡K›`ª n‡Z PigcÎ cvV Ki‡Zb? (cÖv_wgK wkÿK wb‡qvM cixÿv- 2018)
K. mbxj M‡½¨vcva¨vq L. Gg Avi AvLZvi gyKzj
M. Ave`yj nvbœvb N. Avãyj Mvddvi †PŠayix DËi : L
gywRe bMi miKv‡ii MVb I Kvh©vewj

1971 mv‡ji 25‡k gvP© cvwK¯Ívb mvgwiK evwnbx KZ©K „ MYnZ¨v ïiæ n‡j cÖv_wgKfv‡e c~e©cÖ¯w‘ Z I mvsMwbK ZrciZv
QvovB c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi gvbyl Zv‡ì weiæ‡× cÖwZ‡iva M‡o †Zv‡j| gyw³hy× myôzfv‡e cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g
miKvi MwVZ nq—10B GwcÖj|
 MwVZ nq— Kzwóqv †Rjvi ‡g‡nicyi gnKzgvi (eZ©gv‡b †Rjv)
‰e`¨bv_Zjvi f‡ei cvov MÖv‡g (eZ©gvb bvg gywRebMi) MwVZ
nq gywRebMi miKvi|
 gywRebMi bvgKiY K‡ib— ZvRDwÏb Avng`|
 10 Gwc«‡j RvwiK…Z ¯^vaxbZvi ‡NvlYvcÎ cvV K‡ib— Aa¨vcK
BDmyd Avjx|
 ‡NvlYvc‡Îi eY©bv Abyhvqx GwU Kvh©Ki nq— 26 ‡k gvP©, 1971| gywRe bMi miKvi
1971 mv‡ji 11 B GwcÖj, ZvRDwÏb Avng` Aj BwÛqv ‡iwWIi wkwj¸wo ‡K›`«‡K Ò¯^vaxb evsjv ‡eZvi ‡K›`«Ó
wn‡m‡e D‡jøL K‡i ‡mLvb ‡_‡K fvlY cÖ`vb K‡ib| Gi d‡j ‡evgv nvgjv nq| Ôc«evmx miKviÕ (Government-
in-Exile) kc_ M«nY K‡i 1971 mv‡ji 17B Gwc«j| gywRebMi miKvi MVb Kiv n‡qwQj 5 wU ivR‰bwZK
msMV‡bi gva¨‡g|
AvIqvgx jxM b¨vc (fvmvbx) b¨vc (†gvRvddi) evsjv‡`k RvZxq Ks‡MÖm evsjv‡`k KwgDwb÷ cvwU©
 cÖevmx evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii K¨v¤ú— fvi‡Zi KjKvZv¯’ 8 bs w_‡qUvi ‡iv‡W|
 gywRebM‡i e¨vbvi wb‡q G‡mwQ‡jb— f‡eicvov wgkb nvmcvZv‡ji bvm© K¨v‡_wibv I ‡Z‡iwRbv| e¨vbv‡i ‡jLv
wQj— Welcome (¯^vMZg), Joy Bangla (Rq evsjv)|
 cÖ_g MvW© Ae Abvi ‡`b— K¨v‡Þb gvneyeyi ingvb (exi cÖZxK)|
 RvZxq m½xZ cwi‡ekb K‡ib— ‡gv. Avmv`yj nK, mvnveDÏxb Avn‡g` ‡m›Uy I wc›Uy wek¦vm|
 ¯^vaxbZvi ‡NvlYvc‡Î 4 R‡bi bvg Av‡Q| RvwZi wcZv ‡kL gywReyi ingvb, ‰mq` bRiæj Bmjvg, Aa¨vcK
BDmyd Avjx Ges AvBqye Lvb|
 gyw³hy× K‡e ïiæ nq— 1971 mv‡ji 26 ‡k gvP©| 10 B Gwc«j RvwiK…Z ¯^vaxbZvi ‡NvlYvc‡Îi gva¨‡g ejv
nq, GB ‡NvlYvcÎ 1971 m‡bi 26 ‡k gvP© Zvwi‡L Kvh©Ki nBqv‡Q e‡j MY¨ nB‡e|
 gywRebMi miKv‡ii A¯’vqx ivRavbxi bvg— gywRebMi (17 B Gwc«j- 16 B wW‡m¤î, 1971)|
 gywRebMi miKv‡ii cwimgvwß N‡U— 12 B Rvbyqvwi, 1972 wLª÷vã|
 gywRebMi miKvi wQj— msm`xq c×wZi| gywRebMi wèm— 17 B GwcÖj|
 WvK wU‡K‡U Qwe wQj †K›`ªxq knx` wgbv‡ii hvi cÖ_g wWRvBbvi wQ‡jb— wewc wPwZwbk|
 gywRebMi miKv‡ii mev©wabvqK wQ‡jb— e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb|
GK bR‡i gywRebMi miKvi

`vwqZ¡ I c`gh©v`v e¨w³i bvg
ivóªcwZ (cvwK¯Ív‡bi KvivMv‡i AvUK) e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb
Dc-ivóªcwZ/ A¯’vqx ivóªcwZ ‰mq` bRiæj Bmjvg
cÖavbgš¿x Ges cÖwZiÿv, Z_¨ I †eZvi wkÿv, ¯’vbxq cÖkvmb, ¯^v¯’¨ I ZvRDÏxb Avng`
mgvRKj¨vY, kÖg, A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb I cwiKíbv gš¿Yvjq
¯îvóª, ÎvY, cybe©vmb Ges K…wl gš¿Yvjq G GBP Gg Kvgviæ¾vgvb
A_©, RvZxq ivR¯^, evwYR¨, wkí I cwienb gš¿Yvjq K¨v‡Þb Gg gbmyi Avjx
ciivóª, AvBb I msm` welqK gš¿Yvjq L›`Kvi †gvkZvK Avng`
cÖavb †mbvcwZ K‡b©j Gg G wR Imgvbx
Dc‡`óv (Pxd Ae Avwg© ÷vd) K‡b©j ie Gg Gb G
Dc-‡mbvcÖavb I wegvb evwnbx cÖavb MÖæc K¨v‡Þb G †K L›`Kvi
gywRebMi miKv‡ii me©`jxq Dc‡`óv cwil`

gvIjvbv Avãyj nvwg` Lvb fvmvbx mfvcwZ− b¨vkbvj AvIqvgx cvwU© (b¨vc fvmvbx)
Kg‡iW gwb wmsn mfvcwZ− evsjv‡`k KwgDwb÷ cvwU©
Aa¨vcK †gvRvddi Avn‡g` mfvcwZ− b¨vkbvj AvIqvgx cvwU© (b¨vc− †gvRvddi)
kÖx g‡bviÄb ai mfvcwZ− evsjv‡`k RvZxq Ks‡Mm
ZvRDÏxb Avng` cÖavbgš¿x− evsjv‡`k miKvi
L›`Kvi †gvkZvK Avng` ciivóªgš¿x− evsjv‡`k miKvi
 gyw³hy×Kvjxb hy³ivóª wgk‡bi cÖavb wQ‡jb— Gg Avi wmwÏKx, hy³iv‡Rï— wePvicwZ Avey mvB`
†PŠayix Ges bqvw`wjøi— ûgvqyb iwk` †PŠayix|
 gywRebMi miKv‡ii cÖwZ 18B GwcÖj, 1971 Bs mv‡j c«_g AvbyMZ¨ cÖKvk K‡ib— cvwK¯Ív‡bi ‡WcywU
nvB& Kwgkbvi Gg ‡nv‡mb Avjx| wZwb KjKvZv ‡WcywU nvBKwgk‡bi ‡WcywU nvBKwgkbvi wQ‡jb|
 ÔCharter of IndependenceÕ e‡j gywRebMi miKv‡ii Kvh©KvwiZv mvsweavwbKfv‡e ¯^xK…Z nq|
 evsjv‡`‡ki gZ ¯^vaxbZvi †NvlYv w`‡q ¯^vaxb n‡q‡Q hy³ivóª|
 ¯^vaxbZvi ‡NvlYvcÎ iPbv K‡ib— e¨vwi÷vi Gg Avwgi-Dj-Bmjvg|
gywRebMi ¯§…wZ‡mŠ‡ai 23wU wÎfyRvK…wZi ‡`qvj Gi A_©— 23 eQ‡ii eÂbvi BwZnvm| gywRebMi ¯§…wZ‡mŠ‡ai
¯’cwZ — ¯’cwZ Zvbwfi Kwei| gywRebMi miKv‡ii ‰eaZv †`qv nq— evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡bi lô Zdwmj Abyhvqx
Ôevsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZvi ‡NvlYvÕ Gi gva¨‡g|
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. gywRebMi †Kvb †Rjvq Aew¯’Z? (20Zg I 33Zg wewmGm)
K. h‡kvi L. Kzwóqv M. †g‡nicyi N. PzqvWv½v DËi: M
02. evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g A¯’vqx miKvi MwVZ n‡qwQj— [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (myigv, †ngšÍ) : 10& cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix
wkÿK (cÙ) : 09]
K. XvKvq L. ‡KvjKvZvq M. †g‡nicyi N. PÆMÖvg DËi : M
03. evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g A¯’vqx miKvi MwVZ nq— [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2018 I 2019]
K. 1971 mv‡ji 16 wW‡m¤î L. 1971 mv‡ji 26 gvP©
M. 1971 mv‡ji 10 GwcÖj N. 1971 mv‡ji 25 gvP© DËi : M
04. evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZvi †NvlYvcÎ K‡e M„nxZ nq? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK : 15]
K. 17 GwcÖj, 1971 L. 26 gvP©, 1971
M. 11 GwcÖj, 1971 N. 10 Rvbyqvwi, 1972
05. evsjv‡`k MYcÖRvZ‡š¿i †NvlYv n‡qwQj— [10g wewmGm& cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK (myigv) : 13]
K. 17 GwcÖj, 1971 L. 26 gvP©, 1971
M. 11 GwcÖj, 1971 N. 10 Rvbyqvwi, 1972 DËi : K
06. evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g ivóªcwZ †K? [cÖv_wgK wkÿK wb‡qvM cixÿv- 2016& cÖvK-cÖv_wgK wkÿK wb‡qvM-2016& cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq
mnKvix wkÿK (cÙ) : 10]
K. GGBPGg Kvgviæ¾vgvb L. ZvRDÏxb Avng`
M. e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb N. ˆmq` bRiæj Bmjvg DËi : M
07. evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g A¯’vqx ivóªcwZ †K wQ‡jb? [cÖv_wgK wkÿK wb‡qvM cixÿv- 2018& cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (wZZvm): 10]
K. G. GBP Kvgviæ¾vgvb L. ˆmq` bRiæj Bmjvg
M. Gg gbmyi Avjx N. ZvRDwÏb Avn‡g` DËi : L
08. gywRebMi miKv‡ii ÎvY I cybe©vmb gš¿x †K wQ‡jb? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2019]
K. ZvRDÏxb Avng` L. L›`Kvi †gvkZvK Avn‡g`
M. G.GBP.G. Kvgviæ¾vgvb N. Gg. gbmyi Avjx DËi : M
09. evsjv‡`‡ki A¯’vqx miKv‡ii ciivóªgš¿x wQ‡jb— [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (‡Mvjvc) : 09]
K. K¨v‡Þb gbmyi Avjx L. kvn Ave`yj nvwg`
M. ZvRDwÏb Avn‡g` N. L›`Kvi gykZvK Avn‡g` DËi : N
10. gywRebMi miKv‡ii A_©gš¿x †K wQ‡jb? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2019]
K. G.GBP.G. Kvgviæ¾vgvb L. ‰mq` bRiæj Bmjvg
M. ZvRDÏxb Avng` N. Gg. gbmyi Avjx DËi : N
11. 1971 m‡bi KZ Zvwi‡L gywRebM‡i ¯^vaxb evsjv‡`‡ki A¯’vqx miKvi MwVZ nq? A_ev, AvbyôvwbKfv‡e
¯^vaxbZvi †NvlYvcÎ Rvwi Kiv nq K‡e? A_ev, gywRebM‡i †Kvb Zvwi‡L ¯^vaxbZv †NvlYv Kiv n‡qwQj? (14Zg,
22Zg I 34Zg wewmGm)
K. 7 gvP©, 1971 wLª. L. 26 gvP©, 1971 wLª.
M. 10 GwcÖj, 1971 wLª. N. 16 wW‡m¤î, 1971 wLª.
12. evsjv‡`‡ki gyw³hy‡× me©vwabvqK †K wQ‡jb? (35Zg wewmGm)
K. e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb L. †Rbv‡ij Gg. G. wR Imgvbx
M. K‡b©j kwdDjøvn N. †gRi wRqvDi ingvb DËi: K
13. ÔAmgvß AvZ¥RxebxÕ Kvi iwPZ MÖš’? (35Zg wewmGm)
K. e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb L. gvIjvbv Ave`yj nvwg` Lvb fvmvbx
M. †kL nvwmbv N. G. †K dRjyj nK DËi: K
14. @ I4L H # J ? (05 L )
K. K¨v‡Þb Gg gbmyi Avjx L. ZvRDwÏb Avn‡g`
M. G. GBP. Gg. Kvgiæ¾vgvb N. L›`Kvi †gv¯ÍvK Avn‡g` DËi : M
11. evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g cÖavb †mbvcwZ †K? (29Zg I 33Zg wewmGm)
K. †g. †R. wRqvDi ingvb L. †g. †R. kwdDjøv
M. †j. †R. GBP. Gg Gikv` N. †R. AvZvDj MwY Imgvbx DËi : N
12. evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g ivóªcwZi bvg wK? (29Zg wewmGm)
K. ˆmq` bRiæj Bmjvg L. ZvRDwÏb Avng`
M. †kL gywReyi ingvb N. K¨v‡Þb gybmyi Avjx DËi : M
gyw³hy‡×i iY‡KŠkj
10B GwcÖj miKvi 4wU mvgwiK †Rv‡b evsjv‡`k‡K fvM K‡i 4 Rb †m±i KgvÛvi wbhy³ K‡i| 11B GwcÖj Zv
cybM©wVZ K‡i 11wU †m±‡i wef³ Kiv nq| ‡`k‡K 11wU †m±‡i fvM K‡iwQ‡jb— ZvRDÏxb Avng‡ì wb‡`©‡k Gg
G wR Imgvbx|
iscyi I VvKziMvuI
wm‡j‡Ui cwðgvÂj
o gyw³hy‡× †bŠc_ I mgy`ª GjvKv 10 bs †m±‡ii Aax‡b wQj| G †m±‡i wbqwgZ †Kvb †m±i KgvÛvi wQj bv|
o gyw³hy‡×i mve †m±i wQj— 64wU| 10wU †m±‡i †gvU †m±i cÖavb wQ‡jb—16 Rb|
gyw³hy‡×i mvgwiK cÖkvmb

‡Zwjqvcvov iY‡KŠkj : 4 GwcÖj, 1971 wLª÷v‡ã mvgwiK evwnbxi evOvwj ‡mbv, Avbmvi, cywjk, ivB‡djÕm Gi
m`mïv cvwK¯Ív‡bi weiæ‡× mw¤§wjZfv‡e Aµg‡Yi †h cwiKíbv K‡i Zv‡K †Zwjqvcvov iY‡KŠkj e‡j|
wbqwgZ evwnbx
10 RyjvB, 1971 ‡_‡K 17 B RyjvB 1971 ch©šÍ gyw³evwnbxi mì `ß‡i c«avbgš¿xi mfvcwZ‡Z¡ hy× AÂ‡ji
AwabvqK‡ì ‡h m‡¤§jb AbywôZ nq Zv‡Z evsjv‡`k‡K 11 wU ‡m±‡i fvM Kiv nq| cÖPwjZ g‡Z, 11 Gwc«j, 1971
c«avbgš¿x ZvRDwÏ‡bi wb‡`©‡k Imgvbx evsjv‡`k‡K 11wU ‡m±‡i fvM K‡ib|
‡m±i ‡m±i cÖav‡bi bvg mì `ßi ‡h †h GjvKv wb‡q M‡o I‡V
bs
01 ‡gRi wRqvDi ingvb nwiYv, wÎcyiv PÆMÖvg I cve©Z¨ PÆMÖvg †_‡K †dbx b`x ch©šÍ
K¨v‡Þb iwdKzj Bmjvg
02 ‡gRi Lv‡j` †gvkviid ‡gjvNi, wÎcyiv ‡bvqvLvjx, Kywgjøv ‡Rjvi AvLvDov-‰fie ‡ij
K¨v‡Þb G wU Gg nvq`vi jvBb ch©šÍ| XvKv I dwi`cyi ‡Rjvi Askwe‡kl|
03 ‡gRi †K Gg kwdDjøvn ‡nRvgviv, wÎcyiv wm‡jU †Rjvi nweMÄ gnKzgv, wK‡kviMÄ gnKzgv,
‡gRi G Gg Gg b~iæ¾vgvb AvLvDov-‰fie †ijjvBb †_‡K DËi-c~e© w`‡K Kzwgjøv I
XvKv †Rjvi Askwe‡kl
04 ‡gRi wm Avi `Ë KwigMÄ I gvwQgcyi wm‡jU †Rjvi c~e©vÂj Ges †LvqvB-kv‡q¯ÍvMÄ †ijjvBb
ev‡` c~e© I DËi w`‡K wm‡jU-WvDwK moK ch©šÍ
05 ‡gRi gxi kIKZ Avjx evukZjx, mybvgMÄ wm‡jU-WvDwK moK †_‡K wm‡jU †Rjvi mgMÖ DËi I
cwðgvÂj
06 DBs KgvÛvi Lv‡`gyj evkvi eywogvix, cvUMÖvg mgMÖ iscyi †Rjv Ges w`bvRcyi †Rjvi VvKziMvuI gnKzgv
07 ‡gRi KvRx b~i¾vgvb Zi½cyi w`bvRcyi †Rjvi cwÂgvÂj, e¸ov, ivRkvnx Ges cvebv
‡gRi bvRgyj nK †Rjv
08 †gRi Avey Imgvb †PŠayix ‡ebv‡cvj mgMÖ Kzwóqv I h‡kvi †Rjv, dwi`cy‡ii AwaKvsk GjvKv
‡gRi Gg Gg gÄyi Ges †`ŠjZcyi-mvZÿxiv mo‡Ki DËivsk
09 ‡gRi Gg. G. Rwjj UvwK, evwkinvU †`ŠjZcyi-mvZÿxiv moK †_‡K Lyjbvi `wÿYvÂj Ges
mgMÖ ewikvj I cUzqvLvjx †Rjv
10 ‡bŠ KgvÛviMY - ‡Kvb AvÂwjK mxgvbv †bB| 515 Rb †bŠevwnbxi
Kgv‡Ûv Aaxb¯’| kÎæc‡ÿi †bŠhvb aŸs‡mi Rb¨ wewfbœ
†m±‡i cvVv‡bv nZ
11 ‡gRi Avey Zv‡ni gv‡n›`ªMÄ, Avmvg wK‡kviMÄ gnKzgvev‡` mgMÖ gqgbwmsn I Uv½vBj ‡Rjv
‡¯‹vqvWªb wjWvi nvwg`yjøvn Ges bMievwo-AvwiPv †_‡K dzjQwo-evnv`yivev` ch©šÍ hgybv
b`x I Zxi AÂj
†m±i KgvÛvi‡ì cÖ_g R‡bi bvg g‡b ivLvi m~Î− wRqv, Lv‡j`, kwdDjøvn `k UvKvq evb~ bM‡ii Imgv‡bi
Rb¨ Rj wK‡b †bŠKgvÛvi Zv‡ni‡K w`j
weª‡MW †dvm©
gwš¿mfvi wm×všÍ Abyhvqx Awabvq‡Ki bv‡gi Av`¨vÿ‡ii wfwË‡Z RyjvB, †m‡Þ¤î, A‡±vei †_‡K wZbwU wbqwgZ
weª‡MW †dvm© MVb Kiv nq|
‡dv‡m©i bvg cÖav‡bi bvg ‡dv‡m©i bvg cÖav‡bi bvg ‡dv‡m©i bvg cÖav‡bi bvg
Z - Force # ! $ S – Force # # L )!O $ K- Force # # )
AwbqwgZ evwnbx
we Gj Gd (gywRe evwnbx) Kv‡`wiqv evwnbx Avdmvi e¨v‡Uwjqb wRqv evwnbx ev‡Zb evwnbx
‡ngv‡qZ evwnbx AvKei evwnbx nvwjg evwnbx iwdK wgR©v ewnbx
gyw³‡dŠR : 1971 mv‡ji 4 GwcÖj K‡b©j Gg G wR Imgvbxi †bZ…‡Z¡ wm‡jU wefv‡Mi nweM‡Äi †Zwjqvcvovi Pv
evMv‡b gyw³‡dŠR MwVZ nq|
gywRe e¨vUvix : ¯^vaxbZv hy‡× †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi bvgvbymv‡i 1971 mv‡ji 22 RyjvB fvi‡Zi †KvYve‡b MVb Kiv
nq evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g †Mvj›`vR BDwbU gywRe e¨vUvwi| fviZxq †mbvevwnbxj QqwU Kvgvb wb‡q GB evwnbx MwVZ nq|
‡hŠ_ evwnbx : 21 b‡f¤î, 1971 wLª÷v‡ã evsjv‡`k gyw³evwnbx I fvi‡Zi ‡mbvevwnbx wg‡j †hŠ_ evwnbx MVb Kiv
nq| wgÎevwnbx cÖavb wQ‡jb fvi‡Z †mbvevwnbx cÖavb k¨vg g¨vwbKk Ges AwabvqK wQ‡jb fviZxq †mbevwnbxi
c~e©vÂjxq KgvÛvi †gRi †Rbv‡ij RMwRr wms A‡iviv|
MYevwnbx : gyw³hy‡× me‡P‡q †ewk Ae`vb wQj MYevwnbxi| hvi m`m¨ msL¨v wQj 80,000|
µ¨vK cøvUyb
µ¨vK cøvUzb evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv hy× PjvKvjx‡b cvwK¯Ívwb ‡mbvevwnbx I Zv‡ì ‡`vmi‡ì weiæ‡× XvKv kn‡i
‡Mwijv AvµgY cwiPvjbvKvix GK`j ZiæY gyw³‡hv×v‡ì msMwVZ `j| µ¨vK cøvUzb MV‡b ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv iv‡L
Lv‡j` ‡gvkviid exi DËg|
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. gyw³hy×Kv‡j evsjv‡`k‡K KqwU †m±‡i fvM Kiv nq? (15Zg, 20Zg I 22Zg wewmGm)
K. AvU L. `k M. GMvi N. c‡bi DËi : M
02. evsjv‡`‡ki gyw³hy‡×i mgq XvKv KZ bs †m±‡i wQj? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK (hgybv) : 13& †iwR÷vW© cÖv_wgK
we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (UMi): 11]
K. `yB bs L. wZb bs M. Pvi bs N. GK bs DËi : K
e¨vL¨v : gnvb gyw³hy‡×i mgq XvKv kni wn‡m‡e 2 bs Ges †Rjv wn‡m‡e 2 I 3 bs †m±‡ii Aax‡b wQj|
03. ¯^vaxbZv hy×Kv‡j mgMÖ evsjv‡`k‡K KqwU †m±‡i fvM Kiv n‡qwQ‡jv? [cÖv_wgK wkÿK wb‡qvM cixÿv- 2018]
K. 7wU L. 10wU M. 11wU N. 8wU DËi : M
04. gyw³hy‡×i †Kvb †m±iwU †Kej †bŠ-KgvÛvi Øviv MwVZ n‡qwQ‡jv? (cÖv_wgK wkÿK wb‡qvM cixÿv- 2018)
K. 1 bs †m±i L. 10 bs †m±i M. 9 bs †m±i N. 11 bs †m±i DËi : L
e¨vL¨v: gyw³hy‡× iY‡KŠk‡ji myweav I ¯^vaxbZv AR©‡bi Rb¨ Ges evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv hy× myôfv‡e cwiPvjbvi
Rb¨ mgMÖ †`k†K 11wU †m±‡i fvM Kiv nq| Gi g‡a¨ 10 b¤î †m±i wQ‡jv e¨wZµgx, †hLv‡b †Kvb wbqwgZ
†m±i KgvÛvi wQ‡jv bv, †bŠevwnbxi Øviv cwiPvwjZ nZ 10 bs †m±iwU|
05. gyw³hy‡×i mgq weª‡MW AvKv‡i †gvU KqwU †dvm© MwVZ n‡qwQj? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (wkDwj) : 09]
K. 2wU L. 3wU M. 4wU N. 5wU DËi : L
06. gyw³hy‡×i Qq b¤î †m±‡ii †m±i KgvÛvi †K wQ‡jb? (cÖvK cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK wb‡qvM cixÿv- 2015)
K. KgvÛvi Gg‡K evkvi L. †gRi KvRx byiæ¾vgvb
M. †gRi Gg Avãyj Rwjj N. †gRi †K Gg evkvi DËi : K
gyw³evwnbx I wgÎevwnbxi †hŠ_ Awfhvb
 21‡k b‡f¤î : evsjv‡`k I fviZ miKvi †hŠ_ evwnbx MVb K‡i| GRb¨ 21‡k b‡f¤î-G mk¯¿ evwnbx wèm
cvjb Kiv nq|
 03iv wW‡m¤î : cvwK¯Ívb wegvb evwnbx fviZxq wegvbNvuwU‡Z AvµgY Ki‡j †mw`‡b fvi‡Zi ZrKvjxb cÖavbgš¿x
kÖxgwZ Bw›ìv MvÜx cvwK¯Ív‡bi weiæ‡× hy× †NvlYv K‡i|
 10 wW‡m¤î : wbi‡cÿ GjvKv †NvlYv Kiv nq ‡nv‡Uj B›Uvi Kw›U‡b›Uvj‡K| GwU‡Z XvKv¯’ K~UbxwZK I we‡`wk
bvMwiK‡ì AvkÖq cÖ`vb Kiv nq|
eyyw×Rxex wèm
gyw³hy‡×i ‡k‡li w`‡K civRq wbwðZ ‡R‡b cvwK¯Ívwb evwnbx I Zv‡ì ‡`kxq ‡`vmiiv G ‡`k‡K ‡gavk~b¨ Kivi
cwiKíbv K‡i| 10 wW‡m¤î ‡_‡K 14 wW‡m¤^‡ii g‡a¨ Zviv Avgv‡ì A‡bK Ávbx-¸Yx wkíx, mvwnwZ¨K, wk¶K,
eyw×Rxex wPwKrmK, mvsevw`K‡ì a‡i wb‡q nZ¨v K‡i| G‡ì g‡a¨ i‡q‡Qb— Wv. dR‡j ivweŸ, Wv. Avjxg †PŠayix,
Aa¨vcK †Mvwe›` P›`ª †è, mvwnwZ¨K Av‡bvqvi cvkv, mvwnwZ¨K gybxi †PŠayix, Wv. †Mvjvg gZz©Rv, †R¨vwZg©q ¸n
VvKziZv, myiKvi AvjZvd gvngy`, knx`yjøvn Kvqmvi, ax‡i›`ªbv_ `Ë, mvsevw`K †mwjbv cvifxb, Wv. AvRnviæj
nK, Aa¨vcK †gvdv¾j nvq`vi †PŠayix, Aa¨vcK m‡šÍvl P›`ª, Aa¨vcK ikx`yj nvmvb| knx` eyw×Rxexi ¯§i‡Y Avgiv
c«wZeQi 14 wW‡m¤î Ôknx` eyw×Rxex wèmÕ cvjb Kwi|
AvZ¥mgc©‡Yi HwZnvwmK `wjj

