02 BLDG Phy

Technical Session 2: Building Physics and its relationship with
Thermal Comfort
Knowledge Partner
Heat Transfer in Buildings
Building Physics and its relationship with Thermal Comfort I Dr. Yash Shukla
Climate Smart Buildings: Training Program on Innovative Construction Technologies & Thermal Comfort in Affordable Housing 2 / 35
Heat Transfer in Buildings: Influencing Factors
Spatial Design Materials and Methods
• Geometry - Massing • Thermal properties of the material

• Orientation of bldg. mass
• Optical properties of the material
• External Surface to Building Volume
Ratio • Surface Characteristics
• Extent of fenestration and • Construction Method
characteristics of it
• Assembly formation
• Internal Volume
• Stack Ventilation
• Location of Fenestration
• Pressure Driven Ventilation
Surroundings ( external environment )
System boundary
System
(a part or entire Mass/Energy
building) Leaving system
Mass/Energy
entering system
A system (Building) is a region we want to study
What is ENERGY?
F Potential to do work
m m Unit work is a unit force acting over unit length;
Newton x meter (N-m or Joules )
Force: unit acceleration in a body of unit mass;

x m/s2 x kg = N
Forms of Energy
Energy
Heat Low Grade High Grade Work
Macroscopic Microscopic
Kinetic Potential
Sensible Chemical
(translational + rotational +vibrational) (Atomic bonds)
Latent Atomic
(Phase change) (Bonds within the nucleus)
Sum of all microscopic forms of energy = Internal Energy
1st Law of Thermodynamics
Establishes a relationship between a
system’s
U = Q − W • Internal energy
• The work performed by (or to) the system,

and
∆U change in internal energy
Q heat added to the system
• The heat removed from (or added to) the
W work done by the system
system
The internal energy of a system performing work or

losing heat decreases, whereas a system's internal
energy rises if it gains heat or is subjected to work.
2nd Law of Thermodynamics
T2 • The natural (spontaneous) direction of heat

flow between bodies is from hot to cold.
• Heat moves from higher temperature to

T1 lower temperature
(T2 > T1)

Heat Transfer in Buildings: Principles
Hot Cold Hot Hot

(30 0C) (20 0C) (50 0C) (50 0C)
Air
Cold Cold
(25 0C) (25 0C)
(20 0C) (20 0C)
Conduction Convection Radiation
Source: Rawal, R. (2021, December 22). Heat Transfer and Your Building Envelope. Solar Decathlon India. Retrieved April 13, 2022, from https://solardecathlonindia.in/events/
Tsurf1 >Tsurf2 Occurs in a stationary medium
Hot objects with higher energy

(due to intense random molecular motions)
Tsurf1 q Tsurf2
transfer heat to
Cool objects with lesser energy
(due to lower molecular motions)
Conduction
Heat Transfer in Buildings: Conduction Principles
Q is the heat rate Steady-state (time-independent) heat

In Watts conduction through a layer (thickness d,
thermal conductivity k) with surface
temperatures T1 and T2
T1 T2
T1 − T2
Q = kA (W )
d
q is the heat flux
In Watts/m2
T1 − T2
d
q=k (W / m 2)
d
q depends on?
• Temperature difference
• Thickness of the layer (d)
T= i+1 • Thermal conductivity (k) which is a property of
the material
1m2
Thermal conductivity (k)
• property of the material
T= i Energy (J) per Second (s)
J/s = W
• function of moisture and temperature
• W∙m-1∙K-1
Density Thermal Conductivity Specific Heat Capacity
Materials
(kg/m3) (W/m.K) (J/kg.K)
Walls
Autoclaved Aerated Concrete Block (AAC) 642 0.184 0.794
Resource Efficient Bricks (REB) 1520 0.631 0.9951
Concrete block (25/50) 2427 1.396 0.4751
Concrete block (30/60) 2349 1.411 0.7013
Calcium Silicate Board 1016 0.281 0.8637
Cement Board 1340 0.438 0.8113
Sandstone 2530 3.009 1.5957
Stone (Jaisalmer Yellow) 3006 2.745 2.0954
Stone (Kota) 3102 3.023 2.0732
Bamboo 913 0.196 0.6351
Surface Finishes
Plaster of Paris (POP) powder 1000 0.135 0.9536
Cement Plaster 278 1.208 0.9719
Plywood 697 0.221 0.7258
• Conduction through walls
Source: Royal Village Jaisalmer. (n.d.). Tripadvisor. Retrieved from https://www.tripadvisor.com/Hotel_Review-g297667-d14989217-Reviews-Royal_Villa_Jaisalmer-Jaisalmer_Jaisalmer_District_Rajasthan.html ,

