ARUSHA SCIENCE SCHOOL

OCTOBER MONTHLY TEST-CHEMISTRY SUBJECT

FORM FIVE PCB, CBG & PCM
MARKING SCHEME

SECTION A

1. a) (i) The alpha particles were able to penetrate the gold foil because the gold atom is
mostly empty space. The positive charge of the gold atom is concentrated in a very
small nucleus at the center of the atom. The alpha particles were able to pass through
the empty space without hitting anything.

(ii) Potassium sulphate from Tanzania and that from the United States of America has
the same mass percentages of potassium, sulphur and oxygen because they have the
same chemical composition. Dalton's atomic theory states that all atoms of a given
element are identical in mass and chemical properties.

(b) Four statements in Dalton's Atomic Theory that are now considered incorrect are:

(i) Atoms are indivisible and indestructible: We now know that atoms can be
divided into subatomic particles like protons, neutrons, and electrons and that
they can undergo nuclear reactions.
(ii) All atoms of the same element are identical in mass and properties: Isotopes of
the same element have different masses.
(iii) Compounds are formed by the combination of atoms in simple whole-number
ratios: The concept of molecular formulas and the existence of molecules with
varying numbers of atoms challenge this idea.
(iv) Chemical reactions involve the rearrangement of atoms: Chemical reactions
can involve the breaking and forming of chemical bonds, not just the
rearrangement of atoms.

(c) The natural abundance of the 65Cu isotope will be 100 - 62.9 = 37.1%.

The average atomic weight is 63.546 g.

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 So, we can set up the equation:

100 * 63.546 = 63x + 65(100 - x)

6354.6 = 63x + 6500 - 65x

Now, let's simplify the equation:

6354.6 = 6500 - 2x

To isolate x, subtract 6500 from both sides of the equation:

-145.4 = -2x

Now, divide both sides by -2 to solve for x:

x = -145.4 / -2

x = 72.7

The natural abundance of the 63Cu isotope is approximately 72.7%.

2. (a)
(i) Gases possess the property of diffusion which is independent of the force of
gravitation. Due to diffusion, the gases mix into each other and remain almost
uniformly distributed in the atmosphere.
(ii) The boiling point of water depends upon the pressure on its surface. It
increases with increase of pressure and decrease on lowering of pressure. At
higher altitudes, the atmospheric pressure is low, and therefore water boils
below 1000C. Hence, sufficient heat is not supplied for cooking the vegetables
at hill stations. This difficulty may be overcome by using a pressure cooker.

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 (iii) At a temperature of 0 K or absolute zero, gases are believed to occupy zero
volume which is impossible to achieve practically. Hence, a gas cannot be
cooled to 0 K
(iv) The smell of hot sizzling food reaches you several meters away, but to get the
smell from cold food, we have to go close because the kinetic energy of
particles of matter increases with the increase in temperature.
(v)

-The vapour in its natural state is a solid or liquid at room temperature.

However, a gas in its natural state at room temperature would still be a gas.

-Vapour is a substance which has experienced a phase change. Gas is a

substance which has not, and will not experience a phase change.

-A gas is a substance above its critical temperature but below its critical
pressure, while a vapour is a substance above its boiling point.

-Gas is one of the 4 states of matter whereas vapour does not classify as such.
It is just a substance in gaseous form.

-Gas cannot be seen while vapours are visible.

-Vapours can turn back and form into solid and liquid states but a gas cannot.

(b)

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(c)Solution

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3. (a)
(i) When a non-volatile solute is dissolved in a solvent, the vapour pressure
decreases. As a result, the solvent freezes at a lower temperature.
(ii) Methyl alcohol is more volatile than water. But NaCl is non-volatile solute.
On addition of NaCl in water, vapour pressure is lowered and as a result
boiling point of water increased. But on addition of methyl alcohol, vapour
pressure is more than that of water. Hence boiling point decreases.
(iii) The elevation in boiling point be different if 0.1 mole of sodium chloride
or 0.1 mole of sugar is dissolved in 1 L of water. Sugar is non electrolyte and it
do not dissociate in aqueous solution. NaCl is a strong electrolyte and
completely dissociates to give sodium ions and chloride ions. Hence, the
number of particles produced by 0.1 mole of sodium chloride and 0.1 mole of
sugar will be different. Hence, the elevation in boiling point be different
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 (iv) Ethylene glycol lowers the freezing point of water. Due to this, the coolant in
radiators will not freeze. Otherwise, the radiator will burst due to the freezing
of coolant (water).

(b)

(c)

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4. (a)
(i) Bond dissociation enthalpy is the energy required to break a chemical
bond in a molecule into its constituent atoms in the gas phase. Bond
enthalpy is a general term referring to the enthalpy change associated
with breaking a particular bond in a molecule, which may vary
depending on the context.