XvKvi ‡im‡Kvm© gq`v‡b (eZ©gv‡b ‡mvnivIqv`©x D`¨vb) cvwK¯Ívwb nvbv`vi evwnbx KZ©„K wgÎevwnbxi wbKU 91,549
Rb ‰mb¨mn AvZ¥mgc©‡Yi HwZnvwmK `wj‡ji ¯^vÿwiZ nq— 1971 mv‡ji 16 wW‡m¤î (1378 e½vã)|
kx‡Zi cošÍ we‡Kj 4Uv 31 wgwb‡U (evsjv‡`k mgq)
cvwK¯Ívwb nvbv`vi evwnbxi c‡¶ ‡jt ‡Rbv‡ij Avgxi
Avãyjøvn Lvb wbqvRx, mvgwiK AvBb c«kvmK ‡Rvb-we Ges
KgvÛvi B÷vb© KgvÛ (cvwK¯Ívb) wgÎevwnbxi Kv‡Q
HwZnvwmK AvZ¥mgc©‡Yi `wjj ¯^v¶i K‡i‡Qb| D³
Abyôv‡b gywRebMi miKv‡ii c«wZwbwaZ¡ K‡ib Mªyc K¨v‡Þb
G.‡K L›`Kvi| GQvov Dcw¯’Z wQ‡jb MYevwnbxi c‡¶
Kv‡ì wmwÏKx, fviZxq ‡bŠevwnbxi fvBm GWwgivj K…ò,
fviZxq wegvb evwnbxi Gqvi gvk©vj ‡Ìqvb, fviZxq
‡mbvevwnbxi ‡j.‡R. ‡RGdAvi R¨vKe|
 AvZ¥mgc©‡Yi mgq cvwK¯Ív‡bi ‡bZ…‡Z¡ wQ‡jb : ivóªcwZ— AvMv †gvnv¤§` Bqvwnqv Lvb, cÖavbgš¿x— byiæj
Avwgb, ciivóªgš¿x— myjZvb †nv‡mb Lvb|
 cÖ_g kÎægy³— h‡kvi, 6 wW‡m¤î 1971 wLª÷vã| AvZ¥mgc©‡Yi mgq gyw³evwnbxi cÖwZwbwaZ¡ K‡ib— MÖæc
K¨v‡Þb G †K L›`Kvi|
¯^vaxb evsjv dzUej `j

1971 mv‡j evsjv‡`‡ki gyw³hy× PjvKvjxb evsjv‡`‡ki GKwU dyUej `j evsjv‡`‡ki gyw³hy‡×i c‡¶ RbgZ AR©b
Ges gyw³‡hv×v‡ì mvnvhv‡_© A_© msMÖ‡ni D‡Ï‡k¨ fvi‡Zi wewfbœ ¯’v‡b c«`k©bx dyUej ‡Ljvq Ask ‡bq| GB `jwU
¯^vaxb evsjv dyUej `j bv‡g cwiwPZ| GwU c…w_exi BwZnv‡m hy×Kvjxb cÖ_g dyUej `j|
Ͽ ¯^vaxb evsjv dyUej `j MwVZ nq— 1971 mv‡ji 24 RyjvB|
Ͽ 34 Rb ‡L‡jvqvo, mv‡_ g¨v‡bRvi Ges ‡KvPmn me©‡gvU 36 Rb
wb‡q Mov dyUej `‡ji AwabvqK wQ‡jb— RvKvwiqv wc›Uy|
Ͽ cÖ_g g¨v‡P ‡L‡j— 1971 mv‡ji 26 RyjvB b`xqv ‡Rjvi
K…òbM‡i ¯’vbxq `‡ji m‡½|
Ͽ Ôgyw³i Rb¨ dyUejÕ ¯^vaxb evsjv dyUej `j‡K wb‡q ‰Zix 19
wgwb‡Ui GKwU Z_¨wPÎ|
gyw³hy‡×i †LZve
¯^vaxbZv hy×Kv‡j ev cieZ©x mg‡q wewfbœ BDwbU, ‡m±i, we«‡MW ‡_‡K cvIqv ‡LZv‡ei Rb¨ mycvwikmg~n Gqvi
fvBm gvk©vj G. ‡K L›`Kv‡ii ‡bZ…‡Z¡ GKwU KwgwU Øviv wbix¶v Kiv nq| Gici 1973 mv‡ji 14 wW‡m¤î
c«wZi¶vgš¿x wn‡m‡e c«avbgš¿x e½eÜy ‡kL gywReyi ingvb ‡LZve ZvwjKvq ¯^v¶i K‡ib| 1973 mv‡ji 15 wW‡m¤î
c~‡e© wbe©vwPZ mKj gyw³‡hv×v‡K ‡LZve cÖ`vb Kiv nq| evsjv‡`‡ki gnvb gyw³hy‡× exi‡Z¡i ¯^xK…wZ wn‡m‡e †gvU
676 Rb‡K Pvi ai‡bi †LZve cÖ`vb Kiv nq| avivevwnKfv‡e †LZvemg~‡ni bvg— exi‡kÖô, exi DËg, exi weµg,
exi cÖZxK|
exiZ¡m~PK Dcvwamg~n (676 o exi‡kÖô− 7 Rb o exi weµg− 175 Rb
Rb‡K †LZve cÖ`vb Kiv nq) o exi DËg− 68 Rb o exi cÖZxK− 426 Rb
gyw³hy‡× we‡`wk eÜz‡ì wZb ai‡bi m¤§vbbv c`K cÖ`vb Kiv nq| h_v— evsjv‡`k ¯^vaxbZv m¤§vbbv,
evsjv‡`k gyw³hy× m¤§vbbv, evsjv‡`k ˆgÎx m¤§vbbv|
we‡`wk eÜz‡ì cÖ`Ë evsjv‡`k ¯^vaxbZv m¤§vbbv— 1 Rb| (kÖxgwZ Bw›ìv MvÜx)
m¤§vbbv evsjv‡`k gyw³hy× m¤§vbbv— 15 Rb|
evsjv‡`k ˆgÎx m¤§vbbv— 311 Rb I 11wU msMVb|
‡LZvecÖvß Avwèvmx bvMwiK BD. †K. wPs exiweµg
exicÖZxK ‡LZvecÖvß gwnjv K¨v‡Þb Wv. †mZviv †eMg exicÖZxK (2 bs †m±i)
Zvivgb wewe exicÖZxK (11 bs †m±i)
1992 mv‡ji 15 wW‡m¤î RvZxqfv‡e exiZ¡m~PK ‡LZve c«vß‡ì c`K I wieb cÖ`vb Kiv nq| 2001 mv‡ji 7 gvP©
‡LZvecÖvß gyw³‡hv×v‡ì Avw_©K cyi¯‹vi I mb` cÎ cÖ`vb Kiv nq|
‡bvU
 2010 mv‡j e½eÜz‡K evuPv‡bvi †Póvi Rb¨ weª‡MwWqvi †Rbvij Rvwgj Avn‡g`‡K exi DËg †LZve cÖ`vb Kiv
nq| †m wn‡m‡e exi DË‡gi msL¨v— 69 Rb|
 cve©Z¨ PÆMÖv‡g wew”QbœZvev`x‡ì weiæ‡× jovB‡q exiZ¡c~Y© f~wgKvi Rb¨ †gRi †Rbv‡ij †PŠayix nvmvb
†mvnivIqv`©x I weª‡MwWqvi †Rbv‡ij †gvRvddi Avng`‡K exiweµg †LZve †`qv nq| ZvB gyw³hy‡× 175 Rb
†LZve †c‡jI †gvU exi weµ‡gi msL¨v— 177 Rb|
 cvuPRb AevOvwjI exiZ¡m~PK ‡LZve cvb, hv‡ì g‡a¨ GKRb we‡`wk| exicÖZxK ‡LZvec«vß GKgvÎ we‡`kx
gyw³‡hv×v— WweøD Gm IWvij¨vÛ| me©Kwbô ‡LZvec«vß gyw³‡hv×v— knx`yj Bmjvg jvjy (exi cÖZxK)|
 fviZxq evwnbxi AvZ¥`vb : hy‡×i P~ovšÍ c‡e© A‡bK Zxeª msNl© Ges fviZxq ‰mb¨‡ì i‡³ iwÄZ nq evsjvi
gvwU| fviZxq evwnbx nZvnZ— knx` 1421, AvnZ 4058 Ges wb‡LvuR 56 Rb|
exi‡kÖô 7 Rb
bvg I cèx †m±i g„Zz¨ ‡KŠk‡j g‡b ivLyb
wmcvnx †gv¯Ídv Kvgvj 2 18 GwcÖj, 1971 wLª. †gvnvRv †gv¯Ídv Kvgvj
wmcvnx nvwg`yi ingvb 4 28 A‡±vei, 1971 wLª. nvwg`yi ingvb
K¨v‡Þb gwnDÏxb Rvnv½xi 7 14 wW‡m¤î, 1971 wLª. Rvnv½xi
BwÄbiæg AvwU©wdmvi †gvnv¤§` iæûj Avgxb 10 10 wW‡m¤î, 1971 wLª. iæg iæûj Avgxb
d¬vBU †jd‡Ub¨v›U gwZDi ingvb - 20 AvM÷, 1971 wLª. gwZDi ingvb
j¨vÝbv‡qK b~i †gvnv¤§` †kL 8 5 †m‡Þ¤î, 1971 wLª. byi b~i †gvnv¤§` †kL
j¨vÝbv‡qK gywÝ Avãyi iDd 1 8 GwcÖj, 1971 wLª. gywÝ Avãyi iDd
m~Î. evsjv GKv‡Wwg PwiZvwfavb
g‡b ivLyb− †gvnvRv (‡mbvevwnbxi m`m¨) iæg (‡bŠevwnbx + wegvb evwnbx) b~i (ivB‡djm)
 exi‡kÖô‡ì Dcvwa w`‡q miKvwi ‡M‡RU cÖKvk K‡i— 15 wW‡m¤î, 1973 mvj|
exi‡kÖô‡ì Rb¥¯’vb, mgvwa I cèx
bvg Rb¥¯’vb mgvwa cèx
†gv¯Ídv Kvgvj ‡`ŠjZLvb, †fvjv AvLvDov, eªvþYevwoqv wmcvnx
nvwg`yi ingvb KvwjMÄ, wSbvB`n wÎcyiv, fviZ (cÖ_‡g) wmcvnx
wgicyi knx` eyw×Rxex Kei¯’vb, XvKv| (c‡i)
‡gv¯Ídv Kvgvj gwnDÏxb Rvnv½xi eveyMÄ, ewikvj PvucvBbeveMÄ K¨v‡Þb
†gvnv¤§` iæûj Avgxb ‡mvbvBgywo, †bvqvLvjx iƒcmv, Lyjbv ‡¯‹vqvWªb BwÄwbqvi
gwZDi ingvb o ivqcyiv, biwms`x (‰cZ…K wbevm) d¬vBU
o AvMv, mv‡`K †ivW, XvKv (Rb¥¯’vb) †jd‡Ub¨v›U
b~i †gvnv¤§` †kL mì, bovBj Kvwkcyi, h‡kvi j¨vÝ bv‡qK
nvwg`yi ingvb gywÝ Avãyi iDd gayLvjx, dwi`cyi ivOvgvwU j¨vÝ bv‡qK
gwnDÏxb Rvnv½xi ‡gvnv¤§` iæûj Avgxb gwZDi ingvb b~i †gvnv¤§` †kL gywÝ Avãyi iDd
 exi‡kÖô gwZDi ingv‡bi cÖ_g mgvwa— gvkiæi wegvbNvuwU KivwP| eøy-evW© wegvb wb‡q evsjv‡`‡k Avmvi mgq
wegvb `yN©Ubvq wZwb knx` nb— 20 AvM÷, 1971 wLª.| c‡i wgicyi knx` eyw×Rxex Kei¯’v‡b Zvu‡K `vdb
Kiv nq|
 me©‡kl knx` nb — K¨v‡Þb gwnDwÏb Rvnv½xi| exi DËg wm.Avi `Ë (wPË iÄb `Ë)
 me‡P‡q Kg eqmx exi‡kÖô— wmcvnx nvwg`yi ingvb| o Rb¥— 1 Rvbyqvwi, 1927 wLª÷v‡ã|
 me©cÖ_g knx` nb †h exi‡kÖô—gywÝ Avãyi iDd| o Rb¥¯’vb— wkjs, fviZ|
o 4 bs †m±‡ii †m±i KgvÛvi wQ‡jb|
o g„Zz¨— 25 AvM÷, 2020 wLª. (hy³ivóª)
exiv½bv gyw³‡hv×v
gyw³hy‡× Ae`v‡bi ¯^xK…wZ ¯îƒc bvix‡ì‡K exiv½bv gyw³‡hv×vi ‡LZve ‡`qv nq| ....., 20.... ch©šÍ AvIqvgx jxM
miKvi ‡gvU ........ Rb exiv½bv gyw³‡hv×vi ¯^xK…wZ w`‡q ‡M‡RU cÖKvk K‡i‡Q| [cwieZ©bkxj Z‡_ï me©‡klUv
Rvbyb]
Lvwmqv m¤úª`v‡qi KvuKvZ †nwbbwPZv wQ‡jb exi gyw³‡hv×v, exiv½vbv

I ¸ßPi| ¯^vaxbZvi c~‡e© BwcAvi ˆmwbK gwR`‡K we‡q Ki‡j Zvui KvuKb
bvg n‡q hvq ÔKvuKbÕ Ii‡d b~iRvnvb| wZwb gyw³‡ewU bv‡g cwiwPZ|
wewe
KvuKb wewe 2018 mv‡ji 21‡k gvP© 103 eQi eq‡m exicÖZxK Dcvwai
†M‡R‡Ui AcÖvwß wb‡q g„ZzëiY K‡ib|
 Rb¥— wSivMvuI, mybvgMÄ| wZwb gyw³‡hv×v kIKZ Avjxi †bZ…Z¡ hy× K‡ib—5 bs †m±‡i| gyw³hy‡× Amvgvb¨
Ae`v‡bi Rb¨ evsjv‡`k miKvi Zvu‡K Ôexi cÖZxKÕ †LZv‡e f~wlZ K‡ib 1996 mv‡j wKš‘ ZLb †M‡RU AvKv‡i
cÖKvwkZ nq bvB|
Zvivgb wewe (1957-2018) I †di‡`Šmx wcÖqfvwmbx (1947-2018)

 Zvivgb wewe g„ZzëiY K‡ib 01 wW‡m¤î, 2018|  fv¯‹i †di‡`Šmx gyw³hy‡× Ae`v‡bi
 exi gyw³‡hv×v Zvivgb wewe hy× K‡ib 11 bs †m±‡i Rb¨ 2016 mv‡j gyw³‡hv×v †LZve
K‡b©j Zv‡n‡ii Aax‡b hy× K‡ib| jvf K‡ib|
 gywne nvwej`vi bv‡g GKRb gyw³‡hv×v Zvivgb wewe‡K  wZwb ¯^vaxbZv c`K 2010 mv‡j jvf
gyw³hy‡× AskMÖnY Kivi Rb¨ DrmvwnZ K‡ib| K‡ib|
 Avwbmyj n‡Ki Ôexi cÖZx‡Ki †Lvu‡RÕ eBwU Zvivgb  wZwb g„ZyëiY K‡ib- 6 gvP©, 2018
wewe‡K wb‡q iwPZ| wLª÷v‡ã|
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. evsjv‡`‡k knx` eyw×Rxex wèm cvwjZ nq− (11Zg wewmGm I 19Zg wewmGm)
K. 26 gvP© L. 16 wW‡m¤î M. 21 †deªæqvwi N. 14 wW‡m¤î DËi : N
02. gyw³hy×Kvjxb †Kvb Zvwi‡L eyw×Rxex‡ì Ici e¨vcK nZ¨vKvÐ msNwUZ nq? (36Zg wewmGm)
K. 25 gvP© 1971 L. 26 gvP© 1971 M. 14 wW‡m¤î 1971 N. 16 wW‡m¤î 1971 D : M
03. gyw³hy‡×i weR‡qi w`b AvZ¥mgc©Y Abyôv‡b evsjv‡`‡ki c‡ÿ cÖwZwbwaZ¡ K‡ib †K? (22Zg wewmGm)
K. †Rbv‡ij †gvnv¤§` AvZvDj MwY Imgvbx L. MÖæc K¨v‡Þb G †K L›`Kvi
M. d¬vBU †jd‡Ub¨v›U gwZDi ingvb N. K¨v‡Þb gwnDwÏb Rvnv½xi DËi : L
04. 1971 mv‡ji 16 wW‡m¤î cvwK¯Ívwb evwnbx XvKvi †Kv_vq AvZ¥mgc©Y K‡ib? (20Zg wewmGm)
K. igbv cv‡K© L. cëb gq`v‡b
M. ZrKvjxb †im‡Kvm© gq`v‡b N. XvKv K¨v›Ub‡g‡›U DËi : M
05. evsjv‡`‡k gh©v`v Abymv‡i 3q exiZ¡m~PK †LZve− (37Zg wewmGm)
K. exi cÖZxK L. exi‡kÖô M. exi DËg N. exi weµg DËi : N
06. gyw³hy‡×i exi‡Z¡i Rb¨ KqRb‡K m‡e©v”P m¤§vb ÔÔexi‡kÖôÕÕ †LZve †`qv nq? (18Zg wewmGm)
K. 9 Rb L. 7 Rb M. 8 Rb N. 10 Rb DËi : L
07. evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv hy‡× exiZ¡c~Y© Ae`v‡bi Rb¨ KZ Rb‡K exi DËg Dcvwa‡Z f~wlZ Kiv nq− (20Zg
wewmGm)
K. 257 Rb L. 163 Rb M. 44 Rb N. 68 Rb DËi : N
08. ¯^vaxbZv hy‡× Ae`v‡bi Rb¨ KZRb gwnjv‡K exicÖZxK Dcvwa‡Z f~wlZ Kiv nq – (27Zg wewmGm)
K. 5 Rb L. 7 Rb M. 2 Rb N. 6 Rb DËi : M
09. ¯^vaxbZv hy‡× Ae`v‡bi Rb¨ ÔexicÖZxKÕ Dcvwa jvf K‡i KZRb? (27Zg wewmGm)
K. 7 Rb L. 68 Rb M. 175 Rb N. 426 Rb DËi : N
10. exi‡kÖô K¨v‡Þb gwnDwÏb Rvnv½xi Gi Kei †Kvb †Rjvq? (24Zg wewmGm& cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK (fjMv) : 13&
cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (myigv): 10]
K. bv‡Uvi L. PvucvB beveMÄ M. RqcyinvU N. bIMvu DËi : L
11. gyw³hy×Kvjxb †Kvb Zvwi‡L eyw×Rxex‡ì Dci e¨vcK nZ¨vKvÐ msNwUZ nq? (cÖv_wgK wkÿK wb‡qvM cixÿv- 2018)
K. 16 wW‡m¤î, 1971 L. 25 gvP©, 1971
M. 14 wW‡m¤î, 1971 N. 17 GwcÖj, 1971 DËi : M
e¨vL¨v: 1971 mv‡j wW‡m¤î gv‡m hLb cvK nvbv`vi evwnbx‡ì civRq wbwðZ n‡Z hv‡”Q ZLb ivI dvigvb
Avjxi cwiKíbvq Kwe, mvwnwZ¨wK, †jLK, Wv³vi, BwÄwbqvi mn mKj eyw×Rxex‡ì Dci cwiKwíZfv‡e GK
wbg©g nZ¨vKvÐ Pvjvq 14 wW‡m¤î, 1971 wLª÷v‡ã| G w`bwU knx` eyw×Rxex wèm wn‡m‡e cvjb Kiv nq|
12. gyw³hy‡×i AvZœmgc©‡Yi `wjj †Kv_vq ¯^vÿwiZ nq? (cÖvK-cÖv_wgK wkÿK wb‡qvM cixÿv- 2016)
K. †mvnivIqv`x© D`¨vb L. wkïcvK© M. jvjw`Nx gq`vb N. igbv cvK© DËi : K
13. ¯^vaxbZv hy‡× Ae`vb ivLvi Rb¨ KZRb gwnjv‡K exi cÖZxK Dcvwa‡Z f~wlZ Kiv nq? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix
wkÿK : 2019]
K. 7 Rb L. 2 Rb M. 6 Rb N. 5 Rb DËi : L
14. wb‡¤œi bvg¸wji g‡a¨ gyw³hy‡×i ÔexicÖZxKÕ ‡LZvecÖvß bvix gyw³‡hv×v †K? (cÖv_wgK wkÿK wb‡qvM cixÿv- 2018)
K. bxwjgv Beªvwng L. †eMg mywdqv Kvgvj
M. †mZviv †eMg N. Rvnvbviv †eMg DËi : M
15. gyw³hy‡×i Ae`v†bi Rb¨ m‡ev©”P ivóªxq †LZve †KvbwU? (cÖv_wgK wkÿK wb‡qvM cixÿv- 2018)
K. exicÖZxK L. exi‡kÖô M. exiweµg N. exiDËg DËi : L
16. evsjv‡`‡ki exiZ¡m~PK Dcvwa¸‡jvi g‡a¨ †KvbwUi Ae¯’vb wØZxq? (cÖv_wgK wkÿK wb‡qvM cixÿv- 2018)
K. exi‡kÖô L. exiDËg M. exicÖZxK N. exiweµg DËi : L
17. †Kvb exi‡kÖ‡ôi mgvwa¯’j cvwK¯Ív‡bi KivPx‡Z wQ‡jv? (cÖv_wgK wkÿK wb‡qvM cixÿv- 2018)
K. K¨v‡Þb gwnDwÏb Rvnv½xi L. wmcvnx †gv¯Ídv Kvgvj
M. d¬vBU †jd‡Ub¨v›U gwZDi ingvb N. wmcvnx nvwg`yi ingvb DËi : M
18. exi‡kªô nvwg`yi ingvb Gi cèx wK wQj? [cÖv_wgK wkÿK wb‡qvM cixÿv- 2018& cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK
(K¨v‡gwjqv): 12& cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (myigv): 10& cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (kvcjv): 09]
K. K¨v‡Þb L. wmcvnx M. j¨vÝ bv‡qK N. †jd‡Ub¨v›U DËi : L
19. exi‡kÖô gwnDwÏb Rvnv½x‡ii cèx wK wQj? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (wZZvm, †ngšÍ) : 10]
K. †jd‡Ub¨v›U L. K¨v‡Þb M. j¨vÝ bv‡qK N. wmcvnx DËi : L
20. wb‡¤œv³M‡Yi g‡a¨ †K exi‡kÖô bb? (cÖv_wgK wkÿK wb‡qvM cixÿv- 2018)
K. gyÝx Avãyi iwng L. b~i †gvnv¤§` †kL M. nvwg`yi ingvb N. †gv¯Ídv Kvgvj DËi : K
21. exi‡kÖô iæûj Avgxb †Kv_vq KvR Ki‡Zb? [_vbv mnKvix wkÿv Awdmvi- 09]
K. †mbvevwnbx L. †bŠevwnbx M. wegvbevwnbx N. BwcAvi DËi : L
gyw³hy‡× we‡`wk eÜziv

evsjv‡`k‡K mn‡hvwMZvi Rb¨ fvi‡Zi weiæ‡×I cvwK¯Ívb hy× ‡NvlYv Ki‡j ‡mLv‡bI
GK n‡q cvwK¯Ív‡bi weiæ‡× wZwb hy‡×i wb‡`©k ‡`b| evsjv‡`‡ki 98,99,305
kiYv_©x‡K ‡mevhZœ Kivq Bw›ìv MvÜxi G KvR‡K hxï wLª‡÷i Kv‡Ri mv‡_ Zyjbv
K‡i‡Qb gv`vi ‡Z‡imv| ÔZviv mevB Ck¦‡ii mšÍvbÕ kxl©K GKwU eB‡q ‡Z‡imv G
welqwU D‡jøL K‡ib| evsjv‡`‡ki gnvb gyw³hy‡× Amvgvb¨ Ae`v‡bi Rb¨ fvi‡Zi
cÖqvZ c«avbgš¿x Bw›ìv MvÜx‡K (gi‡YvËi) ¯^vaxbZvi m‡e©v”P m¤§vbbv Ô¯^vaxbZv
m¤§vbbvÕ c«`vb K‡i evsjv‡`k|
AvP©vi †K›U eøvW

