READING SECTION 19

Thinking about food contamination and responding appropriately to ensure safe food is
crucial part of food processing operations. Containers are a convenient and attractive means of
packaging products; they also protect food from environmental influences and damage during
distribution. Rigid and semi-rigid containers made of a wide variety of materials are filled with
product and securely closed. In some cases, the heated food product is used to sterilize the
container and closure after filling, or a post-fill sterilization process is implemented, such as a hot-
water bath or pressure cook. Before filling, however, the container should be cleaned to remove soil,
foreign objects, and chemical contaminats.

Container cleaning and inspection is an important step in food packaging operations.

According to current Good Manufacturing Practices (Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21, Parts 100,
110, and 113), containers must be clean. Many small and medium scale food processors regard
container cleaning as an unnecessary step since containers are received in a clean condition and are
handled and inspected individually before, during, and after filling. Cracked, damaged, soiled,
contaminated or otherwise unsuitable containers are manually removed from the filling operation.
However, as automation and the volume of processing increases, it becomes difficult to rely only on
visual inspection.

The process of cleaning food containers, even when they are new, is indispensable to ensure
a safe product. Empty food containers can harbor foreign materials such as insects and pieces of
glass or plastic. Sterilizing food containers (for example, by irradiation) without cleaning them
eleminates biological hazards but may leave physical and chemical hazards in the container that
affect the safety of the food product. When consumers discover foreign materials in a product, the
result may include a loss of confidence in the manufacturer, sales reductions, product recalls, and
lawsuits. Therefore, a system to clean containers and improve the safety of food products should be
established.

1. The word ‘indispensable’ in paragraph 3 can be replaced by...

A. Auxiliary
B. Extra
C. Additional
D. Trivial
E. Crucial
Indispensable memiliki arti sangat diperlukan dan kata yang memiliki arti yang sama adalah
crucial (penting)

2. What is the main idea of the passage?

A. Food contamination in the food processing operations is very dangerous.
B. Container cleaning in the food processing operations is a crucial part.
C. Essential part in the food processing operations is filling the food containers.
D. The steps in the food processing operations are using sterilization process.
E. Using containers in the food processing operations is very essential.
Jawaban untuk soal nomor 2 adalah D. Food container adalah sesuatu yang melindungi
makanan oleh karena itu agar makanan terjaga kualitasnya maka perlu steriliasi food
container.
 3. With the sentence ‘Many small and medium scale food processors regard container cleaning
as an unnecessary step since containers are received in a clean condition and are handled
and inspected individually before, during, and after filling’ in paragraph 2, the writer aims
to...
A. Describe the unnecessary step of the food processing operations in the small and
medium scale food processing.
B. Tell the reason behind the unecessary container cleaning processcin the small and
medium scale food processing.
C. Explain step by step of the container cleaning process in the small and medium scale
food processing.
D. Give information about the container cleaning process in the small and medium scale
food processing.
E. Comparing the container cleaning process in the small and medium scale food
processing.
Jawaban untuk nomor 3 adalah B. Kalimat ini dapat diartikan juga bahwa dalam industri kecil
dan menengah tidak menganggap sterilisasi food container hal yang penting

4. What most likely inspires the writer in writing the passage?

A. There are many cases of the food contamination in the food industry.
B. The food processing operation is complex and it needs great attention.
C. The safety of food in the food processing operation is very crucial.
D. The discovery of the foreign materials in a product.
E. The information of the food processing is unavailable.
Jawaban untuk soal nomor 4 adalah C karena teks ini di setiap paragrafnya menjelaskan
tentang makanan dapat tercemar oleh sesuatu sehingga food safety dianggap sangat
penting untuk menjaga kualitas makanan.

Free trade is a part of globalization and it sounds great in theory: if we removed all barriers
to trade, such as import tariffs (the taxes companies have to pay to get their goods into another
country and sell them there), all countries could compete on a level playing field, and what could be
fairer than that? In practice, it doesn’t work out quite like that. Some countries are inevitably far
more powerful than others and they want things to say that way. Even while promoting “free trade”,
they use all kinds of tactics to ensure they can trade more freely than other people.