(ii) Standard molar enthalpy changes of dissolution refer to the enthalpy

change when a solute dissolves in a solvent under standard conditions,
while the heat of combustion is the enthalpy change when a substance
reacts with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water, typically in a
combustion reaction.

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(b)

(c)

The enthalpy of formation of methane is the enthalpy change that occurs when one mole of
methane is formed from its constituent elements in their standard states.

The standard state of an element is its pure form at 1 atm and 25 °C.

The enthalpy of formation of methane can be calculated using the following equation:

∆Hf(CH4) = ∆H(C) + 4∆H(H) - ∆H(CH4)

where:

 ∆Hf(CH4) is the enthalpy of formation of methane

 ∆H(C) is the enthalpy of combustion of graphite (carbon)

 ∆H(H) is the enthalpy of combustion of hydrogen

 ∆H(CH4) is the enthalpy of combustion of methane

Note: The enthalpy of sublimation of graphite is not included in this equation, because it
is not involved in the formation of methane from its constituent elements.

Substituting the given values into the equation, we get:

∆Hf(CH4) = -394 kJmol-1 + 4 × -286 kJmol-1 - (-891 kJmol-1)

∆Hf(CH4) = **-74 kJmol-1**

Therefore, the enthalpy of formation of methane is -74 kJmol-1.

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5. (a)

(a)

i. Potassium chloride: Ionic bonding (electrostatic attraction between K+ and Cl- ions)

ii. Ethanol: Hydrogen bonding (between the hydrogen in -OH group and the oxygen of
another ethanol molecule)

iii. Nitrogen dioxide gas: Covalent bonding (between nitrogen and oxygen atoms, with
unpaired electrons causing it to be paramagnetic)

iv. Phosphorus trichloride: Covalent bonding (between phosphorus and chlorine atoms)

(b) (i)

Compound Type(s) of Bonds Type of Hybridization Geometrical Shape

AlCl3 Ionic and Covalent Sp2 Trigonal Planar

NH3 Covalent Sp3 Pyramidal

PCl3 Covalent Sp3 Pyramidal

(ii)

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(c)

1. Hydrogen atom must be bonded to a highly electronegative atom such as fluorine.

oxygen and nitrogen.

2. The electronegative atom in which the hydrogen is bonded must possess at least one
lone pair.

3. The electronegative atom should have small size.

SECTION B

6) (a)

(i)The boiling point of hydrogen halides increases from HCl to HI because the bond strength
between the hydrogen atom and the halogen atom decreases from HCl to HI. This is because
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the size of the halogen atom increases from Cl to I, which means that the electron density in
the bond decreases. As a result, the bond becomes weaker and the boiling point decreases.

(ii)The boiling point of HF is far higher than it would be if it fitted the trend in the rest of the
group because HF is a hydrogen-bonded compound. The hydrogen bonding between HF
molecules makes it difficult for them to separate and form a gas, which is why HF has a high
boiling point.

(iii)The boiling point of ammonia would be lower than that of HF but higher than that of HCl
because ammonia is also a hydrogen-bonded compound, but the hydrogen bonding in
ammonia is weaker than the hydrogen bonding in HF. This is because the nitrogen atom in
ammonia is not as electronegative as the fluorine atom in HF.

(b) The forces of attraction that occur in the liquid compounds are as follows:

(i) Ethoxyethane (CH3CH2– O – CH2CH3)

 Dipole-dipole interactions
 London dispersion forces
(ii) Hydrogen sulphide (H2S)
 Dipole-dipole interactions
 London dispersion forces
(iii) Sulphuric acid (H2SO4)
 Hydrogen bonding
 Dipole-dipole interactions
 London dispersion forces
(iv) Butane (CH3CH2CH2CH3)
 London dispersion forces

(c)

(i) CO2 is non-polar molecule while SO2 is polar despite the fact that both have the same
empirical formula.

This is because CO2 has a linear molecular structure, while SO2 has a bent molecular
structure.

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In a linear molecule, the dipoles of the individual bonds cancel each other out, resulting in a
non-polar molecule. In a bent molecule, the dipoles of the individual bonds do not cancel
each other out, resulting in a polar molecule.

(ii) The bond angle in H2O is 104.5° but that in H2S is 92°

This is because the oxygen atom in H2O is more electronegative than the sulphur atom in
H2S.

In H2O, the oxygen atom attracts the electrons in the O-H bonds more strongly than the
hydrogen atoms do. This results in a more polar O-H bond and a wider bond angle.

In H2S, the sulphur atom attracts the electrons in the S-H bonds less strongly than the
hydrogen atoms do. This results in a less polar S-H bond and a narrower bond angle.

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