 wZwb 1971 mv‡j c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡b Av‡gwiKvb Kbmy¨jvi wn‡m‡e Av‡mb|
 cvwK¯Ívwb nvbv`vi evwnbxi b…ksmZv e‡Ü hy³ivó« Kvh©Ki eë¯’v bv ‡bIqvq 6
Gwc«j, 1971 mv‡j XvKvi gvwK©b `ßi ‡_‡K 21 R‡bi ¯^v¶imn GKwU ZvievZv©
cvVvb| hv ÔeøvW ‡UwjMÖvgÕ (M¨vwi †R e¨vm Ô`¨ eøvW †UwjMÖvgÕ bv‡g GKwU MÖš’ iPbv
K‡ib) bv‡g weL¨vZ| cieZ©x‡Z AvP©vi eøvW Zvui ÔThe Cruel Birth of
BangladeshÕ eB‡qi m~Pbvq ‡j‡Lb ÔGKvËi wb‡q wjL‡Z e‡m Avgvi ‡PvL w`‡q AkÖæ Si‡Q| KviY Avgvi eû
eÜyi gyL ‡f‡m D‡V‡Q, hviv ‡mmgq knx` n‡q‡QÕ|
 evsjv‡`‡ki GB AK…wÎg eÜy 2004 mv‡j gviv hvIqvi ci Zvui we`~lx ¯¿x gvM©v‡iU eøvW ¯^vgxi ¯§i‡Y 2005 mv‡j
XvKvi gvwK©b `~Zvev‡m Zvui bv‡g GKwU jvB‡eªwi cÖwZôv K‡ib|
DBwjqvg Aveªvnvg mvBgb IWvij¨vÛ (W S Ouderland)
DBwjqvg G Gm IWvij¨vÛ RvwZ‡Z WvP n‡jI A‡÷«jxq GB bvMwiK GKvË‡i evsjv‡`‡k wQ‡jb evUv my ‡Kv¤úvwbi
eë¯’vcK wn‡m‡e| wØZxq wek¦hy‡× Ask ‡bqvi AwfÁZv wQ‡jv Zvi, ZvB evOvwji cÖwZ cvwK¯Ívwb‡ì wbcxob ‡`‡L
Avevi A¯¿ nv‡Z wb‡q 2q ‡m±‡ii ‡Mwijv kvLvq mwµqfv‡e AskMÖnY K‡ib| 1971 mv‡ji AvM÷ gv‡mi w`‡K wZwb
U½x‡Z evUv †Kv¤úvwbi †fZ‡i ‡Mwijv †UªBwbs Gi eë¯’v K‡ib| mivmwi hy‡× AskM«nYKvix GKgvÎ GB we‡`wk‡K
exi‡Z¡i Rb¨ Ôexi cÖZxKÕ ‡LZve w`‡q‡Q evsjv‡`k miKvi| exi c«ZxK m¤§v‡bi mv‡_ cvIqv Avw_©K 10 nvRvi UvKv
wZwb gyw³‡hv×v Kj¨vY U«v‡÷ `vb K‡i ‡`b| 2001 mv‡ji 18 ‡g 84 eQi eq‡m A‡÷«wjqvq g…Zz¨ nq evsjv‡`‡ki
GB AK…wÎg myü‡ì|
A¨v‡jb wMÝevM© mvBgb wWªs

gvwK©b Kwe, ‡jLK, MxwZKvi A¨v‡jb wMÝevM© jÛbwfwËK weL¨vZ msev`cÎ Ô‡WBwj
1971 mv‡j gyw³hy‡×i mgq eÜy mybxj ‡UwjMÖvdÕ Gi mvsevw`K mvBgb wWªs 1971
M‡½vcva¨v‡qi mv‡_ h‡kvi ‡iv‡W mxgv‡šÍi Icv‡i mv‡ji gv‡P©i DËvj w`b¸‡jv‡Z A‡bK MYnZ¨v
kiYv_©x wkwei Ny‡i ‡h AwfÁZv AR©b K‡ib, Zv I ‡Mwijv hy‡×i Qwe Zy‡j G‡Ki ci GK
wb‡q ‡j‡Lb weL¨vZ KweZv ÔSeptember on cÖwZ‡e`b (me©cÖ_g ewnwe©‡k^ cÖKvk K‡ib)
Jessore RoadÕ.1971 mv‡j GB KweZvwU cÖKvk Ki‡Z _vK‡j wek¦R‡y o evsjv‡`‡ki
ÔwbDBqK© UvBgmÕ cwÎKvq cÖKvwkZ nq| c‡¶ Rbmg_©b evo‡Z _v‡K|
KbmvU© di evsjv‡`k
ÔThe Concert for BangladeshÕ wQj 1 AvM÷ 1971 mv‡ji iweevi 2.30 Ges 8.00 Aciv‡nè wbDBqK© wmwUi
g¨vwWmb ¯‹qvi Mv‡W©‡b c«vq 40,000 `k©‡Ki Dcw¯’wZ‡Z AbywôZ,mv‡eK weUj&m m½xZ`‡ji wjW wMUviev`K RR©
n¨vwimb (weª‡U‡bi bvMwiK) Ges fviZxq ‡mZviev`K
iwek¼i KZ©K… msMwVZ `ywU ‡ewbwdU KbmvU©| GB Kbmv‡U©i mvnv‡hï cwigvY wQj— cÖvq 2,43,418.51
GKwU ‡k«ô wewµZ jvBf A¨vjevg, GKwU e·-w_« ‡iKW© ‡mU gvwK©b Wjvi,hv BDwb‡m‡di gva¨‡g
Ges A¨vcj wdj¥‡mi Kbmv‡U©i Z_¨wPÎ wb‡q 1972 mv‡j kiYv_©x‡ì mvnvh¨v‡_© e¨wqZ nq|
Pjw”PÎvKv‡i c«Kvk Kiv nq| GB Abyôv‡b wek¦weL¨vZ
m½xZwkíx‡ì GK wekvj `j Ask wb‡qwQ‡jb, hvu‡ì g‡a¨ ee wWjvb,GwiK K¬¨vcUb, RR© n¨vwimb, wewj wcÖ÷b,
wjqb iv‡mj, e¨vW wd½vi Ges wi‡½v iK÷vi wQ‡jb D‡jøL‡hvM¨| ev½vjx m`m¨— cwÛZ iwe k¼i Ges I¯Ív` Avjx
AvKei| fvi‡Zi DËi c«‡`‡ki ‡ebvi‡m Rb¥MÖnYKvix evOvwj ‡mZviev`‡b wek¦e¨vcx L¨vwZ jvf K‡ib| wZwb I¯Ív`
AvjvDÏxb Lvui wkl¨ wQ‡jb| wZwb 2012 mv‡j gviv hvb| 1922 mv‡ji 14 B GwcÖj wZwb Kywgjøvq Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib|
2009 mv‡j wZwb gviv hvb K¨vwj‡dvwb©qvq wZwb myiKvi I mvi`xq wQ‡jb|
‡R‡b ivLyb
 fvi‡Z kiYv_©x n‡qwQj— 98,99,305 Rb| (Z_¨m~Î− AvMviMvuI gyw³hy× hv`yN‡ii †`qvwjKv)
 evsjv‡`‡ki MYnZ¨v Ô‰`wbK ‡UwjM«vdÕ cwÎKv K‡e c«Kvk K‡i— 31 gvP©, 1971 mv‡j|
 gvK© Uvwj I ‡è`yjvj ‡h msev` ms¯’vq KvR Ki‡Zb— gvK© Uvwj wewewm Ges ‡è`yjvj AvKvkevYx cwÎKvq|
 we‡`‡ki gvwU‡Z evsjv‡`‡ki Rb¨ Abkb K‡iwQ‡jb— Avbv ‡UBjvi| ÔAvbv ‡UBjviÕ evsjv‡`‡ki Rb¨ Abkb
K‡iwQ‡jb ‡nvqvBU nvD‡Ri mvg‡b|
 wewewmi mvsevw`K gyw³hy‡×i e¨vcv‡i e¯‘wbô ivR‰bwZK we‡kølY cÖPvi Ki‡Zb— gvK© Uvwj|
 e½eÜy ‡`‡k wd‡i ‡WwfU d«÷ bvgK GK we‡`wk mvsevw`K‡K GKwU `xN© mv¶vrKvi ‡`b|
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. 1971 mv‡j evsjv‡`‡k cvwK¯Ívwb evwnbxi ee©iZvi Lei cÖ_g ewntwe‡k^ cÖPvi K‡i †Kvb mvsevw`K? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq
mnKvix wkÿK : 2019]
K. gwZDi ingvb L. mvBgb wWªs
M. Gg Avi AvKZvi gyKzj N. G‡jb wM‡bmevM© DËi : L
02. RR© n¨vwimb †Kvb †`‡ki bvMwiK? [Avbmvi I wfwWwc Awa`ß‡ii mv‡K©j A¨vWRy‡U›U : 15]
K. Rvg©vwb L. weª‡Ub M. hy³ivóª N. d«vÝ DËi : L
03. 1 AvM÷ 1971 Ô`¨ KbmvU© di evsjv‡`kÕ AbywôZ n‡qwQj— [cÖavbgš¿xi Kvh©vj‡qi mnKvix cwiPvjK: 13]
K. jÛb L. wbDBqK© M. IqvwksUb N. wjfvicyj DËi : L
gyw³hy‡× e„nr kw³e‡M©i f~wgKv

fvi‡Zi f~wgKv Av‡gwiKvi f~wgKv
o evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv hy‡× mivmwi mg_©b Rvbvq| hy³ivó« cvwK¯Ív‡bi c¶ ‡bq| Z‡e c«v_wgK ch©v‡q
o wek¦evmxi wbKU mv_©Kfv‡e Zy‡j a‡i| hy³ivó« evsjv‡`‡ki c¶ ‡bIqvi ZrciZv ‡`Lvq|
o evsjv‡`‡ki 98,99,305 kiYv_©x‡K AvkÖq †`q| ‡hgb- 7 gv‡P©i fvl‡Yi Av‡M bZyb iv‡ó«i m¤¢ve¨
o gyw³evwnbx I fviZxq evwnbx Ô‡hŠ_ KgvÛÕ M‡o Afÿ`q me©v‡M« ¯^xK…wZ `vb I ‡kL gywRe‡K Kx fvlvq
‡Zv‡j| ‡hŠ_ Kgv‡Ûi Avµg‡Y c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡b Awfev`b Rvbv‡bv hvq Zvi Lmov P~ovšÍ K‡iwQj| wKš‘
cvKevwnbxi mKj wegvb aŸsm n‡q hvq— 4 ‡kl ch©šÍ evua ‡m‡awQ‡jb ‡nbwi wKwmÄvi| wZwb
wW‡m¤î, 1971 mvj| e‡jwQ‡jb, Avwg ne Ô‡Wwfjm GW‡fv‡KUÕ| 1971
o evsjv‡`k‡K ¯^xK…wZ c«`vb K‡i— 6 wW‡m¤î| mv‡j evsjv‡`‡ki gyw³hy‡× cwðge½, wÎcyiv, Avmvg I
o gyw³‡hv×v‡ì c«wk¶Y †`q| ‡gNvj‡q Rgv‡qZ j¶ j¶ kiYv_©x‡ì fvi‡Zi wewfbœ
weª‡U‡bi f~wgKv iv‡R¨ ¯’vbvšÍi Kivi Rb¨ hy³ivó« cwienb wegvb w`‡q
29 gvP©, 1971 nvDm Ae KgÝ mfvq A¨v‡jK WMjvm mnvqZv K‡i| ÎvY Kv‡Ri Rb¨ ‡c«wm‡W›U wb·b 250
wnDg cvwK¯Ívb‡K mvgwiK n¯Í‡¶c eÜ Kivi AvnŸvb wgwjqb Wjvi eivÏ ‡`b| Z‡e ‡kl ch©v‡q wb·b
Rvbvq| gyw³hy‡×i mgq kiYv_©x‡ì mnqZv K‡i| c«kvmb cvwK¯Ív‡bi c¶ ‡bq Ges wf‡qZbv‡gi UvswKs
A‡±vei, 1971 ch©šÍ kiYv_©x‡ì mnvqZvi cwigvY DcmvMi ‡_‡K mßg ‡bŠeni e‡½vcmvM‡ii w`‡K hvÎv
wQ‡jv 1 ‡KvwU 47 jvL 50 nvRvi cvDÛ| ïiæ K‡i|
‡mvwf‡qZ BDwbq‡bi f~wgKv

3 GwcÖj 1971 ‡mvwf‡qZ ‡c«wm‡W›U wb‡KvjvB ‡cv`Mwb© binZ¨vi c«wZev` Rvwb‡q cvwK¯Ív‡bi ‡c«wm‡W›U Bqvwnqv
Lv‡bi wbKU cÖwZev`cÎ cvVvb| GwU wQ‡jv civkw³i g‡a¨ ‡Kvb kw³i c«_g c«wZev`wjwc| 9 AvM÷, 1971
e½eÜyi wePv‡ii Rb¨ 12wU Awfhv‡bi wfwË‡Z PvR© MVb Kiv nq| 11 AvM÷, 1971 ÔcvwK¯Ívb Avwg© A¨v±Õ Gi
AvIZvq wePvi KvR kiæ nq| wePvi Pjv Ae¯’vq 6 ‡m‡Þ¤î, 1971 g‡¯‹v‡Z cvwK¯Ív‡bi ciivó« mwPe myjZvb
Lv‡bi mv‡_ ‡mvwf‡qZ ciivó«gš¿x Av‡›`ª ‡MÖvwg‡Kvi ‰eVK nq| ‰eV‡K ‡MÖvwg‡Kv Rvwb‡q ‡`b ‡h wePv‡ii bv‡g
‡kL gywRe‡K nZ¨v Kiv n‡j cwiw¯’wZ wbqš¿‡Yi evB‡i P‡j hv‡e|
 gyw³hy‡×i mgq evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv jv‡fi we‡ivwaZv K‡iwQj RvwZms‡Ni wbivcËv cwil‡ì ‡h `ywU ¯’vqx
ivóª— Pxb I hy³ivóª|
RvwZms‡Ni f~wgKv
RvwZmsN bviKxq nZ¨vhÁ, ‡gŠwjK gvbevwaKvi j•N‡bi weiæ‡× ‡Kvb Kvh©Ki eë¯’v MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡iwb|
cÖKZ
… c‡¶ Ô‡f‡UvÕ ¶gZv m¤úbœ cvuPwU e…nr kw³ai iv‡ó«i evB‡i RvwZms‡Ni wbR¯^ D‡`¨v‡M ‡f‡Uv ‡Ìqvi ¶gZv
wQj mxwgZ| Z‡e hy× weiwZi Rb¨ RvwZms‡N 3 evi cÖ¯Íve DÌvwcZ nq| h_v :
K. 4 wW‡m¤î, 1971 (USA cÖ¯Íve ‡`q)
L. 5 wW‡m¤î, 1971 (Av‡R©w›Ubvi ‡bZ…‡Z¡ wbivcËv cwil‡ì 8wU ‡`k)
M. 13 wW‡m¤î, 1971 (USA cÖ¯Íve ‡`q)
wKš‘ USSR 3 eviB ‡f‡Uv (A_© Avwg gvwb bv) ‡Ìqvi Kvi‡Y hy×weiwZ nqwb| hy×weiwZ bv nIqvq evsjv‡`k
¯^vaxbZv AR©b K‡i| ZvB ejv nq, gyw³hy‡×i mgq RvwZms‡N USSR evsjv‡`‡ki c‡ÿ †f‡Uv cÖ`vb K‡ib|
gyw³hy‡×i mgq wek^ †bZ…e„›`

fviZ USSR weª‡Ub
P $@ #(Q' @ P # @ H LAG = $=
H R S @T H U # @ # .!
P H 4 P H W #X P H A¨v‡jK WMjvm wnDg
USA Pxb
P A U cÖavbgš¿x Sz Gb jvB
P H !
? ! Y #$ Z
mßg ‡bŠeni
3 wW‡m¤î, 1971 cvwK¯Ívb fviZ‡K AvµgY Ki‡j fviZ cvwK¯Ív‡bi weiæ‡× hy× ‡NvlYv K‡i| d‡j cvwK¯Ív‡bi
cZb Avmbœ n‡q I‡V| GB Ae¯’vq cvwK¯Ív‡bi cZb ‡VKv‡bvi D‡Ï‡k¨ Av‡gwiKv fviZ I evsjv‡`k‡K Pv‡c ‡djvi
Rb¨ e‡½vcmvM‡i KgvÛvi G¨vwWwgivj Wvqgb MW©‡bi †bZ…‡Z¡ mßg ‡bŠeni cvVvq| 10 wW‡m¤î, 1971 hy³iv‡ó«i
GKwU evZ©v fvi‡Zi nv‡Z aiv c‡o hv ‡_‡K fviZ mßg ‡bŠen‡ii AvMgb m¤ú‡K© eyS‡Z cv‡i| GB mgq mßg
‡bŠen‡ii ‡K›`ª wQj ÔUvswKs DcmvMiÕ| KviY ‡m mgq wf‡qZbv‡gi hy× PjwQj| GB en‡ii AMÖfv‡M wQj 75000
Ub cvigvYweK ¶gZvm¤úbœ wegvbevnx RvnvR ÔUSS EnterpriseÕ (CVN-65)|
Aóg †bŠeni
hy³ivó« hLb Ô7g ‡bŠeniÕ cvVvq, GiB Av‡jv‡K fviZ ‡mvwf‡qZ‡K AewnZ Ki‡j ‡mvwf‡qZ føvw`f÷K ‡bŠeni
‡_‡K Aóg ‡bŠeni cvVvq| GB en‡ii cÖ_‡gB wQ‡jv cvigvYweK A¯¿ mw¾Z `ywU mve‡gwib| KgvÛvi wQ‡jb
GWwgivj Ôµyf wjqvKfÕ|
gyw³hy‡× we‡ivaxZvKvix AvÂwjK msMVb

kvwšÍ KwgwU : 4 GwcÖj, 1971 Rbve b~iæj Avwg‡bi ‡bZ…‡Z¡ Aa¨vcK ‡Mvjvg Avhg I LvRv L‡qi DÏxb wU°v Lv‡bi
mv‡_ mv¶vr K‡i me©cÖ_g ivR‰bwZK mn‡hvwMZvi Avk¦vm cÖ`vb K‡ib Ges bvMwiK KwgwU MV‡bi cÖ¯Íve ‡ck K‡ib|
9 GwcÖj, 1971 XvKvq ÔXvKv bvMwiK kvwšÍ KwgwUÕ MwVZ nq|
ivRvKvi evwnbx : 1971 mv‡ji ‡g gv‡m gvIjvbv G ‡K Gg BDmy‡di ‡bZ…‡Z¡ Lyjbv Avbmvi K¨v‡¤ú GB evwnbx MwVZ nq|
cvwK¯Ívb †mbvevwnbxi cÖavb mn‡hvMx wn‡m‡e G evwnbx `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i|
Avjeì evwnbx : QvÎ msMVb QvÎms‡Ni m`m¨‡ì wb‡q 1971 Gi AvM÷ gv‡m gqgbwms‡n GB evwnbx MwVZ nq|
m¤ú~Y© ag©xq Av`‡k©i Dci wfwË K‡i GB evwnbxi MVb I Kvh©µg cwiPvwjZ nq| eyw×Rxex nZ¨vKvÐ NUv‡bv GB
evwnbxi Kvh©ejxi Ab¨Zg|
Wv. gvwjK gwš¿mfv : †ejywP¯Ív‡bi KmvB wU°v Lvb‡K mwi‡q cvwK¯Ívb miKvi †emvgwiK e¨w³ Wv. †gvËvwje gvwj‡K Mfb©i wbhy³
K‡i ewnwe©k^‡K weåvšÍ Kivi Rb¨| Zvi †bZ…‡Z¡ gyw³hy³ we‡ivax †emvgwiK miKvi 1971 mv‡ji 17B †m‡Þ¤î MwVZ nq| G
miKvi 14 wW‡m¤î c`Z¨vM Ki‡Z eva¨v nq|
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. 1971 mv‡ji gyw³hy‡×i mgq RvwZms‡N †Kvb †`k evsjv‡`‡ki c‡ÿ †f‡Uv cÖ`vb K‡iwQj? (40Zg wewmGm)
K. hy³ivR¨ L. d«vÝ M. †mvwf‡qZ BDwbqb N. hy³ivóª DËi : M
02. evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv hy‡×i mgq †mvwf‡qZ BDwbq‡bi †cÖwm‡W›U †K wQ‡jb? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2019]
K. Mikhail Gorbachev L. Nikita Khrushev
M. Nikolai Podgorny N. Leonid Brezhnev DËi : M
03. gyw³hy‡×i mgq evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv jv‡fi we‡ivwaZv K‡iwQj RvwZms‡Ni wbivcËv cwil‡ì †Kvb `ywU ¯’vqx
ivóª? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2019]
K. hy³ivR¨ I Pxb L. hy³ivóª I d«vÝ
M. Pxb I hy³ivóª N. ivwkqv I d«vÝ DËi : M
evsjv‡`‡ki Afz¨`q
evsjv‡`k‡K me©‡gvU 148wU ‡`k ¯^xK…wZ †`q|
Gwkqv ( : A F , /D9/ BD‡ivc // \ , /D92
gnv‡`k (' : A F , /D9/ gnv‡`k # ]A /2 \ , /D92
/0 \ , /D92 @ /2 \ , /D92
# /: \ , /D92 # ( 2C \ , /D92
!
B‡›`v‡bwkqv, gvj‡qwkqv 25 ‡deªæqvwi, 1972 ^' EC #)_ , /D92
E5 , /D92 biI‡q 4 †deªæqvwi, 1972
22 #)_ , /D9C BZvwj 12 †deªæqvwi, 1972
# B /: @`, /D91 d«vÝ 14 †deªæqvwi
0/ @`, /D91 Av‡gwiKv eve©v‡WvR 20 Rvbyqvwi, 1972
Avwd«Kv # @ E/ #)_ , /D92 gnv‡`k KvbvWv 14 †deªæqvwi, 1972
gnv`‡k gwikvm 20 †deªæqvwi, 1972 USA EC L , /D92
Mvw¤^qv 2 gvP©, 1972 eªvwRj 15 †g, 1972
Avj‡Rwiqv 16 RyjvB, 1973 Av‡R©w›Ubv 25‡g, 1972
evsjv‡`k‡K 1985 mv‡j me©‡kl ¯^xK…wZ ‡`q eªæbvB| evsjv‡`k‡K ¯^xK…wZ `vbKvix c«_g ‡`k fyUvb (6 B wW‡m¤î)
Ges wØZxq ‡`k fviZ (6 B wW‡m¤î,1971)| (m~Î- cÖavbgš¿x I ciivóª gš¿xi fvlY)
wewfbœ RvwZ/gZ/AÂjwfwËK cÖ_g ¯^xK…wZ cÖ`vbKvix cÖ_g †`k

we‡eP¨ welq I ‡`‡ki bvg ¯^xK…wZi ZvwiL
evsjv‡`k‡K ¯^xK…wZ c«`vbKvix c«_g BD‡ivcxq ‡`k— c~e© Rvg©vwb 11 Rvbyqvwi, 1972
evsjv‡`k‡K ¯^xK…wZ c«`vbKvix c«_g Abvie I Avwd«Kvi gymwjg ‡`k— ‡m‡bMvj 1 ‡deªæqvwi, 1972
evsjv‡`k‡K ¯^xK…wZ cÖ`vbKvix 1g DËi Av‡gwiKvi ‡`k— eve©v‡WvR 20 Rvbyqvwi, 1972
evsjv‡`k‡K ¯^xK…wZ cÖ`vbKvix 1g `wÿY Av‡gwiKvi ‡`k— ‡f‡bRy‡qjv, Kjw¤^qv 2 ‡g, 1972
evsjv‡`k‡K ¯^xK…wZ c«`vbKvix 1g I‡kwbqvi ‡`k— wdwR 26 Rvbyqvwi, 1972
evsjv‡`k‡K ¯^xK…wZ c«`vbKvix 1g mgvRZvwš¿K ‡`k— ‡cvj¨vÛ 12 Rvbyqvwi, 1972
evsjv‡`k‡K ¯^xK…wZ c«`vbKvix 1g Avie ‡`k— BivK 8 RyjvB, 1972
evsjv‡`k‡K ¯^xK…wZ c«`vbKvix 1g A-Avie Gkxq gymwjg ‡`k— gvj‡qwkqv 25 ‡deªæqvwi, 1972
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. d«vÝ evsjv‡`k‡K ¯^xK…wZ †`q K‡e? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (PÆMÖvg wefvM) : 06]
K. 12 †deªæqvwi, 1971 L. 13 †deªæqvwi, 1972
M. 15 †deªæqvwi, 1972 N. 14 †deªæqvwi, 1972 DËi : N
02. evsjv‡`k‡K ¯^vaxb †`k wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…wZ `vbKvix wØZxq †`‡ki bvg−
K. fviZ L. ivwkqv M. fzUvb N. †bcvj DËi : K
03. ¯^vaxb evsjv‡`k‡K gvwK©b hy³ivóª ¯^xK…wZ cÖ`vb K‡i− [16Zg wewmGm]
K. 4 †deªæqvwi, 1972 L. 24 Rvbyqvwi, 1972
M. 16 wW‡m¤î, 1972 N. 4 GwcÖj, 1972 DËi : N
04. evsjv‡`k‡K ¯^xK…wZ`vbKvix cÖ_g Abvie gymwjg †`k †KvbwU? (37Zg wewmGm)
K. B‡›`v‡bwkqv L. gvj‡qwkqv M. gvjØxc N. cvwK¯Ívb †bvU †`Lyb
e¨vL¨v : 1972 mv‡ji 25 ‡deªæqvwi gymwjg cÖavb †`k B‡›`v‡bwkqv (Bmjvg ag©vj¤^x− cÖvq 87 kZvsk) Ges
gvj‡qwkqv (Bmjvg ag©vj¤^x− cÖvq 61 kZvsk) beMwVZ †`k evsjv‡`k‡K ¯^xK…wZ †`q| B‡›`v‡bwkqvi Bmjvg
ag©vj¤^x gvj‡qwkqvi †P‡q †ewk n‡jI †`kwU mvsweavwbKfv‡e Secular state (ag© wbi‡cÿ ivóª)| Aciw`‡K
gvj‡qwkqvi ivóªag© Bmjvg| ZvB mwVK DËi Ôgvj‡qwkqvÕ|
05. ‡Kvb Avie †`k evsjv‡`k‡K cÖ_g ¯^xK…wZ †`q? [22Zg wewmGm& cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 15]
K. BivK L. wgki M. Kz‡qZ N. RW©vb DËi : K
06. evsjv‡`k‡K ¯^xK…wZ `vbKvix cÖ_g BD‡ivcxq †`k BD‡ivcxq †`k †KvbwU?
K. hy³ivR¨ L. c~e© Rvg©vwb M. †¯úb N. wMÖm DËi : L
07. MYPxb evsjv‡`k‡K ¯^xK…wZ †`q— [A_© gš¿Yvj‡qi Aaxb cÖkvmwbK Kg©KZ©v : 04]
08. DcmvMixq †`k¸‡jvi g‡a¨ †Kvb †`k me©cÖ_g evsjv‡`k‡K ¯^xK…wZ †`q?
K. KvZvi L. mshy³ Avie AvwgivZ M. Kz‡qZ N. Aveyavwe DËi : M
09. Ôcjvkx †_‡K avbgwÛÕ Pjw”P‡Îi cwiPvjK †K? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2019]
K. †gv¯Ídv miqvi dviæKx L. Zv‡iK gvmy`
M. Avãyj Mvd&dvi †PŠayix N. bvwmi DÏxb BDwmyd DËi : M
gyw³hy×wfwËK mvwnZ¨Kg© (we‡`wk‡ì `„wó‡Z ¯^vaxbZv Av‡›`vjb)

