UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

PERAK DARUL RIDZUAN

ASSIGNMENT 1

SEMESTER MARCH – JULY 2020

COURSE : CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY V

COURSE CODE : DQS352

TITLE : FENCING AND GATE

DATE OF SUBMISSION : 19th JUNE 2020

PREPARED FOR : Sr. DR. NORSUZILA LOP

NOTE : GROUP WORK

PREPARED BY:

NAME STUDENT ID REMARKS

NURAMIRA FARHANA BINTI AZAHAR 2017202592
NOOR AIN SYAFIQAH BINTI ROSLI 2017204568
NUR FATIHAH BINTI HAZIM FADZLI 2017204372
NURUL AIN NATASYA BINTI MOHD ASRI 2017204358
AIDDA UMAIRAH BINTI MD RASID 2017204606
TABLE OF CONTENTS

NO. SUBJECT PAGES

1 INTRODUCTION 1

FINDING / DISCUSSION
 TYPES AND SELECTION OF FENCING AND GATE 2-10

 METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION 10-21

 METHOD STATEMENT
21-26
2
 USAGE OF FENCING AND GATE
27-30
 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF FENCING
AND GATE 30-34
 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTION OF FENCING AND GATE 34-36

3 CONCLUSION 37

4 REFERENCES 38

5 APPENDICES 39
1.0 INTRODUCTION

Fence is a free standing structure that encloses an area, typically outdoors and is usually
constructed from posts that are connected by boards, wire, rails or netting. It differs from a wall
in not having a solid foundation along its whole length. Fence is designed to restrict or prevent
movement across a boundary and there are many reasons for building a fence which is for
security purpose, noise reduction and boundary marking. A well designed and installed fence is
a stylish addition to the building landscape. Generally, fence is constructed for several purposes
which are to keep livestock or predators out for instance for agricultural fencing, to provide
privacy, to provide security where to prevent trespassing of theft or to keep children and pets, to
enhance the appearance of a property, garden or other landscaping, to demarcate a boundary
and also to provide safety and security where temporary access is required.

Meanwhile, gate or gateway is a point of entry to a space which is enclosed by walls.

Gates may prevent or control the entry or exit of individuals or they may be merely decorative.
Other terms for gate include yett and port. The word is derived from Old Norse "gat", meaning
road or path and originally referred to the gap in the wall or fence rather than the barrier which
closed it. The moving part or parts of a gateway may be considered "doors", as they are fixed at
one side whilst opening and closing like one. A gate may have a latch that can be raised and
lowered to either open a gate or prevent it from swinging. Locks are also used on gates to
increase the security. Larger gates can be used for a whole building such as a castle or fortified
town. Actual doors can also be considered gates when they are used to block entry as prevalent
within a gatehouse. Today, many gate doors are opened by an automated gate operator.

For our case study report, we are required to prepare a report for Fencing and Gate
topic. We have decided to choose UiTM Seri Iskandar as our case study. In this report, firstly,
we will elaborate about the types of fencing and gate that will consist of several types which are
Post and Rail Fencing, Palisade Fencing, Close Board Fencing, Metal Bar Fencing, Chain Link
Fencing, Sliding Gate and Swing Gate and we will also elaborate the selection of fencing and
gate that suitable for our case study. Secondly, this report will explain about the method of
construction of our selected fencing and gate in the form of flow chart and also analyze the
method statement of our selected fencing and gate. Other than that, this report will explicate
about the usage of fencing and gate. We will also elucidate the advantages and disadvantages
of fencing and gate including our selected fencing and gate. Last but not least, we will discuss
about problems and solutions of fencing and gate and relate it with our case study.

1
2.0 FINDING / DISCUSSION

2.1 TYPES AND SELECTION OF FENCING AND GATES

There are various types of fencing and gates in construction. Those types are:-

2.1.1 Types of Fencing

1) Post and Rail Fencing

2) Palisade Fencing
3) Close Board Fencing
4) Metal Bar Fencing

2.1.2 Selection of Fencing

1) Chain Link Fencing

2.1.3 Types of Gates

1) Sliding Gate
2) Swing Gate

2.1.4 Selection of Gates

1) Sliding Gate

2.1.1 TYPES OF FENCINGS

1) Post and Rail Fencing

Figure 1 shows Post and Rail Fencing

2
 Post and Rail Fencing is a type of fence that made out of timber logs, usually split
lengthwise into rails and typically used for agricultural or decorative fencing. Such fences
require much more timber than other types of fences, and so are generally only common in
areas where wood are abundant. However, they are very simple in their construction, and can
be assembled with few tools even on hard or rocky ground. They also can be built without using
any nails or other hardware such hardware was often scarce in frontier areas. They are
particularly popular in very rocky areas where post hole digging is almost impossible.

There will be one to three horizontal rails of 100mm x 38mm for each section of fencing.
For this fencing, the connection between post and rails are nailed. For the timber post, the
standard size is 150mm x 75mm and the spacing should not exceed 1.80m spacing. In
alternative way, it can be spaced up to 2.80m. Next, the rails should nail to the longest face of
the post. Wider post spacing may be used with mortise and tenon joint provide the longest post
face is used for the joint.

