Complex Numbers

Prepared by: Engr. NRSulima

COMPLEX NUMBERS

A complex number is any number of the form

z = a + bi

where: a = real part

b = imaginary part
i = imaginary unit or number = 1
COMPLEX NUMBERS

A complex number is any number of the form

z = a + jb  Electrical Eng’g

where: a = real part

b = imaginary part
j = imaginary unit or number = 1
COMPLEX NUMBERS

A complex number Z can be written in four ways:

1. Rectangular Form: 3. Trigonometric Form:

Z  a  jb Z  r  cos θ  jsin θ 

2. Polar Form: 4. Exponential Form:

Z  r  θ Z  re jθ
COMPLEX NUMBERS

Relationship between Rectangular and Polar Forms:

Complex Plane:
(Argand Plane)
COMPLEX NUMBERS

Addition and Subtraction are better performed in:

RECTANGULAR FORM

Multiplication and Division are better performed in:

POLAR FORM
COMPLEX NUMBERS (OPERATIONS)

Given: Z1  a1  jb1 Z2  a2  jb2  Rectangular

Z1  r1θ1 Z2  r2θ2  Polar

Addition:
Z1  Z2   a1  a2   j b1  b2 
COMPLEX NUMBERS (OPERATIONS)

Subtraction:

Z1  Z2   a1  a2   j b1  b2 

Multiplication:

Z1Z2  r1r2  θ1  θ2 

Division:
Z1 r1
   θ1  θ2 
Z2 r2
COMPLEX NUMBERS (OPERATIONS)

Complex Conjugates: (notation: *)

Complex Number Complex Conjugate

Z  a  jb Z*  a  jb

Z  rθ Z*  r  θ

Z  r  cos θ  jsin θ  Z*  r  cos θ  jsin θ 

jθ  jθ
Z  re Z*  re
COMPLEX NUMBERS (OPERATIONS)

Note: In trigo form,

Z  r  cos θ  jsin θ 

It is also written in the form,

Z  rcjs θ  rcisθ
COMPLEX NUMBERS (OPERATIONS)

Example 1: Convert Z = 3 + j4 into

a.) Polar Form =

b.) Trigonometric Form =

c.) Exponential Form =

COMPLEX NUMBERS (OPERATIONS)

Example 1: Convert Z = 3 + j4

USE CALCU: Complex Mode (Press: Mode, 2)

ES-PLUS: Shift, 2, 3  Polar Form

fx-991EX: OPTN, (down-key), 1  Polar Form
COMPLEX NUMBERS (OPERATIONS)

Example 2: Given Z1 = 3 + j4, Z2 = 4 – j3.

Required: a.) Z1 + Z2

b.) Z1 – Z2

c.) Z1Z2

d.) Z1/Z2

e. Z2*
EQUALITY OF COMPLEX NUMBERS

Let: Z1 = a1 + jb1 Z2 = a2 + jb2

Two complex numbers Z1 and Z2 are equal if and only if,

a1 = a2 & b1 = b2
EQUALITY OF COMPLEX NUMBERS

Example:

Solve for the values of x & y from the equation

(x + jy)(2 + j4) = 14 + j8
POWER RAISING OF COMPLEX NUMBERS

1. Complex number raised to a real number

Example: Z4

2. Complex number raised to another complex number

Z1 
Z2
Example:
POWER RAISING OF COMPLEX NUMBERS

1. Complex number raised to a real number ‘n’

Let: Z = a + jb

FORMULA:

Z  r   θn 
n n
POWER RAISING OF COMPLEX NUMBERS

1. Complex number raised to a real number ‘n’

Example:

Evaluate:
a.) (1 + j2)59
b.) j1999 + j2001 + j2009
POWER RAISING OF COMPLEX NUMBERS

2. Complex number raised to another complex number

Let: Z1 = a + jb, Z2 = c + jd
Then,
Z1    a  jb 
Z2 (c  jd)

STEPS:
 Convert Z1 to exponential form.
 Use Algebra to solve the problem.
POWER RAISING OF COMPLEX NUMBERS

2. Complex number raised to another complex number

Example:

Evaluate:
a.) jj
b.) 3  j4 
(1 j2)
ROOT OF A COMPLEX NUMBER IN A COMPLEX NUMBER

Example:

2  j3
3  j4
Solution:
1
2  j3
3  j4  3  j4  2  j3
TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS (COMPLEX NUMBER)

Natural Logarithm of a Complex Number

Let: Z = a + jb

Then,

ln  Z   ln  a  jb   ln re jθ 
lnr + lne jθ = lnr + jθ
TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS (COMPLEX NUMBER)

Natural Logarithm of a Complex Number

Example:

Evaluate:
ln(-1)
TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS (COMPLEX NUMBER)

Common Logarithm of a complex number to any complex base

Let: Z1 = a + jb, Z2 = c + jd

Then,
logZ2 Z1  logc  jd  a  jb 
TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS (COMPLEX NUMBER)

Common Logarithm of a complex number to any complex base

Recall:
logZ2 Z1  y
Z2y  Z1  exponential form
lnZ2y  lnZ1
y lnZ2  lnZ1
lnZ1
y  FORMULA
lnZ2
TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS (COMPLEX NUMBER)

Common Logarithm of a complex number to any complex base

Example:

Evaluate:
log(1 j2) 3  j4 
TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS (COMPLEX NUMBER)

Trigonometric Functions

Let: Z = a ± jb

sin  a  jb   sinacosh b  jcos asinh b

cos  a  jb   cos acosh b jsinasinh b

Note: Set calcu to RADIAN mode

TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS (COMPLEX NUMBER)

Trigonometric Functions

Example:

Evaluate:
sin 1  j
TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS (COMPLEX NUMBER)

Inverse Trigonometric Functions

1  1  jz 
sin z   jln  jz  1  z2 
1 1
tan z  ln  
  j2  1  jz 

1 z  j
cos z   jln z  z  1 
1  2 1
cot z  ln  
  j2  z  j
TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS (COMPLEX NUMBER)

Trigonometric Functions

Example:

Evaluate:
cos 1
1  j
TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS (COMPLEX NUMBER)

Hyperbolic Functions

Let: Z = a ± jb

sinh  a  jb   sinhacos b  jcoshasin b

cosh  a  jb   coshacos b  jsinhasin b

Note: Set calcu to RADIAN mode

TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS (COMPLEX NUMBER)

Hyperbolic Functions

Example:

Evaluate:
cosh 1  j
TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS (COMPLEX NUMBER)

Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

1 1  z 
sinh z  ln z  z  1 
1  2 1
tanh z  ln  
  2 1  z 

1  z  1
cosh z  ln z  z  1 
1  2 1
coth z  ln  
  2  z 1
TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS (COMPLEX NUMBER)

Hyperbolic Functions

Example:

Evaluate:
tanh 1
1  j