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Structural Analysis and Design of Commercial Building For Earthquake Resistance
Structural Analysis and Design of Commercial Building For Earthquake Resistance
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PREFACE
This report has been prepared as part of project work to fulfill the requirement of course
syllabus prescribed to Civil Engineering final year course. Among several projects which
were offered to us, we have chosen the project entitled “Structural Analysis and Design of
Commercial Complex for Earthquake Resistance” under the guidance of our dedicated
supervisor and Department of Civil Engineering.
Comparing various models of building structures, we found public building as the most
challenging project. Thus, we have given preference to the construction of the frame
structured nine-stories commercial building with basement, shear wall, lift, escalator,
dome roof. Building frame is the three dimensional structure as space which consist of
rigidly interconnected beams, slab and columns. It produces greater number of the
redundancy thus reduces the moments and facilitates the even distribution of the load.
This project enabled us to acquire knowledge on proper analysis and design of building
for earthquake safety including the capability of solving and tackling the field problem to
somewhat. It has taught us to work in team which will surely help us in the future to
come.
The results of calculation are presented in tabular form and sample calculations are
provided in details to reduce the bulkiness of the report. Sufficient figure and sketches
have been introduced to illustrate the theories. Reference to the appropriate clauses of
standard codes of practices has been made wherever necessary. It is clear that for
understanding the process physically and realizing the structure behaviour, manual steps
by steps procedure is necessary. However due to the time constraint and to be familiar to
the modern technology, the structural analysis and design part is performed using
computer software “SAP 2000 V-14”. The burden of repeated calculations in analysis has
been reduced due to use of computer software. Report is focused on the design of slab,
beam (primary and secondary), column (square and circular), staircase (open newel and
spiral), concrete dome roof and foundation (raft foundation and isolated footing).
i
Structural Analysis and Design of Commercial Building for Earthquake Resistance
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We are highly indebted to the help and advice of our dedicated teachers during the
preparation of the project report ““Structural Analysis and Design of Commercial
Building for Earthquake Resistance.”
At the outset we will like to forward our sincere thanks and gratitude to our Supervisor
Assistant Professor Dr. Prachand Man Pradhan, Head of Department of Civil
Engineering, Kathmandu University for providing immense guidance, care, expertise
and support for our project. We benefited alot in a great deal from his logical thoughts,
experience, and incisive comments. He helped us to develop and cultivate our feelings
and institution for structural behavior of the building and their proper design.
We also acknowledge our gratitude towards each other for such a united coordination
amongst the group members during the project as well some of the other friend who helps
throughout the project.
Project Members
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Structural Analysis and Design of Commercial Building for Earthquake Resistance
Symbol Description
Diameter of Bar
τc Shear Stress
γm Partial Safety Factor
Ab Area of Each Bar
Ag Gross Area of Concrete
Ah Horizontal Seismic Coefficient
Asc Area of Steel in Compression
Ast Area of Steel
Asv Area of Stirrups
B Width
d Effective Depth
d′ Effective Cover
D Overall Depth
e Structure Eccentricity
E Young’s Modulus of Rigidity
Es Modulus of Elasticity of Steel
fck Characteristics Strength of Concrete
fy Characteristics Strength of Steel
fs Steel Stress of Service Load
h Height of building
I Importance Factor (For Base Shear Calculation)
I Moment of Inertia
Ip Polar Moment of Stiffness
k Lateral Stiffness
L Length of Member
Ld Development Length
iii
Structural Analysis and Design of Commercial Building for Earthquake Resistance
M Bending Moment
Pc Percentage of Compression Reinforcement
Pt Percentage of Tension Reinforcement
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Structural Analysis and Design of Commercial Building for Earthquake Resistance
Abbreviations
Units:
Force KN
Moment KN-m
Length m
Bar Dia. mm
Spacing mm
The outputs of SAP 2000 are corresponding to force in KN and Length in m.
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Structural Analysis and Design of Commercial Building for Earthquake Resistance
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE ............................................................................................................................. i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ...................................................................................................ii
List of Symbols and Abbreviations.................................................................................... iii
Abbreviations ....................................................................................................................... v
Units: ................................................................................................................................... v
1. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................... 1
1.1. Background .....................................................................................................................1
1.2. OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT WORK .....................................................................2
1.3. SCOPE OF THE PROJECT ...........................................................................................2
1.4. Brief description of the proposed project........................................................................3
1.5. Units ................................................................................................................................5
1.6. Interpretation ...................................................................................................................5
1.7. Detailing ..........................................................................................................................5
1.1 METHODOLOGY AND EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT DESIGN
PHILOSOPHY ...........................................................................................................6
1.8. Literature Review............................................................................................................6
1.9. Selection of building and data collection ........................................................................6
1.10. Study of Architectural Drawing ......................................................................................6
1.11. Preliminary design ..........................................................................................................6
1.12. Load calculation ..............................................................................................................6
1.12.1. Gravity load calculation .................................................................................................7
1.12.2. Loading pattern...............................................................................................................7
1.12.3. Load Cases .....................................................................................................................8
1.13. Modeling and Analysis of building.................................................................................9
1.13.1. Methods and tools for analysis .......................................................................................9
1.14. Design ...........................................................................................................................10
2.7.1 Limit state method ...........................................................................................................10
2.7.2 Assumptions for flexural member ...................................................................................10
2.7.3. Limit state of collapse for compression .......................................................................11
2.7.4. Limit state of serviceability ............................................................................................12
1.8. Earthquake resistant design philosophy ........................................................................12
1.8.1. Configuration................................................................................................................13
1.8.2. Connection....................................................................................................................14
1.8.3. Construction quality .....................................................................................................15
2. PRELIMINARY DESIGN............................................................................ 16
2.1. Design data....................................................................................................................16
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Structural Analysis and Design of Commercial Building for Earthquake Resistance
2.1.1. Construction Material ...................................................................................................16
2.1.2. Preliminary design of elements ......................................................................................17
3. SEISMICLOAD CALCULATION .............................................................. 26
3.1. Seismic load ..................................................................................................................26
3.2. Base Shear Calculation .................................................................................................26
4. STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS........................................................................ 31
4.1. Salient features of SAP 2000 which is used for the analysis. .......................................31
5. STRUCTURAL DESIGN ............................................................................. 37
5.1. Design of structural elements........................................................................................37
5.1.1. Design of slab ...............................................................................................................37
5.1.2. Design of beam .............................................................................................................45
5.1.3. Design of curve beam ...................................................................................................54
5.1.4. Design of column .........................................................................................................57
5.1.5. Design of staircase........................................................................................................77
5.1.6. Design of basement wall ..............................................................................................84
5.1.7. Design of Lift wall .......................................................................................................91
5.1.8. Design of Shear wall ....................................................................................................97
5.1.9. Design of foundation ..................................................................................................102
6. CONCLUSION ........................................................................................... 115
7. BIBLIOGRAPHY ....................................................................................... 119
7.1. REFERENCE BOOKS: ..............................................................................................119
7.2. REFERENCE CODES: ..............................................................................................119
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Structural Analysis and Design of Commercial Building for Earthquake Resistance
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background
At present world, there is rapid emersion of the new technologies related to safe,
economical, stable construction. In such a trend, earthquake has become one of the
natural challenging factor for the efficient construction works.It is one of the dominant
constraints while designing the frame building in the earthquake prone zone like Nepal.
Earthquake is a natural phenomenon as old as the history of the earth itself and is
considered to be most unpredictable one among all other natural disasters. Now a days,
designers and engineers are giving more emphasis towards the earthquake resistance
while analyzing and designing any structure to minimize the seismic impact.
One being a good designer has to deal with various structures ranging from simple ones
like the curtailment rods, and electric poles to more complex ones like multi-storied frame
buildings, shell roofs, bridges etc. These structures are subjected to various loads like
concentrated loads, uniformly distributed loads, uniformly varying loads, internal or
earthquake load and dynamic forces which are considered during the design phase. The
structure transfers its load to the supports and ultimately to the ground. While transferring
the loads, the members of the structure are subjected to internal forces like axial forces,
shearing forces, bending and torsional moments which are discussed while analyzing the
structures.
First of all the most appropriate structural system and initial proportioning of members is
done. Generally the initial drawing of architecture is referred. After that the loads are
estimated based on functionality and purpose of building based on codes. Then the
process of structural analysis and design evolves.
Structural Analysis deals with the prediction of performance of a given structure under
stipulated loads and other external effects. Structural design deals with the designing
(sizing: member sizes, reinforcement details and grading of materials) various members
of the structure to resist various forces to which they might be subjected during the life
period of the structure. While analysis, frames are analyzed for earthquake as lateral or
horizontal load. During the earthquake, structural and non-structural damages occur in
which both of them are hazardous to occupants. When earthquake shaking occurs, a
building gets thrown from side to side or up and down. i.e. ground moves violently side
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Structural Analysis and Design of Commercial Building for Earthquake Resistance
by side and building stay at rest. Thus the building gets thrown back and forth by the
motion of the ground with some part of building lagging behind and then moving in the
opposite direction. The level of damage depends upon how well the building has been
designed and constructed.
In our context, the analysis of earthquake is based on seismic coefficient design method
as described in IS 1893: 2002.
The project report has been prepared in complete conformity with various provisions in
Indian Standards as Code of practice for plain & reinforced concrete IS 456-2000; Code
of practice for Design loads IS 875 (Part 2)-1987: Design Aids for Reinforcement
Concrete (SP 16) IS 456-1978; Handbook on Concrete Reinforcement and Detailing SP
34 (1987) are thoroughly referred for proper analysis, design and detailing of structural
elements viz. beam, slab, column, staircase, foundation, basement wall, lift and shear wall
with respect to safety, strength, stability, ductility & economy in addition to adequate
serviceability requirements of cracking and deflection in concrete structures. All the
codes are based on the principles of limit state of design.
The project report posses modeling output (SAP 2000), analysis results, load calculations,
architectural drawings, structural drawings and sample calculations of various structural
elements and their detailing as well.
MAIN OBJECTIVE:
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES:
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Structural Analysis and Design of Commercial Building for Earthquake Resistance
2. Determination of the structural system of the building to undertake the vertical
and horizontal loads
3. Estimation of loads including those due to earthquake
4. Calculation of base shear and vertical distribution of equivalent earthquake load
5. The structural analysis of the building by SAP2000 V14 for different cases of
loads
6. Design of RC frame members, walls, mat foundation, staircases and other by limit
state method of design
7. Detailing of individual members and preparation of drawings as a part of working
construction document.