2) Palisade Fencing

Figure 2 & 3 show Palisade Fencing wood types and steel types

A palisade, sometimes called a stake wall or a paling, is typically a fence or defensive

wall made from iron or wooden stakes, or tree trunks and used as a defensive structure or
enclosure. Palisades can form a stockade. The word of palisade derives from pale, from the
Latin word pālus, meaning stake, specifically a "stake" used to support a fence. A palisade
gangs these side by side to create a fence entirely made of pales. Palisade fences also
constructed by using two horizontally running rails and are connected by vertically running rails.
Palisade fences can but bought in a variety of different sizes ranging from 1 metre to 3 metres

3
tall. Palisade fencing is a cheap fence to maintain, the pales in the fence the vertical rails are
able to be swapped out and replaced singularly in order to make cheaper repairs when needed.

Furthermore, palisades are an excellent option for small forts or other hastily constructed
fortifications. Since they were made of wood, they could often be quickly and easily built from
readily available materials. They proved to be effective protection for short-term conflicts and
were an effective deterrent against small forces. However, because they were wooden
constructions they were also vulnerable to fire and siege weapons.

The main reason for installing a fence is to secure a certain area from outside intruders
or to keep people within some certain premises. For example, a palisade fence which is made
by steel will be used to outline the confines of a school and to keep its students on the school’s
premises. Due to their intent, palisade fences have been designed to make climbing them
almost impossible or at least very hard. With a lack of footholds and the potential to be 3 metres
tall, this makes them difficult to gain leverage to climb the vertical obstacle.

Palisade fences also serve as a strong visual deterrent. Commercial usage normally
includes having spikes at the top of the fence which also deters any intruder from attempting to
climb the fence in case of injury of being cut at the top. The tall nature of this fence also
intimidates any intruder from attempting to climb the fence. For palisade fencing types, the
space between palings are between 100mm to 150mm and the horizontal rails need to be at
least 50mm thick.

3) Close Board Fencing

Figure 4 & 5 show Close Board Fencing

4
 The Close Board fencing panels are fence panels formed from vertical feather edge
boards, each partially overlapped and fixed to several rear horizontal supporting wooden rails.
Close Board panels are traditionally used for boundary screening and are more robust than the
common waney panels. All Close Board fencing panels are supplied complete with a top
capping. The rough sawn timber has been dip treated to provide the fencing panels with
protection against rot. The panel comes complete with a top cap fitted. The Close Board panel
is our most popular offering excellent strength, durability and security at a reasonable price.

All the wooden Close Board Fencing Panels are 6 ft width and have different heights
which are 600 mm (2 ft), 900 mm (3 ft), 1200 mm (4 ft), 1500 mm (5 ft), 1800 mm (6 ft). They
are constructed using 5 in wide feathered edge boards running vertically down. They have rails
35 mm x 45 mm running across the back horizontally and finished off with a capping on top. All
of the wooden Close Board Fencing Panels are treated with a cuprinol type preservative and
are golden brown in colour. As we manufacture all our panels we are able to make different
sizes. Simply go to the cutting option and type in the measurements you require for your fencing
panels.

The closeboard is ideal for constructing a fence on sloping ground because gravel
boards and rails can be fixed at an angle and then the featheredge can follow this level as
required. It also has the benefit of being easy to repair. Should the fencing start to show wear
and tear, it's quick and inexpensive to simply replace the boards. Furthermore, all materials that
go into making closeboard fencing are pressure treated, so the longevity of the timber is at an
absolute maximum. This style of fencing is commonly found in either green or natural and brown
as standard, so choose the look that best suits your design. Lastly, closeboard can be used to
make a fence of virtually any height and is suitable for front and back gardens, as well as
commercial use.

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4) Metal Bar Fencing

Figure 6 shows Metal Bar Fencing

These days, metal fences aim to suggest traditional iron using more-available steel or
weather proof aluminum, usually with hollow pickets made to resemble solid 5/8 inch square
bars. The lighter-weight panels come together with fasteners, making installation easier. Even
wrought iron’s classic glossy-black paint is upgraded with a longer-lasting, multistep powder-
coating process that greatly reduces maintenance. When restoration projects call for true
wrought iron, a craftsman has to rely on salvaged material that can be melted down to be
reworked by hand, making genuine wrought-iron fencing prohibitively expensive.

Moreover, because these types of fences are easy to be made, the demand from buyers
will be increase. Because of that, the cost for these fences is expensive. Next, we can see that
this type of fencing has an aesthetic value factors. Todays, people like the fencing with simple
but strong types of fence such as metal bar fencing. It is because, this design is not easy to rust
and long lasting.

2.1.2 SELECTION OF FENCING

For our report, we have chosen chain link fencing as our case study report. In this selection of
fencing, we will explain about chain link fencing.