You might have heard of a practice called dumping? That is where industrialized country
subsidizes production of finished goods, which it then exports to a developing country at a price that
is lower than the goods the developing country can produce at home. The developing country has to
cut the prices of its own goods to a level that makes it impossible for poorer people to support
themselves. Another tactics is for rich countries to impose high tariffs on finished goods but low
tariffs on basic raw materials. That gives poorer countries no option but to export raw materials:
they can’t turn those materials into high-value finished goods themselves because they won’t be
able to export them. The rich countries import low-value, raw materials, maket hem into high-value
finished goods wherever it suits them, then export the finished goods back to the poor countries.
Practices like this mean “free trade” is all too often a synonym for “unfair trade”.

According to advocates of globalization, free trade has brought greater wealth to people in
poorer nation, giving them a foothold on the ladder of progress and prosperity. On that view, wealth
gradually “trickles down” society from the richest to the poorest, making everyone’s lives better in
the long run. The trouble is that very often it doesn’t. Big corporation haven’t outsourced their
operations to low-wage economies in developing countries through any desire to alleviate poverty;
they have done it to keep prices down and compete in a marketplace where everyone else is
outsourcing too. Now there are many good examples of companies working respectfully with
partners in developing countries, providing fair prices that help communities gain access to such vital
things as education and basic healthcare. But there are many more corporations supporting a
shadowy world sweatshop, where working conditions are appaling and wages are too little to meet
even basic daily needs, never mind climb out poverty. Unchecked, globalization swiftly becomes a
“race to the bottom”. If “trickle-down” theory works, why are so many of the world’s people still in
poverty?

5. The word ‘alleviate’ in paragraph 3 means...

A. To make something become larger in amount
B. To make something stronger or more extreme
C. To make pain or problems less severe
D. To make something increase
E. To elevate the level or amount of something
Alleviate memiliki arti meringankan dan kalimat yang tepat untuk mendeskripsikan kosa kata
ini adalah opsi C

6. What is the main idea of paragraph 2?

A. Many countries are applying free trade policy.
B. Industrialized countries are applying ‘unfair’ ploys in the free trade.
C. Some countries are undertaking export and import practice of raw materials and finished
goods.
D. The industrialized country is giving subsidy in the free trade.
E. The developing countries are dealing with predicament in the free trade.
Jawaban untuk soal nomor 6 adalah D. Topic sentence dan supporting sentence menjelaskan
bagaimana dumping atau subsidy digunakan oleh developing countries.

7. With the sentence ‘The trouble is that very often it doesn’t’ in paragraph 3, the writer
wanted to...
A. Object the statement that free trade has made everyone’s lives better
B. Acknowledge the advocates of globalization’s assertion
C. Admit that free trade has made everyone’s lives better
D. Agree that free trade has brought greater wealth to people in poorer nation
E. Oppose the free trade practices
Jawaban untuk soal nomor 7 adalah E. Di paragraf ke 3 menjelaskan bahwa free trade
membawa prosperity bagi poorer country akan tetapi di closing sentence di paragraf ke 3
penulis menunjukkan tidak setujuannya terhadap free trade

8. What most likely prompts the writer in writing the passage?

A. The free trade practice among countries are growing.
B. The free trade tactics applied by industrialized country are inequitable.
C. The free trade has made everyone’s lives better.
D. Industrialized countries have applied dumping practice in the free trade.
E. The free trade has brought prosperity for developed as well as developing countries.
 Prompts memiliki arti mengingatkan. Dalam teks ini penulis ingin menunjukkan bahwa free
trade menampilkan sisi-sisi ketidak adilannya terhadap developing country. Jawaban untuk
soal nomor 8 adalah B.

(1) Child development refers to the biological, psychological, and emotional changes that occur in
human beings between birth and the end of adolescence, as the individual progresses from
independency to increasing autonomy. (2) It is a continous process with predictable sequence yet
having a unique course for every child. (3) It does not progress at the same rate and each stage is not
affected by the preceding types of development. (4) Because these developmental changes may be
strongly influenced by genetic factors and events during prenatal life, genetics and prenatal
development are usually included as part of the study of child development. (5) Child care programs
presents a critical opportunity for promotion of child development. (6) Developmental change may
occur as a result of genetically-controlled processes known as maturation, or as a result of
environmental factors and learning, but most commonly involves an interaction between the two.
(7) It may also occur as a result of human nature and ability to learn from our environment.