No. of storey :9
Basement : 3.556 m
Dome roof
Type of beam :
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Structural Analysis and Design of Commercial Building for Earthquake Resistance
1) Primary: 725x800mm (X and Y-axis)mm
2) Secondary: 400x500mm (X and Y-axis)
3) Curve beam: 550x650mm
4) Machine room’s beam: 250x300mm (X and Y-axis)
Type of column :
Reinforcement : Fe415
Frame system
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Structural Analysis and Design of Commercial Building for Earthquake Resistance
1.5. Units
SI (i.e. metric) units are used in this report. Whenever dimensions are not mentioned in
figure and drawing should be taken as mm.
1.6. Interpretation
Whenever reference to the clause of an Indian standard is made, it will be written as IS
456:2000 for structural design. Also some of clauses are written from the IS 1893:2002,
SP-16 and other important factors from our book other reference books.
1.7. Detailing
Detailing are done by using code IS 13920:1993,Handbook on concrete reinforcement
and detailing (SP 34) and reference books stated in project are extensively used.
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Structural Analysis and Design of Commercial Building for Earthquake Resistance
1.1 METHODOLOGY AND EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT DESIGN
PHILOSOPHY
To proceed any sorts work, various methods or steps are adopted from its initial stage to
final stage. Following are some of the methods been adopted during the analysis and
design of nine-storey commercial and official building.
Before the start of the project, the various related literatures should be properly reviewed
to develop the concept about the project. It is very helpful for providing the correct path
for the smooth functioning of any project work.
After having proper concept about the project, the building wasselected then the data
required for the analysis and designing of the building were collected.
Architectural drawings of the building were properly studied. Rooms within this
commercial and office building were allocated to various purposes such as staff room,
administration, store room, retail shop, restaurant etc.
Estimation of various structural elements such as beam and slab were designed and
checks were done with the help of deflection criteria and moment criteria. For the
column, vertical axial capacity was taken for the design and percentage of steel was
checked.
After the study of architectural drawing and preliminary design, load calculations were
done using the IS 875:1987 as reference. The exact value of unit weights of the materials
from the code was used in the calculation. The thickness of materials was taken as per
design requirement.
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Structural Analysis and Design of Commercial Building for Earthquake Resistance
1.12.1. Gravity load calculation
There are three types of loads for which are considered in this analysis.
1. Dead load
2. Live load
3. Lateral load
Dead load consists of the self-weight of the column, beam, slab and wall. Dimensions of
column, beam, and slab weretaken from preliminary design. For wall load, thickness of
wall was taken from plan,deduction of opening was done according to the average size of
opening in the outer and inner walls and deduction was not made in solid wall. In the case
of the partition wall in the middle of slab, the total weight of the wall was calculated as
uniformly distributed load and assign over the nearest beam.
Live load was determined by using code for design loads (IS 875:2000 part 2) for various
types and purposes of rooms.
Lateral load acting in the building is earthquake/seismic load and wind load. Earthquake
load is determined by calculating lumped mass at floor level and horizontal base shear (IS
1893). It was done by Seismic Coefficient Method. Wind load (IS 875 Part 3) is obtained
by design wind speed and design wind pressure. Earthquake load being the pre-dominant
one between the two lateral loads, hence its effect was only considered. For the analysis
of earthquake load, following methods is generally carried out:
1. Seismic Coefficient method (Static)
2. Response Spectrum method (Dynamic)
In this project we used seismic coefficient method (linear static method).
The loading is applied to the slab elements directly. The load on slab is taken as per the
requirement stated in IS875:1987(Part I & II).
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Structural Analysis and Design of Commercial Building for Earthquake Resistance
The uniformly distributed dead and live load acting on the slab are transferred to the
beams holding the slab. The slab load is distributed on the floor beams as shown in figure
below. The smaller beam holds the triangular load and the longer beams hold the
trapezoidal load as shown in figure. The beam element also resists the self-weight and the
wall load including all the finish loads on wall such as external and internal plaster.
Lx
Lx/2 Lx/2
qt =W * Lx/2
qt =W * Lx/2
Lx/2
Ly
Ly-Lx
Ly
qt =W * Lx/2
qt =W * Lx/2
Lx/2
Lx/2 Lx/2
qt =W * Lx/2
Lx
Load cases are independent loading for which the structure is explicitly analysed.
Earthquake forces occur in random fashion in all directions. For building whose lateral
load resisting elements are oriented in two principal directions. It is usually sufficient to
analyze in these two principal directions (X and Y direction) separately one at a time.
Thus the load cases adopted are as follows.
1. Dead load(DL)
2. Live load(LL)
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Structural Analysis and Design of Commercial Building for Earthquake Resistance
3. Earthquake load in X direction (EQX)
a) 1.5(DL±LL)
b) 1.5(DL+LL±EQX)
c) 1.5(DL+LL±EQY)
d) 1.2(DL+LL±EQX)
e) 1.2(DL+LL±EQY)
f) 0.9(DL±EQX)
g) 0.9(DL±EQY)
For the purpose of Seismic analysis of our building we have used the structural analysis
program SAP 2000. It has a special option for modeling horizontal rigid floor diaphragm
system. A floor diaphragm is modeled as a rigid horizontal plane parallel to global X-Y
plane, so that all points on any floor diaphragm cannot displace relative to each other in
X-Y plane. Initially, the characteristics of the materials used were defined such as
concrete – M25 and reinforcement – Fe415. Then, the load cases as well as their
combinations with load factors were introduced. Next, structures were analyzed for
different load combinations and the final output was determined in the form of SF, BM
and AF etc.
2. Defining
a) Material
c) Load cases
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Structural Analysis and Design of Commercial Building for Earthquake Resistance
d) Load pattern
e) Load combination
3. Assigning
a) Section
b) Load
1.14. Design
Design was done on the basis of limit state of design for collapse and serviceability. The
sample calculations of various structural elements were done with numerous checks and
with the help of MS-excel, the formulation was done for each and every structural
member in the building.
It uses the concept of the probability and based on the application of method of statistic to
the variation that occurs in the practice in the loads acting in the structures or in the
strength of material.
The structures may reach a condition at which it becomes unfit for use for one of many
reasons e.g. collapse, excessive deflection, cracking, etc. and each of these conditions is
referred to a limit state condition. The aim of limit state design is to achieve an acceptable
probability that the structure will not become unserviceable in its life time for the use of
which it has been intended i.e. it will not reach a limit state. It means the structure should
be able to withstand safely all loads that are liable to act on it throughout its life and it
would satisfy the limitations of deflection and cracking.
1. Plane sections normal to the axis of the member remain plane after bending.
10
Structural Analysis and Design of Commercial Building for Earthquake Resistance
2. The maximum strain in concrete at the outermost compression fiber is 0.0035.
3. The relationship between the compressive stress distribution in concrete and the
strain in concrete may be assumed to be rectangle, trapezoidal, parabola or any
other shape which results in prediction of strength in substantial agreement with
the result of test. For design purposes, the compressive strength of concrete in the
structure shall be assumed to be 0.67 times the characteristic strength. The partial
safety factor γm = 1.5 shall be applied in addition to this.
4. The tensile strength of concrete is ignored.
5. The design stresses in reinforcement are derived from representative stress-strain
curve for the type of steel used. For the design purposes the partial safety factor
γm = 1.15 shall be applied.
6. The maximum strain in the tension reinforcement in the section at failure shall not
fy
0.002
be less than:
1.15E s
Where,
fy= characteristic strength of steel
Es = modulus of elasticity of steel
Assumption:
In addition to the assumptions given above from i) to v), the following shall be assumed:
11
Structural Analysis and Design of Commercial Building for Earthquake Resistance
Table 1: Limiting Value of Neutral Axis
Fy Xu,max
250 0.53
415 0.48
500 0.46
This state corresponds to development of excessive deformation and is used for checking
members in which magnitude of deformation may limit the use of the structure or its
component. This limit may corresponds to
1. Deflection
2. Cracking
3. Vibration
The choice of the degree of reliability should be taken into account the possible
consequences of exceeding the limit state of collapse which may be classified according
to
Engineers do not attempt to make earthquake proof buildings that will not get damaged
even during the rare but strong earthquake; such buildings will be too robust and also too
expensive. Instead the engineering intention is to make buildings earthquake-resistant;
such buildings resist the effects of ground shaking, although they may get damaged
12
Structural Analysis and Design of Commercial Building for Earthquake Resistance
severely but would not collapse during the strong earthquake. Thus, safety of people and
contents is assured in earthquake-resistant buildings, and thereby a disaster is avoided.
This is a major objective of seismic design codes throughout the world.
Design Philosophy
1. Under minor but frequent shaking, the main members of the buildings that carry
vertical and horizontal forces should not be damaged; however buildings parts that
do not carry load may sustain repairable damage.
2. Under moderate but occasional shaking, the main members may sustain repairable
damage, while the other parts that do not carry load may sustain repairable
damage.
3. Under strong but rare shaking, the main members may sustain severe damage, but
the building should not collapse.
1.8.1. Configuration
1. Symmetry:
The building as a whole or its various blocks should be kept symmetrical about both the
axes. Asymmetry leads to torsion during earthquakes and is dangerous.
2. Regularity:
Simple rectangular shapes behave better in an earthquake than shapes with many
projections. Torsional effects of ground motion are pronounced in long narrow
rectangular blocks. Therefore, it is desirable to restrict the length of a block to three times
its width. If longer lengths are required two separate blocks with sufficient separation in
between should be provided.
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Structural Analysis and Design of Commercial Building for Earthquake Resistance
3. Separate Buildings for Different Functions
1.8.2. Connection
Proper selection of the material in proper ratio is needed for the construction of
earthquake resistant design. Material properties should match the requirement of
earthquake resistant concept.This involves various material properties.
Ductility is the major parameter need to be considered in the building performance during
earthquake.Earthquake resistant buildings, particularly their main elements, need to be
built with ductility in them. Such buildings have the ability to sway back-and-forth during
an earthquake, and to withstand the earthquake effects with some damage, but without
collapse.
Again base isolation of the structure from the ground motionswhich actually impose the
forces onthe structure can also be done. For reduction of the coefficient of
frictionbetween the structure and its foundation,one suggested technique is to placetwo
layers of good quality plastic or flexible connection betweenthe structure and its
foundation.
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Structural Analysis and Design of Commercial Building for Earthquake Resistance
1.8.3. Construction quality
Though the connection and configuration of the structure is properly planned, but if the
execution of the work is not accomplished using the planned format or specification then
it may be difficult to achieve earthquake resistant structure. Proper supervision of the
work by expert is required.