6
1) Chain Link Fencing

Figure 7 & 8 show Chain Link Fencing

A chain-link fencing also referred to as wire netting, wire-mesh fence, chain-wire fence, cyclone
fence, hurricane fence, or diamond-mesh fence is a type of woven fence usually made from
galvanized or LLDPE-coated steel wire. The wires run vertically and are bent into a zigzag
pattern so that each "zig" hooks with the wire immediately on one side and each "zag" with the
wire immediately on the other. This forms the characteristic diamond pattern seen in this type of
fence. This type of fencing is useful for enclosing sport grounds to allow the lighting and
movement for air. It arrives on sites in rolls for height ranging between 0.9m to 3.6m. Chain Link
Fencing usually comes in 20 ft and 50 ft rolls, which can be joined by "unscrewing" one of the
end wires and then "screwing" it back in so that it hooks both pieces. Common heights include 3
ft, 4 ft, 5 ft, 6 ft, 7 ft, 8 ft, 10 ft, and 12 ft, though almost any height is possible. For example for
tennis courts and ball parks, the most popular height is 10 or 12 feet.

Furthermore, the finishing to the interlinked steel wire is by galvanizing or plastic coating.
The post for this type of fencing is made by concrete or steel which are have been made by the
supplier. Chain link fencing also has an extra security which is provided with cranked arm posts
supporting two or three barbed wire. The popularity of chain-link fence is from its relatively low
cost and that the open weave does not obscure sunlight from either side of the fence. One can
make a chain-link fence semi-opaque by inserting slats into the mesh. Allowing ivy to grow and
interweave itself is also popular.

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2.1.3 TYPES OF GATES

1) Sliding Gate

Figure 9 shows Sliding Gate

The slide gate is probably the most commonly used type of automatic gate in every
home, office, factory and other residential area. We can see it everywhere in the city and in the
villages means that every kind of people is afforded to use these types of gates. The slide gate
is mounted parallel to the inside of the fence and slides horizontally back and forth across the
gate opening. The slide gate uses rollers on the bottom of the gate to support it. These rollers
typically ride along a metal track that has been installed along the ground across the gate
opening. Slide gates are sometime also called "rolling gates" or "V-track gates".

Furthermore, sliding gate has its advantages. Because this type of gate uses rollers that
must run along the ground, there can be problems with the rollers getting blocked by snow, ice,
or debris. Next, after a few years, the rust will become rust due to exposure to air. The rollers
can also be a source of friction, making the gate operator has to work harder to open and close
the gate. Due to these issues, some gate operator manufacturers discourage the use of slide
gates.

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2) Swing Gate

Figure 10 shows Swing Gate

Swing gates are hinged on one side and swing open and closed like a door. Swing gates
typically travel a 90 degree between their open and closed positions. Swing gates can consist of
a single leaf or double leafs and can be in-swinging or out-swinging.

Moreover, swing gates are most commonly used in residential applications because of
their low cost and ease of installation. Because swing gates travel over a large arc, space must
be available to allow vehicles approaching the gate to remain clear while the gate opens or
closes. The swinging arc of the gate also requires additional safety considerations to prevent
people or vehicles from being hit or trapped by the moving gate.

2.1.4 SELECTION OF GATE

For our case study report which is UiTM Seri Iskandar, Perak, we have chosen sliding gate to
be as our case study report. The material for the sliding gate that has been use by UiTM Seri
Iskandar is Wrought Iron.

Wrought iron is known for being a little heavier and denser than most other metals. But
it’s also a choice that adds a sense of elegance and refinement to any property you add it on to.
Wrought iron features an intense black colour in most cases although we could add paint to it if
we want. The unique of wrought iron is that it is very sturdy and it will not wear out or bend
easily. Because of that, wrought iron is a quite good material to makes as gate especially for the
university because it is a strong material. It means that wrought iron material can give a
protection from the dangerous things such as keeping out thieves whether human or animal.

9
 Figure 11 shows Wrought Iron Gate

The maintenance to keep the wrought iron gate in a good condition is by cleaning the
wrought iron. Wrought iron is usually low maintenance requiring minimum intervention if cared
for properly. We need to avoid a serious issue that makes the wrought iron go rust so that we
could save your money for wrought iron restoration works. Accumulated dirt could be removed
by hand, using water, or mix water with a little detergent, and a cloth or soft bristle brush. It’s
important not to use too much amount of water and also not using the high water hose pressure.
Wrought iron need to dried out after cleaning to prevent trapping water. Even a very tiny of
corrosion could be removed by using a bronze wire brush or chisel and sandpaper before
repainting your wrought iron. Be careful not to harm the ironwork and do not use mechanical
tools.

2.2 METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION

The methods of construction of selected fencing and gate as follows: -

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 2.2.1 METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION FOR SLIDING GATE

Position and install the Install 75mm x 75mm Pour concrete strip or
gate post guide post bury steel beam

Lift gate onto the Place gate track on Insert and fix the 2
sliding track concrete or steel strip steel wheels

Place the nylon guide Roll your gate along Bolt down the sliding
block between the two the loose gate track gate track
aluminium

Slide the gate into the

fully opened position

Flow Chart 1 shows the method of construction for sliding gate

Based on the diagram above, we can see that these are the method or process for
installing the sliding gate. Before we want to install the gate, we need to check that both sides of
the gate can be easily accessed by removing any objects that may restrict the installation of the

11
gate, e.g. tree branches. We also need to ask the authority to locate any underground services
such as gas, water & electricity that may interrupt the process of installing our gate.