W.PA. (2015). Framework on Dezeen. W.PA. Retrieved from http://www.worksarchitecture.net/news/framework-on-dezeen , Tlalpan 590 Building - Cross section. (2018). Archdaily. Retrieved from
https://www.archdaily.com/893700/tlalpan-590-building-taller-dea-plus-koz-architectes/5aea3065f197cc334300009b-tlalpan-590-building-taller-dea-plus-koz-architectes-cross-section.
Tsurf > Tfluid

• Convection heat transfer needs a fluid (gas or
liquid) medium and involves bulk fluid motion
Tfluid
• The heated fluid moves away from the source of
Tsurf heat, carrying energy with it causing convection
currents that transport energy
Convection
Convective heat transfer (Q) between a
fluid and a surface is
Q ∝ temperature difference
Q ∝ area of the surface in contact
𝑄= h 𝐴 ΔT
Q = heat transfer by convection, W

A = surface area, m2
ΔT = T∞ – T1 at some specified location,
K
h = heat transfer coefficient, W·m-2·K-1
Surface resistance (ISO 6946)

Surface conductance
Heat flow Rsi Rso
direction [m2∙K∙W-1] [m2∙K∙W- Conductance of the thin film of air at the surface of
1]
the material/body
Horizontal 0.13 0.04 • h = surface/film conductance
(±30o)
• W∙m-2∙K-1
Up 0.10 0.04
• Surface/film resistance Rs = 1/h
Down 0.17 0.04
Heat transfer coefficient
Surface conductance = Surface film

conductance = Equivalent conductance =
Heat transfer coefficient = h
h= hc + hr
hc = convective heat transfer coefficient
hr = radiative heat transfer coefficient
Natural Convection – Forced Convection

Source: Cappuccino. (n.d.). freepik. Retrieved from https://www.freepik.com/photos/cappuccino , Indiamart. (n.d.). Usha Table Fan. Indiamart. Retrieved from https://www.indiamart.com/proddetail/usha-table-fan-
19384320588.html
No convection
Solar collector • Surface film resistance or conductance
considers both radiative and convective
heat transfer
Maximum convection θ
Convective heat transfer is a function of angle (θ) • Varies with

• Orientation of the surface
• Surface emittance
• Direction of heat flow
• Air velocity
• Surface and air temperature, and the
temperature difference
Airflow through a room

Wall temperatures of the room at 30 0C
Heat transfer coefficient on inside =10 W/m2K
Wind-induced airflow
Stack effect
Buoyancy driven wind flow
Source:Tripadvisor. (n.d.). Padmanabhapuram Palace. Tripadvisor. Retrieved from https://www.tripadvisor.in/Attraction_Review-g608476-d3705659-Reviews-Padmanabhapuram_Palace

Kanyakumari_Kanyakumari_District_Tamil_Nadu.html
• Radiation heat transfer is a process where heatwaves are
emitted that may be absorbed, reflected, or transmitted
through a colder body.
Tsurf1 • Energy has an electric field and a magnetic field associated

with it,
q1
• Wave-like properties. “electromagnetic waves”
q2 Tsurf2 • Wide range of electromagnetic radiation in nature. Visible
light is one example.
Radiation • Others include forms like ultraviolet radiation, x-rays, and

gamma rays.
The behavior of a surface with radiation

incident upon it can be described by the
following quantities:
= absorptance – a fraction of incident

radiation absorbed
= reflectance - fraction of incident
radiation reflected
= transmittance – a fraction of incident
α+ρ+τ=1 radiation transmitted.
How does Outdoor Climate Affect the Building Design and
Construction
Outdoor Climate and Heat Transfer: Climate Zones
No Silver Bullet
Source: Acranum. (2017). No Silver Bullets. Arcanum. Retrieved from https://arcanum-cyber.com/no-silver-bullets/
Climate – average weather or integration in time of
weather conditions
The climate of a region is determined by observing its

weather over a period of many years (typically 30 years on
average as per WMO)
e.g., the average temperature in different seasons, rainfall,

wind, and sunshine.
e.g., the tropical climate has heat as a dominant problem

with an annual average temperature of not less than 20 ºC
Source: freepik. (n.d.). Landscape of tropical green forest. freepik. Retrieved from https://www.freepik.com/free-photo/landscape-tropical-green-forest_13291234.htm , freepik. (n.d.). Desert. freepik. Retrieved from
https://www.freepik.com/photos/desert , Glacier. (n.d.). Glacier. Retrieved from https://www.freepik.com/photos/glacier
Outdoor Climate and Heat Transfer: Climate Zones: Determinants
Solar Radiation Earth Tile: Season
Source: https://www.amazon.in/Introduction-Architectural-Science-Sustainable-Design/dp/0415824982
Latitude Terrain/topography and water mass