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Structural Analysis and Design of Commercial Building for Earthquake Resistance
2. PRELIMINARY DESIGN
Preliminary design is carried out to estimate approximate size of the structural members.
Grid diagram is taken as basic guideline for analysis. Preliminary design of flexural
members of the structural system i.e. for beam and slab are done as per the limit state of
serviceability. Work out is done from deflection criteria and moment criteria. And for
column, it was done from net vertical axial load capacity assuming suitable percentage of
steel.
The preliminary bridges the gap between the design concept and the detail phase.
2.1.1.Construction Material
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Structural Analysis and Design of Commercial Building for Earthquake Resistance
2.1.2. Preliminary design of elements
2.1.2.1. Preliminary design of slab
L/dmin=26×modification factor
So, modification factor = 1.5 (from clause IS 456:2000, 23.2.1(c) figure no.(4))
Effective cover = 25 mm
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Structural Analysis and Design of Commercial Building for Earthquake Resistance
But we will ignore this value because this is for simply supported section and our case is
going to be fixed one.
Span/dmin=15
dmin=(6.7×1000)/15 =446.667mm
Therefore,
=250mm to 333.33mm
Span/dmin=15
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Structural Analysis and Design of Commercial Building for Earthquake Resistance
dmin=(6.63×1000)/15 = 442mm
Therefore,
=237.5mm to 316.67mm
Span/dmin=17
dmin=(6.7×1000)/17=394.1176mm
Therefore,
=100mm to 283.333mm
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Structural Analysis and Design of Commercial Building for Earthquake Resistance
Beam along Y-axis
Span/dmin=17
dmin=(6.63×1000)/17=390mm
Therefore,
=210mm to 280mm
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Structural Analysis and Design of Commercial Building for Earthquake Resistance
2.1.2.3. Preliminary design of column
Floor finish
Density of marble=26.5KN/m3
Thickness=20mm
UDL= (26.5×20)/1000=0.530KN/m2
Density of screed=24KN/m3
Thickness40mm
UDL= (24×40)/1000=0.960KN/m2
Density of Plaster=20.4KN/m3
Thickness=10mm
UDL= (20.4×10)/1000=0.204KN/m2
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Structural Analysis and Design of Commercial Building for Earthquake Resistance
For Column C(E,2)
= bx×Dx×Density×lx + by×Dy×Density×ly
=0.3×0.5×25×3.3142+0.3×0.45×25×3.048
=22.717 KN
= by×Dy×Density×ly +bx×Dx×Density×lx
= (0.25x0.42x25x3.048)x0.5 +(0.2x0.425x25x3.3147)x0.5
=7.5224 KN
=110.983
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Structural Analysis and Design of Commercial Building for Earthquake Resistance
=B×D×3.7338×25KN/m2
Therefore,
=89.100+22.717+7.5224+110.983+3.7338×25BD
= (230.322+3.7338×25BD×10-6) KN
∑Wu=7×1.5× (230.322+3.7338×25BD×10-6) KN
∑Wu=7×1.5×1.2× (230.322+3.7338×25BD×10-6) KN
Therefore,
Puz=0.45fckAC+0.75fyAs
Assume 3% of Ag of steel
fck=25MPa
fy=415MPa &
BD=Ag,
(7×1.5×1.2× (230.322+3.7338×25BD×10-6) KN
=0.45×25× (Ag-0.03Ag)+0.75×415×0.03Ag
Ag=192851.875mm2
Take,
B=D=439.149mm
B×D= (450×450) mm
(Note: This section is changed to (700 X 700) mm2 due to the above section turned unsafe
after analysis from SAP2000)
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Structural Analysis and Design of Commercial Building for Earthquake Resistance
= 315.498 KN
= bx×Dx×Density×lx + by×Dy×Density×ly
=0.5x0.3x25x6.0579 + 0.3x0.45x25x5.9055
=42.648 KN
= bx×Dx×Density×lx + by×Dy×Density×ly
=0.2x0.425x25x6.0579 + 0.25x0.42x25x5.9055
=28.375KN
=208.675KN
Self-weight of Column
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Structural Analysis and Design of Commercial Building for Earthquake Resistance
= B×D×height×Density=B×D×3.7338×25KN/m2
Therefore,
=315.498+42.648+28.375+208.675+B×D×3.7338×25
= (595.169+B×D×3.7338×25×10-6) KN
∑Wu=7×1.5× (595.169+B×D×3.7338×25×10-6)
∑Wu=7×1.5×1.2× (595.169+B×D×3.7338×25×10-6)
Therefore,
Puz=0.45fckAC+0.75fyAs
Assume 3% of Ag of steel
fck=25MPa
fy=415MPa &
BD=Ag,
(7×1.5×1.2× (595.169+B×D×3.7338×25×10-6) KN
=0.45×25× (Ag-0.03Ag)+0.75×415×0.03Ag
Ag=248303.3031mm2
Take,
B=D=498.3mm
B×D= (500×500) mm
(Note: This section is changed to (800×800) mm due to the above section turned unsafe
after analysis from SAP2000)
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Structural Analysis and Design of Commercial Building for Earthquake Resistance
For Column C(C,3)
=8.819×35.1173
=309.699 KN
= bx×Dx×Density×lx + by×Dy×Density×ly
=0.5x0.3x25x5.4864 + 0.3x0.45x25x6.4008
=42.1767 KN
= bx×Dx×Density×lx + by×Dy×Density×ly
=0.2x0.425x25x5.4864 + 0.25x0.42x25x6.4008
=28.461KN
=207.346KN
Self-weight of Column
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Structural Analysis and Design of Commercial Building for Earthquake Resistance
= B×D×height×Density
=B×D×3.7338×25KN/m2
Therefore,
=309.669+42.1767+28.461+207.346+B×D×3.7338×25
= (587.653+B×D×3.7338×25×10-6) KN
∑Wu=7×1.5× ((587.653+B×D×3.7338×25×10-6) KN
Add 20% for earthquake consideration
∑Wu=7×1.5×1.2× (587.653+B×D×3.7338×25×10-6) KN
Therefore,
Puz=0.45fckAC+0.75fyAs
Assume 3% of Ag of steel
fck=25MPa
fy=415MPa &
BD=Ag,
(7×1.5×1.2× (587.653+B×D×3.7338×25×10-6) KN
=0.45×25× (Ag-0.03Ag)+0.75×415×0.03Ag
Ag=235092.194mm2
Take,
Diameter =547.11mm
Adopt D= 550mm
(Note: This section is changed to (dia=650) mm due to the above section turned unsafe
after analysis from SAP2000)
27
Structural Analysis and Design of Commercial Building for Earthquake Resistance
3. SEISMICLOAD CALCULATION
This load on a structure is a function of the site, maximum Earthquake intensity or strong
ground motion and the local soil, the stiffness, and its orientation in relation to the
incident seismic waves. It is the combination of overall dead load and approximate
amount of live load acting on the building. For the calculation of the seismic weight of a
floor the floor takes the half the load above and half of the load below the floor for wall
and column dead load this is called lumping of floor mass .The seismic weight W of the
whole building is thesum of the seismic weight of the floor .
According to IS 1893 (Part I): 2002 Cl. No. 6.4.2 the design horizontal seismic coefficient
Ah for a structure shall be determined by the following expression:
Z I Sa
Ah
2Rg
Where,
Z = Zone factor given by IS 1893 (Part I): 2002 Table 2, Here for Zone V, Z = 0.36
R = Response reduction factor given by IS 1893 (Part I): 2002 Table 7, R = 5.0
0.09 h
According to IS 1893 (Part I): 2002 Cl. No. 7.4.2 Ta
d
Where,
26
Structural Analysis and Design of Commercial Building for Earthquake Resistance
d = Base dimension of the building at the plinth level in m along the considered
direction of the lateral force.
d along x-direction=24.188m
d along y- direction=17.907m
Natural period of vibration along x-direction
0.09 x 29.947
Ta x 0.548sec
24.188
Natural period of vibration along y-direction
0.09 x 29.947
Ta y 0.637 sec
17.907
For Tax = 0.548 sec and Tay= 0.637 sec
Soil type I (Soft Soil) (Sa/g)x = 2.5
Soil type I (Soft Soil) (Sa/g)y = 2.5
27
Structural Analysis and Design of Commercial Building for Earthquake Resistance
Calculation of Load
S.N Description slab(KN) Column Beam Wall Staircase Floor Plaster Escalator Total Live DL + 0.5
(KN) (KN) (KN) (KN) Finish (KN) (KN) Dead load LL
(KN) load (KN) (KN)
1 Roof/Dome 402.11 418.826 45.590 866.526 866.526
2 7th floor 1028.685 146.626 1605.858 412.670 517.252 50.568 3761.659 1880.830 4702.074
3 6th floor 1050.253 548.163 1605.858 1474.431 66.980 474.768 137.517 5357.970 2678.985 6697.462
4 5th floor 1050.253 548.163 1605.858 1331.149 192.379 474.768 134.189 5336.759 2668.379 6670.949
5 4th floor 1050.253 548.163 1483.328 1331.149 192.379 474.768 134.189 5214.229 2607.115 6517.787
6 3rd floor 1050.253 548.163 1483.328 1331.149 192.379 474.768 134.189 5214.229 2607.115 6517.787
7 2nd floor 990.924 548.163 1483.328 834.425 192.379 437.448 104.218 49.050 4639.935 2319.968 5799.919
8 1st floor 847.91 548.163 1605.858 834.425 192.379 385.443 104.218 98.100 4616.496 2308.248 5770.620
9 Ground 1050.253 548.163 1605.858 1022.296 192.379 474.768 132.881 49.050 5075.648 2537.824 6344.560
floor
Total 49887.683
load, W
28
Structural Analysis and Design of Commercial Building for Earthquake Resistance
According to IS 1893 (Part I): 2002 Cl. No. 7.7.1 the design base shear (VB) computed
above shall be distributed along the height of the building as per the following expression:
Wi h i2
Qi VB n
Wj h 2j
j1
Where,
29
Structural Analysis and Design of Commercial Building for Earthquake Resistance
Lateral load calculations
S.N Floor Wi Hi WiHi^2 W h2 W h2
Qix VBx n i i Qiy VBy n i i
W j h 2j W j h 2j
j 1 j 1
(KN) (KN)
(KN) (m) (KN-m2)
1 Roof/Dome 866.526 29.947 777120.281 423.573 423.573
2 7th floor 4702.074 26.137 3212187.767 1750.816 1750.816
3 6th floor 6697.462 22.403 3361418.921 1832.155 1832.155
4 5th floor 6670.949 18.669 2325036.138 1267.271 1267.271
5 4th floor 6517.787 14.935 1453819.844 792.411 792.411
6 3rd floor 6517.787 11.201 817737.159 445.711 445.711
7 2nd floor 5799.919 7.468 323467.429 176.307 176.307
8 1st floor 5770.620 3.734 80458.345 43.854 43.854
9 Ground 6344.560 0.890 5025.526 2.739 2.739
floor
Total 12356271.410
=
30
Structural Analysis and Design of Commercial Building for Earthquake Resistance
4. STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
Structural Analysis deals with the prediction of performance of a given structure under
stipulated loads and other external effects. The performance characteristics of interest are
stresses and stress resultants such as axial forces, shear forces, bending moments,
deflections and support reactions.
