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  • MTHS221 - Note 18 - The Ratio Test, Root Test, and Absolute and Conditional Convergence - 1

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    In today's lecture, we discuss additional tests to determine if a series converges absolutely or conditionally. We define absolute convergence and note that a series converges absolutely only if the sum of the absolute values of its terms converges. If a series converges but the sum of the absolute values diverges, it converges conditionally. Three tests are introduced: [1] the ratio test to determine if the ratio of successive terms approaches 1; [2] the root test examines the nth root of terms; and [3] a series that passes either test converges absolutely and unconditionally. Examples demonstrate applying each test.

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    MTHS221 - Note 18 - The Ratio Test, Root Test, And Absolute and Conditional Convergence _1

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    In today's lecture, we discuss additional tests to determine if a series converges absolutely or conditionally. We define absolute convergence and note that a series converges absolutely only if the sum of the absolute values of its terms converges. If a series converges but the sum of the absolute values diverges, it converges conditionally. Three tests are introduced: [1] the ratio test to determine if the ratio of successive terms approaches 1; [2] the root test examines the nth root of terms; and [3] a series that passes either test converges absolutely and unconditionally. Examples demonstrate applying each test.

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    4 views5 pages

    MTHS221 - Note 18 - The Ratio Test, Root Test, and Absolute and Conditional Convergence - 1

    Uploaded by

    xibrandan
    In today's lecture, we discuss additional tests to determine if a series converges absolutely or conditionally. We define absolute convergence and note that a series converges absolutely only if the sum of the absolute values of its terms converges. If a series converges but the sum of the absolute values diverges, it converges conditionally. Three tests are introduced: [1] the ratio test to determine if the ratio of successive terms approaches 1; [2] the root test examines the nth root of terms; and [3] a series that passes either test converges absolutely and unconditionally. Examples demonstrate applying each test.

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    of 5

    Lecture 18

    In today's lecture we expand our diagnostic powers with some additional


    tests We begin by discussing the notion of absolute convergence

    Definition

    A series 2 an is said to converge absolutely or is absolutely convergent

    if Slant c n

    Note If the terms of Ean are non negative for large n and
    Ian converges then it also converges absolutely

    Example 1

    Show that In th is absolutely convergent

    Solution En I I't l In hi which is a convergent


    p series
    p 2 l Thus In that is absolutely convergent

    It is more difficult for a series to be absolutely convergent than

    merely convergent This fact is displayed in the following theorem


    Theorem

    If Ian is absolutely convergent then it is convergent

    Proof Note that the inequality 0 E an f tant E 2lant holds

    for all n since lanl is either an or air If Ian is

    absolutely convergent then Elam is convergent and thus 2 Slant


    is convergent Therefore by the comparison test I Cant 1am
    is convergent Then
    an 2 an law Slant
    is the difference between two convergent series and hence is

    convergent

    The converse of the theorem above is not true It can be


    shown that II th is convergent but In I I EE T
    is divergent This leads to the following definition

    Definition

    If Ian converges but lanl diverges then Ian is


    called conditionally convergent
    The following test is useful for determining if a series is
    absolutely convergent

    Theorem The ratio test

    a If Ling
    lanath
    I L L l then EI an is absolutely

    convergent and therefore convergent

    b If hiya lanath I L s l or if hiya Yat x

    then Iii an is divergent

    a If Lisa II I I then the test is inconclusive that is


    an may converge or diverge
    Example 2

    Test the series 2 l l I for absolute convergence

    Solution We use the ratio test with an th f


    3 n
    fight fry 3
    LIE anti en n Ling I

    3
    this I
    t t
    thing b 1

    Yn
    Thus I t is absolutely convergent

    The final test for today is the root test and is convenient
    to use when nth powers appear
    Theorem The root test

    a If hins Thant L L l then In an is absolutely

    convergent and hence convergent

    Lb If Ling Thant L 1 or if If Ling Thant

    then En7 an is divergent


    c If Iihf Vlad I the root test is inconclusive

    Example 3

    Test the convergence of the series In 3112

    Solution Let an

    Then Ling Vlad him 3h13 3 c 1

    Thus the given series converges absolutely and hence converges


    by the root test

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