9. Which sentence is irrelevant to the topic of the passage?

A. Sentence 2
B. Sentence 3
C. Sentence 4
D. Sentence 5
E. Sentence 6
Jawaban untuk nomor 9 adalah A karena kalimat ke 2 tidak relevan dengan kalimat
sebelumnya atau pun kalimat sesudahnya

10. The following paragraph most likely discusses...

A. What genetic factors affect child development
B. Each developmental stage
C. How children adjust to their environment
D. Emotiona changes that might occur in a child
E. Stages in child development

Jawaban untuk soal nomor 10 adalah C. Bagian akhir dari paragraf ini menjelasakan bagaimana anak
menyesuaikan diri dengan lingkungannya secara alami.

READING SECTION 20

When Karl Kim immigrated to the US from Korea as a teenager ten years ago, he had a hard time
learning English. Now he speaks it fluently and recently he had a unique opportunity to see how our
brains adapt to a second language. Kim is a graduate student in the lab of Joy Hirsch, a
neuroscientist at the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York. He and Hirsch have
recently found evidence that children and adults don’t use the same parts of the brain when learning
a second language.

The reserachers used an instrument called a functional magnetic resonance imager to study the
brains of the two groups of bilingual people. One group consisted of those who had learned a
second language as children. The other consisted of people who, like Kim, learning their second
language later in life. When placed inside the MRI scanner, which allowed Kim and Hirsch to see
which parts of the brain were getting more blood and were thus more active, people from both
groups were asked to think about what they had done the day before, first in one language and then
the other. (They couldn’t speak out loud, because any movement would disrupt the scanning. Kim
and Hirsch look specifically at two language centers in the brain-Broca’s area, the left frontal part,
which is believed to manage speech production, and Wernicke’s area, in the rear of the brain,
thought to process the meaning of language. Both groups of people, Kim and Hirsch found, used the
same part of Wernicke’s area no matter what language they were speaking. But their use of Broca’s
area different.

People who learned a second language as children used the same region in Broca’s area for
both languages. But those who learned a second language later in life made use of a distinct region
in Broca’s area for their second language, the one activated for their native tongue. How does Hirsch
explain this difference? “when language is being hard-wired during development”, says Hirsch, “the
brain may intertwine sound and structures from all languages into the same area.” But once that
wiring is complete, the management of a new language, with new sounds and structures, must be
taken over by a different part of the brain.

A second possibility is simply that we may acquire language differently as children than we
do as adults. “if you watch mothers or family members teaching an infant to speak”, says Hirsch, “it
is very tactile, it’s very auditory. It’s very visual. There are a lot of different inputs. And that’s very
different from sitting in a classroom.”

1. The most appropriate title of the text is...

A. Second Language Learning
B. Language Experiment
C. The Bilingual Brain
D. Language Learning Process
E. The Brain’s Function
Jawaban untuk soal nomor 1 adalah C karena di dalam teks dijelaskan mengenai sample
yang terdiri dari dua grup dan kedua group itu diteliti bagian otaknya yang berkaitan dengan
kemampuan menguasai second language

2. It can be inferred from the text that...

A. Everybody uses the same parts of the brain when learning new language.
B. Older learners are less likely to be successful in learning a new language than children.
C. In the experiment, Kim and Hirsch found having more blood in the brain will help mastering
new language.
D. Speech production is produced when the brain intertwine sound and structures into the
same area.
E. Infant can speak instantly when taught by its parents who are language experts.
Jawaban nomor 2 adalah D. kalimat ini dijelaskan di paragraf ke 3 dan opsi lainnya tidak
terdapat dalam teks.

3. According to the text, Broca’s area...

A. Deals with the processing of language meaning
B. Activates one’s native tongue in language learning
C. Handles speech production in communication
D. Processes meaning in language learning
E. Manages brain to get blood to be more active
 Jawaban nomor 3 adalah C karena di paragraf ke 2 dibagian akhir dijelaskan fungsi Broca
area.