First and foremost, we need to identify the materials used for the installation of the
sliding gate. Our sliding gate will require either a concrete strip or sunken beam for the gate
track to be bolted to and to allow for smooth operation of the gate. We will also require two gate
posts and a 75mm x 75mm guide post for the guide block to be mounted to. Some tools also
need to be prepared as well such as electric or cordless drill (preferably with clutch control),
5/16 of socket, shovel, crowbar, string line, spirit level, tape measure, pencil, wheel barrow,
hammer, 5/6 ring & flat spanner and lastly will be cement.

Figure 12 shows the cross section for the installation of sliding gate

Next, we must position and install gate posts as per the “between posts” measurement
supplied when ordering our gate.

Figure 13 shows the installation of gate posts

Then, we will install a 75mm x 75mm guide post set back 150mm from front post as
shown below.

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 Figure 14 shows the installation of guide post

Besides that, we will pour concrete strip or bury steel beam in order to create a solid
foundation for gate track to be bolted to. This strip will need to be double the width of the
“between posts” measurement.

Figure 15 shows the concreted strip

Moreover, we must insert and fix the two steel wheels supplied with our fitting into the
cut outs in the bottom rail of our gate with the screws supplied.

Figure 16 shows of inserting and fixing two steel wheels

13
 Next, place the gate track on concrete or steel strip and we must leave it loose. So, we
do not have to bolt it down yet.

Figure 17 shows the gate track

Furthermore, lift the gate onto the sliding track and ensuring both wheels roll freely along
the track. Slide the nylon guide block onto the angle channel on the back of the gate.

Figure 18 shows the nylon guide block

Place the nylon guide block between the two aluminium 50mm x 25mm x 225mm long
angles supplied with our gate and fasten the angles to the sides of the 75mm x 75mm guide
post. Be sure to allow a 5mm gap between the nylon guide block and the guide post.

Figure 19 shows the nylon guide block between the aluminums

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 For the next step, roll the gate along the loose gate track to ensure gate is aligned
correctly. Fasten the F stop to the side of the lock post.

Figure 20 shows the F stop

Last but not least, bolt down the sliding gate track when we are satisfied with the
alignment of our gate’s path.

Figure 21 shows the sliding gate is being bolt down

Lastly, slide the gate into the fully opened position. Ensure that the gate is still in the nylon block
before fixing the gate stop.

Figure 22 shows the gate stop

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 2.2.2 METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION FOR CHAIN LINK FENCING

Identify the tools Prepare the post Set Posts

and materials holes

Attach the Rails Install All Caps Attach Tension Bands

and Gate Hardware

Unroll the Mesh and Attach the Tension Stretch the Mesh
Install a Tension Bar bar to the Posts

Tie the Fence to the Insert a Tension Tighten the Mesh

Rails Bar

Run Wire Through

the Bottom Loops
of Mesh

Flow Chart 2 shows the flow chart method of construction for chain link fencing

16
 Based on the flow chart above, these are the process of construction for chain link
fencing. The first step to install the chain link fencing is identifying the tools that we need to use
for installing the chain link fencing, and the material that used. Installing a chain link fence starts
with a framework. The material and tools that required for installing chain link fencing are line
post cap, top rail, end post cap, rail caps, tension band, tie wire, line post, tension wire, corner
post and tension bar.

Second step for installation chain link fencing is preparing your post holes. Set the posts
about 4 inches away from the site line to avoid any property line issues with other land.
Excavate post holes three times wider than the post diameter: 6 to 8 inches for end and corner
posts, 4 to 6 inches for line posts and 1/3 of the length of the pole plus 4 inches for gravel. Fill
all the holes with 4 inches of gravel and tamp. Add 6 inches of concrete to the corner, gate, and
end post holes only.

Figure 23 shows excavation holes for post

Third step is set post. Put the posts in the wet concrete filling the concrete in the corner,
gate, and end post holes and plumb them with a level. Check the posts for plumb after every
few shovelfuls and adjust as needed. Slope the top of the concrete so water drains away from
the posts. Let the concrete dry and cure for two to three days.

Figure 24 shows filling concrete in the post holes

17
 Next step is attaching tension bands and gate hardware. Place the tension bands onto
each corner, gate, and end post. The bands will help hold the mesh in place once it is installed.
Use three for a 4-foot fence, four for a 5-foot fence, and five for a 6-foot fence. Put hinges and
latch hardware onto the gate posts at roughly their final positions, to install later. Use a rubber
mallet to drive end post caps onto the gate, corner, and end posts, and slip a brace band over
each installed post.

Figure 25 shows attaching tension bands

Then, install all caps, install looped caps, end post caps and rail caps. Drive looped caps
onto the line posts with the mallet and put the posts in their holes. Bolt a rail cap to each brace
band, tightening just enough to hold the cap in place. Feed the rails through the looped caps.
Cut rails with a pipe cutter or hacksaw, if needed. If you need longer rails, join them together
using rails with a slightly smaller wedged end that fits into a full-size rail.

Figure 26 shows install caps

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 Next step is attaching the rails. Fit the rails into the rail caps and raise or lower each cap
to the final height of the mesh, including 2 inches of clearance at the bottom. Tighten the brace
bands, fill the holes around the line posts with dirt and tamp until firm.

Figure 27 shows attaching the rails

Then, unroll the mesh and install a tension bar. Lay the chain link mesh on the ground
outside the fence. Run a tension bar through the links at the end of the mesh. The bar makes
the end of the fence rigid and provides something to attach to the posts.