The analysis of the building was done by the estimation of dimensions of various
structural members such as slab, beam, column, staircase, foundation, and basement wall
with the help of preliminary design. And different types of loads such as vertical load
(Dead + finishes, and Live) and earthquake load were calculated. Earthquake being pre-
dominant, only its effect was taken for lateral loads.
For the structural analysis of the structure, mainly four load cases are considered which
are mentioned below:
1. Dead load(DL)
2. Live load(LL)
3. Earthquake load in X direction (EQX)
4. Earthquake load in Y direction (EQY)
With the help of SAP 2000, element stresses in beams and column were calculated in the
provision of rigid diaphragm system.
4.1. Salient features of SAP 2000 which is used for the analysis.
Sap 2000 represents the most sophisticated and user friendly releases of the SAP series of
computer programs. Creation and modification of the model, execution of the analysis,
and checking and optimization of the design are all done through this interface. Graphical
displays of the results, including real time display of the time history displacements, are
easily produced.
The finite element library consists of different elements out of which the three
dimensional frame element was used in this analysis. The Frame element uses a general,
three dimensional beam-column formulations which include the effect of biaxial bending,
torsion, axial deformation and biaxial shear deformation.
31
Structural Analysis and Design of Commercial Building for Earthquake Resistance
1. Three-dimensional frames
2. Three-dimensional truss
3. Planar frames
4. Planar grillages
5. Planar trusses
A frame element is modeled as a straight line connecting two joints. Each element has its
own local coordinate system for defining section properties and loads, and for interpreting
output.
Loading option allows for gravity, thermal and pre-stress condition in addition to the
usual nodal loading with specified forces and or displacements. Dynamic loading can be
in the form of a base acceleration response spectrum, or varying loads and base
accelerations.
The design of earthquake resistant structure should aim at providing appropriate dynamic
and structural characteristics so that acceptable response level results under the design
earthquake.
For the purpose of seismic analysis of our building we use the structural analysis program
SAP 2000 V14, which has a special option for modelling horizontal rigid floor diaphragm
system. A floor diaphragm is modelled as a rigid horizontal plane parallel to global X-Y
plane, so that all points on any floor diaphragm cannot displace relative to each other in
X-Y plane.
32
Structural Analysis and Design of Commercial Building for Earthquake Resistance
33
Structural Analysis and Design of Commercial Building for Earthquake Resistance
34
Structural Analysis and Design of Commercial Building for Earthquake Resistance
35
Structural Analysis and Design of Commercial Building for Earthquake Resistance
36
Structural Analysis and Design of Commercial Building for Earthquake Resistance
5. STRUCTURAL DESIGN
The design section is the most important part. The design of the structural elements
should be done for durability, construction and use in entire service life of the structure.
The realization of design objectives requires compliance with clearly defined standards
for materials, production, workmanship, and also maintenance and use of structure in
service.
This chapter includes all the design process of sample calculation for a single element as
slab, beam, column, staircase, basement wall, lift wall, shear wall, mat and isolated
foundation.
1. Design of slab
2. Design of beam (Primary and secondary beam)
3. Design of curve beam
4. Design of column (Square and circular column)
5. Design of staircase (open-newel staircase)
6. Design of basement wall
7. Design of lift wall
8. Design of shear wall
9. Design of mat and isolated foundation
Slabs are designed by using the same theories of bending and shear as are used for beams.
The following methods of analysis are available:
37
Structural Analysis and Design of Commercial Building for Earthquake Resistance
1. Elastic analysis-idealization into strips or beams.
2. Semi empirical coefficients as given in the code, and
3. Yield line theory
Compression reinforcement is used only in exceptional cases in a slab. Shear stresses are
usually very low and shear reinforcements is never provided in slabs .It is preferred to
increase the depth of a slab and hence reduce the shear stress rather than provide shear
reinforcement. Temperature reinforcement is invariably provided at right angles to the
main longitudinal reinforcement in a slab. There are two types of slabs described as
follow:
These slabs have length more than twice the breadth and may be simply supported or
continuous or can be analyzed in a manner similar to that for continuous beam. It consists
of main reinforcement spanning between the supports (shorter of the length and breadth)
with distribution or temperature reinforcement at right angles to it.
38
Structural Analysis and Design of Commercial Building for Earthquake Resistance
2. Design Load
Self-load of slab = 0.125x 25 = 3.125 KN/m2
Finishing load =1.694KN/m2
Partition wall load = 0.000 KN/m2
Dead load = 3.125+1.694+0 = 4.819KN/m2
Live load = 4 KN/m2 (according to occupancy)
Total load = 8.819 KN/m2
Design load , w = 1.5(DL+LL) = 13.229
IS 456-2000 KN/m2
Table 26 Considering unit width of slab , w = 13.229
KN/m
3. Moment Calculation
39
Structural Analysis and Design of Commercial Building for Earthquake Resistance
-ve Bending moment coefficient at continuous
IS 456-2000 edges
Annex D-2.1 αx = 0.037805, αy = 0.037
=√ 39.908 mm<
100mm, ok
= 39.908 mm
40
Structural Analysis and Design of Commercial Building for Earthquake Resistance
Area of Steel at support ( Top Bars)
Mu = 0.87×fy×Ast×d (1- )
5.4984×106= 0.87×415×Ast×85(1-
Spacing of bars, Sv =
Mu = 0.87×fy×Ast×d (1- )
Ast = 152.903mm2
Providing 10 mm ϕ bars
Spacing of bars, Sv =
= 513.659> 300 mm
Provide 10 mm
Provide 10 mm ϕ @ 250 mm c/c ϕ @ 250 mm c/c
IS 456-2000 Actual,Astprovided = Astprovided =
Annex G = 314.160mm2 314.160mm2
G-1.1.b Pt = 0.314%
Mu = 0.87×fy×Ast×d (1- )
= 523.600mm> 300 mm
Provide 10 mm ϕ @ 250 mm c/c
41
Structural Analysis and Design of Commercial Building for Earthquake Resistance
Actual,Astprovided =
= 314.160mm2
IS 456-2000
Annex G
Pt = 0.314%
G-1.1.b
Mu = 0.87×fy×Ast×d (1- )
Spacing of bars, Sv =
Provide 10 mm
= 523.600mm > 300 mm
ϕ @ 250 mm c/c
Provide 10 mm ϕ @ 250 mm c/c
Act. Ast =
Actual,Astprovided = 314.160mm2
= 314.160mm2
Pt = 0.314%
5.
Check for Shear
For x-direction i.e. short span
IS 456-2000
(Cl.40.4, = Vu = 21.924KN
Table 19 = 21.924 KN
Table 20 Nominal shear stress
τv = Vu/bd
= 21.924×103/1000×100
= 0.2684 N/mm2
ForPt = 0.314% and M25,
τc = 0.3933 N/mm2
For D=125mm, k=1.30
42
Structural Analysis and Design of Commercial Building for Earthquake Resistance
τc’ =k×τc
= 1.30×0.3933 τv =
2 2
=0.5113 N/mm 0.2684N/mm
For M25, τcmax= 3.1 N/mm2
τ
v= 0.2684N/mm2<τc= 0.5113 N/mm2<τcmax= 3.1 <τc’ =
N/mm2 0.5113N/mm2
Hence,OK. Hence, Safe
fs = 0.58×fy×
=119.768 mm2
Pt =0.314%
( ) 𝑥= 26×1.8
= 46.8mm
( ) 𝑣 =
IS456-2000 = 3.3147/0.100
cl.26.2.1 =33.147<46.8
Hence safe.
43
Structural Analysis and Design of Commercial Building for Earthquake Resistance
Ld =
= (10×0.87×415)/(1.6×4×1.4)
=402.95 mm
Ast’= Ast/2
=314.160/2
=157.08 mm2
Cl.26.2.3.3 =0.87*415*157.08*100*(1(415*
157.08)/(1000*100*25)))
= 5.52349 KN-m
Ld = +Lo
Hence safe
44
Structural Analysis and Design of Commercial Building for Earthquake Resistance
5.1.2. Design of beam
Beam is a flexural member and supports the imposed load. It carry load by bending
action. The beam may be rectangle, L and T section consisting of singly and doubly
reinforcement.
Beams are designed for the worst condition. So the maximum values from the
combination have been used for the design.
45
Structural Analysis and Design of Commercial Building for Earthquake Resistance
Design of primary beam (first floor beam 725*800 mm)
Span length = 5.471 m
Clear cover = 20 mm
Effective cover = 30 mm
46
Structural Analysis and Design of Commercial Building for Earthquake Resistance
Pt = 1.203%
Now, required area of steel at top
=0.03×725*770/100 = 167.475 mm2
Provide ,1-ϕ20 mm rod at top
Top
Now, required area of steel at Bottom reinforcement
=1.072×725*770/100 = 5984.44mm2 Pt=0.03%
Provide ,13-υ 25 mm rod at bottom Bottom
reinforcement
=1.072%
2.
For Mid end of beam
i.
For –ve moment
Mu =37.005 KN-m
Since Mu < Mulim
Singly reinforced
For bottom reinforcement section
SP 16,
d’/d = 0.04
Table 3
Pt = 0%
For +ve moment
ii.