The Cruel Birth of Archer K Blood Massacre Robert pain
Bangladesh
Witness to surrender Siddiq Salik Surrender at Dacca: Lt Gen JFR Jacob
Birth of a Nation
Rape of Bangladesh A¨vš’wb gvmKv‡ibnvm
gyw³hy×wfwËK (cÖvgvY¨ Pjw”PÎ)

Stop Genocide $ $ /D9/ ab L ? ( # % /DD/
A State is Born $ $ /D92 c @ ( ) 3 G /DD1
= 3
Liberation Fighters @ /D9/ c = 3 G /DDD
= 3
Dateline Bangladesh @ # $ /D9/ = ' dA L 3e /D92
Innocent Millions # B /D9/ $ : ) < # + @ G -
gyw³hy×wfwËK hv`yNi
Ae¯’vb cÖwZôvi mvj Ae¯’vb cÖwZôvi mvj Ae¯’vb cÖwZôvi mvj
Kzwgjøv †mbvwbevm /D92 PÆMÖvg †mbvwbevm 1995 AvMviMvuI 2E/9
h‡kvi †mbvwbevm /DDC XvKv †mbvwbevm 1996 gyw³hy× hv`yNi
 evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g Rv`yNi— e‡i›`ª Rv`yNi| cÖwZwôZ nq— 1910 mv‡j|
gyw³hy×wfwËK ¯§„wZ¯Í¤¢
¯’vcZ¨ I fv¯‹h© fv¯‹i ¯’vb ¯’vcZ¨ I fv¯‹h© fv¯‹i ¯’vb
< g ;O $ h i j $ kl $+ @
i
#m 'L ,h m $ kl n
m i L ( !, h
X # B + ; l # B < #@ W i
(@ )
eo $ m #
i
ab B \ #$ ( p #@B b4 $ j ,
( % )
@ ( @ , < ’9/ m # B q e @ rG
ab B # $
m X h i s + e $ i
q
O ’9/ b4 $ G ( t
( ,h: : G -c i
u # ) $ n4 ,h
ab B e" $
 fv¯‹i g„Yvj nK g„ZzëiY K‡ib— 22 AvM÷, 2020 wLª÷v‡ã| wZwb XvKvi ivRwmK I ivRkvnx
wek¦we`¨vj‡qi ‡Mv‡ìb Rywejx UvIqvi fv¯‹‡h©i Rb¨ me©vwaK cwiwPZ|
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. evsjv‡`‡ki gyw³hy‡×i cUf~wgKvq wbwg©Z Ôax‡i e‡n †gNbvÕ Pjw”P‡Îi wbg©vZv †K? (37Zg wewmGm)
K. AvjgMxi Kwei L. Lvb AvZvDi ingvb
M. ûgvqb Avn‡g` N. myfvm `Ë DËi : K
02. ÔStop Genocide’ Pjw”P‡Îi cwiPvjK ‡K? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2019]
K. Pvlx bRiæj Bmjvg L. ûgvq~b Avn‡g`
M. Rwni ivqnvb N. Zv‡iK gvmy` DËi : M
03. 1971 Gi gyw³hy×Kv‡j ANNIHILATE THESE DEMONS wk‡ivbv‡gi †cv÷viwU †K Gu‡KwQ‡jb?
K. wkívPvh© Pqbyj Av‡e`xb L. wfb‡m›U f¨vbM¨v
M. cve‡jv wcKv‡mv N. Kvgiæj nvmvb DËi : N
04. Ô†cvovgvwU-bxwZÕ †Kvb evwnbxi Rb¨ cÖ‡hvR¨ wQj? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2019]
K. fviZ †mbvevwnbx L. cvK-fviZ evwnbx
M. cvwK¯Ívb †mbvevwnbx N. cvwK¯Ívb wegvbevwnbx DËi : M
05. ÔRxebXzjx wK? (35Zg wewmGm)
K. GKwU AvZ¥Rxebxi bvg L. GKwU Dcb¨v‡mi bvg
M. GKwU Kve¨MÖ‡š’i bvg N. GKwU Pjw”P‡Îi bvg DËi : N
06. evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g Rv`yNi †KvbwU? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2019]
K. e‡i›`ª Rv`yNi L. evsjv‡`k b„-ZvwZ¡K Rv`yNi
M. †mvbviMvu Rv`yNi N. evsjv‡`k RvZxq Rv`yNi DËi : K
07. gyw³hy× Rv`yNi K‡e cÖwZwôZ nq? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2019]
K. 1992 mv‡ji 17 gvP© L. 1990 mv‡ji 25 gvP©
M. 1996 mv‡ji 22 gvP© N. 1995 mv‡ji 7 gvP© DËi : M
e¨vL¨v : gyw³hy× Rv`yNi gyw³hy×-wfwËK Rv`yNi| ‡emiKvwi D‡`¨v‡M c«wZwôZ GB Rv`yN‡ii D‡Øvab nq 1996
mv‡ji 22 ‡k gvP©| gyw³hy‡×i A‡bK `yj©f e¯‘ Av‡Q GB Rv`yN‡i|
AvšÍR©vwZK A½‡b evsjv‡`k

ms¯’v ev msMV‡bi bvg m`m¨c` jvf ms¯’v ev msMV‡bi bvg m`m¨c` jvf
KgbI‡qj_ 18 GwcÖj, 1972 Bmjvgx mn‡hvwMZv ms¯’v (OIC) 1974
wek^ ¯^v¯’¨ ms¯’v (WTO) 17 †g, 1972 FIFA 1974
IBRD 17 AvM÷, 1972 wek^ evwYR¨ ms¯’v (WTO) 1 Rvbyqvwi, 1995
IDA 17 AvM÷, 1972 RvwZmsN (UN) mn‡hvMx m`m¨ 17 A‡±vei, 1972
UNESCO 27 A‡±vei, 1972 RvwZmsN (UN) c~Y© m`m¨ 17 †m‡Þ¤î, 1974
‡RvU wbi‡cÿ Av‡›`vjb (NAM) 5 †m‡Þ¤î, 1973 AvšÍR©vwZK wµ‡KU KvDwÝj 2000
Lv`¨ I K…wl ms¯’v (FAO) 12 b‡f¤î, 1973 (ICC)
Gkxq Dbœqb e¨vsK 1973 AvšÍRv©wZK Awjw¤úK KwgwU 1980
 evsjv‡`k KgbI‡qj‡_i— 32Zg m`m¨| evsjv‡`k cÖ_g GB AvšÍR©vwZK ms¯’vi m`m¨ nq|
 evsjv‡`k RvwZms‡Ni c~Y© m`m¨c` jvf K‡i— mvaviY cwil‡ì 29Zg Awa‡ek‡b|
 e½eÜz RvwZms‡N evsjv fvlY †`b— 25 †m‡Þ¤î, 1974 wLª÷vã| evsjv‡`k RvwZms‡Ni— 136Zg m`m¨|
 1986 mv‡j AbywôZ RvwZmsN mvaviY cwil‡ì 41Zg Awa‡ek‡b mfvcwZ wbe©vwPZ nb— evsjv‡`‡ki
ûgvqyb ikx` †PŠayix| wZwb RvwZmsN mvaviY cwil‡ì cÖ_g evsjv‡`wk mfvcwZ|
 evsjv‡`k G ch©šÍ 2 evi wbivcËv cwil‡ì A¯’vqx m`m¨c` jvf K‡i— K. 1979-1980 mv‡j Ges L.
2000-2001 mv‡j|
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. evsjv‡`k KgbI‡qj‡_i m`m¨c` jvf K‡i— [20Zg wewmGm, cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK (Ki‡Zvqv) : 13]
K. 18 GwcÖj, 1972 L. 16 wW‡m¤î, 1971 M. 15 AvM÷, 1982 N. 25 gvP©, 1982 DËi : K
02. evsjv‡`k K‡e RvwZms‡Ni m`m¨c` jvf K‡i? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK (Ki‡Zvqv) : 13]
K. 17 ‡m‡Þ¤î, 1974 L. 1 wW‡m¤î, 1977 M. 21 †deªæqvwi, 1976 N. 23 gvP©, 1975 DËi : K
03. evsjv‡`k RvwZms‡Ni KZZg m`m¨? [27Zg I 40Zg wewmGm& cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2019]
K. 136Zg L. 137Zg M. 138Zg N. 139Zg DËi : K
04. evsjv‡`k K‡e Bmjvgx mn‡hvwMZv ms¯’v (OIC)-Gi m`m¨c` jvf K‡i? [22Zg, 26Zg I 27Zg wewmGm]
05. evsjv‡`k †Kvb mv‡j wek^ evwYR¨ ms¯’vi (WTO) m`m¨ nq? [26Zg wewmGm]
K. Rvbyqvwi 1994 L. Rvbyqvwi 1996 M. Rvbyqvwi 1993 N. Rvbyqvwi 1995 DËi : N
06. evsjv‡`k wek^ Awjw¤úK G‡mvwm‡qk‡bi m`m¨c` jvf K‡i— [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (XvKv wefvM) : 07]
07. RvwZi RbK e½eÜz RvwZms‡Ni †Kv_vq evsjvq fvlY cÖ`vb K‡ib? [22Zg wewmGm& cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2019]
K. ¯^w¯Í cwil` L. mvaviY cwil‡ì Awa‡ek‡b
M. B‡Kv‡mvK (ECOSOC) N. BD‡b‡¯‹v‡Z (UNESCO) DËi : L
08. evsjv‡`k RvwZmsN mvaviY cwil‡ì mfvcwZ wbe©vwPZ nq KZ mv‡j? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (Rev) : 09]
K. 1980 L. 1982 M. 1986 N. 1990 DËi : M
09. RvwZmsN mvaviY cwil‡ì cÖ_g evsjv‡`wk mfvcwZ †K? [27Zg wewmGm, cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK (wgwmwmwc) : 13]
K. mvBdzi ingvb L. ûgvqyb ikx` †PŠayix M. Gg G gywnZ N. W. Kvgvj DËi : L
10. evsjv‡`k KZevi ¯^w¯Í cwil‡ì (wbivcËv cwil‡ì) m`m¨ c` jvf K‡i? [22Zg wewmGm]
K. 2 evi L. 3 evi M. 1 evi N. 4 evi DËi : K
11. evsjv‡`k KZ mv‡j RvwZms‡Ni wbivcËv cwil‡` A¯’vqx m`m¨c‡` wbe©vwPZ n‡qwQj? [15Zg wewmGm]
K. 1978-79 L. 1979-80 M. 1980-81 N. 1981-82 DËi : L
12. evsjv‡`‡ki gyw³hy‡×i mgq RvwZms‡Ni gnvmwPe wQ‡jb- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK-2018]
K. Kwd Avbvb L. KzU©Iqvì©‡nBg M. `¨vMn¨vgvi‡kvì N. D_v›U DËi : N
e¨vL¨v: evsjv‡`‡ki gnvb gyw³hy‡×i mgq RvwZms‡Ni 3q ivóªcwZ wQ‡jb D_v›U (1961-1971)| wZwb wQ‡jb Gwkqvi
cÖ_g Z_v wgqvbgvi †_‡K wbev©wPZ gnvmwPe|
Aa¨vq `yB : evsjv‡`‡ki K…wlR m¤ú`

wm‡jevm : km¨ Drcv`b Ges Gi eûgyLxKiY, Lv`¨ Drcv`b I eë¯’vcbv
evsjv‡`‡ki m¤ú` : K…wlR m¤ú`

 weBD †Pwi U‡g‡Uv- 01 : e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb K…wl wek^we`¨vjq
D™¢veb K‡i‡Q bZzb Rv‡Zi †Pwi U‡g‡Uv|
 evD avb- 3 : eøv÷ I wjdeøvBU ‡ivM cÖwZ‡ivax avb| GB avbwUi RvZ D™¢veb K‡i gqgbwms‡n Aew¯’Z
evsjv‡`k K…wl wek^we`¨vjq|
 we‡kî Pv Drcv`bKvix †`kmg~‡ni g‡a¨ evsjv‡`‡ki Ae¯’vb- cÖ_g| wØZxq Ae¯’v‡b i‡q‡Q- fviZ|
 Golden Rice ev †mvbvjx avb Gi D™¢veb K‡iÑ evsjv‡`k avb M‡elYv BÝwUwUDU (BRRI)|
 evsjv‡`‡ki AvqZ‡b wØZxq e„nËg ebvÂj- †mvbviPi ebvÂj, cUzqvLvjx|
 wek^ Lv`¨ wè‡mi †køvMvb- Healthy diet for a zero hunger world.
Ôe„ÿgvb‡eiÕ wRb KvbvWv cÖevmx evsjv‡`wk wRbweÁvbx †gvnv¤§` DwÏb

kbv³KiY Ôe„ÿgvb‡eiÕ wRb kbv³Kvix `‡ji †bZ…Z¡ cÖ`vb K‡ib|
evsjv‡`‡k wR AvB ev †fŠ‡MvwjK wb‡`©kK cY¨

evsjv‡`‡k †fŠ‡MvwjK cY¨ (Geographical  Rvg`vwb kvwo wR AvB cY¨ ¯^xK…wZ jvf K‡iÑ 2016 mv‡j|
Indication) ‡gvU 03wU| h_vÑ Rvg`vwb kvwo,  Bwjk wR AvB cY¨ ¯^xK…wZ jvf K‡iÑ 2017 mv‡j|
Bwjk gvQ Ges ÿximvcvwZ ev wngmvMi Avg|  ÿximvcvwZ wR AvB cY¨ ¯^xK…wZ jvf K‡iÑ 2019 mv‡j|
Rxeb inm¨ D‡b¥vPb

 Bwj‡ki Rxeb inm¨ ev wR‡bvg wm‡Kv‡qÝ D‡b¥vP‡bi AvbyôvwbK †NvlYv †`q c„_Kfv‡e
Ôevsjv‡`k K…wl wek^we`¨vjqÕ I ÔXvKv wek^we`¨vj‡qi `yÕwU c„_K `jÑ 2018 mv‡j|
 ÔaBÂvÕ Gi Rxeb inm¨ D‡b¥vPb K‡i evsjv‡`k cvU M‡elYv BÝwUwUDUÑ 2018 mv‡j|
 ‡`wk ev mv`v cv‡Ui Rxeb inm¨ D‡b¥vPb K‡ib W. gvKmy`yj AvjgÑ 2013 mv‡j|
 gwn‡li Rxeb inm¨ D‡b¥vP‡bi †NvlYv †`q evsjv‡`wk weÁvbx W. gywbiæ¾vgv‡bi †bZ…‡Z¡Ñ 2018mv‡j|
 eø¨vK †e½j QvM‡ji Rxeb inm¨ D‡b¥vPb K‡ib evsjv‡`k K…wl wek^we`¨vj‡qi M‡elK `jÑ 2018 mv‡j|
evsjv‡`k cvU I QÎv‡Ki Rxeb inm¨ D‡b¥vP‡bi ¯^xK…wZ jvf K‡ib- WIPO Gi wbKU †_‡K|
lô K…wl ïgvwi- 2019

 lô K…wl ïgvwi AbywôZ nqÑ 9 RybÑ 20 Ryb, 2019 wLª.|  ïgvwi AbywôZ nqÑ 10 eQi ci ci|
 ‡¯øvMvbÑ K…wl ïgvwi mdj Kwi, mg„× evsjv‡`k Mwo|  c~Y©v½ K…wl ïgvwi AbywôZ nqÑ 2008 mv‡j|
 G ch©šÍ ‡`‡k K…wl ïgvwi AbywôZ n‡q‡QÑ 6wU (1960,  Rwic cwiPvjbv K‡iÑ weweGm (evsjv‡`k
1977, 1986, 1997, 2008, 2019)| A_©vr ¯^vaxb cwimsL¨vb ey¨‡iv)|
evsjv‡`‡k ïgvwi AbywôZ nqÑ 5wU|
cÖv_wgK cÖwZ‡e`b
 cÖKvwkZ nqÑ 27 A‡±vei, 2019 wLª÷v‡ã|  AvMvgx GK eQ‡ii g‡a¨ 134wU welq AšÍf©y³ Kiv
 cÖv_wgK K…wl ïgvwi AbywôZ nqÑ †gvU 14wU wel‡q| n‡e|
A_©‰bwZK mgxÿv 2020 Abymv‡i wRwWwc‡Z K…wlLv‡Zi Ae`vb .......... kZvsk| †`‡ki †gvU kÖgkw³i 40.60
kZvsk K…wlLv‡Z wb‡qvwRZ A_©vr ‡`‡ki me‡P‡q †ewk Kg©ms¯’vb nq K…wlLv‡Z| Z‡e wRwWwc‡Z K…wlLv‡Zi Ae`vb
µgk Kg‡Q|
 e½eÜz RvZxq K…wl cyi¯‹vi †`qv nq—1976 mv‡j|  Lwic FZz ev MÖx®§Kvjxb k‡mï †gŠmyg 2 cÖKvi|
 K…wl wèm— 1jv AMÖnvqY (15 b‡f¤î) Lwic- 1 : ‰PÎ †_‡K ˆRô¨ gvm
 ‡`‡ki e…nËg K…wl Lvgvi— `ËbMi K…wl Lvgvi Lwic- 2 : Avlvp ‡_‡K fv`ª gvm
(g‡nkcyi, wSbvB`n)|  iwe km¨ ev kxZKvjxb dmj : Avjy, dzjKwc,
 Pvlvev‡ì myweav‡_© evsjv‡`‡ki FZy‡K 2 fv‡M fvM evuavKwc, U‡g‡Uv, mxg, jvD, MvRi, †ev‡iv avb,
Kiv nq| mwilv, Mg BZ¨vw`|
K) iwe FZy : kxZKvjxb km¨ Pvlvev` Kiv nq|  Lwic km¨ : wgwóKzgov, cUj, KvK‡ivj, eiewU,
Pvlvev‡ì mgq Avwk^b gvm †_‡K dvêyb gvm (ga¨ †Xuok, AvuDk avb, cvU, cyuBkvK, RjcvB,
‡m‡Þ¤î ‡_‡K ga¨ gvP©), Zvj,evZvwe‡jey, Avgb I el©vKvjxb mewR|
L) Lwic FZy : MÖx®§Kvxb km¨ Pvlvev` Kiv nq|  evsjv‡`‡ki K…wlR dmj‡K `yB fv‡M fvM Kiv nq|
Pvlvev‡ì mgq ˆPÎ †_‡K fv`ª gvm ch©šÍ (gvP©- h_v- K. Lv`¨km¨ I L. A_©Kix dmj|
‡m‡Þ¤î)
K. Lv`¨km¨
‡hme km¨ †`‡ki Rb‡Mvôxi Lv‡`ï Pvwn`v c~i‡Yi Rb¨ Pvl Kiv n‡q, †mme km¨‡K Lv`¨km¨ ejv nq| Lv`¨km¨
Drcv`‡bi mv‡_ ¯^qsm¤ú~Y©Zv AR©‡bi e¨vcvi RwoZ| †hgb- evsjv‡`k avb Drcv`‡b ¯^qsm¤ú~Y©| Ab¨vb¨ Lv`¨-km¨
avb, Mg, Wvj, †ZjexR, Avjy, fzÆv, mewR, djg~j cÖfw… Z|
 avb evsjv‡`‡ki c«avb Lv`¨km¨| kZKiv 70% Rwg‡Z av‡bi Pvl nq| avb GKexRcÎx Z…Y RvZxq Dw™¢`| avb
Pv‡li Rb¨ 160-300 †mjwmqvm ZvcgvÎv I 100-200 †mw›UwgUvi e„wócv‡Zi cÖ‡qvRb nq| FZy ev ‡gŠmyg
Abymv‡i avb‡K c«avb wZb fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| ‡hgb— AvDk, Avgb Ges ‡ev‡iv|
 AvDk avb : `ªæZ dmj Drcbœ nIqvi wePv‡i GB av‡bi bvg Kiv n‡q‡Q AvDk| AvDk avb ‰PÎ-‰ekv‡L ey‡b
Avlvp-kÖve‡Y KvuUv nq| mvaviYZ Avlv‡pi el©vq N‡i ‡Zvjv nq e‡j Gi Aci bvg Avlvpx|
 Avgb avb : Avgb ‡gŠmy‡g me‡P‡q ‡ewk Rwg‡Z av‡bi Avev` nq| iscy‡i Avgb fvj nq| Avgb avb wZb
c«Kvi| h_v— ‡ivcv Avgb, ‡evbv Avgb, evIqv Avgb|
K. †ivcv Avgb : c«¯‘ZK…Z Pviv ‡ivcY K‡i GB avb nq| ‡ivcv Avgb ‰R¨ô-Avlvp gv‡m exRZjvq ‡evbv nq
kÖveY-fv`« gv‡m g~j Rwg‡Z ‡ivcb Kiv nq Ges AM«nvqY-‡cŠl gv‡m KvUv nq|
L. ‡evbv Avgb : GB Avgb wQwU‡q ‡evbv nq| ‡evbv Avgb ‰PÎ-‰ekvL gv‡m gv‡V exR ecb Kiv nq Ges
AMÖnvqY gv‡m cvKv avb KvUv nq| G‡K AvQov AvgbI e‡j|
M. evIqv Avgb : wej AÂ‡j GB Avgb Drcbœ nq| G‡K GB Kvi‡Y Mfxi cvwbi we‡ji AvgbI ejv n‡q _v‡K|
 ‡ev‡iv avb : evsjv‡`k me‡P‡q †ewk Drcvw`Z nq †ev‡iv avb| mvaviYZ wbPy Rwg‡Z GB av‡bi Pvl Kiv emš—
Kv‡j GB avb R‡b¥ e‡j G‡K evmwšÍK avb ejv nq| ‡ev‡iv avb me‡P‡q fvj nq wm‡j‡U| Pvj ‰Zwii c«wµqv
Abymv‡i Pvj‡K `yB fv‡M fvM Kiv nq| h_v— †m× Pvj I AvZc Pvj|
K…wl c‡Yï Drcv`‡b we‡k^ evsjv‡`‡ki Ae¯’vb
 dm‡ji RvZ Drcv`‡bÑcÖ_g  mewR Drcv`‡bÑ Z…Zxq  avb Drcv`‡bÑ PZz_©
 cvU ißvwb‡ZÑ cÖ_g| (wØZxq : fviZ)  Avjy Drcv`‡bÑ Aóg  Bwjk Drcv`‡bÑ cÖ_g
 cvU Drcv`‡bÑ wØZxq| (cÖ_g : fviZ)  KvuVvj Drcv`‡bÑ wØZxq  mewR Drcv`‡b- Z…Zxq
 cÖvK…wZK Drm †_‡K gvQ Drcv`‡bÑ Z…Zxq  ‡gŠmywg djÑ `kg  Pvj Drcv`‡bÑ PZz_©
 Avg Drcv`‡bÑ mßg  ‡cqviv Drcv`‡bÑ Aóg
 evsjv‡`‡ki me‡P‡q avb Drcbœ nq— gqgbwmsn  Pvj †fRv‡jB fvZ cvIqv hvq— ANwb‡eviv avb|
†Rjvq|  nwiavb D™¢veb K‡ib— wSbvB`‡ni nwic`
 me©cÖ_g Ddkx avb Pvjy n‡q GLbI i‡q‡Q— Bwi- Kvcvjx|
8| †`‡k Ddkx avb Drcv`b ïiæ n‡q‡Q- 1998  Bwi I †ev‡iv avb kxZKvjxb dmj wn‡m‡e wewfbœ
mv‡ji wW‡m¤î †_‡K| wbPz Rjvkqmn Ab¨vb¨ Rwg‡Z †mP w`‡q Drcv`b
 g½vi avb ejv nq— weAvi-33| mvaviYZ Avwk^b- Kiv nq|
KvwZ©K gv‡m GB avb KvUv nq|  AÂj‡f‡` av‡bi Pvlvev`— KvUvwi‡fvM
 me‡P‡q †ekx avbKj— bIMvu †Rjvq| (‡Kvb †Kvb (w`bvRcyi), wPwb¸uov (Kzwgjøv), KvwjwRiv
Z_¨g‡Z, w`bvRcyi)| (‡bvqvLvjx), weiB (gqgbwmsn)
 Ryg Pvl n‡”Q GK ai‡bi K…wl A_©bxwZ (GK ai‡bi  ÔwebvkvBjÕ avb D™¢veb K‡i— BINA
Pvlvev`)| cve©Z¨ PÆMÖv‡g G Pvl n‡q _v‡K| Ryg (Bangladesh Institute for Nuclear
Pvl weKí c×wZi bvg më| Agriculture)
av‡bi RvZ
@ N4 v ' '!' S ( - /), ( - 2), y ( - 0), ^ ( - C), k ( @,
!w !x ) (!) ) 3) , @ ।
#= b
#= b (L ' J z $ )।
3@ T G - , , #@ S ( @, {z ।
jeYv³ GjvKvq †gŠmywg Pv‡li Rb¨ weAvi 22, weAvi 23 weª avb 40, weª avb 41, weª avb 46, weª avb 53, weª
Aby‡gvw`Z RvZ avb 54 BZ¨vw`|
 Mg evsjv‡`‡ki wØZxq cÖavb Lv`¨km¨| DËivÂ‡j M‡gi Drcv`b fvj nq Ges Mg Drcv`‡b kxl© †Rjv
VvKziMvuI| Mg Pv‡li Dc‡hvMx Ae¯’v- 16 †_‡K 22 †mjwmqvm ZvcgvÎv, 50 †_‡K 75 †mw›UwgUvi e„wócvZ|
L. A_©Kix dmj
‡hme km¨ A_©‰bwZK Pvwn`v c~i‡Yi Rb¨ wewµi D‡Ï‡k¨ Pvl Kiv nq †mme km¨‡K A_©Kix km¨ e‡j| ‡hgb—
cvU, Bÿz, Pv, Zzjv, ZvgvK, dzj BZ¨vw`|
cvU
 evsjv‡`‡ki cÖavb A_©Kix dmj— cvU (†mvbvjx  Av`gRx cvUKj Pvjy nq— 30 Ryb, 1951 mv‡j|
Avuk)| GwU Gwkqvi me‡P‡q eo cvUKj wQj| cvUKjwU eÜ
 cvU ißvwb I Drcv`‡b evsjv‡`‡ki Ae¯’vb h_vµ‡g nq— 30 Ryb, 2002 mv‡j|
cÖ_g I wØZxq (cvU Drcv`‡b kxl© †`k fviZ)|  6 gvP©, 2017 cvU‡K K…wl c‡Yï fZ©ywKi AvIZvfy³
evsjv‡`‡k c„w_exi cÖvq GK Z…Zxqvsk cvU Drcbœ nq| Kiv n‡q‡Q| G w`bwU‡K cvU wèm ‡NvlYv Kiv nq|
 cv‡Ui wR‡bvg wm‡Kv‡qÝ Avwe®‹vi K‡ib- W. gvKmy`yj  cvURvZ ‡gvoK eënvi eva¨Zvg~jK Kiv n‡q‡Q— 6
Avjg (2010 mv‡ji Ryb gv‡m)| cvU †_‡K RyU wU c‡Yï ‡gvo‡Ki Rb¨ (avb, Pvj, Mg, fyÆv, wPwb I
cwjgvi ˆZwii c×wZ Avwe®‹v‡ii cw_K…Z †gveviK mvi)| cvU eënvi eva¨Zvg~jK 19 wU cY¨ cwien‡b|
Avng` Lvb (evsjv‡`k)| Rxeb inm¨ D‡b¥vP‡bi  gqgbwmsn-XvKv-Kywgjøv‡K evsjv‡`‡ki cvU ejq ejv
¯^xK…wZ †`q- WIPO. nq|
 cvU I Zzjvi wgkÖ‡Y GK ai‡bi Kvc‡oi bvg—  ‡`‡ki DbœZ Rv‡Zi cvUexR nj— ‡Zvmv|
RyUb| RyUb Avwe®‹vi K‡ib W. †gvnv¤§` wmwÏKzjøvn|  e¯¿ wkí AvBb— 2015 mvj Ges cvU bxwZ— 2011
RyU‡b 70 fvM cvU I 30 fvM Zzjv _v‡K| mv‡j nq|
 evsjv‡`‡ki me‡P‡q ‡ewk cvU Drcbœ nq— dwi`cyi  cvU cuPv‡bvi cÖwµqv‡K ejv nq — wieb †iwUs|
†Rjvq|
Pv
 evsjv‡`‡k c«_g evwYwR¨Kfv‡e Pv‡qi Pvl ïiæ nq—  we‡k¦i 1g Pv wbjvg‡K›`ª Aew¯’Z — PÆMÖv‡gi
1854 mv‡j wm‡j‡Ui gvjwbQovq| AvMÖvev‡`|
 Pv evsjv‡`‡ki— wØZxq cÖavb A_©Kix dmj|  cÖ_g AM©vwbK Pv— cÂM‡o (gxbv Pv)|
 evsjv‡`‡k— 2 c«Kvi Pv Drcbœ nq| h_v— Kv‡jv  cÖej Livi mgq Qvqvi ‡hvMvb w`‡Z ev el©vq e…wói cvwb
Pv I meyR Pv| ‡_‡K Pv MvQ‡K i¶vq Pv evMv‡b Qvqv¯îƒc ‡h e…¶ _v‡K
 Pv ‡evW© c«wZwôZ nq— 1977 mv‡j PÆM«v‡gi ZvB— Qvqve…¶|
bvwmivev‡`|  evsjv‡`‡k eZ©gv‡b ÑÑÑÑÑÑ wU Pv evMvb i‡q‡Q|
 Pv M‡elYv BÝwUwUDU c«wZwôZ nq— 1957 mv‡j| me‡P‡q †ewk Pv evMvb i‡q‡Q— †gŠjfxevRv‡i|
 Pv Rv`yNi Aew¯’Z — ‡gŠjfxevRv‡ii kÖxg½‡j|
Ab¨vb¨ dmj m¤úwK©Z Z_¨vw`