Figure 28 shows unroll the mesh

Next step is attaching the tension bar to the posts. Stand the mesh up and use a socket
wrench to bolt the tension bar into the tension bands on one of the end posts. Align the mesh so
it overlaps the rail by 1 to 2 inches and sits about 2 inches above the ground.

19
 Figure 29 shows attaching tension bar to the posts

Then, stretch the mesh. Chain link mesh must be pulled taut or it will sag. Stretching is
done with a tool called a fence puller. Insert a pull bar through the unattached mesh a few feet
from the final post. Attach the yoke to the pull bar.

After stretch the mesh, we need to tighten the mesh. Crank the fence puller until the loops
of the mesh move no more than 1/4 inch when you squeeze them together. If the mesh
changed height or became distorted during tightening, pull on it to reshape it.

Then, insert a tension bar. Without releasing the fence puller, insert a tension bar in the
mesh close enough so it can be fastened to the tension bands on the end post nearest the
fence puller. To remove the excess mesh between the tension bars and end post, open a loop
at the top and bottom, then twist and pull the strand free.

Figure 30 shows insert tension bar

Lastly, tie the fence to the rails and run wire through the bottom loops of mesh. Bend one
end of an aluminium tie wire into a hook and grab the bottom strand of the opening above the
rail. Loop the tie wire around the top rail, pull it firmly and tie it back onto the mesh. Spaces the
ties wires every 12 to 16 inches along the rail and then attach them to the line posts.

20
 Figure 31 & 32 show tie the fence and run wire through the bottom lops of mesh

2.3 METHOD STATEMENT

The method statement of selected fencing and gate as follows: -

2.3.1 METHOD STATEMENT FOR SLIDING GATE

PLANT/
NO OPERATION METHOD DIAGRAM LABOUR MATERIAL
EQUIPMENT

a) Excavate the a) 1 unskilled

Position and
holes for gate post labour
1 install gate Shovel
b) Place the gate b) 1 skilled
post
post labour

a) 1 unskilled
Install guide a) Excavate the labour
post for the holes for guide post b) 1 skilled
2 Shovel
guide block to b) Place the guide labour
be mounted to post

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 PLANT/
NO OPERATION METHOD DIAGRAM LABOUR MATERIAL
EQUIPMENT
a) Excavate the
strip base
a) Shovel
b) Place the
b) Wheel a) 1 unskilled
Pour concrete formwork
barrow labour a) Cement
3 strip / bury c) Pour the
c) Tape b) 1 skilled b) Wood
steel beam concrete into the
measure labour
strip base double
d) Crowbar
the width of gate
post

a) Insert the wheels

to the bottom rail of
Insert and fix
the gate 1 unskilled
4 two steel Cordless drill Screws
b) Fix it to make labours
wheels
sure it can be
functioned properly

a) Place the gate a) 2 unskilled

Place gate
5 track labours
track
b) Leave loose

a) Lift gate onto the

the sliding track,
ensuring both
wheels along the a) 2 unskilled
Lift gate onto
track. labours
6 the sliding
b) Slide the nylon b) 1 skilled
track
guide block onto the labour
angle channel on
the back of the
gate.

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 PLANT/
NO OPERATION METHOD DIAGRAM LABOUR MATERIAL
EQUIPMENT

a) Place the nylon

guide block
between the two a) Cordless
Place the
aluminium long drill 2 unskilled Screws /
7 nylon guide
angles. b) 5/6 ring & labours Bolts
block
b) Fasten the flat spanner
angles to the sides
of the guide post.

a) Roll the gate

along the loose a)Cordless
Roll the gate
track drill 1 unskilled Screws /
8 and fasten the
b) Fasten the F b) 5/6 ring & labour Bolts
F stop
stop to the side of flat spanner
lock post

Bolt down the

sliding gate when
Bolt down the 1 unskilled
9 we are satisfied Cordless drill
sliding gate labour Bolts
with the alignment
of the gate’s path.

a) Slide the gate

into the fully
opened position.
Install the 1 skilled
10 b) Ensure the gate Cordless drill Screws
gate stop labour
is still in the nylon
block.
c) Fix the gate stop

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 2.3.2 METHOD STATEMENT FOR CHAIN LINK FENCING

NO OPERATION METHOD DIAGRAM PLANT/ LABOUR MATERIAL

EQUIPMENT
1 Prepare the a) Set the posts a) Shovel a) 1 skilled a) End post
post holes b) Excavate post holes labour b) Corner
b) 1 unskilled post
labour

2 Set post a) Put the posts in the a) Shovel a) 2 unskilled a) Ready

wet concrete labour mix
b) Filling the concrete concrete
in the corner, gate, and
end post holes

3 Attach a) Place the tension a) rubber a) 1 skilled

Tension bands onto each mallet labour
Bands and corner, gate, and end b) Heavy b) 1 unskilled
Gate post duty cutter labour
Hardware b) Put hinges and latch
hardware onto the gate
posts

4 Install All a) Install looped caps, a) 1 skilled a) post caps

Caps end post caps and rail labour b) rail caps
caps. b) 1 unskilled c) end post
b) Drive looped caps labour caps
onto the line posts with
the mallet and put the
posts in their holes

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NO OPERATION METHOD DIAGRAM PLANT/ LABOUR MATERIAL
EQUIPMENT
5 Attach the a) Fit the rails into the a) 2 unskilled a) Rails
Rails rail caps labour
b) Tighten the brace
bands
c) Fill the holes around
the line posts with dirt
and tamp until firm

6 Unroll the a) Lay the chain link a) 2 unskilled a) Wire

Mesh and mesh on the ground labour mesh
Install a outside the fence.
Tension Bar b) Run a tension bar
through the links at the
end of the mesh.