4. The word “tactile” in the last paragraph is closest meaning to...

A. Concrete
B. Elusive
C. Vague
D. Subtle
E. Delicate
Tactile memiliki arti berkaitan dengan meraba atau peraba maka kosakata yang tepat untuk
mengganti kata tactile adalah subtle

5. This text would probably be assigned reading in which...

A. Biology
B. Literature
C. Medicine
D. Neurolinguistics
E. Sociology
Jawaban untuk soal nomo 5 adalah D. Bidang ini mengkaji antara fungsi otak dan
kemampuan berbahasa.

Ranking together with the wheel and the calendar as one of Sumer’s three most precious gifts to
succeding Western civilization was the invention of writing. To say that writing was “invented” is
slightly misleading... (6) the emergence of writing in Sumer was gradual, evolving over the course of
a millenium from the reprisentation of ideas by means of pictorial convention to writing (albeit not
alphabetic writing) as we currently know it. Around 35000 BCE Sumerians had begun to carve
pictures in stone or to stamp them on clay as ownership marks: a picture might have stood for a
person’s nickname (perhaps a rock for “Rocky”). Some five centuries later the evolution toward
writing had advanced vastly farther. By then Sumerian temple administrators were using many (7)...
schematic pictures in combination with each other top reserve records of temple property. Although
the script of this period was still pictographic, it had advanced beyond pictures standing for people
and .... (8) things to pictures standing for abstractions: a bowl meant any kind of food and a head
with a bowl conveyed the concept of eating. After five more centuries full-fledged writing had taken
over, for by then the original pictures had become so schematized that they were no longer... (9) as
pictures but had to be learned purely as signs, and many of these signs no longer represented
specific words but had become symbols of syllables that... (10) words when combined with other
such signs.

6. ....
A. So that
B. Although
C. Whereas
D. Since
E. When

Jawaban nomor 6 adalah B karena conjunction ini menunjukkan dua hal yang kontras di dalam suatu
kalimat majemuk bertingkat.

7. ...
 A. Standard
B. Standardized
C. Standardize
D. Standarization
E. Standardizing
Jawaban untuk soal nomor 7 adalah B. Standardized adalah past particple yang memiliki arti
terstandarisasi atau telah terstandarisasi.

8. ...
A. Tangible
B. Imaginary
C. Subtle
D. Concealed
E. Indefinite

Jawaban untuk soal nomr 8 adalah A. Tangible memiliki arti nyata dan kata benda di kalimat nomor 8
memerlukan adjective yaitu tangible

9. ....
A. Recognize
B. Recognized
C. Recognizeable
D. Recognition
E. Recognizing

Jawaban untuk soal nomor 9 adalah C. Recognizeable berarti tidak dapat dikenali lagi dan kata ini
adalah kata yang tepat untuk mengisi kalimat rumpang di nomor 9.

10. ...
A. Grew to be
B. Moved into
C. Progressed to
D. Stepped into
E. Turned into

Jawaban nomor 10 adalah E karena turned into memiliki arti berubah menjadi.

READING SECTION 21

What is undeniably true is that pandas are striking animals. In 1966, the zoologist Desmond
Morris put forward 20 factors to explain the human obsession with pandas. About half of them were
to do with appearance: flat face, large eyes, soft appearance, rounded outline, contrasting colors
and so on. A panda can deliver one of the highest bite forces of any carnivore, but appearances can
be deceptive and it would be a mistake to get too close to a wild panda.

Even in captivity, where pandas are used to being cooked over by humans, they can be
dangerous. In 2006, a drunken 28-year-old man by the name of Zhang clambered into the panda’s
enclosure at Beijing Zoo and tried to pet the internet. He had been showing off to his companion,
but all he had to show for his exploits was a right calf savaged beyond recognition.
 Such injuries are possible because of the giant panda’s incredibly chunky skull and Mohican-
like sagittal crest. This is the anchor point for a massive chewing muscle that can deliver one of the
highest bite forces of any carnivore. The panda needs this impressive bite if it is to crack its way into
the tough sheath of a bamboo stem.

The panda also boasts an enlarged radial sesamoid bone or “false-thumb” to get a grip as it
munches, a complex suite of gut microbes to help its digestion and a readiness to spend more than
half its life collecting, preparing, and eating bamboo.