Mu= 121.435 KN-m
Since, Mu< Mulim Singly reinforced
For bottom reinforcement section
SP 16,
d’/d = 0.04
Table 3
Pt = 0.08%
Now, required area of steel at Bottom
=0.080×450×400/100 = 446.6 mm2
Provide ,2-ϕ20 mm rod at top
47
Structural Analysis and Design of Commercial Building for Earthquake Resistance
B. For +ve moment
ii. Mu = 1280.562KN-m
. Since, Mu< Mulim
For bottom reinforcement Singly reinforced
Pt = 0.989% section
SP 16,
Table 3
Now, required area of steel at top
0.085*725*770/100 = 474.513mm2
Now, required area of steel at Bottom
= 1.276*725*770/100 = 7123.27mm2
Provide, 9-ϕ 32 mm rod at bottom
48
Structural Analysis and Design of Commercial Building for Earthquake Resistance
Spacing of reinforcement,
Sv =
IS 456-2000 𝑣
Vu=443.716KN
Ld ≤ M1/Vu + lo
There must be minimum half reinforcement in the top bar even there is no any moment.
49
Structural Analysis and Design of Commercial Building for Earthquake Resistance
Clear cover = 20 mm
Effective cover = 30 mm
Element = 3804
50
Structural Analysis and Design of Commercial Building for Earthquake Resistance
For Top reinforcement section
d’/d = 0.06
SP 16, Pt = 0%
Table 51
For bottom reinforcement
d’/d = 0.06
Pt = 0.231%
Now, required area of steel at top= 0 mm2 Top
Now, required area of steel at Bottom reinforcement
=0.417×470×400/100 = 783.96 mm2 pt=0
51
Structural Analysis and Design of Commercial Building for Earthquake Resistance
A. For –ve moment
i. Mu = 95.162 KN-m
Since Mu < Mulim
For top reinforcement
d’/d = 0.06
Pt = 0 Singly
For bottom reinforcement reinforced
SP 16,
section
Table 51 d’/d = 0.06
Pt = 0.315%
B. For +ve moment
ii. Mu = 54.119 KN-m
Since Mu < Mulim
For Top reinforcement
d’/d = 0.06
Pt = 0%
Singly
For bottom reinforcement reinforced
d’/d = 0.0 section
SP 16, Pt = 0.171%
Table 51 Now, required area of steel=592.2 mm2
Provide , 3-ϕ 16mm rod
52
Structural Analysis and Design of Commercial Building for Earthquake Resistance
At Left end,
Maximum shear force, Vu = 60.659 KN Vu = 60.659 KN
Percentage area of bottom reinforcement
P = (100×Ast)/bd
= (100×804.248)/(400*470)
= 0.428%
Shear strength of concrete, τc = 0.67N/mm2 τc = 0.67N/mm2
IS 456:2000
Table 19 And shear strength ,Vc = 0.67×400×470 Vc = 125.96 KN
= 125.96 KN
The strength of shear reinforcement
Vus = Vu - Vc Vus = 33.06 KN
= 60.659-125.96 = 65.301 KN
Adopt ϕ 8mm 2- legged stirrup with area
Asv=2×50.265 = 100.53 mm2
Spacing of reinforcement,
Sv =
IS 456-2000
Cl.40.4.c
Sv = 261.241 mm < 300 mm
< 0.75d = 352.5 mm
Provide ϕ 8mm 2-legged stirrup at 200mm
spacing.
IS 456-2000 6.
For Development length
Cl.26.2.1 i.
For tension:
Ld =
415 ϕ
Ld
Ld = 40.295ϕ
53
Structural Analysis and Design of Commercial Building for Earthquake Resistance
5.1.3. Design of curve beam
Such beams are mostly encountered in circular reservoirs, curved balconies, domes, etc. It
is subjected to torsional moments in addition to shear and bending because the centre of
gravity of loads does not coincide with centre line axis of member. Torsional moments
cause overturning unless end support are restraint. So, designing bending moment, shear
force and torsional moment. Torsional moment converted into equivalent bending and
equivalent shear.
1. Design Constants
Size of beam = (550*650)mm
Radius of Dome =6.42m
2. Load Calculation
Self-weight of beam per meter length
=0.55*0.65*25
=8.9375 KN/m
Super imposed load from dome =2.5 KN/m per
m
Total load = 11.437 KN/m
3. Calculation of moment,
Maximum negative B.M at middle support
= -0.429wR2
= -0.429*11.437*6.422
= -202.227 KN/m
B.M at 59o 29’ = wR2( sin -2 sin /2) B.M at 59o 29’=
-0.2359 KN-m
=11.437 x 6.422( sin 59.29’ -2
sin259.29/2)
54
Structural Analysis and Design of Commercial Building for Earthquake Resistance
= -0.2359KN-m
Then D = 650 mm
d = 600 mm D = 650 mm
d = 600 mm
5. Calculation of main Steel reinforcement
Mu = 0.87×fy×Ast×d (1- )
55
Structural Analysis and Design of Commercial Building for Earthquake Resistance
Ast(pro)=0.12% of bD Ast=429mm2
=.12*550*650/100
=429mm2
Ast% = 0.3807
=
=41.911 KN
Is.456- =
2000.Tabl
= 0.3807
e 23
Therefore, Ʈc =0.277 N/mm2
Shear strength of section = 0.277×505×600
=91.41 KN
Vs =91.746KN
Vs =(183.156 – 91.41) KN
= 91.746KN
Sv =
Sv =
Sv = 237.37 mm
= 237.37mm
56
Structural Analysis and Design of Commercial Building for Earthquake Resistance
5.1.4. Design of column
Columns are vertical structural element subjected to axial loads, whose length is more
than twice the least lateral dimension. It is reinforced with
longitudinal and transverse steel. Reinforced concrete
column are used to transfer the load of the structure to its
main longitudinal bars to resist compression or bending; and
transverse steel to resist bursting force. The shape of a
column may be square, rectangular, hexagonal, octagonal or
circular. The strength of columns depends on the strength of
materials, shape and size of the cross-section, length and the
degree of positional and directional restraint at its ends.
The design of column section can be made either by working stress method or by the limit
state method. The working stress method of design of column is based on the behavior of
the structure at working load ensuring that the stress in concrete and steel do not exceed
their allowance values.
It is assumed to possess adequate safety against collapse. The limit state method of design
of column is based on the behavior of structure at collapse ensuring adequate margin of
safety. The serviceability limits of deflections and cracks are assumed to be satisfied as
the column being primarily a compression member has very small deflections and cracks.
57
Structural Analysis and Design of Commercial Building for Earthquake Resistance
Materials
Concrete Grade = M25
Steel Grade = Fe415+
Reference Step Calculation Output
Cl.26.5.3.1.a 1 Description
IS 456:2000 Pu=9066.287KN
Mux=27.399KN-m
Muy=7.4957KN-m
Min Pt=0.8% of Ag
Max Pt=4% of Ag(upto 6% for extreme case)
58
Structural Analysis and Design of Commercial Building for Earthquake Resistance
Uniaxial moment capacity of the section about Y-
axis:
d’/D=60/800=0.075
Pu/(fckbD)= 9066.287×1000/(25×800×800)=0.5666
From chart 44 Muy1=1536
Muy1/(fckb2D)=0.12 KN-m
Muy1=0.12×25×800×8002 =1536 KN-m
Calculation of Puz
Puz=0.45fckAc+0.75fyAsc
=0.45×25×(800×800-
0.03×800×800)+0.75×415×0.03×800×800
=15288 KN
Cl.56.3.2.c,IS Pu/Puz=9066.287/15288=0.593
456:2000 αn=1.7906
(Mux/Mux1) αn+ (Muy/Muy1) αn
=(27.399/1536)1.7906+(7.475/1536)1.7906
=0.00811<1
So,
Asc=Pt×bD/100
Asc=3×800×800/100=19200mm2 Asc
Adopting,24-32mmΦ of rods, Provided=19
IS456:2000, Asc(Provided)=24×π×322/4=19301.945mm2 301.945mm2
δ=1+(3×Pu)/(Ag×fck)= 1+(3x1282.259)/(8002x25)
59
Structural Analysis and Design of Commercial Building for Earthquake Resistance
= 1.0002<1.5
Vy=
121.817KN
Shear force due to plastic hinge at end of Beams
EQ in X-direction
=0.87×415×19200
×740(1-(19200×415)/(25×800×740))
Mubr = 0.87×fy×Asc×d(1-(Asc×fy)/(fck×bd))
Mubr=
= 2368.025 KN-m >Mulim
1747.939
br
.·.Mu = 1747.939KNm KNm
IS M ubllim M ubrlim
Vu 1.4
13920:1993, hst
cl. 7.3.4b
60
Structural Analysis and Design of Commercial Building for Earthquake Resistance
1747.939 1747.939
Vu 1.4
3.556
Vu=1376.32
= 1376.329KN 9KN
EQ in Y-direction
Mulim = 3.99×b×d2 =
2
3.99x800x740 =1747.939KNm
Mulim=1747
Mulim=3.99×b×d2 = 3.99x800x7402= 1747.939KNm .939KNm
Mubl = 0.87×fy×Asc×d(1-(Asc×fy)/(fck×bd))
=0.87×415×19200 Mubl=
1747.939
×740(1-(19200×415)/(25×800×740))
KNm
= 2368.025 KN-m >Mulim
.·.Mubl= 1747.939KNm
.·.Mubr= 1747.939KNm
Vu=1376.32
M bl M ubrlim
Vu 1.4 u lim
9KN
h st
IS
1747.939 1747.939
13920:1993, Vu 1.4 Vx=1376.32
3.556
9KN
cl. 7.3.4b
= 1376.329KN
Vy=1376.32
Design shear is maximum of 6 (ii) or 6 (iii) 9KN
61
Structural Analysis and Design of Commercial Building for Earthquake Resistance
Vx = 1376.329KN
Vy = 1376.329KN
Vs = Vx – Vc = 1376.329–588.917 = 787.412 KN
Sv = (0.87×fy×Asv×d)/Vs Sv=136.40
mm
=(0.87×415×8×50.25×740)/( 787.412×1000)
= 136.40 mm
f ck Ag
Ash 0.18 Sh 1
fy k
A
Here,
Ak = (800-2×40+2×8)×(800-2×40+2×8)
62
Structural Analysis and Design of Commercial Building for Earthquake Resistance
= 541696 mm2
63
Structural Analysis and Design of Commercial Building for Earthquake Resistance
Size of column=700×700 mm
Effective cover=60 mm
Effective length=0.65×2.756=1.7914 m
Materials
Concrete Grade = M25
64
Structural Analysis and Design of Commercial Building for Earthquake Resistance