7 Attach the a) Stand the mesh a) Heavy a) 1 skilled a) Wire

Tension bar b) Use a socket duty cutter labour mesh
to the Posts wrench to bolt the b) 1 unskilled
tension bar into the labour
tension bands on
one of the end
posts.

8 Stretch the a) Chain link mesh a) Fence a) 2 unskilled a) Wire

Mesh must be pulled taut puller labour mesh
or it will sag.
b) Insert a pull bar
through the
unattached mesh a
few feet from the
final post.

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NO OPERATION METHOD DIAGRAM PLANT/ LABOUR MATERIAL
EQUIPMENT
9 Tighten the a) Crank the fence a) Fence a) 1 skilled
Mesh puller until the loops of puller labour
the mesh b) 1 unskilled
labour

10 Insert a a) Insert a tension bar in a) 1 skilled

Tension Bar the mesh labour
b) To remove the b) 1 unskilled
excess mesh between labour
the tension bars and
end post
c) Open a loop at the
top and bottom, then
twist and pull the strand
free.

11 Tie the a) Bend one end of an a) Heavy a) 2 unskilled

Fence to the aluminium tie wire into duty cutter labour
Rails a hook and grab the
bottom strand of the
opening above the rail.
b) Loop the tie wire
around the top rail, pull
it firmly and tie it back
onto the mesh

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2.4 USAGE OF FENCING AND GATE

The fence installed around our property, home, farm or even school is the first thing that people
will see when they visit. There are various types of fences in the market including wood, vinyl,
chain-link, farm and aluminum. Each type of the fencing has its own usage. But, in general, the
usage of fencing can be used to provide more privacy, security, marking of property, safety
purpose and also decorative purpose.

First, privacy is one of the most important things that we will take into account before
purchasing a property. Whether we are hanging clothes or watering plants, it is great to know
that no one is watching us, because we have installed a fence around our property. Purchasing
property with unique design or one of the most exceptional homes in the town or city cannot be
assured our privacy if the fence is poorly designed. Every fence accords different levels of
privacy. For instance, wooden and vinyl fences will offer more privacy because those types of
fences are not see-through. If we have pets like cat or dog, wood, vinyl or electric fences will be
preferred to prevent them from unnecessarily barking at the neighbors.

Second, security is one of the main reasons why people invest in fences. Living in a
home without a fence especially in area prone to high cases of crime is not a right decision to
us. Usually, areas with high levels of crime are equipped with wooden fences and probably an
electric mesh on the top of the wooden fence provided in order to prevent any intruders. A fence
will come in handy if we live in an area that has proximity to a wildlife reserve, as it will prevent
wild animals from entering our property and causing harm to us. If we have children, siblings or
pets, a fence will be useful to prevent abductions. Chain-link fence also can provide a great
sense of security to the kids especially when they stay in the backyard without their parents.

Third, land is a scarce resource. If we have a large farm of thousands of acres or even a
small plot measuring less than an acre, marking our property is imperative, as it will prevent
people from encroaching it. Erecting a fence is the best way of marking where our land starts
and ends. It will help us to avoid disputes with our neighbors and such problem can sometimes
lead to expensive lawsuits. In addition, to the prevention of encroachment, installing a fence will
also help us to know how much space is remaining on our property, so that we can plan
accordingly if we have any renovation or addition in mind. We may wish to add a swing set or a
small pool for our children, so knowing the size of our land will help us in determining the size of
the pool and what kind of swing set can we get for our children or younger siblings. Marking our
property using a fence will also help us in determining where our maintenance activities can be

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begun and end for example for clearing the lawn, picking up the dirt or gathering the fallen
leaves.

Fourth, fence off our home or property to ensure the safety of our children, younger
siblings or pets especially dog is vitally important. A fence will keep them confine to our
compound and also prevent them from wandering in the neighborhood that can possibly lead to
unfortunate incidents. A fence is particularly critical if our children or pets love to play in the yard
and our home is close to the road. They can easily wander towards the road and get hit by a car
or abducted. If our dog is an aggressive kind, a fence will allow it to play without us worrying it,
attacking the passersby. We can put up a sign on our fence, warning our neighbors about the
dog. Fence can help in preventing unwanted incidents such as drowning as we can use it as a
warning sign to avoid people from using the pool without permission.

Fifth, some fencing types can add a decorative appeal to our property, as they have
ornamental elements on them. Such types of fences will add an instant appeal to our home and
also can increase the value of our home. A good and high-quality fence is quite a great
investment. We will end up reselling our property at a higher cost, which will be more profitable
to us.