 ‡Mvj Avjy Avgv‡ì ‡`‡k Avbv nq— ‡b`vij¨vÛ ‡_‡K|
 ivevi †Rvb— evBwkwi, MvRxcyi| K•evRv‡ii ivgy‡Z 1961 wLª÷v‡ã evsjv‡`‡k cÖ_g ivevi evMvb Ki nq|
 ZvgvK Drcv`‡bi Kvi‡Y Kzwóqv †Rjvi 26wU MÖvg‡K— Ô‡Mv‡ìb wf‡jRÕ ejv nq|
 ev‡ivgvwm mewR— jvjkvK, †e¸b, †Xuom| evsjv‡`‡ki km¨ fvÐvi ejv nq— ewikvj‡K|
 ‰ZjexR (wZj, wZwm, ev`vg, mwilv) Drcv`b e„w×i Rb¨ evsjv‡`k e¨vsK e¨vsKmg~‡ni gva¨‡g K…lK‡ì
†iqvwZ myweav cÖ`vb K‡i|
 ¯^Y©v mvi D™¢veb K‡ib— W. Avãyj Lv‡jK (1987 mv‡j)| ¯^Y©v mv‡ii êÁvwbK bvg— dvB‡Uv ni‡gvb
BbwWDmvi|
 evZv‡mi bvB‡Uªv‡Rb gvwU‡Z wg‡k gvwUi De©iZv e„w× K‡i|
 ‡`‡k exR Drcv`bKvix cÖavb miKvix cÖwZôvb— Bangladesh Agricultural Development
Corporation (BADC)
GK bR‡i evsjv‡`‡ki K…wlR m¤ú‡ì mv¤úªwZK Ae¯’v

‡g, 2019 cÖKvwkZ nq K…wl cwimsL¨vb el©MÖš’ - 2018 GwU evsjv‡`k cwimsL¨vb ey¨‡ivÕi (BBS) 30Zg wmwiR cÖKvkbv|
dmj/dj/gvQ Drcv`‡b kxl© †Rjv -
 Avbvim : Uv½vBj  Mg : VvKziMvuI
 AvL I imyb : bv‡Uvi  wkg : biwms`x
 Zvj (im) : bovBj  wjPz, fzÆv : w`bvRcyi
 Zzjv I gmyi : wSbvB`n  Kjv : Uv½vBj
 wZj I †cuqvR : cvebv  cvU : dwi`cyi
 †ZuZzj : ev›ìevb  Avgov I †Lmvwi : ewikvj
 U‡g‡Uv I Avg : ivRkvnx  Avjy : gywÝMÄ
 avb I KvuVvj : gqgbwmsn  Pv‡li gvQ : gqgbwmsn
 †Mvjvc dzj : h‡kvi  b`xi gvQ : †fvjv
 Pv : †gŠjfxevRvi  ZvgvK : Kzwóqv
 evswM : Kzwgjøv  mqvweb I mycvwi : j²xcyi
 wPswo : mvZÿxiv  we‡ji gvQ : mybvgMÄ
 evwj©/he : PvucvBbeveMÄ  bvi‡Kj : ‡bvqvLvjx
 †cqviv : PÆMÖvg  KvuVvj : Kzwóqv
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. evsjv‡`‡k avb Pvl Kiv nq †gvU Avev`x Rwgi— [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 00]
K. 50% L. 40% M. 70% N. 30% DËi : M
02. evsjv‡`‡k me‡P‡q †ewk Drcvw`Z nq— [37Zg wewmGm]
K. AvDk avb L. Avgb avb M. †ev‡iv avb M. Bwi avb DËi : M
03. me© cÖ_‡g †h Ddwk avb G‡`‡k Pvjy n‡q GLbI eZ©gvb i‡q‡Q Zv n‡jv— [37Zg wewmGm]
K. Bwi-8 L. Bwi-1 M. Bwi-20 N. Bwi-3 DËi : K
04. evsjv‡`‡k †ivcv Avgb avb KvUv nq— [36Zg wewmGm]
K. Avlvp-kÖveY gv‡m L. fv`ª-Avwk^b gv‡m M. AMÖnvqY-‡cŠl gv‡m N. gvN-dvêyb DËi : M
05. cv‡Ui Rxeb inm¨ D‡b¥vPbKvix `‡ji †bZv— [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2019]
K. dwi`yj Avjg L. gvKmy`yj Avjg M. knx`yj Avjvg N. †gv. Rwjj DËi : L
06. evsjv‡`‡k AwZ cwiwPZ Lv`¨ †MvjAvjy| GB Lv`¨ Avgv‡ì †`‡k Avbv n‡qwQj— [17Zg wewmGm]
K. BD‡iv‡ci nj¨vÛ †_‡K L. `wÿY Av‡gwiKvi wPwj †_‡K
M. Avwd«Kvi wgki †_‡K N. Gwkqvi _vBj¨vÛ †_‡K DËi : K
07. ‡Kvb ‡Rjv Zyjv Pv‡li Rb¨ me‡P‡q Dc‡hvMx? [11Zg wewmGm, cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (†gNbv): 2013]
K. iscyi L. dwi`cyi M. ivRkvnx N. h‡kvi DËi : N
08. KvwZ©K I AMÖnvqb `yB gvm wK Kvj? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2019]
K. kxZKvj L. †ngšÍKvj M. emšÍKvj N. kirKvj DËi : L
09. Mv‡Qi cÖvY Av‡Q -- †K cÖgvY K‡ib? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2019]
K. AvjevU© AvBb÷vBb L. RM`xk P›`ª emy M. Av‡b©÷ †nwgsI‡q N. Pvj©m WviDBb DËi : L
10. evsjv‡`‡ki ‡Kvb ‡Rjvq ‡ekx cvU Drcbœ nq? (11Zg I 40Zg wewmGm)
K. iscyi L. gqgbwmsn M. dwi`cyi N. Uv½vBj DËi : M
11. GKwU KvuPv cv‡Ui MvB‡Ui IRb KZ? (12Zg wewmGm)
K. 3.50 gY L. 2.50 gY M. 4.50 gY N. 5 gY DËi : M
12. evsjv‡`‡ki GDP ‡Z K…wlLv‡Zi Ae`vb KZ kZvsk? (15Zg I 26Zg wewmGm)
K. 15.33 L. 16.77 M. 12.58 N. 14.79 DËi : ‡bvU
e¨vL¨v : A_©‰bwZK mgxÿv 2019 Abymv‡i, wRwWwc‡Z K…wlLv‡Zi Ae`vb 13.60 kZvsk|
13. evsjv‡`‡ki cÖavb A_©Kix dmj †KvbwU? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (ewikvj wefvM) : 03]
K. Pv L. avb M. cvU N. Mg DËi : M
14. wieb †iwUs wK? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (PÆMÖvg wefvM) : 05]
K. cvU cPv‡bvi c×wZ L. ivevi Pv‡li c×wZ
M. MwZ cwigvcK hš¿ N. gvQ Pvl c×wZ DËi : K
15. evsjv‡`‡ki ‡Kvb ebf~wg kvje…‡¶i Rb¨ weL¨vZ? (11Zg I 40Zg wewmGm)
K. fvIqvj I gaycy‡ii ebf~wg L. cve©Z¨ PÆMÖv‡gi ebf~wg
M. wm‡j‡Ui ebf~wg N. Lyjbv, ewikvj I cUzqvLvjxi ebf~wg DËi : K
e¨vL¨v : fvIqvj I gaycy‡ii ebf~wg kvj e„‡ÿi Rb¨ weL¨vZ| G e‡bi cÖavb e„ÿ kvj ev MRvix| G AÂ‡ji
ebf~wg‡K cÎ cZbkxj e„‡ÿi ebf~wg ejv nq|
16. my›ìe‡bi AvqZb KZ eM© wK‡jvwgUvi? (13Zg wewmGm)
K. 3800 eM© wK.wg. L. 4100 eM© wK.wg. M. 5575 eM© wK. wg. N. 6017 eM© wK.wg. DËi : N
17. !? + # # @ J? (2C L )
K. cÂco L. w`bvRcyi M. e¸ov N. ivRkvnx DËi : K
18. # @ J – (02 L )
K. PÆMÖvg L. nweMÄ M. wm‡jU N. †gŠjfxevRvi DËi : N
19. = N | $ ? (/9 L )
K. wm‡j‡Ui gvjwbQovq L. ‡gŠjfxevRv‡ii gvjwbQovq
M. wm‡j‡Ui Rvdbvq N. mybvgM‡Ä DËi : K
20. N $ – (05 L )
K. ewikv‡j L. gqgbwms‡n M. LvMovQwo‡Z N. w`bvRcyi DËi : M
21. # # '# !> bN < - (38Zg wewmGm)
K. µg n«vmgvb L. µgk ea©gvb M. w¯’i i‡q‡Q N. †KvbwUB bq DËi : K
e¨vL¨v : 2E/9- /5 <= J $ <\- A < bN < /C. /E
। A_©‰bwZK mgxÿv 2019 Abymv‡i wRwWwc‡Z K…wlLv‡Zi Ae`vb 13.60 kZvsk| A_v©r wRwWwc‡Z
K…wlLv‡Zi Ae`vb µgk Kg‡Q|
jeYv³ mwnòz dm‡ji RvZ

jeYv³Zv mwnòz dm‡ji RvZ bvwi‡Kj, mycvwi, myMvi weU, Zzjv, kvjMg, âÂv, cvjskvK BZ¨vw`|
ga¨g jeYv³Zv mwnòz dmj Avgov, wgwó Avjy, gwiP, eiewU, gyM, †Lmvwi, fzÆv, U‡g‡Uv, †cqviv BZ¨vw`|
dm‡ji DbœZ RvZ

km¨ bvg
‡mvbvi evsjv-1, mycvi ivBm, nxiv, gqbv, BivUg, we«kvBj, Avkv, c«MwZ, nwiavb, bvwiKv-1 (Liv
mwnòz avb), gvjvBwi, weAvi-33 (g½vi avb), Pvw›`bvg, wecøe, `yjv‡fvM, gy³v, weª nvBweªW avb-1,
weª nvBweªW avb-2|
@ # , # , , , S, } , , kZvãx
' ' ]' ( !> = $ Â ' ' ), $ , , , ~ r , kÖveYx,
k , Ac~e©|
(• !? 4 ( ^ ) , 4 , €•
N <X4 , # , F , # B । [g‡b ivLyb- AMÖYx I †mvbvjxi ‡kl m¤^j GB †`ŠjZ m¤ú`]
3 I, । [wUcm- g¨vmy ZvgvK cQ›` K‡i]
‚ , #A ) । [w`jiƒcv Zzjvi KvR K‡i]
- ।
r , I । [wPÎv cyuBkvK AZ¨šÍ meyR]
A ]A, A , e) , ƒ ।
r „ $A, #@ … † , X LU , †K IqvB µm, A¨vUbvg- 70
‡ , gayevjv (nj‡` Rv‡Zi ZigyR)
# { G , € , , =, , ' ' , # $ , , , !? ,
ISD 006 (BARI BT BRINJAL-4)
< î , , # $ , ' , < b @ , ,, b @ , , r ,
, + ,L' , - /, # $ @ , # ! ,# 7 , S , ,
qr , ।
Avg j¨vsov, †Mvcvj‡fvM, †gvnb‡fvM, gnvb›`v|
†cqviv evwi-4, KvwR|
cÖkœ mgvavb
22. weªkvBj wK? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (ewikvj wefvM) : 03]
K. GKwU DbœZ gv‡bi av‡bi bvg L. GKwU DbœZ gv‡bi cvU
M. GK ai‡bi M‡gi bvg N. GKwU b`xi bvg DËi : K
23. b`x Qvov Ôgnvb›`vÕ Kx? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK (‡WjUv) : 14]
K. ZigyR L. Avg M. mwilv N. evavKwc DËi : L
24. Ô‡mvbvwjKvÕ I ÔAvKeiÕ evsjv‡`‡k K…wl‡ÿ‡Î wK‡mi bvg? [32Zg wewmGm]
K. `ywU K…wl hš¿cvwZi bvg L. `ywU K…wl ms¯’vi bvg
M. DbœZ Rv‡Zi M‡gi bvg N. K…wl Lvgv‡ii bvg DËi : M
25. ÔeY©vjxÕ Ges ÔïåÕ Kx? [35Zg wewmGm& 12Zg †emiKvwi cÖfvlK wbeÜb : 2015]
K. DbœZ Rv‡Zi fyÆv L. DbœZ Rv‡Zi Mg
M. DbœZ Rv‡Zi Avg N. DbœZ Rv‡Zi Pvj DËi : K
26. cvwL Qvov ÔejvKvÕ Ô‡`v‡qjÕ wK‡mi bvg? (10Zg wewmGm)
K. `yBwU DbœZ Rv‡Zi Mg km¨ L. `yBwU DbœZ Rv‡Zi avbkm¨
M. `yBwU DbœZ Rv‡Zi f~Æv km¨ N. `yBwU DbœZ Rv‡Zi Bÿz DËi : K
27. Avjyi GKwU RvZ— [37Zg wewmGm]
K. WvqgÛ L. iƒcvjx M. Wªvg‡nW N. weªkvBj DËi : K
28. AwMœk¦i, KvbvBevkx, ‡gvnbevkx, exURev wK RvZxq d‡ji bvg? (10Zg I 36Zg wewmGm)
K. †cqviv L. Kjv M. †cu‡c N. Rvgiæj DËi : L
29. ÔgayevjvÕ bvgwU wK Rb¨ weL¨vZ? [12Zg †emiKvwi cÖfvlK wbeÜb : 15]
K. nj‡` Rv‡Zi ZigyR wnmv‡e L. bvwqKv bvg wnmv‡e
M. cyi¯‹vicÖvß Qwei bvg wnmv‡e N. DbœZRv‡Zi avb wnmv‡e DËi : K
evsjv‡`‡ki m¤ú` : grm¨ I cÖvwYm¤ú`

 J $ j ‰ !> । ( L( c + T# $ )
 BLRI— Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute Š $ /D5C h ( ।
 — •X + ।
 miKvwi gwnl cÖRbb †K›`— dwKinvU, ev‡MinvU| QvMj cÖRbb †K›`ª— wUjvMo, wm‡jU| †Mv cÖRbb †K›`ª I `y»
Lvgvi— mvfvi, XvKv| †`‡ki cÖ_g Mvav cÖRbb †K›`—ivOvgvwU| nwiY cÖRbb †K›`ª— P‡Kvwiqv, K·evRvi|
 Bwj‡ki Rxeb inm¨ D‡b¥vPb K‡ib— c„_Kfv‡e XvKv wek^we`¨vjq I evsjv‡`k K…wl wek^we`¨vj‡qi weÁvbxiv|
 e # W— , 3S ( 2EE2) ।
 # e — ( , $।
 Mevw` cïi ÿziv †iv‡Mi wUKv D™¢veb K‡ib— XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi AYyRxe weÁvb wefv‡Mi Aa¨vcK †gv. Av‡bvqvi
†nv‡m‡bi †bZ…‡Z¡ 17 R‡bi M‡elK `j|
 4 N !> — J  e ' $ — <}
 + @ >‹ 4 ŒI— C '  @ z N $ —#
 # 4# J z— N  A # x )' — #
 # ' >‹ !> — /2  ev‡qvd¬K c×wZ gvQPvl cÖ_g ïiæ nq— BmivB‡j
 • — /,/5,5/0 @  #6 N # = >‹ <( R —$ $ Gz
'  me‡P‡q eo cÖvK…wZK grm¨ cÖRbb †K›`ª— nvj`v
 @ € Ž4 $ —1# , /DD1  Bwjk Drcv`‡b we‡k^ cÖ_g— evsjv‡`k|
 z , $ — White Gold
→ evsjv‡`‡ki cÖvwYm¤ú` M‡elYv Bbw÷wUD‡Ui (BLRI) D™¢vweZ bZzb †`wk gyiwMi Rv‡Zi bvg— gvwë Kvjvi
†Uwej wP‡Kb (MCTC)
evsjv‡`‡ki m¤ú` : ebR m¤ú`

 # ( Œ — 21  ( C ' <} fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q|
h_v— /) $ z } , 2) X( } ,
 # ( @ <\- me‡P‡q †ewk ( 0) L , C) X 4 ।
4— •X wefv‡M|  <} $ $
b ? — $ z
 ( — $ ( @। •X } ।
 # $
b ? ( <} — •X G  ( Œ “ (
•X <} । 28wU # — P ( bvB। J— 9 ' # ।
 ! • # Y } $ J—  # ( bŒ “ —
/E ' # । (G G ( ।
 <( 4 J— /C '।  @ J— , G
 = -† €n ! ।
$ — •X + ( /D5/) ।  @ Œ
b ” ( — kvj ।
 #6 N $ — /DD2 ।  $ > ~ @ J : #- @ J L +
~ - L { = । cve©Z¨
 Œ
b # x • - H
ebvÂj‡K wPinwir ebvÂj| $ > ~ (
• — /DD0।
~ @ J— @ , , z , # { ,
 BELA L 4‚ — Bangladesh Environment
n ।
Lawyers Association.
 †p ~ : † p <} #- @ J
 i — 1 ।
J L ,4 ~ - । † p ~
 # ‘ q 60 — 3S
G - — $, '+ , @ ,
‡_‡K। G ।
 bvg êjvg e„ÿ, cvIqv 
!x bŒ
†p ~ ( ‡K ( @ $ k’( @।
hvq— ev›ìev‡b| D”PZv cÖvq— 240 dzU| G (G @z L W <} ( ।
 @ ’ $ — 3S MvQ‡K| †p ~ G - — z , $ ,
 ‘ - “’ $ — MvQ‡K ( @ J) । $ ,$ , qr , cÖf…wZ e„ÿ।
 b= z 6 — r ।
my›ìeb
c„w_exi e„nËg UvBWvj eb my›ìe‡bi ‡gvU AvqZb— 10,000 eM©wK‡jvwgUvi (evsjv‡`k + fviZ)| evsjv‡`‡ki
AšÍM©Z my›ìe‡bi AvqZb- 2400 eM©gvBj ev 6400 eM© wK‡jvwgUvi (62%)| Ab¨g‡Z, 5320 eM© wK‡jvwgUvi|
6017 (eb Awa`ßi I Lyjbv ‡Rjv Z_¨ evZvqb)| my›ìeb 5wU ‡Rjvq Aew¯’Z| Lyjbv, mvZ¶xiv, ev‡MinvU,
cUyqvLvjx, ei¸bv| (g‡b ivLvi Dcvq : mvZ¶xiv Lye evMcUy|)| my›ìe‡bi Ab¨vb¨ bvg¸‡jv ev`veb/Mivb ebf~wg
/g¨vb‡M«vf eb/UvBWvj eb/‡m«vZR ebf~wg/DcK~jxq eb| GwU evsjv‡`‡ki GKK e„nËg eb|
 ! • 3S : A F , /DD9  ‡cwÝj ˆZwi‡Z eëüZ nq— ay›`j KvV|
wek^ HwZn¨ †Nvlbv K‡i Ges wek^ HwZ‡nï ZvwjKvq  ev· I w`qvkjvB‡qi KvwV cÖ¯Z
‘ Kiv nq— †MIqv
9D5 i M –। eZ©gv‡b cÖvK…wZK mßvðv‡h©i KvV †_‡K|
ZvwjKvq my›ìeb— 14Zg|  is cÖ¯‘Z Kiv nq— Mivb Mv‡Qi Qvj †_‡K|
 my›ìeb wèm— 14B †deªæqvwi|  ivgcvj we`y¨r †K›`ª wbg©v‡Y cÖavb mnvqZvKix †`k-
 3S <( 4 — E0 ( ) '। $ 4 fviZ|
]', ' , ‰ ।  k> W 4 /2 2E/:
 E9 ( ) RŠ ' e fviZ B‡jw±ªK¨vj wjwg‡UW (‡fj) †Kv¤úvbxi =
$ — my›ìe‡b| c J|
 3S — $ —  my›ìe‡bi cv‡k wbwg©Ze¨ KqjvwfwËK ivgcvj
ivqg½j I nvwoqvfv½v| we`y¨r‡K›`ª cïi b`xi Zx‡i Aew¯’Z| ivgcvj cvIqvi
 3S 6 @4 $ —cvMgvK© I K¨v‡giv cøv›U my›ìeb †_‡K 14 wK‡jvwgUvi `~‡i Ges wek^
c×wZ‡Z| HwZ‡nï ¯’vb †_‡K gvÎ 70 wK‡jvwgUvi `~‡i Aew¯’Z|
 bI X( — P‡Kvwiqv,
K·evRv‡i Aew¯’Z|
K…wlwfwËK M‡elYv cÖwZôvb
BRRI- Bangladesh Rice Research Institute Rq‡ècyi, MvRxcyi (1972)
BINA- Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture evK…we, gqgbwmsn (1972)
SAIC- SAARC Agricultural Information Center dvg©‡MU, XvKv (1989)
IRRI – International Rice Research Institute g¨vwbjv, wdwjcvBb (1960)
evsjv‡`k Wvj M‡elYv †K›`ª Ckî`x, cvebv
evsjv‡`k Bÿz M‡elYv Bbw÷wUDU Ckî`x, cvebv (1951)
BADC (Bangladesh Agricultural Development Corpoation) Kvwmgcyi, MvRxcyi
BFRI- Bangladesh Fisheries Research Institute gqgbwmsn
Zzjv Dbœqb †evW© dvg©‡MU, XvKv
evsjv‡`k wPwb I Lv`¨ wkí K‡cv©‡ikb w`jKzkv, XvKv
evsjv‡`k Pv M‡elYv BÝwUwUDU kÖxg½j, wm‡jU
evsjv‡`k Pv M‡elYv †evW© PÆMÖvg
evsjv‡`k ebM‡elYv †K›`ª PÆMÖvg
evsjv‡`k Avg M‡elYv †K›`ª PvcvBbeveMÄ
evsjv‡`k gmjv M‡elYv †K›`ª wkeMÄ, e¸ov
evsjv‡`k Lv`¨ I cywó Bbw÷wUDU XvKv wek^we`¨vjq
RvZxq exR cixÿvMvi MvRxcyi
evsjv‡`k †ikg M‡elYv I cÖwkÿY Bbw÷wUD ivRkvnx
evsjv‡`k cÖvwYm¤ú` M‡elYv Bbw÷wUDU mvfvi, XvKv
evsjv‡`k †gŠgvwQ cvjb Bbw÷wUDU XvKv
IJSG- International Jute Study Group dvg©‡MU, XvKv (2002)
evsjv‡`k cvU M‡elYv Bbw÷wUDU XvKv (1951)
evsjv‡`k grm¨ M‡elYv Bbw÷wUDU
L j < ” $ bN i ।L ` '!' L # W J 1 '। # W{ $ :
mk J N @ N4 # W $ • JG -c# W U
J @ N4 # W r z @ N4 # W @ $'
# J @ N4 # W
 Kzwgi (wgVv cvwb) M‡elYv †K›`ª— fvjyKv, gqgbwmsn
 Kzwgi (‡jvbv cvwb) M‡elYv †K›`ª— WzjvnvRiv, K·evRvi|
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. cÖavb exR Drcv`bKvix miKvix cÖwZôvb— [37Zg wewmGm]
K. BARI L. BRRI M. BADC N. BINA DËi : M
02. &BADC’i c~Y©iƒc †KvbwU? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 1990]
K. Bangladesh Agricultural Development Corporation
L. Bangladesh Agricultural Development Council
M. Bangladesh Atomic Development Centre
N. Bangladesh Agricultural Development Centre DËi : K
03. evsjv‡`k avb M‡elYv Bbw÷wUDUi Gi mì `ßi †Kv_vq Aew¯’Z? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (‡gNbv) : 12]
K. XvKv L. gqgbwmsn M. MvRxcyi N. wm‡jU DËi : M
04. evsjv‡`k Bÿz M‡elYv Bbw÷wUDU †Kv_vq Aew¯’Z? [27Zg wewmGm]
K. w`bvRcyi L. †Mvcvjcyi M. cvKkx N. Ckî`x DËi : N
05. evsjv‡`k wPwb †Uwbs Bbw÷wUDU †Kv_vq Aew¯’Z? [26Zg wewmGm]
K. w`bvRcyi L. iscyyi M. Ckî`x N. h‡kvi DËi : M
evsjv‡`‡ki m¤ú` : grm¨ I cÖvwYR