With adaptations like these, the giant panda has performed a remarkable evolutionary
switcheroo. It is a carnivore that has found a way to eat bamboo, a food source that is pretty
dependable from one season to the next. Even better, unlike the prey of most carnivores, bamboo is
not in the habit of running away.

1. The text mainly discusses...

A. The apperances of giant pandas
B. A drunken 28-year-old man by the name of Zhang who clambered into the panda’s
enclosure at Beijing Zoo
C. The food source of giant pandas
D. The human obsession with panda
E. The real characteristics of giant pandas
Jawaban untuk soal nomor 1 adalah D. Manusia menganggap bahwa panda adalah hewan
yang lucu dan dari penampilan panda tidak menunjukkan sosok binatang yang ganas akan
tetapi pada kenyataannya panda dapat melukai manusia

2. The word ‘striking’ in line 2 could best be replaced by...

A. Pretty
B. Big
C. Noticeable
D. Massive
E. Ordinary
Kata striking memiliki arti mencolok dan kata yang tepat untuk menggantikan kata striking
adalah noticiable yang berarti nyata

3. What is stated in the text about the giant pandas?

A. The giant pandas are tame animals
B. The giant pandas have scary appearances
C. The giant pandas are carnivorous animals that eat meat
D. The giant pandas are herbivorous animal that eat bamboo
E. The giant pandas have massive chewing muscle
Jawaban untuk soal nomor 3 adalah E. Ini dijelaskan di paragraf ke 3.

4. The pronoun “he” in paragraph 2 refers to...

A. Giant panda
B. Zhang
C. Zhang’s companion
D. Desmond Morris
E. Zookeeper of Beijing Zoo
 Jawaban untuk soal nomor 4 adalah B. He yang dijelaskan dalam paragraf ke dua merupakan
pengunjung Beijing Zoo bernama Zhang yang nekat mendekati panda hingga digigit

5. Which of the following best describes the organization of this text?

A. An idea is presented and then refused
B. An opinion is supported with facts
C. A cause is followed by an effect
D. A concept is followed by examples
E. A definition is supported with examples
Jawaban untuk soal nomor 5 adalah D. Di teks dijelaskan mengenai stereotype orang pada
umumnya mengenai panda kemudian penjelasan dilanjutkan dengan hasil observasi
seorang ilmuan bernama Desmond Morris.

6. The word “massive” in line 22 could be best replaced by...

A. Enormous
B. Small
C. Dangerous
D. Tiny
E. Scary
Massive memiliki arti sangat besar dan kosa kata yang dapat menggantikan kata massive
adalah enomormous (A)

7. The tone of the text is....

A. Humorous
B. Angered
C. Informational
D. Outraged
E. Emotional
Tone dari teks ini adalah informational karena teks dikembangkan berdasarkan fakta-fakta
dan hasil penelitian seorang ilmuan (C)

8. The best title of the text is...

A. The True Characteristics of Giant Pandas
B. The Appearances of Giant Pandas
C. The Food Source of Giant Pandas
D. The Zoologist, Demond Morris
E. The incident of Giant Pandas
Jawaban untuk soal nomor 8 adalah A karena teks dikembangkan dengan asumsi awal
bahwa masyarakat meyakin bahwa panda adalah hewan lucu dan jinak akan tetapi pada
kenyataannya tidak demikian sehingga penulis dalam teks ini memaparkan sifat asli dari
seekor panda

9. Which of the following is not true about the giant pandas’ apperances?
A. Rounded outline
B. Large eyes
C. Flat face
D. Tiny eyes
E. Contrasting colors
 Jawaban untuk soal nomor 9 adalah A karena karakteristik ini tidak dijelaskan di dalam teks

10. It can be inferred from the text that....

A. The giant pandas are carnivorous animals that are not dangerous
B. The giant pandas are wild animals that have deceptive apperances
C. People can get close to the giant pandas after a few months’ contact
D. The giant pandas are very tame because they eat bamboo
E. The zookeeper should feed the giant pandas twice a day

Jawaban untuk soal nomor 10 adalah B. Panda terlihat lucu akan tetapi sesungguhnya panda adalah
hewan buas dan bisa menyakiti manusia