For our case study report, we have distinguished that UiTM Seri Iskandar used chain-
link fence as the fencing around the university area. Chain-link fence can be used to provide
security and also marking of property. For security, UiTM Seri Iskandar is located in area that
has experienced crime cases, living in this kind of area, it is not quite safe for us if the university
area do not equip with fence around it. A fence also is quite vital since UiTM Seri Iskandar is
surrounded by jungle and this can prevent wild animals from entering the university area and
causing harm towards us. For marking of property, UiTM Seri Iskandar is located near the
residential area, installing a fence is very important in order to prevent outsiders from encroach
ing the university area. Erecting a fence is the best way of marking where the university area
starts and ends. This also will help in avoiding any disputes with our neighbors since sometimes
such problem can lead to expensive lawsuits. In addition, to the prevention of encroachment or
trespass, installing a fence will also help us to know how much space is remaining on our
property, so that we can plan accordingly if we have any renovation or addition of new building .
Marking the university area using a fence will also help us in determining where our
maintenance activities can be begun and end.

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 The gate of our home will be seen by many people or outsiders but been used by us and
our family daily. There are various types of gates in the market such as swing gate and sliding
gate. Generally, the usage of gate can be used to provide security, durability, usability, reliability
and also appearance.

First, security is the most important function of having a gate in order to help keeping
intruders out of our home. For a gate to be reliable, it should be strong and give impossibility to
evade by someone who is trying to break in to our home or property especially when we are
living in area prone to high cases of crime. The gate should also withstand its strength through
repeated use. If the gate cannot withstand its strength through repeated use, it may collapse
when we use it for frequent of times.

Second, a gate can be an investment when we consider its quality. The gate should be
tough enough to provide its same level of daily performance well into the future. This includes
continuing to not wear down regardless of the outdoor environment it will endure over time. For
example, the gate must be durable to protect against strong wind, heavy storm and other
different weather related aspects that can harm our home or property. If the gate is not durable,
it will be collapsed in a blink when there is a strong wind or heavy storm.

Third, the ease of use of a gate is important for security purposes and punctuality of
being able to leave our home in a timely manner. The gate should exhibit simplicity and enable
straightforward access to control. For example, installing a gate with heavy weight and difficult
to use will delay our time when we are in rush or will increase the risk when we arrive home
alone at night.

Forth, all gates require periodic maintenance to continue working optimally. A reliable
gate will be designed to keep those who are not welcomed out. Powder coatings on steel gates
help protect the structure from corrosion and wearing down from the outside environment such
as strong wind, heavy storm and other different weather related aspects that can harm our
home or property.

Fifth, mostly a gate adds a decorative appeal to our home or property, as it has
ornamental elements on it. Such types of gate will add an instant appeal to our home and also
can increase the value of our home. A good and high-quality gate is quite a great investment.
We will end up reselling our property at a higher cost, which will be more profitable to us. There
are many options to choose the gate design from custom to classic and also simple designs.

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 For our case study report, we have identified that UiTM Seri Iskandar used sliding gate
with wrought iron material. Sliding gate can be used to provide provide security, durability and
also usability. For security, UiTM Seri Iskandar is located in the residential area and also in
area that has experienced crime cases, having a gate in order to help keeping intruders out of
the university area is vitally important. For durability, Seri Iskandar sometimes has strong wind
and heavy storm, the gate of UiTM Seri Iskandar must be durable to protect against strong
wind, heavy storm and other different weather related aspects that can harm the gate. If the
gate is not durable, it will be collapsed in a blink when there is a strong wind or heavy storm. For
usability, UiTM Seri Iskandar is a busy area with people come in and come out especially during
the peak hour in the morning, the ease of use of a gate is important for punctuality for everyone
either students or staffs.

2.5 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF FENCING AND GATE

There are many advantages and disadvantages of fencing and gate. One of the main
advantages of the fencing and gate is protecting our property. As we all know, installing fencing
and gate will make sure that our important things in the house will be secured from being stolen.
The fencing and gate will protect our precious things when we are not around such as when we
are going to holiday, work or outstation. So, we need to make sure that our house is safe from
any possible bad things happened. The thieves also will not go near or attempt to rob our house
when we have prepared a secure security enclosure.

Furthermore, fencing and gate can also give our yard an amazing look or can be called
as an aesthetic value. As a comparison, we can see that a house without these will look normal
compared to the house that was surrounded by fencing and gate. Nowadays, there are many
attractive designs for the fence and gate. The owner of the house just has to choose based on
their own criteria. If they can afford more, they can book a special design only for their house to
make sure that their design is unique and different from other people.

Besides that, the fencing and gate can be made as our shelter from any wild animals
from entering our yard. These animals are also dangerous for our family members. So, it is the
best idea to install them. If we have a big dustbin at our yard, so it will be the main place for the
stray animals such as raccoons or cats to find their food. Hence, we need to install the fence to
keep them away from our house.

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 Last but not least, the fencing and gate can protect against strong winds, snow storms
and other different weather related aspects that can harm our backyard on which we have
worked so hard to maintain. If we do not have the fence, most probably our yard will be
destroyed in a blink when there is a strong wind. The strong winds maybe only will damage our
fence, but not our yard. But, the broken fence can be replaced immediately meanwhile for the
yard we need to remake it again and it is a waste of time and energy.