o eø¨vK †e½j QvM‡ji c~Y©v½ Rxebinm¨ D‡b¥vPb K‡ib— PÆMÖvg †f‡Uwibvwi Ges A¨vwb‡gj
mv‡qÝ wek^we`¨vj‡qi Aa¨vcK G Gg Gg G Rybv‡q` wmwÏKx Gi †bZ…‡Z¡ GK `j M‡elK|
o Mevw` cïi †ivM Ôeªæ‡m‡jvwmmÕ Gi wUKv D™¢veb K‡ib- Aa¨vcK W. ‡gv. wmwÏKzi ingv‡bi †bZ…‡Z¡ evK…wei GK`j M‡elK|
o evsjv‡`k we‡k^ Bwjk Avni‡Y— cÖ_g| †gvU Drcvw`Z Bwj‡ki— 85 kZvsk AvnwiZ nq| wØZxq fviZ (10%)|
o bxj wecøe : cyKz‡i gvQ Pvl K‡i mviwe‡k^ Abb¨ `„óvšÍ ¯’vcb K‡i‡Q— evsjv‡`k| GB NUbv‡K bxj wecøe e‡j D‡jøL
K‡i— International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI)|
o gvQ Drcv`‡b evsjv‡`k—we‡k^ 8g| RvwZms‡Ni Lv`¨ I K…wl ms¯’vi GB m~‡Î grm¨ Drcv`‡b mevi Dc‡i Pxb|
GiciB i‡q‡Q B‡›`v‡bwkqv, fviZ, wf‡qZbvg, hy³ivóª, ivwkqv I †ciæi Ae¯’vb|
o M‡elYv †ÿ‡Î ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ae`v‡bi ¯^xK…wZ¯îƒc GKz‡k c`K 2020 AR©b K‡i— evsjv‡`k grm¨ M‡elYv BÝwUwUDU
(BFRI)|
o eZ©gv‡b †`‡k gv_vwcQz ‰`wbK gv‡Qi Pvwn`v— 60 MÖvg| MÖn‡Yi cwigvY— 62.58| [grm¨ I cÖvwYm¤ú` cÖwZgš¿x, 3 †deªæqvwi 2020]
o wejyß cÖRvwZi gvQ msiÿ‡Y †`‡ki wewfbœ b`-b`x I Af¨šÍixY gy³ Rjvk‡q ¯’vwcZ AfqvkÖg— 432wU| [m~Î : grm¨ I cÖvwYm¤ú`
cÖwZgš¿x, 3 †deªæqvwi 2020]
o my›ìe‡b Avwe®‹…Z nq bZzb cvuPwU cÖRvwZi gvQ| eZ©gv‡b we‡kî me‡P‡q eo G g¨vb‡MÖvf e‡b cvIqv ‡M‡Q— 322
cÖRvwZi gvQ|
o my›ìe‡b Avwe®‹…Z bZzb cvuPwU cÖRvwZi gv‡Qi bvg— k³ZzwÛ nvOi, ivRv gywi, eo Rvwj cUKv, nxiKc„ô cUKv, njy` †ZwR Zviv
MvRi|
LvBiæjÕm cÖv_wgK wkÿK wb‡qvM MvBW 646 #MwYZ
jvf-ÿwZ
‡Kvb `ª‡e¨ 10% jvf n‡j, µqg~j¨ 100% Ges jv‡fi 10% µqg~‡jï mv‡_ hy³ n‡q Zv weµqg~j¨ n‡q hvq|
G‡ÿ‡Î weµqg~j¨ 100%+10% =110%|
Avevi: 10% ÿwZ n‡j, weµqg~j¨ 100%-10% = 90% nq wKš‘ µqg~j¨ 100% B _v‡K| A_©vr jvf-ÿwZi
As‡K µqg~j¨ me mgq 100% |
g‡b ivL‡eb,
memgq µqg~‡jï Dci jvf A_ev ÿwZ wn‡me Ki‡Z n‡e|
jvf ev ÿwZi cwigvY

jvf ÿwZi nvi ev % = µqg~j¨  100%
 jvf-ÿwZi mvaviY cÖkœ:

1. GK ev· Av½yi 2750 UvKvq weµq Kivq 450 UvKv ÿwZ n‡jv| H Av½yi 3600 UvKvq weµq Ki‡j KZ jvf ev ÿwZ
n‡Zv? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mn. wk.wb. cixÿv(`vRjv)-2013]
K. 300 UvKv jvf L. 350 UvKv jvf M. 400 UvKv jvf N. 450 UvKv jvf DËi: M
mgvavb:
Av½y‡ii µqg~j¨ = 750 + 450 = 3200 UvKv
Av½y‡ii weµqg~j¨ 3600 UvKv n‡j jv‡fi cwigvY = 3600 - 3200 = 400 UvKv
2. GKRb Pv eëmvqx GK ev· Pv cvZv †KwR cÖwZ 80 UvKv wnmv‡e µq K‡ib| me Pv cvZv †KwR cÖwZ 75 UvKv `‡i weµq
Kivq 500 UvKv ÿwZ nq| wZwb KZ ‡KwR Pv cvZv µq K‡iwQ‡jb? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mn. wk.wb. cixÿv (`vRjv)-2013]
+(7g †kÖYx 2.2 Gi D`v:14)
K. 85 †KwR L. 90 †KwR M. 95 †KwR N. 100 †KwR DËi: N
mgvavb:
1 †KwR‡Z ÿwZ 80-75 = 5UvKv ÿwZ
5UvKv ÿwZ n‡j Pv wK‡bwQj = 1 †KwR|
500
500 UvKv ÿwZ n‡j Pv wK‡bwQj = = 100 †KwR|
5
3. GKwU wRwbm 120 UvKvq µq K‡i 144 UvKvq wewµ Ki‡j, µqg~j¨ I jv‡fi AbycvZ KZ n‡e? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix
wkÿK (Ki‡Zvqv) : 2012] + [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mn. wk.wb. cixÿv(myigv)-2013]+ [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mn. wk.wb. cixÿv(wSjvg)-2013]
K. 5 : 1 L. 12 : 5 M. 13 : 7 N. 15 : 8 DËi: K
mgvavb:
jvf = 144 - 120 = 24 UvKv
µqg~j¨ I jv‡fi AbycvZ = 120 : 24 = 5 : 1
4. GKwU `ªe¨ 25% jv‡f weµq Kiv n‡j, weµqg~j¨ I µqg~‡jï AbycvZ wb‡Pi †KvbwU? [cÖv_wgK mn: wk.wb. cixÿv-2019
(4_© avc) †mU: (5124)]
K. 5 : 4 L. 6 : 4 M. 4 : 5 N. 5: 6 DËi: K
mgvavb:
awi, `ªe¨wUi µqg~j¨ = 100 UvKv
 25% jv‡f weµqg~j¨ = 100 + 25 = 125 UvKv
weµqg~j¨ : µqg~j¨ = 125 : 100 = 5 : 4
5. Ave`yjøvn cÖwZ WRb Kjv 21 UvKv `‡i 15 WRb Ges 14 UvKv `‡i 20 WRb µq K‡i| cÖwZ WRb Kjv wK `v‡g weµq
Ki‡j M‡o Zvi WRb cÖwZ 5 UvKv jvf n‡e ? [cÖv_wgK mn:wk:wb:cixÿv:-2018 (‡mU-7277)]
K. 15UvKv `‡i L. 22UvKv `‡i M. 20UvKv `‡i N. 18UvKv `‡i DËi: L
mgvavb:
cÖ_g 15 WR‡bi µqg~j¨ = 21 15= 315 UvKv
cieZ©x 20 Ó Ó = 20 14 = 280 Ó
35 WR‡bi µqg~j¨ = 595 UvKv
595
1 Ó Ó = = 17 UvKv  5 UvKv jv‡f weµqg~j¨ = (17+5) = 22 UvKv
35
 jvf-ÿwZi nvi †ei Kiv:
jvf ev ÿwZi cwigvY
kU©KvU m~Î: jvf ÿwZi nvi ev % = µqg~j¨  100%
6. GKwU `ªe¨ 25 UvKv w`‡q µq K‡i 30 UvKvq weµq Ki‡j kZKiv KZ jvf n‡e? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK
(BQvgwZ) : 2010]
K. 20% L. 15% M. 10% N. 5% DËi: K
mgvavb:
GLv‡b jvf = 30-25 = 5UvKv|
GLb 25 UvKv‡Z jvf = 5 UvKv n‡j
5  100
100 UvKv‡Z jvf = = 20% (Dc‡ii kU©KvU cÖ‡qvM Ki‡j †k‡li GB fMœvskwUB mivmwi Avm‡e )
25
7. GKwU wRwbm 50 UvKvq wK‡b 60 UvKvq weµq Ki‡j kZKiv KZ jvf n‡e? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (nvmbv‡nbv)
: 2011]
K. 16% L. 18% M. 20% N. 25% DËi: M
mgvavb:
jv‡fi cwigvY = 60 - 50 = 10 UvKv
50 UvKvq jvf = 10 UvKv
10  100
100 Ó Ó = = 20 UvKv ev 20%|
50
8. GKwU `ªe¨ 380 UvKvq weµq Kivq 20 UvKv ÿwZ n‡j kZKiv ÿwZ KZ? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (PÆMÖvg wefvM)
: 2007]+ [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (nvmbv‡nbv) : 2011]
K. 4% L. 5% M. 6% N. 8% DËi: L
mgvavb:
weµqg~j¨ 380UvKv Ges ÿwZ 20 UvKv nIqvq µqg~j¨ = 380 + 20 = 400 UvKv
400 UvKvq ÿwZ = 20 UvKv
Note: hLb weµqg~j¨ †`qv _vK‡e ZLb Zv †_‡K Av‡M µqg~j¨
20 100
100 Ó Ó = = 5 UvKv = 5% Avb‡Z n‡e Zvici wn‡me Ki‡Z n‡e| bv n‡j fzj n‡e
400
wb‡R Kiæb:
9. GKwU Lvwm 1500 UvKvq µq K‡i 1800 UvKvq wewµ Ki‡j kZKiv jvf KZ? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK
(nvmbv‡nbv) : 2011]
K. 16% L. 18% M. 20% N. 25% DËi: M
300 100
mgvavb: kU©KvU: = 20%
1500
10. GKwU wRwbm 250 UvKvq µq K‡i 280 UvKvq weµq Ki‡j kZKiv KZ jvf n‡e? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK
(kvcjv) : 2011]
K. 10% L. 12% M. 15% N. 20% DËi: L
30 100
mgvavb: kU©KvU: = 12 UvKv
250
11. GKwU wRwbm 400 UvKvq µq K‡i 440 UvKvq wewµ Ki‡j kZKiv jvf KZ? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (emšÍ) :
2010]
K. 10% L. 12% M. 14% N. 15% DËi: K
12. ‡Kv‡bv GKwU mvgMÖxi µqg~j¨ evRvi `‡ii 80%| G‡Z KZ kZvsk jvf ev ÿwZ n‡e? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK
(‡Mvjvc) : 2011-(‡gNbv)-2013]
K. 8% jvf L. 8% ÿwZ M. 25% jvf N. 25% ÿwZ DËi: M
mgvavb:
awi, mvgMÖxi evRviì = 100 UvKv, mvgMÖxi µqg~j¨ = 80 UvKv, jvf = 100-80 = 20UvKv|
Zvn‡j,
80 UvKvq jvf nq = 20 UvKv
20  100
100 Ó Ó Ó = = 25 UvKv
80
jvf-ÿwZi cwigvY ‡ei Kiv:
13. GKwU `ªe¨ 500 UvKvq µq K‡i 10% jv‡f weµq Kiv n‡jv| `ªe¨wUi µqg~j¨ 10% Kg n‡j KZ UvKv jvf n‡Zv?
[cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (Rev) : (2011)(2019)]
K. 100 UvKv L. 125 UvKv M. 150 UvKv N. 175 UvKv DËi: K
mgvavb:
10% jv‡f weµqg~j¨ = (500 + 500 Gi 10%) = 500+50 = 550 UvKv
10% K‡g µqg~j¨ = (500 - 500  10%) = 500-50 = 450 UvKv
myZivs jvf = 550 - 450 = 100 UvKv
[Note: 10% Kg `v‡g wKb‡j †h 50UvKv Kg jv‡M †mUv Av‡Mi jv‡fi 50UvKv mn 100UvKv n‡e| GLv‡b Gfv‡e fvev
hv‡e bv †h 450UvKvq hLb wKb‡e ZLb 450 Gi 10% jvf n‡e| KviY cÖ_‡g jvf 50UvKv n‡q †M‡Q|]
µqg~j¨ I weµqg~j¨ ‡ei Kiv:

14. 150 UvKv w`‡q GKwU wRwbm µq K‡i KZ UvKv weµq Ki‡j 30% jvf n‡e? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK
(K‡iv‡Zvqv) : 2010]
mgvavb:
weµqg~j¨ = 150UvKv + 150 Gi 30% = 150+45 = 195 UvKv|
15. 560 UvKvi GKwU †Pqvi wK‡b KZ UvKvq weµq Ki‡j 25% jvf n‡e? [cÖv_wgK mn: wk.wb. cixÿv-2019 (3q avc) †mU:
(3697)]
K. 700 L. 650 M. 800 N. 750 DËi: K
mgvavb:
25
weµqg~j¨ = (µqg~j¨ 560 UvKv + jvf 560 UvKvi 25%) = (560+560 )= 560+140 = 700 UvKv
100
16. 500 UvKvi Avg KZ UvKvq wewµ Ki‡j 3.5% jvf n‡e? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mn. wk.wb. cixÿv-2015]
K. 512.50 L. 517.50 M. 515.50 N. 510.00 DËi: L
mgvavb:
100 UvKvi Avg weµq Ki‡Z n‡e 103.5 UvKv
103.5 500
500 Ó Ó Ó Ó Ó = 517.50 UvKv
100
(kU©KvU: 500+500 Gi 3.5% = 500+17.5 = 517.5 UvKv|)
17. GKwU `ªe¨ 400 UvKvq µq K‡i 20% ÿwZ‡Z weµq Kiv nj| `ªe¨wUi weµqg~j¨ KZ? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mn. wk.wb.
cixÿv(Avjdv)-2014]
mgvavb: (GgwmwKD Gi AsK Gfv‡e mgvavb Kiv †evKvgx)
20% ÿwZ‡Z weµqg~j¨ = 100-20 = 80 UvKv
 kU©KvU: 400 Gi 80% = 320 UvKv|
µqg~j¨ 100 UvKv n‡j weµqg~j¨ = 80 UvKv
(20% ÿwZ nIqvq 100% †_‡K 20% Kg)
80
Ó 1 Ó Ó Ó = Ó
100
80  400
Ó 400 Ó Ó Ó = = 320 UvKv
100
18. GKRb †`vKvb`vi 8% jv‡f GKwU wRwbm 54 UvKvq wewµ K‡ib| wRwbmwUi µqg~j¨ KZ? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix
wkÿK (Ki‡Zvqv) : 2012]
K. 48 UvKv L. 50 UvKv M. 52 UvKv N. 46 UvKv DËi: L
mgvavb:
 kU©KvU: 108% = 54 n‡j ( A‡a©K)
8% jv‡f, weµqg~j¨ = 100+8 = 108 UvKv
weµqg~j¨ 108 UvKv n‡j µqg~j¨ = 100 UvKv 100% = 50 UvKv|
100  54
Ó 54 Ó Ó Ó Ó = 50 UvKv
108
19. GKRb †`vKvb`vi 12% jv‡f GKwU wRwbm 56 UvKvq wewµ K‡ib| wRwbmwUi µqg~j¨ KZ? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix
wkÿK (KY©dywj) : 2012]
K. 46 UvKv L. 48 UvKv M. 50 UvKv N. 52 UvKv DËi: M
mgvavb:
12% jv‡f, 100 UvKvi c‡Yï weµqg~j¨ = 112 UvKv|
weµqg~j¨ 112 UvKv n‡j µqg~j¨ = 100 UvKv  kU©KvU: 112% = 56 n‡j ( A‡a©K)
100 56 100% = 50 UvKv|
 Ó 56 Ó Ó Ó = = 50 UvKv
112
20. GKwU wRwbm 60 UvKv weµq Kivq 20% jvf n‡jv, Gi µqg~j¨ KZ? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (BQvgwZ) : 2010]
+ [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (Rev) : 2011]
mgvavb:
120% = 60 UvKv n‡j 100% = 50 UvKv|
21. GKwU wRwbm 560 UvKvq weµq Kivq 12% jvf n‡jv| wRwbmwUi µqg~j¨ KZ? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (kvcjv) :
2011]
mgvavb: 112% = 560 (112% Gi 5 MyY Zvi gvb) n‡j 100% = 500 UvKv (5¸Y)
22. GKwU wRwbm 25 UvKvq wewµ Kivq 25% jvf nj, wRwbmwUi µqg~j¨ KZ? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mn. wk.wb. cixÿv-2015]
K. 15 UvKv L. 20 UvKv M. 17.50 UvKv N. 18 UvKv DËi: L
mgvavb:
25% jv‡f,  kU©KvU: 125% = 25n‡j ( 5¸Y Kg)
125 UvKv weµqg~j¨ n‡j µqg~j¨ = 100 UvKv 100% = 20 UvKv|
100  25
25 Ó Ó Ó Ó= = 20 UvKv
125
fMœvs‡ki mnR fvebv: 25% jvf A_© 4 fv‡Mi 1 fvM jvf| A_©vr µqg~j¨ 4 fvM n‡j weµqg~j¨ = 4+1 = 5 fvM|
GLb weµqg~‡jï 5 fv‡Mi gvb = 25 n‡j µqg~‡jï 4 fv‡Mi gvb = 20 UvKv n‡e|
23. GKwU Nwo 560 UvKvq weµq Kivq 20% ÿwZ n‡j NwowUi µqg~j¨ KZ? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mn. wk.wb. cixÿv(Mvgv)-2014]
mgvavb:
20% ÿwZ‡Z weµqg~j¨ = (100 - 20) UvKv = 80 UvKv  kU©KvU: 80% = 560 n‡j ( 7 ¸Y †ewk)
weµqg~j¨ 80 UvKv n‡j µqg~j¨ = 100 UvKv 100% = 700 UvKv|
100
Ó 1 Ó Ó Ó =Ó
80
100  560
Ó 560 Ó Ó Ó = = 700 UvKv
80
24. GKwU Kjg 190 UvKvq wewµ Ki‡Z 5% ÿwZ nq| KjgwUi µqg~j¨ KZ? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mn. wk.wb. cixÿv(kxZjÿ¨v)-
2013]
mgvavb:
5% ÿwZ‡Z weµqg~j¨ = 100 - 5 = 95 UvKv
weµqg~j¨ 95 UvKv n‡j µqg~j¨ = 100 UvKv
 kU©KvU: 95% = 190 n‡j ( 2 ¸Y †ewk)
100
 Ó 1 Ó Ó Ó = Ó 100% = 200 UvKv|
95
100 190
 Ó 190 Ó Ó Ó = = 200 UvKv
95
25. GKwU Kjg 270 UvKvq wewµ Kiv‡Z 10% ÿwZ nq; KjgwUi µqg~j¨ KZ? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mn. wk.wb. cixÿv(myigv)-2013]
mgvavb:
10% ÿwZ‡Z weµqg~j¨ = 100 - 10 = 90 UvKv
weµqg~j¨ 90 UvKv n‡j µqg~j¨ = 100 UvKv  kU©KvU: 90% = 270 n‡j ( 3 ¸Y †ewk)
100 100% = 300 UvKv|
Ó 1 Ó Ó Ó = Ó
90
100  270
Ó 270 Ó Ó Ó = = 300 UvKv
90
Be Careful: Dc‡ii 3wU cÖ‡kœ A‡b‡KB, 560 Gi 20% ev 190 Gi 5% ev 270 Gi 10% a‡i wn‡me Ki‡Z
cv‡ib| ZLb wmwiqvmwj fzj n‡e| KviY ‡h UvKvi cwigvY ¸‡jv †`qv Av‡Q †m¸‡jv µqg~j¨ bq eis weµqg~j¨| Avi
weµqg~‡jï Dci jvf-ÿwZi wn‡me nq bv eis µqg~‡jï Dci nq|
`yevi wewµ:
26. ‡Kv‡bv GKwU eB 40 UvKvq wewµ Ki‡j 20% ÿwZ nq| KZ UvKv wewµ Ki‡j 40% jvf n‡e ? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq
mnKvix wkÿK (K‡cvZvÿ) : 2010] + [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (‡Mvjvc) : 2011] +[cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK
(hgybv) : 2012]
mgvavb:
20% ÿwZ‡Z,
100  40
Ó 40 Ó Ó Ó = 50 UvKv
80
40% jv‡f,
140  50
Ó 50 Ó Ó Ó = = 70 UvKv
100
weKí mgvavb: (Gfv‡e A‡bK eo AsK‡K Kg K_vq wjwLZ AvKv‡i mvRv‡bv hvq)
Dc‡ii GB `yUv avc‡K GKav‡cI †jLv hvq Gfv‡e, 20% ÿwZ‡Z weµqg~j¨ 80 Ges 40% jv‡f weµqg~j¨ = 140
cÖ_gev‡ii weµqg~j¨ 80 n‡j †k‡li weµqg~j¨ = 140 UvKv