Muy=194.04
4 Design KN-m
Assume the reinforcement percentage, Pt=2.5%
Pt/fck=2.5/25=0.1
Uniaxial moment capacity of the section about X-
axis:
d’/D=60/700=0.085
Chart 44 Pu/(fckbD)= 6728.42×1000/(25×700×700)=0.549
SP16 From chart Mux1=771.75K
Mux1/(fckbD2)=0.09 N-m
Mux1=0.09×25×700×7002 =771.75KN-m
65
Structural Analysis and Design of Commercial Building for Earthquake Resistance
Adopting,16-32mmΦ of rods,
Cl.56.3.2.c,IS Asc(Provided)=16×π×322/4=12867.963mm2
456:2000 Asc
5 Design of Shear Provided=1286
7.963mm2
% of steel provided = 3 %
= 0.9983<1.5
IS456:2000,
τc =δ×τc' = 1.0002x0.92 = 0.91848 N/mm2
cl.40.2.2
Vc=τc ×B×D = 0.91848x700x700 = 450.05718 KN τc= 0.91848
N/mm2
6 Shear force as per analysis(from sap)
Vc=450.05718
Vx= 145.143 KN
KN
Vy= 121.298 KN
Vx= 145.143
Shear force due to plastic hinge at end of Beams KN
Mulim=3.99×b×d2 = 3.99x700x6402
= 1144.0128KNm
Mubl = 0.87×fy×Asc×d(1-(Asc×fy)/(fck×bd))
=0.87×415×12250
IS Mulim=
×640(1-(12250×415)/(25×700×640))
13920:1993, 1144.0128 KNm
= 1545.790 KN-m >Mulim
cl. 7.3.4b
66
Structural Analysis and Design of Commercial Building for Earthquake Resistance
.·.Mubl= 1144.0128KNm
M ubllim M ubrlim
Vu 1.4
hst
Mubr=
1144.0128 1144.0128 1144.0128
Vu 1.4
3.556 KNm
= 900.797 KN
EQ in Y-direction
= 1144.0128KNm
Mubl = 0.87×fy×Asc×d(1-(Asc×fy)/(fck×bd))
Mulim=1747.9
=0.87×415×12250
39 KNm
×640(1-(12250×415)/(25×700×640))
.·.Mubl= 1144.0128KNm
IS
13920:1993, Mubr=Sagging moment of resistance
Mubl=
cl. 7.3.4b Mubr = 0.87×fy×Asc×d(1-(Asc×fy)/(fck×bd)) 1144.0128
KNm
= 1545.790 KN-m >Mulim
67
Structural Analysis and Design of Commercial Building for Earthquake Resistance
M ubllim M ubrlim Mubr=
Vu 1.4
h st 1144.0128
KNm
1144.0128 1144.0128
Vu 1.4
3.556
= 900.797 KN
=(0.87×415×8×50.25×640)/( 450.74×1000)
= 206.085 mm
Sv = 640/2 = 320mm
68
Structural Analysis and Design of Commercial Building for Earthquake Resistance
f Ag 8mmØ Ties @
Ash 0.18 Sh ck
1
f y Ak 206 mm c/c
IS13920:199
3,
Here,
Cl.7.4.8
Ash= π×82/4= 50.260 mm2
Ak = (700-2×40+2×8)×(700-2×40+2×8)
= 404496 mm2
IS13920:199 Ak=404496
Spacing of hoop should be least of
3, mm2
1/4 of minimum lateral dimension
Cl.7.4.6
= 700/4= 175 mm
69
Structural Analysis and Design of Commercial Building for Earthquake Resistance
Size of column = mm
Effective cover=60 mm
Effective length=0.65×2.756=1.7914m
Materials
Concrete Grade = M25
Steel Grade = Fe415+
Reference Step Calculation Output
Cl.26.5.3.1.a 1 Description
IS 456:2000 Pu = 3980.836KN
Mux= 128.3193 KN-m
Muy=28.219 KN-m
Min Pt= 0.8% of Ag
Max Pt= 4% of Ag(upto 6% for extreme case)
70
Structural Analysis and Design of Commercial Building for Earthquake Resistance
3 Moment calculations
Moment due to applied eccentricity
Muxa=Pu×exmin=3980.836×25.248=100.508 KN-m
Muya=Pu×eymin=3980.836×25.248=
Muy<100.508 KN-m<Mux
Therefore , it is a short column about both axis of
bending and additional moment are neglisible. Mu’=162.99
Mu’= (128.3192+100.5082)1/2 KN-m
Mu’=162.99KN-m
4 Design
Area of longitudinal reinforcement
d’=40mm clear cover +assumed diameter/2 d’=54mm
=40+14 =54mm
71
Structural Analysis and Design of Commercial Building for Earthquake Resistance
5 Calculation of Puz
Puz=0.45fckAc+0.75fyAsc
=0.45×25× -0.03
× )+0.75×415×0.03×
=5792.105288 KN Puz=5792.10
Pu/Puz=3980.836/5792.105=0.6873 5288 KN
αn=1.8122
(Mux/Mux1) αn+ (Muy/Muy1) αn
=(162.99/411.937)1.8122+(162.99/411.937)1.8122
=0.372659<1
Cl.56.3.2.c,IS So,
456:2000 Asc=Pt×bD/100
Asc=2×6502/100=8450 mm2
Adopting,20-25mmΦ of rods,
Asc(Provided)=20×π×252/4= 9817.477mm2 Asc
Provided=98
6 Design of Shear 17.477mm2
% of steel provided = 2 %
δ=1+(3×Pu)/(Ag×fck)= 1+(3x518.182)/(
x25)
= 1.0002<1.5
IS456:2000,
τc =δ×τc' = 1.0002x0.82 = 0.8202 N/mm2 τc= 0.8202
cl.40.2.2
N/mm2
Vc=τc x area = 0.8202x331830.724 = 272.1676 KN
Vc=272.167
72
Structural Analysis and Design of Commercial Building for Earthquake Resistance
Shear force as per analysis(from sap) 6 KN
Mulim=3.99×b×d2 = 3.99x650x5902=
902.79735KNm
Mulim=902.
Mubl = 0.87×fy×Asc×d(1-(Asc×fy)/(fck×bd))
797KNm
=0.87×415×8450
Mubl=
×590(1-(8450×415)/(25×650×590)) 902.797KN
m
= 1141.6365 KN-m >Mulim
.·.Mubl= 902.79735KNm
br Mubr=
Mu =Sagging moment of resistance
902.797KN
br
Mu = 0.87×fy×Asc×d(1-(Asc×fy)/(fck×bd)) m
.·.Mubr= 902.79735KNm
M bl M ubrlim
Vu 1.4 u lim
h st
= 710.8641KN
IS
EQ in Y-direction
13920:1993,
73
Structural Analysis and Design of Commercial Building for Earthquake Resistance
cl. 7.3.4b Mubl = Hogging moment of resistance Mulim=902.
797KNm
Mulim=3.99×b×d2 = 3.99x650x5902=
902.79735KNm
Mubl = 0.87×fy×Asc×d(1-(Asc×fy)/(fck×bd))
=0.87×415×8450
×590(1-(8450×415)/(25×650×590))
.·.Mubr= 902.79735KNm
Mubr=
M bl M ubrlim 902.797KN
Vu 1.4 u lim
h st m
902.797 902.797
Vu 1.4
3.556
= 710.8641KN Vu=710.864
1KN
74
Structural Analysis and Design of Commercial Building for Earthquake Resistance
Vs = Vx – Vc = 710.864–272.1676= 438.6965 KN KN
Sv = (0.87×fy×Asv×d)/Vs
=(0.87×415×8×50.25×590)/( 438.6965×1000)
= 195.201 mm Sv=195.201
mm
The spacing of hoops shall not exceed half the least
lateral dimension of the column.
Sv = 590/2 = 295mm
Here,
Ak=241051.
Ak = π×5542/4=241051.2627 mm2
2627 mm2
s = Ash/( 0.09×Dk×(fck/fy)×(Ag/Ak - 1)) = 44.432
75
Structural Analysis and Design of Commercial Building for Earthquake Resistance
mm
450 mm
76
Structural Analysis and Design of Commercial Building for Earthquake Resistance
5.1.5. Design of staircase
Staircase is an inclined structural system for the movement from one level to another.
Since it is stepped, it is called
staircase.The geometrical forms of
staircase may be quiet different
depending on the individual
circumstances involved. The stairs and
landing slab can angled in different form
to get different types of staircase. A
staircase behaves like an ordinary slab. It
may span either in the direction of the
steps or in the direction of going. Structurally, staircase may be classified largely into two
categories, depending on the predominant direction in which the slab component of the
stair undergoes flexure – stair slab spanning transversely and stair slab spanning
longitudinally.
Generally, the shear reinforcement is not required in staircase as the shear strength of
concrete is much greater than the nominal shear stress. The shear strength of concrete in
staircase is determined as in the case of edge- supported slab. The detailing of
reinforcement in staircase shall be similar to that of the edge supported slab except at the
junction of landing and flight of staircase where it should ensure that the reinforcement
bars in tension tending to straighten out do not cause cracking in concrete.
77
Structural Analysis and Design of Commercial Building for Earthquake Resistance
78
Structural Analysis and Design of Commercial Building for Earthquake Resistance
Design of staircase
1. Known Data
Riser Height, R = 177.8 mm
Tread Height = 304.5 mm
Floor Height = 3.7301 m
Flight Width, W = 2.2331 m
Unit weight of concrete = 25 KN/m3
Live Load = 4 KN/m3
2. Along X-X
Load Calculation
Effective Length = 6.6231 m Assuming
Length/depth = 20 simply
3
Depth (d) = 6.6231×10 /20 = 331.155 mm supported
Providing depth ,d = 330 mm
Assuming , clear cover = 20 mm
Diameter of bar = 10mm
Thus, total depth = 330+20+5 = 355 mm
On going
Self -weight due to Waist slab = 25×0.355×0.35261/0.3045
= 10.277 KN/m2
79
Structural Analysis and Design of Commercial Building for Earthquake Resistance
Load per unit meter = 27.29025 KN/m W
=27.29025
On Landing KN/m
Dead load = 25×0.355 = 8.875 KN/m2
floor finishes load = 1.694KN/m2
Live load = 4 KN/m2
Total load = 14.569 KN/m2
Factored load = 1.5×14.569 = 21.8535 KN/m2 W =
Load per unit meter = 21.8535KN/m 21.87535
3. Analysis KN/m
∑MA= 0
RB ×6.6231 =
21.854×2.23312/2+27.2902×2.1569×(2.2331+2.1569/2)
+21.8535×2.2331( 2.2331+2.156+2.2331/2)
RB = 78.22577KN
RA+ RB= 156.4515
=78.22577KN
Let point of zero shear force occurs at a distance x from A
78.22577-21.8535×2.2331-27.29025×(x-2.2331)= 0 Mumax=
X = 3.1131 m 131.094
Maximum bending moment is at shear force is zero KN-m
Therefore, Mumax= 78.22577× 3.1131 -21.8535*2.2331*
(2.2331/2+1.07845)-27.29025*(0.8824/2)2 Vumax=
= 131.094 KN-m 78.22577
Vumax = 78.22577KN KN
MaxmB.MMumax= 131.094KN-m
d =√
80
Structural Analysis and Design of Commercial Building for Earthquake Resistance
IS 456-
2000 Xulim = ×d
(Cl.26.5.2.
