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Chapter - 2 Complex Numbers
Chapter - 2 Complex Numbers
Complex numbers
Two complex numbers are equal if and only if they have the
same real part and the same imaginary part.
i.e. 1 i 1 2 i 2 1 2 and 1 2
١
1 ) (1 2i)3 1 6 i 12 i 2 8 i 3 1 6 i 12 8 i 11 2 i
5 3 4i 15 20 i 3 4
2) i
3 4i 3 4i 9 16 5 5
2 2 2
2 i 3 2i 6 7 i 2 4 7 i
3)
3 2i 3 2i 9 4 13
16 56 i 49 33 56
i
169 169 169
EX-2- If z=x+iy where x and y are real, find the real and imaginary
parts of:-
1 z1 1
1 ) z4 2) 3) 4) 2
z z1 z
Sol.-
1 ) z 4 ( x iy )4 x 4 4 x 3 ( iy ) 6 x 2 ( iy )2 4 x ( iy )3 ( iy )4
( x 4 6 x 2 y 2 y 4 ) i ( 4 x 3 y 4 xy 3 )
1 1 x iy x iy x y
2) 2 i
z x iy x iy x y 2 x 2 y 2 x2 y2
z 1 ( x 1 ) iy ( x 1 ) iy x 2 1 2 iy y 2
3)
z 1 ( x 1 ) iy ( x 1 ) iy ( x 1 )2 y 2
x2 y2 1 2y
i
( x 1 )2 y 2 ( x 1 )2 y 2
1 1 1 x 2 y 2 2 xyi
4) 2
z ( x iy )2 x 2 y 2 2 xyi x 2 y 2 2 xyi
x 2 y 2 2 xyi x2 y2 2 xy
i 2
( x y ) 4x y
2 2 2 2 2
(x y )
2 2 2
( x y 2 )2
3
1 i 3
EX-3- Show that 1 for all combination of signs.
2
Sol.-
٢
3
1 i 3 1
L.H .S . ( 1 )3 3( 1 )2 ( i 3 ) 3( 1 )( i 3 )2 ( i 3 )3
2 8
1
8
1 i 3 3 9 i 3 3 1 R .H .S .
EX-4- Solve the following equation for the real numbers x and y.
( 3 4 i )2 2( x iy ) x iy
Sol.-
9 24 i 16 i 2 2 x 2 iy x iy
7
7 24 i 3 x iy 7 3x x
3
24 y y 24
In each representation, the x-axis is called the real axis and the y-
axis is the imaginary axis, as following figure.
In terms of the polar coordinates of x and y , we have:-
y
y
x r cos , y r sin , tan P(x,y)
x
r
y
and z r (cos i sin )
(polar representation) x
0
x
The length r of a vector op from the origin to P(x,y) is:
x iy x2 y2
٣
The identity e i cos i sin is used for calculating products,
quotients, powers, and roots of complex numbers. Then z re i
exponential representation.
z1 r1 z z
hence 1 and arg 1 1 2 arg z1 arg z 2
z 2 r2 z2 z2
1 ) z1 1 i x1 1 , y1 1 r1 x12 y12 1 1 2
y y i
tan 1 tan 1 1 tan 1 1 z1 2e 4
x x1 4
z2 3 i x2 3 , y 2 1 r2 x 22 y 22 31 2
y2 1 i
2 tan 1
tan 1 z2 2 e 6
x2 3 6
٤
i i i
2 ) z1 z 2 2e 4
2e 6
2 2e 12
exponentia l representa tion
r2 2 ,
12
z1 z 2 2 2 cos i sin polar representa tion
12 12
i 5
z1 2e 4
1 i 12
e exponentia l representa tion
z2 i
6
2
2e
1 5
r ,
2 12
z1 1 5 5
cos( ) i sin( ) polar representa tion
z2 2 12 12
Sol.-
x 3
y 1
3i
y 1
r 31 2 and tan1
x
tan1
3
6
3 i 2 cos( ) i sin( ) 2 cos i sin
6 6 6 6
10
3 i 210 cos 10 i sin 10 512 512 3i
6 6
٥
EX-7- Find the four forth roots of (-16)
Sol.-
y 0
z 16 r ( 16 )2 0 16 & tan 1 tan 1
x 16
2
i( k ) i( k)
4
16 16 e4 4 4
2e 4 2
, k 0,1,2,3
i
at k 0 1st root w0 2e 4
2 cos i sin 2 2 i
4 4
3
i 3 3
at k 1 2nd root w1 2e 4
2 cos i sin 2 2i
4 4
5
i 5 5
at k 2 3rd root w 2 2e 4
2 cos i sin 2 2 i
4 4
7
7
i 7
at k 3 4th root w 3 2e 4
2 cos i sin 2 2 i
4 4
Sol.-
2 4 4 1 4
z4 2z2 4 0 z2 1 3i z 1 i 3
21
b b 2 4 ac
for ax 2 bx c 0 x
2a
y 3
for 1 i 3 r 1 3 2 and tan 1 tan 1
x 1 3
i
( ) i 6 2
1st root w0 2 e 2 3
2e 6
2 cos i sin i
6 6 2 2
i
7
7
( 2 ) i 7
2nd root w1 2 e 2 3
2e 6
2 cos i sin
6 6
6 2
i
2 2
y 3
for 1 i 3 r 1 3 2 and tan 1 tan 1
x 1 3
٦
i
( ) i( )
3rd root w 2 2 e 2 3
2e 6
2 cos( ) i sin( )
6 6
6 2
i
2 2
5
i 5
( 2 ) i 5
4th root w 3 2 e 2 3
2e 6
2 cos i sin
6 6
6 2
i
2 2
1) z 2 2) z 2 3) z 2 4) z 1 z 1
y
Sol.-
2
1) z 2 x2 y2 2 x2 y2 4 -2 x
The points on the circle wit h center 0 2
at origin, and radius 2. -2
y
2
2) z 2 x2 y2 2 x2 y2 4
-2 x
The interior points of the circle wit h center 0 2
at origin, and radius 2.
-2
y
2
3) z 2 x2 y2 2 x2 y2 4
The exterior points of the circle wit h center -2 x
-2
4) z1 z1 x iy 1 x iy 1 y
(x 1)2 y 2 (x 1)2 y 2
x2 2 x 1 y2 x2 2 x 1 y2 x 0 0 x
The points on the y - axis.
٧
Problems – 9
6
1 i 3
2) Show that 1 for all combination of signs.
2
4) Show that z z .
5) Let Re(z) and Im(z) denote respectively the real and imaginary
parts of z , show that:-
a ) z z 2 Re
b) z z 2 i Im( z )
2 2 2
c) z1 z 2 z1 z 2 2 Re( z 1 z 2 )
٨
2
i
a ) ( 1 3 )2 (ans. : 4 e 3
)
1 i i
2
b) (ans. : e )
1 i
1 i 3 i
2
c) (ans. : e )
1 i 3
1
( 0.125 )
d ) ( 2 3 i )( 1 2 i ) (ans. : 65 e i tan )
1 3
8) Find the three cube roots of 1 . (ans. : i )
2 2
1 1
9) Find the two square roots of i . (ans. : i )
2 2