• Measure of distance from the
equator
Source: NSF-funded Hidden Earth Project. (n.d.). Visualizing Topography. NSF-funded Hidden Earth Project. Retrieved from http://reynolds.asu.edu/topo_gallery/intro_title.htm
Sky Cover and Moisture in the Air
Source: freepik. (n.d.). Climate zones. freepik. Retrieved from https://www.freepik.com/free-photos-vectors/climate-zones
Source: Wikimedia Commons. (2022). World Köppen Map. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:World_K%C3%B6ppen_Map.png
A simple climate classification proposed by Atkinson (1953) for purposes of building
design is:
• Cold: where there is a lack of heat for all or most of the year, so heating is
needed.
• Temperate: where there is a seasonal variation of heating and cooling load

but neither is severe
• Hot and dry: the main problem is overheating but the air is dry so the
evaporative cooling mechanism is not restricted. Also, diurnal (day-night)
temperature variation is large
• Warm and humid: overheating is not as severe as in dry areas but high
humidity makes you feel hotter. Evaporative cooling has restrictions and
diurnal (day-night) temperature variation is small
Source: Bansal, N. K., & Minke, G. (1995). Climatic Zones and rural housing in India: German-Indian-cooperation in scientific research and Technological Development. Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH,
Zentralbibliothek. K
Conduction Convection Radiation
Spatial Material & Spatial Material & Spatial Material &

Methods Methods Methods
Walls V. Low
Low
Fenestrations
(Windows) Neutral
Roofs High
V. High
Heat Transfer in Buildings: Design Strategies - Heat Transfer
WH: Warm Humid

HD: Hot-Dry
TE: Temperate
Conduction Convection Radiation CM: Composite
CO: Cold
Geometry - Massing HD WH All Climates
Orientation WH All Climates V. Low
External Surface to Building Volume HD WH HD
Ratio Low
Extent of Fenestration and Thermal HD WH All Climates
Characteristics Neutral
Internal Volume – Stack Ventilation X HD X High
Location of Fenestration – Pressure X WH X
Driven Ventilation V. High
Heat Transfer in Buildings: What will matter
Thermal Conductivity • Walls
R Value – U Value • Internal
Thermal Mass • External
Specific Heat
Thermal Diffusivity
Thermal Conductivity – Frames and Glass • Fenestrations

R Value – U Value
• Windows
Solar Gains
Solar Heat Gain Coefficient • Skylights
Visual Light Transmittance • Doors
VLT
Thermal Conductivity • Roofs

R Value – U Value • Floors
Thermal Emissivity • Foundations
Solar Reflectance
Thank you

02 BLDG Phy

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

02 BLDG Phy

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Technical Session 2: Building Physics and its relationship with

Spatial Design Materials and Methods

• Geometry - Massing • Thermal properties of the material

Surroundings ( external environment )

A system (Building) is a region we want to study

Force: unit acceleration in a body of unit mass;

Sum of all microscopic forms of energy = Internal Energy

• The work performed by (or to) the system,

The internal energy of a system performing work or

T2 • The natural (spontaneous) direction of heat

• Heat moves from higher temperature to

(T2 > T1)

Hot Cold Hot Hot

Conduction Convection Radiation

Tsurf1 >Tsurf2 Occurs in a stationary medium

Hot objects with higher energy

Q is the heat rate Steady-state (time-independent) heat

• Conduction through walls

Source: Royal Village Jaisalmer. (n.d.). Tripadvisor. Retrieved from https://www.tripadvisor.com/Hotel_Review-g297667-d14989217-Reviews-Royal_Villa_Jaisalmer-Jaisalmer_Jaisalmer_District_Rajasthan.html ,

Tsurf > Tfluid

Q = heat transfer by convection, W

Surface resistance (ISO 6946)

Surface conductance = Surface film

hr = radiative heat transfer coefficient

Natural Convection – Forced Convection

Convective heat transfer is a function of angle (θ) • Varies with

Airflow through a room

Buoyancy driven wind flow

Source:Tripadvisor. (n.d.). Padmanabhapuram Palace. Tripadvisor. Retrieved from https://www.tripadvisor.in/Attraction_Review-g608476-d3705659-Reviews-Padmanabhapuram_Palace

Tsurf1 • Energy has an electric field and a magnetic field associated

Radiation • Others include forms like ultraviolet radiation, x-rays, and

The behavior of a surface with radiation

= absorptance – a fraction of incident

Source: Acranum. (2017). No Silver Bullets. Arcanum. Retrieved from https://arcanum-cyber.com/no-silver-bullets/

The climate of a region is determined by observing its

e.g., the average temperature in different seasons, rainfall,

e.g., the tropical climate has heat as a dominant problem

Solar Radiation Earth Tile: Season

Latitude Terrain/topography and water mass

Sky Cover and Moisture in the Air

Source: freepik. (n.d.). Climate zones. freepik. Retrieved from https://www.freepik.com/free-photos-vectors/climate-zones

• Temperate: where there is a seasonal variation of heating and cooling load

Conduction Convection Radiation

Spatial Material & Spatial Material & Spatial Material &

WH: Warm Humid

Thermal Conductivity – Frames and Glass • Fenestrations

Thermal Conductivity • Roofs

You might also like