1)
= × 355
= 170.083 mm
Minimum reinforcement
Astmim= 0.12/100×bD
= 0.12/100×1000×355
= 426 mm2
IS 456-
2000
(Cl.40.4,
table 19)
81
Structural Analysis and Design of Commercial Building for Earthquake Resistance
Let us provide 10 mm diameter of reinforcement
Spacing required = (1000×78.54)/969.1564
= 81.04 mm
Max. spacing ≤ 3d or 300 mm
= 660 or 300 mm Astprovided
So, spacing provided = 80 mm =
981.75m
Astprovided = m2
= 981.75 mm2
Provide ɸ 10 mm bars @80 mm c/c
IS 456-
2000 6.
Distribution bars
(Cl.23.2.1)
Astdis = Astmin =426 mm2
Let us provide 8 mm diameter of reinforcement
Spacing required = (1000×50.265)/426
= 117.993 mm
spacing provided = 115 mm
Provide ɸ 8 mm bars @115 mm c/c
82
Structural Analysis and Design of Commercial Building for Earthquake Resistance
dmin=
Pt(%) = 0.2975
Fs = 0.58×fy ×
dmin=
9. Development length
Ld =
=
IS 456-
2000 = 402.958 mm
(Cl.26.2.1) Ast’=Astprovided /2
=981.75/2
=490.875 mm2
M1 =0.87x415x490.875x(330- )
=57.0419 KN-m
Let, Lo=0
Ld ≤1.3M1/V+Lo
≤1.3×57.0419×103/73.3122+0
≤ 1011.489 mm
OK
83
Structural Analysis and Design of Commercial Building for Earthquake Resistance
5.1.6. Design of basement wall
Basement wall or retaining wall is a reinforced cement concrete structure generally built
beneath the ground level to retain the earth and prevent moisture from seeping into the
building. Since the basement wall is supported by the mat foundation, the stability is
ensured and the design of the basement wall is limited to the safe design of vertical stem.
It is designed for both moment and shear criteria.
Basement walls carry lateral earth pressure generally as vertical slabs supported by floor
framing at the basement level and upper floor level. The axial forces in the floor
structures are, in turn, either resisted by shear walls or balanced by the lateral earth
pressure coming from the opposite side of the building.
Although basement walls act as vertical slabs supported by the horizontal floor framing ,
keep in mind that during the early construction stage when the upper floor has not yet
been built the wall may have to be designed as a cantilever.
84
Structural Analysis and Design of Commercial Building for Earthquake Resistance
2. Moment Calculation
Ka =
= 0.333
5.
Calculation of main Steel reinforcement
BM = 0.87×fy×Ast×d (1- )
Ast =
1420.218
93.655×106 = 0.87×500×Ast×180 (1- )
mm2
Ast = 1420.218 mm2
2000
(Cl.32.5.a) Max. Dia. Of bar = D/8 = 220/8= 27.5 mm
86
Structural Analysis and Design of Commercial Building for Earthquake Resistance
Providing ɸ16 mm bar
Spacing of bar is
IS 456-
2000 S=
(Cl.26.5.2.
2)
= 141.57 mm
16 ϕ mm
Provide ϕ16 mm bar @ 120 mm c/c
bar @ 120
mm c/c
So, Astprovided =
= 1675.517 mm2
Pt(%) =
= 0.93% Pt(%)=
Max. Spacing = 3d =3× 180 = 540 mm 0.93%
Max. Spacing ≤ 450 mm
87
Structural Analysis and Design of Commercial Building for Earthquake Resistance
= 1.5×(0.333×5×3.294+ 0.333×20.8×3.2942/2) Vu =64.593
=64.593 KN KN
Nominal shear stress, τ =
=
τ =0.359
= 0.359 N/mm2
N/mm2
10 mm-ϕ
Inner face horizontal reinforcement steel,
bar@150
= 1/3×1564.64 = 521.547 mm2
mm c/c
Providing 10 mm-ϕ bar
88
Structural Analysis and Design of Commercial Building for Earthquake Resistance
No. of bar required, N = 7
Spacing = (h-clear cover at both sides-ϕ)/(N-1)
= (3556-2×15-10)/(7-1)
= 586 mm
Max. spacing = 3d or 450 mm
= 540 or 450 mm
Curtailment of reinforcement
8. No bars can be curtailed in less Ld distance from the
bottom of stem.
Ld =
= 776.786 mm
IS 456-
Lateral load due to soil pressure,
2000
Pa = ka×γ×h2/2
Cl.26.2.1 Pa= 19.479
= 0.333× 20.8×2.3712/2
KN/m
= 19.479 KN/m
89
Structural Analysis and Design of Commercial Building for Earthquake Resistance
Lateral load due to surcharge load,
Ps = Ka × Ws ×h Ps=4.68
= 0.333× 5×2.371 KN/m
= 4.68 KN/m
Characteristic Bending moment at the base of wall
is,
Mc = Pa× h/3 + Ps × h/2
= 19.479×2.371/3+ 4.08×2.371/2 Mc=20.943
= 20.943 KN-m KN-m
Design Moment, Mu = 1.5 Mc
= 1.5×20.943 Mu=31.415
= 31.415KN-m KN-m
90
Structural Analysis and Design of Commercial Building for Earthquake Resistance
5.1.7. Design of Lift wall
Lifts are structural system composed of braced panels (also known as shear panels) to
counter the effects of lateral load acting on a structure. Wind and seismic loads are the
most common loads that shear walls are designed to carry. Wall thickness varies from
140 mm to 500 mm, depending on the number of stories, building age, and thermal
insulation requirements. In general, these walls are continuous throughout the building
height; however, some walls are discontinued at the street front or basement level to
allow for commercial or parking spaces.
(Note: The distribution of the lateral load should be carried out as per the stiffness of the
structural element. However, for the simplicity in this case , it is assumed that the
stiffness of the structural elements are equal.)
91
Structural Analysis and Design of Commercial Building for Earthquake Resistance
We have,
R=5.00
I=1.50
Z=0.36
Sa/g=1.7514
Ah=0.0345
Vb=182.6625
Moment at base=1932.5405KN-m
92
Structural Analysis and Design of Commercial Building for Earthquake Resistance
Reference Step Calculation Output
1. Known data
Length of lift wall = 3.2004 m
Breadth of lift wall =1.6764m
Floor height(H) = 3.556 m
Wall thickness (t) = 225 mm
Moment = 2514.665 KN-m
Vu = 182.6625 KN
Pu = 1931.3918 KN
3. Minimum eccentricity
IS 456-2000 emin = 0.05t = 0.05×225 =11.25 mm emin= 11.25 mm
Cl. 32.2.2
4. Additional eccentricity
IS 456-2000 ea = (H2/2500t) = (35362/(2500×225)) ea= 22.48 mm
Cl.32.2.5 = 22.48 mm
93
Structural Analysis and Design of Commercial Building for Earthquake Resistance
Puw = 1249.05 N/mm Puw = 1249.05
N/mm
6. Calculation for main vertical
reinforcement
Assume, clear cover=20 mm
Using ɸ 16 mm bar effective cover
d’= 28 mm d’ = 28 mm
When lateral load is acting along X-
direction
Mu= 4327.791 /2 = 2163.895 KN-m
Vu = 182.66525/2 = 91.33125 KN
Pu = 1931 /2 = 965.6959 KN
d’/D = 28/3200 = 0.0087
Adopt d’/D = 0.05
Mu/fckbD2 =
2163.895×106/(25×200×32002)
SP 16 = 0.00375
Chart 31 Pu/fckbD = 965.695×103 /(25×200×3200)
= 0.0536
Pt/fck = 0.012
Pt = 0.012×25 = 0.3
Area of steel = 0.3/100×(225×3200)
= 2160 mm2
Min Ast = 0.002×225×3200 = 1440 mm2
Area of ɸ 16 mm = 201.062 mm 2
No. of bars = 2160/201.062 = 10.74 = 11
nos
Spacing of bar, Sv = (3200- 28 -16)/(11- 1)
IS 456-2000 = 315.6 mm
Cl.32.5.b
94
Structural Analysis and Design of Commercial Building for Earthquake Resistance
should be least of 3t and 450 mm
= 3×225 = 675 mm and 450 mm Sv= 300 mm
95
Structural Analysis and Design of Commercial Building for Earthquake Resistance
τv = Vu/td = Vu/td
τv=0.2168N/mm 2
= Vu/(t×d)
= (91.33125×103)/(225×3200)
Cl.32.4.2.1
Allowable shear stress
τallowable
τallowable = 0.17fck
=4.25N/mm2
= 0.17×25 = 4.25 N/mm2
So ok
= 4.27176 N/mm2
And should not be less than Hence safe.
96
Structural Analysis and Design of Commercial Building for Earthquake Resistance
1 Description
Material used:
M20 Concrete
Fe415 Steel
Length of shear wall = 3048mm
Thickness of web = 228.6mm
97
Structural Analysis and Design of Commercial Building for Earthquake Resistance
Table 19 of N/mm2
IS:456-2000 Let the minimum vertical reinforcement
(0.25%) be provided in the web,
Shear strength of concrete, tc = 0.36 N/mm2
Shear carried by concrete,
Vuc=0.36*3048*228.6
=250.8382 KN
Hence, shear to be resisted by horizontal
IS reinforcement,
13920:1993(clause Vus=Vu-Vuc =1891.044-250.8382
9.2.5) =1640.2058 KN
The area of horizontal shear reinforcement, Ah,
to be provided within a vertical spacing, Sv is
given by
Vus=(0.87fyAhdw)/Sv
Here,Ah/Sv= 1.49
98
Structural Analysis and Design of Commercial Building for Earthquake Resistance
3 Flexure Strength of Web
Design Bending Moment = 2255.4859KN-m
Annex A clause The axial load for this case =556.301KN
9.3.1 of IS
13920:1993 Axial compression increases the moment
capacity, so factored axial force is taken as,
Pu=0.8x556.301= 445.041KN
0.87
υ=
=0.045
Now,
( )
99
Structural Analysis and Design of Commercial Building for Earthquake Resistance
( )( )
[ ]
( ) ( )
Boundary elements
Pu/A + My/I
Here ,
The moment of inertia of the wall section,
I=0.5394 m4
The gross sectional area A= 0.6968 m2
100
Structural Analysis and Design of Commercial Building for Earthquake Resistance
handle the extra moment (Mu-Muv) that is
resisted through axial load in the elements.