140  40
 ÕÕ ÕÕ 40 ÕÕ ÕÕ ÕÕ = = 70 UvKv|
80
(Avevi G¸‡jv †Kvb wKQzB bv wj‡L gy‡L gy‡L DËi ejv hv‡e hw` e‡·i kU©KvU †UKwbKwU cÖ‡qvM K‡ib)
27. 612 UvKvq GKwU e¨vM weµq Kivq 15% ÿwZ nq| e¨vMwU KZ UvKvq wewµ Ki‡j 10% jvf n‡e? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK
mn.wk.wb.cixÿv:-2018 (‡mU-7142)]
K. 200 L. 700 M. 600 N. 792 DËi: N
mgvavb:
15% ÿwZ‡Z  Av‡iv mn‡R:
weµqg~j¨ 85 UvKv n‡j µqg~j¨ 100 UvKv
612 612  110
100 612 85% = 612 1% = 110% = =792
 Ó 612 Ó Ó Ó = 720 85 85
85
10
10% jv‡f weµqg~j¨ 720  720  = 720 + 72 = 792 UvKv (GK jvB‡b Gfv‡e KivI fv‡jv)
100
28. GKwU Mvox 36000 UvKvq weµq Kivq 20% ÿwZ n‡jv| KZ UvKvq weµq Ki‡j 16% jvf n‡Zv ? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mn.
wk.wb. cixÿv-2016 †mU: (gyw³. ‡KvUv)]
K. 50000 L. 55000 M. 53000 N. 52200 DËi: N
mgvavb:
20% ÿwZ‡Z, weµqg~j¨ = 100-20 = 80 UvKv|
gy‡L gy‡L: 80% = 36000 n‡j
36000  116
100  36000 116% = = 52200 UvKv|
 Ó 36000 Ó Ó Ó = Ó= 45000 80
80
Avevi, 16% jv‡f weµqg~j¨ = 100+16 = 116UvKv
45000  116
 Ó 45000 Ó Ó Ó = = 52200 UvKv
100
29. GKwU mvB‡Kj 7200 UvKvq weµq Kivq 10% ÿwZ nq| KZ UvKv weµq Ki‡j 12% jvf n‡e? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mn. wk.wb.
cixÿv(weUv)-2014]
K. 7000 L. 8960 M. 6500 N. 8000 DËi: L
mgvavb:
10% ÿwZ‡Z weµqg~j¨ = (100 - 10) UvKv = 10 UvKv gy‡L gy‡L: 90% = 7200 (80¸Y eo)
weµqg~j¨ 90 UvKv n‡j µqg~j¨ 100 UvKv 112% =11280 = 8960 UvKv|
100
Ó 1 Ó Ó Ó Ó
90
100  7200
Ó 7200 Ó Ó Ó = 8000 UvKv
90
Avevi, 12% jv‡f weµqg~j¨ = 8000 + 8000 Gi 12% = 8000+960 = 8960 UvKv|
30. 535 UvKvq GKwU Rvgv wewµ K‡i kZKiv 7 fvM jvf nq| RvgvwU KZ UvKvq wewµ Ki‡j kZKiv 20 fvM ÿwZ n‡e?
[cÖv_wgK mn: wk.wb. cixÿv-2019 (4_© avc) †mU: (8433)]
K. 500 L. 550 M. 400 N. 450 DËi: M
 mgvavb:
awi, µqg~j¨ 100 UvKv Ges 7% jv‡f weµqg~j¨ = 100 + 7 = 107 UvKv
100 gy‡L gy‡L: 107% = 535 (5¸Y eo)
Ó 1 Ó Ó Ó = Ó 80% =805 = 400 UvKv|
107
100  535
Ó 535 Ó Ó Ó = = 500 UvKv
107
20
myZivs, 20% ÿwZ‡Z weµqg~j¨ = 500  500  = 500 - 100 = 400 UvKv
100
31. GKwU QvMj 8% ÿwZ‡Z weµq Kiv n‡jv| QvMjwU AviI 800 UvKv †ewk g~‡j¨ weµq Ki‡j 8% jvf n‡Zv| QvMjwUi
µqg~j¨ KZ? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mn. wk.wb. cixÿv(‡nqvs‡nv)-2013] +(8g †kÖYx, Aby:2.1 Gi D`v:2)
mgvavb:
QvMjwUi µqg~j¨ 100 UvKv n‡j, 8% ÿwZ‡Z weµqg~j¨ (100-8) = 92 UvKv|
Avevi, 8% jv‡f weµqg~j¨ ( 100+8) = 108 UvKv|
 weµqg~j¨ †ewk nq 108- 92= 16 UvKv|
kU©KvU †UKwbK:
8% ÿwZ + 8% jvf = 16% cv_©K¨ = 800 UvKv|
weµqg~j¨ 16 UvKv †ewk n‡j µqg~j¨ = 100 UvKv
Zvn‡j 16% = 800 n‡j µqg~j¨ 100% = 5000
100
 Ó 1 Ó Ó Ó Ó = Ó
16
100  800
 Ó 800 ÕÕ Ó Ó Ó = = 5000 UvKv  QvMjwUi µqg~j¨ 5000 UvKv|
16
32. GKwU QvMj 10% ÿwZ‡Z weµq Kiv n‡jv| weµqg~j¨ 450 UvKv †ewk n‡j 5% jvf n‡Zv| QvMjwUi µqg~j¨ KZ?
[cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mn. wk.wb. cixÿv(`vRjv)-2013]
mgvavb:
10% ÿwZ‡Z weµqg~j¨ = 100 - 10 = 90 UvKv
5% jv‡f weµqg~j¨ = 100 + 5 = 105 UvKv kU©KvU:
`yB weµqg~‡jï cv_©K¨ = 105 - 90= 15 UvKv 10% ÿwZ + 5% jvf = 15% cv_©K¨ = 450 UvKv|
Zvn‡j 15% = 450 (30¸Y) n‡j µqg~j¨ 100% = 3000
weµqg~j¨ 15 UvKv †ewk n‡j µqg~j¨ = 100 UvKv
100 450
Ó 450 Ó Ó Ó Ó = 3000 UvKv
15
33. GK †`vKvb`vi 12.5% ÿwZ‡Z GKwU `ªe¨ wewµ K‡ib| †h g~j¨ w`‡q wZwb `ªe¨wU wewµ Ki‡jb Zvi PvB‡Z 30 UvKv
†ewk g~‡j¨ wewµ Ki‡j µqg~‡jï Dci 25% jvf n‡Zv| `ªe¨wUi µqg~j¨ KZ ? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (wZ¯Ív) :
2010] + [cÖv_wgK mn: wk.wb. cixÿv-2019 (3q avc) †mU: (2594)]
K. 85 L. 80 M. 75 N. 90 DËi: L
mgvavb:
`ªe¨wUi µqg~j¨ 100 UvKv n‡j
12.5% ÿwZ‡Z weµqg~j¨ 100 - 12.5 = 87.5 UvKv
Avevi, 25% jv‡f weµqg~j¨ = 100+25 = 125 UvKv
Dfq weµqg~‡jï cv_©K¨ = 125 - 87.5 = 37.5 UvKv
weµqg~j¨ 37.5 UvKv †ewk n‡j µqg~j¨ = 100 UvKv gy‡L gy‡L: % G cv_©K¨ = 12.5%+25% =
37.5% hv UvKvi cwigv‡b cv_©K¨ = 30 UvKv|
100
Ó 1 Ó Ó Ó Ó= Ó myZivs 37.5% = 30 n‡j 100% = 80UvKv|
37.5
100 30
Ó 30 Ó Ó Ó Ó = = 80 UvKv
37.5
 wb‡R Kiæb:
34. wbw`©ó `v‡g GKwU `ªe¨ wewµ Kiv‡Z 20% ÿwZ n‡jv| GwU 60 UvKv †ewk g~‡j¨ wewµ Ki‡Z cvi‡j 10% jvf nZ|
`ªe¨wUi µqg~j¨ KZ UvKv? [cÖv_wgK mn: wk.wb. cixÿv-2019 (4_© avc) †mU: (8433)]
K. 200 L. 220 M. 300 N. 160 DËi: K
mgvavb: (20+10) = 30% = 60 UvKv n‡j 100% = 200 UvKv|
35. GKRb eëmvqx 14% ÿwZ‡Z GKwU cY¨ weµq K‡i| hw` †m cY¨wU 221 UvKv †ewk g~‡j¨ weµq KiZ, Zvn‡j Zvi
12% jvf n‡Zv| cY¨wUi µqg~j¨ KZ UvKv?
(A) 1700 (B) 1280 (C) 850 (D) 580 (E) ‡Kv‡bvwUB bq DËi: C
36. iæ‡nj 25% ÿwZ‡Z GKwU Nwo weµq K‡i| hw` NwowU 350 UvKv †ewk `v‡g weµq Kiv †hZ Zvn‡j Zvi 10% jvf
nZ| NwowUi µqg~j¨ KZ wQj ?
A. 400 UvKv B. 500UvKv C. 1000 UvKv D. 100 UvKv Ans:C
37. GKwU †Uwej 10% ÿwZ‡Z wewµ Kiv nj| weµqg~j¨ 51 UvKv †ewk n‡j 7% jvf nZ| †UwejwUi µqg~j¨ KZ UvKv ?
A) 100 B) 200 C) 300 D) 450 E) ‡KvbwUB bq DËi: C
38. †mv‡nj GKwU Nwo 612 UvKvq weµq Kivq 15% ÿwZ n‡jv| Zvi D‡Ïk¨ wQj 20% jv‡f NwowU weµq Kiv| 20%
jvf Ki‡Z n‡j NwowUi weµqg~j¨ µqg~j¨ †_‡K KZ evov‡Z n‡e? [cÖv_wgK mn: wk.wb. cixÿv-2019 (4_© avc) †mU:
(5124)]
K. 150 L. 148 M. 146 N. 144 DËi: N
mgvavb: awi, NwowUi µqg~j¨ = x UvKv
15 85x 612  100
cÖkœg‡Z, x – x = 612  = 612  x =  x = 720
100 100 85
20 612  120
20% jv‡f weµqg~j¨ = 720  720  = 864 UvKv 85% = 612 n‡j 120%= = 864
100 85
µqg~j¨ †_‡K weµqg~j¨ evov‡Z n‡e = 864 - 720 =144 UvKv weµqg~j¨ evov‡Z n‡e = 864 - 720 = 144
39. GKRb ‡`vKvb`vi wKQz Wvj 2375 UvKvq weµq Kivq Zvi 5% ÿwZ n‡jv| H Wvj KZ UvKvq weµq Ki‡j, Zvi 6%
jvf n‡Zv? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mn. wk.wb. cixÿv(wSjvg)-2013]
K. 2500 UvKv L. 2550 UvKv M. 2600 UvKv N. 2650 UvKv DËi: N
mgvavb:
kU©KvU: 95% = 2375 n‡j
5% ÿwZ‡Z weµqg~j¨ = (100 - 5) = 95 UvKv
weµqg~j¨ 95 UvKv n‡j µqg~j¨ = 100 UvKv 2375  106
106% = = 2650 UvKv|
100 95
 Ó 1 Ó Ó Ó = Ó
95 cixÿvi n‡j Aek¨B GB wbq‡g Ki‡eb|
100  2375 wjwLZ mgvavb ‡`qv n‡q‡Q ïaygvÎ †evSvi Rb¨|
 Ó 2375 Ó Ó Ó= = 2500 UvKv
95
Avevi, 6% jv‡f weµqg~j¨ = 100 + 6 = 106 UvKv
µq g~j¨ 100 UvKv n‡j weµq g~j¨ = 106 UvKv
106
 Ó Ó 1 Ó Ó Ó Ó = Ó
100
106  2500
 Ó Ó 2500 Ó Ó Ó Ó = = 2650 UvKv |
100
40. GK e¨w³ GKwU `ªe¨ 1200 UvKvq wK‡b 15% jv‡f weµq Kij| †µZv H `ªe¨ Z…Zxq GK e¨w³i 5% ÿwZ‡Z weµq
Kij| †kl weµq g~j¨ KZ wQj? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mn. wk.wb. cixÿv(`vwbqye)-2013]
mgvavb: (GgwmwKD cixÿvq GB mgvavb Pj‡e bv, ïay †evSvi Rb¨ †`qv n‡jv)
15% jv‡f,
115
Ó 1 Ó Ó Ó = Ó
100
115 1200 GK jvB‡b mgvavb:
Ó 1200 Ó Ó Ó = = 1380
100 1200 Gi 115% Gi 95% = 1311 UvKv|
Avevi 5% ÿwZ‡Z,
µqg~j¨ 100 UvKv n‡j weµqg~j¨ = 95 UvKv (GLv‡b ïay 15 bv wj‡L 115% †jLvi KviY n‡jv
95 2q evi †h 5% ÿwZ n‡q‡Q Zv cÖ_gev‡ii
Ó 1 Ó Ó Ó Ó = weµqg~‡jï Dci n‡q‡Q| jv‡fi Dci bq|)
100
95 1380
Ó 1380 Ó Ó Ó = 1311 UvKv
100
GKvwaK evi jvf ev ÿwZ n‡j:
g‡b ivL‡eb, GKevi jvf ev ÿwZ nIqvi ci cÖ_gevi †h weµqg~j¨ nq 2q evi jvf ev ÿwZi mgq †mB weµqg~‡jï
Dci wn‡me n‡e|
41. wbg©vZv I LyPiv we‡µZv Dfq 20% jv‡f GKwU wRwbm weµq K‡i, hw` H wRwb‡mi wbg©vY LiP 200 UvKv nq Z‡e LyPiv
g~j¨ KZ? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mn. wk.wb. cixÿv-2015]
mgvavb:
20% jv‡f,
wbg©vZvi µqg~j¨ 100 UvKv n‡j weµqg~j¨=120 UvKv GK jvB‡b mgvavb:
200 120
Ó Ó 200 Ó Ó Ó = =240 200 Gi 120% Gi 120% = 288 UvKv|
100
Avevi LyPiv we‡µZvi 20% jv‡f, A_ev: `yevi 20% K‡i jvf n‡j GKmv‡_ 44%
µqg~j¨ 100 UvKv n‡j weµqg~j¨ = 120 UvKv jvf nq| ZvB 100 †Z 44 n‡j 200 †Z 88 n‡e|
ZLb weµqg~j¨ n‡e 200+88 = 288 UvKv|
120  240
 Ó 240 Ó Ó Ó = 288 UvKv
100
42. GKRb wWg we‡µZv cÖwZWRb wWg 101 UvKv `‡i 5 WRb Ges 90 UvKv `‡i 6 WRb wWg wK‡b KZ UvKv `‡i weµq
Ki‡j Zvi WRb cÖwZ 3 UvKv jvf n‡e? [cÖv_wgK mn: wk.wb. cixÿv-2019 (4_© avc) †mU: (5124)] + (7g †kÖYx, Aby:2.2
Gi D`v:15)
mgvavb: 101 UvKv `‡i µq K‡i 5 WRb wW‡gi µqg~j¨ = 5  101 = 505 UvKv
Ges 90 Ó Ó Ó Ó 6 Ó Ó Ó = 6  90 = 540 Ó
5+6 = 11 WRb wW‡gi †gvU µqg~j¨ = 505 + 540 = 1045 UvKv
1045
1 Ó Ó Mo Ó = Ó = 95 UvKv
11
Mo µqg~j¨ 95 UvKv WRb| cÖwZ WR‡b 3 UvKv jvf Ki‡Z n‡j 1 WR‡bi weµqg~j¨ 95 + 3 = 98 UvKv |
43. GKRb dj eëmvqx cÖwZ WRb 150 UvKv `‡i wKQz Avg Ges cÖwZ WRb 100 UvKv `‡i mgvb msL¨K Av‡cj wKb‡jb|
WRb cÖwZ 140 UvKv `‡i me dj wewµ Ki‡j, Zuvi KZ jvf n‡e? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (wZ¯Ív) : 2010]
K. 8% L. 10% M. 12% N. 15% DËi: M
mgvavb:
awi, 150 UvKv `‡i µq K‡i‡Q 1 WRb Ges 100 UvKv `‡iI µq K‡i‡Q 1 WRb|
Zvn‡j 1+1 = 2 WR‡bi †gvU µqg~j¨ = 150+100 = 250 UvKv| myZivs 1 WR‡bi µqg~j¨ = 2502 = 125 UvKv|
GLb 1 WR‡bi weµqg~j¨ = 140 UvKv n‡j cÖwZ WR‡b jvf = 140-125 = 15 UvKv|
15
GLb kZKiv jv‡fi nvi =  100 = 12%
125
wb‡R Kiæb:
44. GKwU eB‡qi Drcv`b LiP 70 UvKv| Drcv`bKvix 20% jv‡f eBwU LyPiv we‡µZvi wbKU wewµ K‡i| LyPiv we‡µZv
hw` 25% jv‡f eBwU wewµ Ki‡Z Pvq Zvn‡j Zvi weµqg~j¨ KZ UvKv n‡e?
(K) 84 (L) 101 (M) 104 (N) 105 DËi: N
Kwgkb msµvšÍ:
45. Kwgk‡bi nvi 2.50 UvKv n‡j 2000 UvKv g~‡jï wRwbm weµq K‡i KZ Kwgkb cvIqv hv‡e? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix
wkÿK (K‡iv‡Zvqv) : 2010] +[cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (emšÍ) : 2010]
mgvavb: 2000 Gi 2.5% = 50 UvKv|
46. Kwgk‡bi nvi 3.5 UvKv n‡j 3000 UvKv g~‡jï wRwbm weµq K‡i KZ Kwgkb cvIqv hv‡e? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix
wkÿK (‡ngšÍ) : 2010]
mgvavb: 3000 Gi 3..5% = 105 UvKv|
47. GK e¨w³ µqg~‡jï Ici 50% wnmve K‡i weµqg~j¨ wba©viY K‡i| †m wba©vwiZ weµqg~‡jï Ici 10% Kwgkb w`‡q
wRwbm weµq K‡i| Zvi †gv‡Ui Ici kZKiv KZ jvf n‡e? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (wZ¯Ív) : 2010]
mgvavb:
awi, µqg~j¨ = 100 UvKv, Zvn‡j wba©vwiZ weµqg~j¨ = 100+ 100 Gi 50% = 150 UvKv|
10% Kwgkb †`qvi ci weµqg~j¨ = 150-150 Gi 10% = 150-15 = 135 UvKv|
myZivs †gv‡Ui Dci kZKiv jvf = 135-100 = 35 UvKv |
48. GKRb eëmvqx GKwU wRwbm wewµi Rb¨ Ggbfv‡e g~j¨ wba©viY K‡ib †hb 10% wWmKvD›U w`‡jI Zuvi µqg~‡jï Dci
20% jvf _v‡K| wRwbmwUi µqg~j¨ 30 UvKv n‡j, wba©vwiZ g~j¨ KZ? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (wZZvm) : 2010]
mgvavb:
G‡ÿ‡Î µqg~j¨ 30 UvKv ‡_‡K AsK Kiv ïi Kiæb Gfv‡e|
30 UvKvq 20% jvf n‡j weµq g~j¨ 30 Gi 120% = 36 UvKv| ( cÖ‡kœ µqg~j¨ †`qv Av‡Q, µqg~‡jï Dci jvf nq)
Avevi, wba©vwiZ g~‡jï Dci 10% Qvo †`qvi ci weµqg~j¨ 36 UvKv n‡j,
36 36 100
wbav©wiZ g~‡jï 90% = 36 1% =  100% = = 40 UvKv| DËi: wbav©wiZ g~j¨ 40 UvKv|
90 90
49. GK e¨w³ †Kv‡bv `ª‡eï avh©g~‡jï 8% Kwgkb w`‡qI 15% jvf K‡i, †h `ª‡eï µqg~j¨ 280 UvKv, Zvi avh©g~j¨ KZ?
(weGmwU AvB cix¶K (imvqb) wb‡qvM- 2010)
K.115 L.215 M.200 N.350 DËi: N
mgxKiY mvwR‡q mgvavb:

50. GKwU `ªe¨ 400 UvKvq weµq Ki‡j hZ ÿwZ nq 480 UvKvq weµq Ki‡j, Zvi wZb¸Y jvf nq| `ªe¨wUi µqg~j¨ wbY©q
Ki? (7g †kÖYx, Aby: 2.2 Gi 11)
mgvavb:
awi, 400 UvKvq weµq Ki‡j x UvKv ÿwZ nq|
 `ªe¨wUi µq g~j¨ (400+x) UvKv
Avevi, 480 UvKvq weµq Ki‡j 3x UvKv jvf nq
 `ªe¨wUi weµg~j¨ (480- 3x) UvKv
cÖkœg‡Z, 400 + x = 480- 3x
 x = 20  `ªe¨wUi µq g~j¨ = (400+x) UvKv = (400+20) = 420 UvKv| DËi: 420 UvKv
51. GKRb eëmvqxi Kv‡Q 22wU ej‡cb Av‡Q| wZwb K‡qKwU ej‡cb cÖwZwU 35 UvKv jv‡f Ges Aewkó ej‡cb cÖwZwU 10
UvKv ÿwZ‡Z wewµ K‡ib| Zuvi †gvU 635 UvKv jvf n‡j wZwb KqwU ej‡cb ÿwZ‡Z wewµ K‡ib? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq
mnKvix wkÿK (myigv) : 2010]
K. 3wU L. 4wU M. 5wU N. 6wU DËi: K
mgvavb:
awi, cÖwZwU‡Z 35UvKv jv‡f wewµ Kiv ej‡c‡bi msL¨v = x wU|
myZivs cÖwZwU‡Z 10 UvKv ÿwZ‡Z wewµ Kiv ej‡c‡bi msL¨v = 22-x wU|
myZivs †gvU jvf = 35x UvKv Ges †gvU ÿwZ = 10 (22-x)UvKv
cÖkœg‡Z,
35x - 10(22-x) = 635 (KviY A‡bK †ewk jvf †_‡K wKQz ÿwZ ev` †`qvi ciI 635 UvKv jvf _v‡K)
ev, 35x – 220+10x = 635
855
ev, 45x = 635+220 ev, 45x = 855 x = = 19 wU|
45
myZivs 35 UvKv jv‡f wewµ Kiv ej‡c‡bi msL¨v = 19wU
Ges 10 UvKv ÿwZ‡Z wewµ Kiv ej‡c‡bi msL¨v = 22-19 = 3wU
52. GK †`vKvb`vi 15 UvKv I 20 UvKv †KwR `‡i `yÕai‡bi Pv wK Abycv‡Z †gkv‡j wgwkÖZ Pv‡qi `vg cÖwZ †KwR 16 UvKv
50 cqmv n‡e? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mn. wk.wb. cixÿv(ivBb)-2013]
K. 5 : 7 L. 7 : 3 M. 3 : 7 N. 4 : 5 DËi: L
mgvavb:
awi, `yB ai‡bi Pv‡qi cwigvY h_vµ‡g x †KwR I y ‡KwR
15 UvKv `‡i x ‡KwR Pv‡qi µqg~j¨ = 15x UvKv
Ges 20 Ó Ó y Ó Ó Ó = 20y Ó myZivs †gvU µqg~j¨ = 15x + 20y
Avevi, 16 UvKv 50 cqmv `‡i me¸‡jvi †gvU weµqg~j¨ = 16.5 (x + y) UvKv
cÖkœg‡Z, 15x + 20y = 16.5 (x + y)
 15x + 20y = 16.5x + 16.5y
x 3.5 x 7
 1.5x = 3.5y  =  = x:y=7:3
y 1.5 y 3
wb‡R Kiæb:
53. GK †`vKvb`vi cÖwZ 100 MÖvg 15 UvKv I 20 UvKv `‡ii `yB ai‡bi Pv wK Abycv‡Z †gkv‡j wgkÖY cÖwZ 100 MÖvg Pv‡qi
`vg 16 UvKv 50 cqmv n‡e? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (wZ¯Ív) : 2010]
K. 3 : 5 L. 5 : 7 M. 7 : 3 N. 8 : 5 DËi: M
msL¨v RvZxq cÖ‡kœi jvf-ÿwZ:

G¸‡jv cixÿvq me‡_‡K †ewk Av‡m| ZvB av‡c av‡c me¸‡jv wbqg fv‡jvfv‡e †evSvi †Póv Kiæb|
54. UvKvq 3wU K‡i wRwbm µq K‡i UvKvq 2wU K‡i weµq Ki‡j kZKiv KZ jvf n‡e? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mn. wk.wb.
cixÿv(wgwmwmwc)-2013] +(26Zg wewmGm+ 35Zg wewmGm - gvbwmK `ÿZv)
K. 50% L. 25% M. 15% N. 10% DËi: K
 mgvavb:
1 wUi µqg~j¨
1 1
UvKv Ges 1 wUi weµqg~j¨ UvKv
Gai‡Yi cÖ‡kœi Shortcut
3 2 eëavb  100
jvf ev ÿwZi nvi = %
1 1 1 weµq msL¨v
1 wU‡Z jvf nq =  = UvKv
2 3 6
1 1 (3  2)
UvKvq jvf = UvKv jv‡fi nvi =  100 = 50%
3 6 2
1
100 Ó Ó =  3  100 = 50 UvKv ev, 50%|
6
‡UKwbK: GB ai‡Yi cÖkœ¸‡jv‡Z weµqmsL¨vUv‡KB µqg~j¨ a‡i wn‡me Ki‡eb Zvn‡j Lye `ªæZ DËi †ei n‡e|
‡hgb: GLv‡b 2Uv‡Z 1Uv jvf n‡j 50%|
55. UvKvq 10wU `‡i †jey µq K‡i 8wU `‡i weµq Ki‡j kZKiv KZ jvf n‡e? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mn. wk.wb. cixÿv-2015]
K. 15% L. 20% M. 25% N. 10% DËi: M
mgvavb:
1 1
1wU †jeyi µqg~j¨ = UvKv Avevi 1wU ‡jeyi weµqg~j¨ = UvKv
10 8
1 1 54 1 (10  8)
jvf =  = = UvKv kU©KvU: jv‡fi nvi =  100 = 25%
8 10 40 40 8
1 1
UvKvq jvf = UvKv gy‡L gy‡L: : 8 Uv‡Z jvf 10-8 = 2Uv n‡j
10 40 4 fv‡Mi 1 fvM jvf nq hv 25% Gi mgvb|
1
100 Ó Ó =  10  100 = 25%
40
56. 25 †KwR Pvj †h `‡i †Kbv hvq, 20 †KwR Pvj †m `‡i wewµ Ki‡j kZKiv KZ jvf nq ? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mn. wk.wb.
cixÿv(myigv)-2013]
K. 25% L. 20% M. 22% N. 30% DËi: K
mgvavb: (GLv‡b x a‡i †`Lv‡bv n‡jv, x Gi cwie‡Z© 1UvKv a‡iI Kiv hvq, Z‡e me‡_‡K mnR n‡jv 20 I 25 Gi
j.mv.¸ 100 a‡i wn‡me Kiv| Zvn‡j `ªæZ wn‡me Kiv hvq| Z‡e GgwmwKD cixÿvq Aek¨B kU©KvU wbqgwU †`Lyb|)
awi, 25 †KwR Pv‡ji µqg~j¨ x UvKv
x
Ó 1 Ó Ó Ó Ó gy‡L gy‡L: : 20 †KwR‡Z jvf = 25-20 = 5 †KwR|
25
20 G 5 A_© 4 fv‡Mi 1 fvM ev 25% jvf|
Ges 20 †KwR Pv‡ji weµqg~j¨ x UvKv
x
 1 Ó Ó Ó Ó
20
x x 5x - 4x x
jv‡fi cwigvY= - = = UvKv
20 25 100 100
x x
UvKvq jvf = UvKv
25 100
x 25
1 Ó Ó =  Ó
100 x
x 25
100Ó Ó =   100 = 25 UvKv|
100 x
57. UvKvq 5 Uv `‡i †jey wK‡b WRb cÖwZ 3 UvKvq weµq Ki‡j jvf kZKiv KZ? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK
(K‡cvZvÿ) : 2010]
K. 10% L. 15% M. 25% N. 30% DËi: M
1 3 1
mgvavb: 1wU †jeyi µqg~j¨ = UvKv Avevi 12 wU ‡jeyi weµqg~j¨ 3UvKv nIqvq 1wUi weµqg~j¨ = = UvKv
5 12 4
1 1 54 1
jvf = - = = UvKv
4 5 20 20 (5  4)
kU©KvU: jv‡fi nvi =  100 = 25%
1 1 4
UvKvq jvf = UvKv
5 20
1
100 Ó Ó =  5  100 = 25%
20
58. GK e¨w³ Pvj weµq K‡i †`Lj †h, 25 †KwR Pv‡ji weµqg~j¨ 20 †KwR Pv‡ji µqg~‡jï mgvb| Zvi kZKiv KZ ÿwZ
nj? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (hgybv) : 2012]
K. 15% L. 20% M. 25% N. 30% DËi: L
mgvavb:
awi, 20 †KwR Pv‡ji µqg~j¨ 100 UvKv
100 gy‡L gy‡L: : GLv‡b weµqmsL¨v n‡jv 25 †KwR| ZvB
1 Ó Ó Ó = Ó = 5 UvKv 25 †KwR‡Z ÿwZ = 25-20= 5 †KwR| 25 G 5
20 A_© 5 fv‡Mi 1 fvM ÿwZ ev 20%
25 †KwR Pv‡ji weµqg~j¨ 100 UvKv
100
1 Ó Ó Ó = Ó = 4 UvKv
25
5 UvKvq ÿwZ 5 - 4 = 1 UvKv
100
100 Ó Ó = = 20 UvKv ev 20%
5
wb‡R Kiæb:
59. GKRb †`vKvb`vi 5 wU †jey †h `v‡g wK‡b, 4wU †jey †mB `v‡g wewµ K‡i| Zvi kZKiv KZ jvf n‡e?
K.25% L.20% M.30% N.35% DËi: K
60. 6 wU Kgjvi µqg~j¨ 5 wU Kgjvi weµqg~‡jï mgvb n‡j kZKiv jvf KZ?
K.25% L.32% M.20% N.17% DËi:M
61. GKRb ‡`vKvb`vi 1 WRb ej‡cb 60 UvKvq µq K‡i 72 UvKvq weµq Ki‡j Zvi kZKiv KZ jvf n‡e? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK
mn. wk.wb. cixÿv(‡nqvs‡nv)-2013]
K. 16% L. 18% M. 20% N. 22% DËi: M
mgvavb: (GLv‡b me¸‡jvB WRb _vKvq WRb a‡iB wn‡me Ki‡Z n‡e| 1 WRb = 12wU Avb‡j mgq bó n‡e)
1WR‡b jvf = 72-60 = 12 UvKv|
GLb, 60 UvKvq jvf = 12 UvKv
12  100
100 Ó Ó = = 20 UvKv ev 20%
60
62. GKRb Kjv we‡µZv 1 nvwj Kjv 20 UvKvq µq K‡i 18 UvKv weµq Ki‡jb| G‡Z Zuvi kZKiv KZ ÿwZ n‡e? [cÖvK-
cÖv_wgK mn. wk.wb. cixÿv(wSjvg)-2013]
K. 10% L. 12% M. 13% N. 15% DËi: K
mgvavb: GLv‡b me¸‡jvB nvwj‡Z wn‡me nIqvq 1 nvwj = 4wU bv a‡i mivmwi wn‡me Kiv hvq|
‡gvU ÿwZ = 20-18 = 2UvKv|
2  100
20 UvKvq ÿwZ = 2UvKv n‡j 100 UvKvq ÿwZ n‡e = = 10%
20
wb‡R Kiæb:
63. GKRb †`vKvb`vi cÖwZ nvwj wWg 25 UvKv `‡i µq K‡i cÖwZ 2 nvwj 56 UvKv `‡i weµq Ki‡j Zvi kZKiv KZ jvf
n‡e? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mn. wk.wb. cixÿv(‡nqvs‡nv)-2013]
1
K. jvf 12% L. jvf 14% M. jvf 16% N. jvf 16 % DËi: K
2
mZ©KZv: nvwj ev WRb †`L‡jB 4wU ev 12 wU a‡i wn‡me Ki‡Z †M‡j Ah_vB mgq bó n‡e|
64. 75 UvKvq 15wU ej‡cb wK‡b 90 UvKvq weµq Ki‡j kZKiv KZ jvf n‡e? (7g †kÖYx, Aby:2.2 Gi D`v:11)
K. 10 % L. 15 % M. 20 % N. 25 % DËi : M
Note: 15wUi `vg 75 UvKv a‡i 1wUi `vg 7515 = 5UvKv Gfv‡e Ki‡Z hv‡”Qb? _v‡gb| Gfv‡e cÖwZevi 1wUi `vg
Avb‡ZB n‡e †K‡bv? GLv‡b µq K‡i‡Q 15wU ej‡cb Avevi wewµI K‡i‡Q 15wUB| ZvB Avgiv wRwbmUv‡K GKUv
Kj‡gi e‡·i `vg 75UvKv hvi wewµqg~j¨ 90UvKv Gfv‡eI fve‡Z cvwi|
GLv‡b jvf = 90-75 = 15 UvKv|
75 UvKvq 15UvKv jvf A_© n‡jv 5 fv‡Mi 1 fvM jvf hv % G 20% Gi mgvb|
65. Rbve mvjvg 55 UvKvq 20wU Avg wKb‡jb| 10% Avg cu‡P hvIqvq wZwb Aewkó Avg WRbcÖwZ 60 UvKv `‡i wewµ
Ki‡jb| G‡Z Zuvi KZ jvf n‡jv? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (myigv) : 2010]
mgvavb:
c‡Pu hvIqv Av‡gi msL¨v = 20 Gi 10% = 2wU|
Zvn‡j fv‡jv Av‡gi msL¨v = 20-2 = 18wU|
Av‡gi µqg~j¨ = 55 UvKv|
60  18
Avevi 12wUi weµqg~j¨ = 60 UvKv n‡j 18 wUi wewµqg~j¨ = = 90UvKv|
12
myZivs jvf = 90-55 = 35 UvKv|
66. GK Kzwo Kjv 50 UvKvq µq K‡i GK WRb Kjv 36 UvKvq weµq Kiv nj| kZKiv KZ UvKv jvf n‡e? [cÖv_wgK
we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (kir) : 2010]
K. 10% L. 15% M. 20% N. 25% DËi: M
 mgvavb:
[me mgq µqmsL¨v Ges weµqmsL¨v mgvb K‡i wn‡me Ki‡Z n‡e]
µq 1wU = weµq 1wU a‡i wn‡me µq 20wU = weµq 20wU a‡i µq 12wU = weµq 12wU|
20wUi µqg~j¨ = 50 n‡j 20wUi µqg~j¨ = 50UvKv GUv mnR †ewk:
1wUi µqg~j¨ = 2.5 UvKv 12wUi weµq = 36 UvKv n‡j 1wUi weµq 12wU 36 UvKvi wewµ Ki‡Z n‡e|
12wUi weµqg~j¨ = 36 UvKv n‡j = 3UvKv Ges 20wUi weµq = 60 UvKv| ZvB 20wUi `vg 50 †_‡K 1wUi `vg
1wUi weµqg~j¨ = 3UvKv 2.5 Ges 12wUi `vg 30UvKv
50UvKvq jvf 60-50 = 10UvKv|
100UvKvq jvf =20UvKv = 20% 12wUi weµqg~j¨ †h‡nZz 36UvKv
jvf 3-2.5 = 0.5UvKv Zvn‡j jvf 36-30 = 6UvKv
2.5 UvKvq jvf 0.5UvKv [20Uv wewµi wn‡me Ki‡jI 12Uvi DËiI |30UvKvq jvf 6 UvKv n‡j
n‡j kZKiv jvf n‡e 20% GKB Avm‡e| 20%] kZKiv jvf n‡e 20%
Dc‡ii wbqg¸‡jv‡Z me¸‡jvB mnR| me¸‡jv †`Lv‡bvi KviY n‡jv Avcwb †fZi †_‡K welqUv Abyfe K‡ib|
Dëvcvëv †h ‡Kvb cÖkœ Avm‡jI mn‡R a‡i †dj‡Z cvi‡eb|
µq I weµqg~j¨ †ei Kiv:
67. GK WRb Avg 60 UvKvq µq K‡i nvwj KZ UvKvq weµq Ki‡j 10% jvf n‡e ? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mn. wk.wb. cixÿv(cÙv)-
2013]
mgvavb:
12wU Av‡gi µqg~j¨ = 60 UvKv
60  4
4 Av‡gi µqg~j¨ = = 20 UvKv
12
GLb 10% jv‡f 20 UvKvi Av‡gi weµqg~j¨ = 20+20 Gi 10% = 20+2 = 22 UvKv|
68. 36 UvKv WRb `‡i µq K‡i 20% jv‡f weµq Kiv nq, GK Kzwo Kjvi weµqg~j¨ KZ n‡e? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mn. wk.wb.
cixÿv(Ki‡Zvqv)-2013]
mgvavb:
me mgq msL¨v mgvb K‡i wn‡me Ki‡Z n‡e|]
1wUi µq I weµqg~j¨ †ei K‡i wn‡me 20wUi µq I weµqg~j¨ a‡i wn‡me|
12wUi µqg~j¨ = 36 n‡j 12wUi µqg~j¨ = 36 n‡j
1wUi µqg~j¨ = 3 UvKv 1wUi µqg~j¨ = 3 UvKv
20% jv‡f 1wUi weµqg~j¨ 20wUi µqg~j¨ = 60UvKv|
= 3 Gi 120% = 3.6 UvKv| GLb 20% jv‡f 60UvKvi Kjvi weµqg~j¨ 60 Gi
Zvn‡j 20wUi weµqg~j¨ = 3.620 = 72UvKv| 120% = 72 UvKv|
69. GK WRb Avg 36 UvKvq µq K‡i nvwj KZ UvKvq weµq Ki‡j 25% ÿwZ n‡e? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (kir)
: 2010]
mgvavb:
36  4
12wUi µqg~j¨ = 36 UvKv n‡j 4wUi µqg~j¨ = = 12 UvKv
12
25% ÿwZ‡Z 12UvKvi Av‡gi weµqg~j¨ = 12 Gi 75% = 9 UvKv|
70. 50wU Kjv 220 UvKvq weµq Kivq 10% jvf nj| 100wU Kjvi µqg~j¨ KZ? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK
(nvmbv‡nbv) : 2011]
mgvavb:
10% jv‡f, kU©KvU: 110% = 220 n‡j ( 2 ¸Y)
weµqg~j¨ 110 UvKv n‡j µqg~j¨ 100 UvKv
200% = 400 UvKv|
100  220
Ó 220 Ó Ó Ó= = 200 GLv‡b, 100% Gi gvb †ei Ki‡j 50wUi µqg~j¨ †ei n‡e|
110 wKš‘ 200% †ei Ki‡j 100wUi µqg~j¨ †ei n‡e|
GLb 50wUi µqg~j¨ = 200 UvKv
200 100
100 Ó Ó = = 400 UvKv
50
71. 8wU `ªe¨ 5 UvKvq µq K‡i 16 wU `ªe¨ KZ UvKvq weµq Ki‡j 10% jvf n‡e? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mn. wk.wb. cixÿv(‡gNbv)-
2013]
mgvavb:
8wU `ª‡eªï µqg~j¨ 5 UvKv
5  16
16Ó Ó Ó = Ó = 10 UvKv
8
10% jv‡f 10 UvKvi `ª‡eï weµqg~j¨ = 10 Gi 110% = 11 UvKv|
msL¨v †ei Kiv:

72. UvKvq 5wU `‡i †jey µq K‡i UvKvq KqUv `‡i †jey weµq Ki‡j 25% jvf n‡e? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mn. wk.wb.
cixÿv(wgwmwmwc)-2013]
K. 6 Uv L. 5 Uv M. 4 Uv N. 3 Uv DËi: M
mgvavb:
25% jv‡f, µqmsL¨v
kU©KvU m~Î = UvKvi Dci weµqg~j¨ = msL¨v
125 5
Ó 1 Ó Ó Ó = = 1.25 UvKv kU©KvU: = = 4wU|
100 1.25
1.25 UvKv UvKvq weµq Ki‡Z n‡e = 5wU
51
1 Ó Ó Ó Ó Ó = Ó = 4wU msL¨v
1.25
73. UvKvq 6Uv µq K‡i UvKvq KqUv weµq Ki‡j 20% jvf n‡e? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (K‡iv‡Zvqv) : 2010]
K. 7Uv L. 5Uv M. 4Uv N. 3Uv DËi: L
6
mgvavb: 20% jv‡f 1 UvKvi c‡Yï weµqg~j¨ = 1 Gi 120% = 1.2 kU©KvU: = = 5 wU|
1.2
74. 4 UvKvq GKwU K‡i Kgjv wK‡b 24 UvKvq KqwU Kgjv weµq Ki‡j 20% jvf n‡e ? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mn. wk.wb.
cixÿv(weUv)-2014]
K. 6wU L. 3wU M. 4wU N. 5wU DËi: N
mgvavb:
120 24
20% jv‡f, 4UvKvi Kgjvi weµqg~j¨ = 4 Gi 120% = 4  = UvKv
100 5
24
UvKvq n‡j wewµ Ki‡Z n‡e = 1wU
5
5
1 Ó Ó Ó Ó Ó Ó
24
5  24
24 Ó Ó Ó Ó Ó = 5wU Kgjv|
24
75. UvKvq 5 wU gv‡e©j weµq Kivq 12% ÿwZ nq| 10% jvf Ki‡Z n‡j UvKvq KqwU gv‡e©j weµq Ki‡Z n‡e ? [cÖvK-
cÖv_wgK mn.wk.wb.cixÿv:-2018 (‡mU-9573)]
a. 3wU b. 2wU c. ‡KvbwUB bq d. 4wU Ans: d
Solution:
12% ÿwZ‡Z weµqg~j¨ 100%-12% = 88% Avevi 10% jv‡f weµqg~j¨ = 100%+10% = 110%|
GLb 88% = 1UvKv ( †h‡nZz jvf-ÿwZi wn‡me UvKvi mv‡_ nq|)
1 110 5
 1% =  110% = = UvKv|
88 88 4
5
A_©vr †h gv‡e©j¸‡jv 1UvKvq wewµ K‡i 12% ÿwZ n‡q‡Q Zv UvKvq wewµ Ki‡j 10% jvf n‡e|
4
5
Zvn‡j, UvKvq wewµ Ki‡Z n‡e = 5wU|
4
4
myZivs 1 ÕÕ ÕÕ ÕÕ ÕÕ = 5 = 4 wU|
5
wb‡R Kiæb:
76. UvKvq 15 Uv `‡i AvgjwK µq K‡i 25% jv‡f weµq Ki‡j UvKvq KqwU AvgjwK weµq Ki‡Z n‡e?
K.8wU L.10wU M.12wU N.14wU DËi:M
77. UvKvq 1 WRb Kjv weµq Kivq 20% ¶wZ nq| 60% jvf Ki‡Z n‡j UvKvq KZwU Kjv wewµ Ki‡Z n‡e?
K.8wU L.10wU M.12wU N.6wU DËi: N
78. 5UvKvq 2wU K‡i Kgjv wK‡b 35 UvKvq KqwU Kgjv weµq Ki‡j 40% jvf n‡e?
K.8wU L.10wU M.12wU N.14wU DËi:L
79. UvKvq 4wU PK‡jU weµq Kivq 10% ÿwZ nq| 20% jvf Ki‡Z n‡j UvKvq KqwU PK‡jU weµq Ki‡Z n‡e? (40 Zg
wewmGm wjwLZ) DËi: 3wU
80. 4 UvKvq 5wU K‡i wK‡b 5 UvKvq 4 wU weµq Ki‡j kZKiv KZ jvf n‡e ? (27Zg wewmGm)
K.45% L.48.50 % M.52.75% N.56.25% DËi: N
mgvavb:
wjwLZ cixÿvi Rb¨ GB cÖkœ¸‡jvi me¸‡jv‡ZB 1wUi µqg~j¨ Ges 1wUi weµqg~j¨ †ei K‡i Zvici jvf-ÿwZi wn‡me
Ki‡Z nq| Z‡e †m‡ÿ‡Î fMœvsk †ewk Avmvq `ªæZ Ki‡Z PvB‡j wb‡Pi wbqgwU AbymiY Kiæb|
4wU Ges 5wU Gi j,mv,¸ 20 [d‡ji msL¨vi j.mv.¸ wb‡q Dfq †ÿ‡Î 20wU = 20wU mgvb mgvb a‡i wnm‡e mnR]
4  20
5wU Av‡gi µqg~j¨ = 4 UvKv  20wU Av‡g µqg~j¨ = = 16 UvKv
5
5  20
Avevi, 4wU Av‡gi weµqg~j¨ = 5 UvKv  20wU Av‡gi weµqg~j¨ = = 25 UvKv
4
[Avgiv Rvwb µqmsL¨v I weµmsL¨v mgvb n‡j ZLb UvKv ¸‡jvi Zzjbv Kiv mnR nq| j.mv.¸ wb‡j fMœvsk Av‡m bv]
 9 
 jvf = 25-16 = 9 UvKv| jv‡fi nvi =   100  = 56.25 %
 16 
wb‡R Kiæb:
81. 10UvKvq 12wU wK‡b 12 UvKvq 10wU wewµ Ki‡j kZKiv KZ jvf ev ÿwZ n‡e?
K.25% L.30% M.32% N.44% DËi: N
82. 20 UvKvq 10 wU I 15 wU `‡i mgvb msL¨K Kjv Lwi` K‡i 20 UvKvq 12 wU `‡i weµq Ki‡j kZKiv KZ jvf ev ÿwZ
n‡e? (Aóg †kªYx 2.3)
K.10%jvf L.20%jvf M.10% ÿwZ N.‡KvbwUB bv | DËi: N
mgvavb:
1wU K‡i Avb‡Z †M‡j A‡bK¸‡jv fMœvsk Avm‡e Avevi GLv‡b gvSvgvwS `v‡g wewµ bv Kivq kU©KvU m~Î APj]
ZvB j.mv.¸i wbq‡g, 10wU,15wU I 12wU Gi j.mv.¸ = 60wU|
10wU = 20UvKv n‡j 60wU = 120UvKv (6¸Y), 15wU = 20UvKv n‡j 60wU = 80 UvKv| (4¸Y)
60+60 = 120wU‡Z †gvU LiP = 120+80 200 UvKv|
Avevi,
12wU wewµ K‡i cvq = 20UvKv myZivs 60wU wewµ = 100 UvKv Zvn‡j 120wU‡Z = 200 UvKv| ( wØ¸Y)
A_©vr 200UvKvq wK‡b 200 UvKvq wewµ Ki‡j jvf- ev ÿwZ †Kvb wKQzB n‡e bv|
wb‡R Kiæb:
83. 30 UvKvq 10wU `‡i I 15wU `‡i mgvb msL¨K Kjv µq K‡i me¸‡jv 30 UvKvq 12wU `‡i weµq Ki‡j kZKiv KZ
jvf ev ÿwZ n‡e? [‡evW© eB] DËi: jvf ev ÿwZ wKQzB n‡e bv|
84. GKRb †`vKvb`vi wKQz cY¨ µq Ki‡jb| cwien‡bi mgq 13% cY¨ bó n‡q †Mj Ges 7% cY¨ Pzwi n‡q †Mj| †gv‡Ui
Dci 20% jvf Ki‡Z n‡j Zv‡K Aewkó cY¨ kZKiv KZ jv‡f weµq Ki‡Z n‡e?
(A) 20% (B) 30% (C) 50% (D) 40% (E) ‡Kv‡bvwUB bq DËi: C
mgvavb:
awi, †gvU c‡Yï cwigvY = 100UvKvi|
13% cY¨ bó I 7% cY¨ Pzwi nIqvi ci Aewkó _v‡K 100 - (13 + 7) = 80 UvKvi|
20% jvf Ki‡Z n‡j weµqg~j¨ = 100+20 = 120
80 UvKvi c‡Y¨ jvf Ki‡Z n‡e 120-80 = 40UvKv|
40  100
jv‡fi nvi, = 50% [gy‡L gy‡L: 80 †Z 40 jvf A_© A‡a©K jvf ev 50% jvf|]
80
85. GK e¨vw³ GKwU `ªe¨ µq K‡i 10% ÿwZ‡Z weµq Ki‡jv| hw` †m `ªe¨wU 20% K‡g µq K‡i 55UvKv †ekx‡Z weµq
Ki‡Zv Zvn‡j 40% jvf nZ| `ªe¨wUi µqg~j¨ KZ?
a. 200 b. 220 c. 250 d. 300 Ans: c
mgvavb:
cÖ_g µqg~j¨ 100UvKv n‡j 10 ÿwZ‡Z cÖ_g weµqg~j¨ = 90UvKv|
Avevi 20% K‡g 2q µqg~j¨ hLb 80UvKv ZLb 40% jv‡f 2q weµqg~j¨ 80UvKvi 140% = 112UvKv|
GLb `yB weµqg~‡jï g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ 112-90 = 22UvKv n‡j µqg~j¨ = 100 UvKv| Shortcut: 22% = 55
100  55 n‡j 100% = 250|
myZivs `yB weµqg~‡jï g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ 55 UvKv n‡j µqg~j¨ = = 250UvKv|
22
 Practice Part 
1. GKRb gvQ we‡µZv cÖwZ nvwj Bwjk gvQ 1600 UvKvq wK‡b cÖwZwU gvQ 350 UvKv K‡i weµq Ki‡jb| Zuvi kZKiv
KZ jvf ev ÿwZ n‡jv? [7g †kÖYx-2.2-D`vniY-12]
1 1
K. jvf 12% L. ÿwZ 12% M. jvf 12 % N. ÿwZ 12 % DËi t N
2 2
2. GKev· Av½yi 2750 UvKvq weµq Kivq 450 UvKv ÿwZ n‡jv| H Av½yi 3600 UvKvq weµq Ki‡j KZ jvf ev ÿwZ
n‡Zv? (7g †kÖYx, Aby:2.2 Gi D`v:13)
K. 200 UvKv L. 300 UvKv M. 400 UvKv N. 500 UvKv DËi : M
3. cÖwZ wgUvi 125 UvKv `‡i Kvco µq K‡i 150 UvKv `‡i weµq Ki‡j †`vKvb`v‡ii 2000 UvKv jvf nq| †`vKvb`vi
†gvU KZ wgUvi Kvco µq K‡iwQ‡jb? (7g †kÖYx, Aby: 2.2 Gi 6) DËi: 80 wgUvi|
4. GKRb †`vKvb`vi cÖwZ wgUvi 200 UvKv `‡i 5 wgUvi Kvco wK‡b cÖwZ wgUvi 225 UvKv `‡i weµq Ki‡j KZ UvKv
jvf n‡q‡Q? (7g †kÖYx, Aby: 2.2 Gi 1) DËi: jvf 125 UvKv|
5. GKRb Kgjvwe‡µZv cÖwZ nvwj 60 UvKv `‡i 5 WRb Kgjv wK‡b cÖwZ nvwj 50 UvKv `‡i weµq Ki‡j kZKiv KZ
jvf ev ÿwZ nq? (7g †kÖYx, Aby: 2.2 Gi 2) DËi: ÿwZ 150 UvKv|
6. iwe cÖwZ †KwR 40 UvKv `‡i 50 †KwR PvDj wK‡b 44 UvKv †KwR `‡i weµq Ki‡j KZ jvf ev ÿwZ n‡e? (7g †kÖYx,
Aby: 2.2 Gi 3) DËi: jvf 200 UvKv|
7. cÖwZwU PK‡jU 8 UvKv wn‡m‡e µq K‡i 8.50 UvKv `‡i weµq K‡i 25 UvKv jvf n‡jv, †gvU KqwU PK‡jU µq Kiv
n‡qwQj? (7g †kÖYx, Aby: 2.2 Gi 5) DËi: 50wU P‡Kv‡jU|
4
8. GKwU Mvwoi weµqg~j¨ MvwowUi µqg~‡jï As‡ki mgvb| kZKiv KZ jvf ev ÿwZ n‡e?(7g †kÖYx,Aby:2.2Gi 10)
5
K.20% ÿwZ L.25% jvf M.80%ÿwZ N.20%jvf DËi:K
9. 5 UvKvq 8 wU AvgjwK µq K‡i 5 UvKvq 6 wU `‡i weµq Ki‡j kZKiv KZ jvf ev ÿwZ n‡e ? +[7g †kÖYx-
(Aby:2.2)]
1 1 1
K. 35 % jvf L. 33 % jvf M. 30% jvf N. 33 % jvf DËi: L
2 3 2
10. GKRb Kjv we‡µZv cÖwZ nvwj Kjv 25 UvKv `‡i µq K‡i cÖwZ nvwj 27 UvKv `‡i weµq Ki‡j, Zvi 50 UvKv jvf
nq| †m KZ nvwj Kjv µq K‡iwQj? [7g †kÖYx-(Aby:2.3)]
(K) 25 nvwj (L) 20 nvwj (M) 50 nvwj (N) 27 nvwj DËi: K
wewmGm, e¨vsK Ges cÖvBgvix

wkÿK wb‡qvM mn †h †Kvb
R‡ei MwYZ As‡ki cÖ¯w‘ Zi
Rb¨ Khairul Sir Gi
AbjvBb ‡cBW †Kv‡m© K¬vm
Ki‡Z †PvL ivLyb:
Khairuls Basic Math
‡dmeyK MÖæ‡c|

Khairuls Primary Teacher Recruitment Guide

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