101
Structural Analysis and Design of Commercial Building for Earthquake Resistance
5.1.9. Design of foundation
Foundation is the basic and the lowermost part of structure which provides an uniform
base for the superstructure and transfers the load of the same down to the soil below it
uniformly.
If the loads transmitted by the columns in the structure are so heavy or the allowable soil
pressure so small that individual footings would cover more than
50% of the whole area it may be better to provide continuous
footing under all columns and walls. Such a footing is called a
raft or mat foundation. The raft is designed by analyzing it as a
series of continuous strips centered on the appropriate column
rows in both directions. The shear and bending moment diagram
may be drawn using continuous beam analysis or coefficients
for each strip. The depth is selected to satisfy shear requirements. The steel requirement
will vary from strip.
Required Data:
According to 1893( Part 1 ): 2002 (clause 6.3.5.2), table 1, the percentage of Permissible
Increase in Allowable Bearing Pressure or Resistance of Soils for soft soil in case of mat
foundation is 50.
So, for load combination with EQ load safe bearing capacity= 150 KN/m2
X = 12.116 m
102
Structural Analysis and Design of Commercial Building for Earthquake Resistance
Y = 8.954 m
ex = X - Xk = 12.116-12.930 = -0.814m
ey = Y - Yk = 8.954-8.711 = 0.243m
Ixx=bd3/12=27.032×20.7073/12 = 20000.851m4
Iyy=db3/12=20.707×27.0323/12 =34085.563 m4
103
Structural Analysis and Design of Commercial Building for Earthquake Resistance
Table: Showing soil pressure at different point:
Point P/A ±Mx/Ix ±My/Iy X Y σ
(KN/m2) (KN/m3) (KN/m3) (m) (KN/m2)
(m)
104
Structural Analysis and Design of Commercial Building for Earthquake Resistance
In the Y-direction the raft is divided into 5 strips, i.e. 5 equivalent beams
i) Beam A-A with 4.765m width and soil pressure =177.737 KN/m2
ii) Beam B-B with 6.0579m width and soil pressure = (177.737+162.394)/2 =170.066
KN/m2
iii) Beam C-C with 5.4864m width and soil pressure = (162.394+151.976)/2 =157.185
KN/m2
iv) Beam D-D with 6.0579m width and soil pressure = (151.976+141.558)/2 =146.767
KN/m2
v) Beam E-E with 4.6647m width and soil pressure = (141.558+126.404)/2 =133.981
KN/m2
In the X-direction the raft is divided into 4 strips, i.e. 4 equivalent beams
i) Beam 2-2 with 4.5105m width and soil pressure =157.721 KN/m2
ii) Beam 3-3 with 6.4008m width and soil pressure = (157.721+165.023)/2= 161.372
KN/m2
iii) Beam 4-4 with 5.9055m width and soil pressure = (165.023+171.502)/2 =168.263
KN/m2
iv) Beam 5-5 with 5.321m width and soil pressure = (177.737+171.502)/2 =174.620
KN/m2
105
Structural Analysis and Design of Commercial Building for Earthquake Resistance
799.196 106
= 548.133mm
2.66 1000
Check for two way shear i.e Punching shear d=548.133mm
IS 456-2000 Permissible punching shear, τc=β×0.25 f ck
Cl31.6.3.1
=1×0.25× 25
=1.25N/mm2
For middle column A3 or 1582 τc=1.25N/mm2
4. perimeter, bo=2(0.5d+1.7)+2(d+0.7)=3d+4.8
Pu 2552.208 103
τv= 1.25
bo d (3d 4800)d
d=349.169mm
For side column A2 or 1581
5. perimeter, bo=2(1900+d/2)+2(d/2+1925)
=7650+2d
106
Structural Analysis and Design of Commercial Building for Earthquake Resistance
depth. Adopt effective depth of 750mm &
overall depth of 800mm
IS 456-2000 Calculation of Area of steel
Cl26.5.2.1 Min Ast =0.12% of bD =0.12×1000×800 Min Ast
6. =960mm2 =960mm2
Area of steel of support(bottom bars)
IS 456-2000 f ck 4.6M u
Ast 0.5 (1 1 )bd
Annex G.1.1.b fy f ck bd 2
490.874 25mm @
Sv 1000 154.551mm
3176.129
150mm c/c
Provide 25mm @ 150mm c/c
Ab
ActAst 1000
Sv
ActAst
490.874
ActA st 1000 3272.493mm 2 =3272.493mm2
150
Pt =0.436%
Area of steel at mid span(Top bars)
f ck 4.6M u
Ast 0.5 (1 1 )bd
fy f ck bd 2
IS 456-2000
Annex G.1.1.b 25 4.6 665.996 106
Ast 0.5 (1 1 )1000 750
415 25 1000 7502
=2611.676mm2>Min Ast
Providing 25mm bars
Ab =490.874mm2 Provided Ast
A =2611.676mm2
Spacing of bars S v b 1000
Ast
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Structural Analysis and Design of Commercial Building for Earthquake Resistance
490.874
Sv 1000 187.954mm
2611.676
Provide 25mm @ 150mm c/c 25mm @
Ab 120mm c/c
ActAst 1000
Sv
490.874
ActAst 1000 3272.493mm 2
150
ActAst
Pt =0.436% =3272.493m2
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Structural Analysis and Design of Commercial Building for Earthquake Resistance
d=208.384mm
SP16 For column D5 or 1596
Table D perimeter, bo=2(700+d)+2(0.5d+1700)
4. =4800+3d
Pu 2373.763 103
τv= 1.25
bo d (4800 3d )d
IS 456-2000 d=328.275mm
Cl31.6.3.1 Since, footing is critical in shear, so increasing
depth. Adopt effective depth of 750mm &
5. overall depth of 800mm
Calculation of Area of steel
Min Ast =0.12% of bD =0.12×1000×800 Min Ast
IS 456-2000 =960mm2 =960mm2
Cl31.6.2.1 Area of steel of support(bottom bars)
f ck 4.6M u
Ast 0.5 (1 1 )bd
fy f ck bd 2
490.874
Sv 1000 161.469mm
3040.054
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Structural Analysis and Design of Commercial Building for Earthquake Resistance
f ck 4.6M u
Ast 0.5 (1 1 )bd
fy f ck bd 2
Ab 150mm c/c
ActAst 1000
Sv
490.874
ActAst 1000 =3272.493 mm2
150 ActAst =3272.493
IS 456-2000 Pt =0.436% mm2
Annex G.1.1.b Total Pt =0.436+0.436 =0.872%
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Structural Analysis and Design of Commercial Building for Earthquake Resistance
5.1.6.2. Isolated Footing
These footings are provided under RCC columns of a framed structure to distribute the
load on larger area. It may be square, rectangle or circular in plan. If condition of shear is
satisfied then the thickness of footing is reduced at the edges for economy.
The bending moment, beam shear and punching shear govern the thickness or depth of
the footing near the column face.
Clear Cover = 50 mm
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Structural Analysis and Design of Commercial Building for Earthquake Resistance
138.405 KNm
Mu=((𝑤𝑢 𝑥^2)/2)*b
Table
C,SP 16 Mu=0.138fckbd^2
d 204.294 mm
Adopted d 500.000 mm d=500m
Overall depth(D) 550.000 mm D=500m
3 Astreqd Calculation
Annex-G
IS
Mu=0.87*fy*Ast*d( 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑦/
456:2000 𝑏 )
Astreqd(Ast) 658.628 mm^2
Use Φ bar 16.000 mm
ast=(∏ Φ^2)/4 201.062
Spacing=(1000ast/Ast) 305.274 mm Provide
Adopted Spacing(S) 120.000 mm 16
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Structural Analysis and Design of Commercial Building for Earthquake Resistance
Astprov 1675.516 mm^2 120
Astprov (p) 0.335 %
4 Check for one way shear
Grade of Concrete 25.000 Mpa
p 0.335 %
Table19
IS Design shear strength(τc) 0.404 N/mm^2
456:2000
Critical depth is taken at distance d
from colunm face
Shear force(Vu) 475.769 KN
Nominal shear stress(τv) 0.238 N/mm^2 <τc(OK)
6 Development Length
Cl 26.2.1
Ld=47.0
IS 47.012 υ
dia
456:2000 Ld= )/4𝜏𝑏
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Structural Analysis and Design of Commercial Building for Earthquake Resistance
Ld 752.188 mm Ld=752mm
Actual embedment length provide
1550.000 mm
from face of column >Ld (OK)
Load transfer from column to
7
footing
Nominal bearing stress in the column
3.004 N/mm^2
concrete, σbr = Pu/Ac
Cl 34.4
IS
456:2000 Allowable bearing stress =0.45*fck 11.250 N/mm^2
σbr<σall
Hence safe,
no need of
separate
dowel bars
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Structural Analysis and Design of Commercial Building for Earthquake Resistance
6. CONCLUSION
This project is the result of group effort of whole group’s member and the valuable
guidance of our supervisor. The project work enables us to consolidate the knowledge of
analysis and design of structure during our B.E course.
Since the project site is located at Lagankhel, we have given more emphasis on
earthquake load rather than others. The seismic coefficient method is used to analysis the
building due to more practicable and easy. SAP 2000 V14 provided to be helpful tools in
the analysis of frame for various loading condition. In the project, the analysis, design and
detailing of all require element of building were done based on 3-D frame analysis by
SAP 2000 V14.
Finally we hope that efforts and coordination for the project work will prove much useful
in our career and project will be helpful in providing information on the earthquake
resistant design and its safe practice and we hope, this project will help us in similar jobs
that we might have in our hands in the future.
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Structural Analysis and Design of Commercial Building for Earthquake Resistance
ANNEX
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Structural Analysis and Design of Commercial Building for Earthquake Resistance
TABLES
117
Structural Analysis and Design of Commercial Building for Earthquake Resistance
DRAWINGS
118
Structural Analysis and Design of Commercial Building for Earthquake Resistance
7. BIBLIOGRAPHY
119