For the disadvantages, we have several of it but it is depending on the materials used for
the fencing and gate. For the wood, it requires a lot of maintenance, and that maintenance can
be exhausting and expensive. We will probably have to regularly treat or stain it for added
protection. Weather takes its toll on wood fencing, and we may notice rotting or warping due to
excess moisture. Finally, and unfortunately, termites and other pests adore wood just as much
as humans, which can lead to destructive infestations.

The next disadvantage is from using aluminum and vinyl materials. Aluminum costs
more than wood upfront, but because of the lack of maintenance, it will cost less in the long run.
Though it is not as strong as steel, as we might have guessed, aluminum fencing will stand up
to the most environments. Finally, it would not work well as a privacy fence because of its
design. Vinyl, like aluminum, has a higher upfront cost. However, the lack of maintenance
should make up for that over the years. In addition, it lacks the formidable strength of some
other fencing materials, and it can turn brittle and crack in extreme temperatures.

Moreover, steel fencing also tends to be quite expensive, and it lacks versatility. For
example, we cannot use it as a privacy fence because its panels lack the needed coverage.
Due to its weight, we do not recommend that amateurs attempt to install it. In fact, some
professionals view steel as entirely impractical for residential and family use. They only
recommend using it on industrial premises.

Lastly, for the wrought iron fencing it is heavy and difficult to handle that can be arduous
to install. Looking at the pros and cons of fencing materials, we will also find that wrought iron is
our most expensive option. Depending on our climate and location (damp environments are
particularly susceptible), a wrought iron fence can develop rust spots. These typically arise in
areas where the paint is scratched or chipped, so the supplier recommends that we need to
inspect, sand, and repaint damaged areas promptly if we do not like the patina.

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 From the case study, we have identified that UiTM Seri Iskandar has used chain-link
fence around the university area. For the advantages of chain-link fencing, there are many of it.
First and foremost, it is cost effectiveness. The reason as to why most of the businesses and
homeowners prefer chain link fencing is the fact that it is cost-effective. In comparison to other
fencing options available that provide the same services in terms of strength and visibility, this
fencing type is significantly cheaper. Most people prefer it as its price is a fraction of the prices
of the other available options but does not compromise on reliability. So, if we are working on a
tight budget, it is the best option for us.

Next, it has provision of security. With respect to the level of security it offers, a chain
link fence is sometimes referred to as cyclone fencing or hurricane. This is because it is made
up of secure coated and interlocked steel wires. They are made to have a vertical zigzag pattern
which is then connected to form a shape of the diamond. These wires are then fixed on steel
posts which are embedded firmly on the ground. Because of its security level, it is suited for a
wide range of applications at home and other areas. They are also used to secure airports,
military bases, highway projects, and containment of correctional facilities. They are also see-
through. For additional security, these fences can be made to be more than 12 feet high.

Besides that, chain link fencing is one of the most durable fencing options out there. The
advantage is that they can be made from a variety of materials. These materials offer varied
ranges of durability. Therefore, if our main goal is to have the longest lasting chain link fence,
we can either pick the vinyl or galvanized steel coated types. Other than that, the customization
is done to meet your preferences. These fences are made to withstand conditions that others
would not easily withstand and remain as good as new.

Furthermore, it comes with a variety of design options. Chain link fencing is available in
a wide range of designs. The most common of the options is the silver steel colour. However,
there are a number of other designs available. For instance, there are colour-coated varieties
that one can choose from. The fencing materials can also be made to have specific thickness or
style. If we have a limited space, there is an option for us. On the other hand, if we have enough
space, we still got other options.

Moreover, it is ease of maintenance and repair. This type of fence is very easy to
maintain and repair. Once installed, there is not much that you need to do in order to keep them
in a working condition. When they become damaged for some reason, they are simply cut and
then replaced. Lastly, compared to other fencing options, chain link fences can be installed

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more easily. When you hire a professional fencing installer, this job can be completed in a
fraction of the time we had need if we were to do it ourselves. The benefit is that once we
complete the job, nothing more will be required of us.

For the disadvantages of the chain-link fencing, it is very utilitarian in appearance: no-
frills, basic, pedestrian, and rugged. Many people would describe chain-link fences as boring,
and some might go so far as to deem them unattractive. Since chain-link fencing is commonly
used at industrial sites or in utilitarian applications (schoolyards, prisons, surrounding electrical
enclosures), it is not very popular amongst stylish homeowners. People can easily climb over
residential chain-link fences as well, so the supplier does not provide much protection. Finally,
they would not deter prying eyes unless we as the owner of the house add slats, so we should
not utilize them for privacy fencing.

We will move on to the next topic which is gate. From the case study, we have seen that
it used manual sliding gate. For the advantages, only a little space required to install this type of
gate. That is because the gate will retract to the side of the gate, as opposed to a swinging gate
that will swing inwards or outwards. This means we can have our gate located relatively close to
the roadside without a problem.

Besides that, there will be no damage to the bottom of gate. It is due to that fact that
sliding gates are positioned on wheels, so we will not have the problem of gates getting
damaged by either colliding with the ground, or objects that are on the ground. This in turn will
reduce the number of instances where damage occurs and repairs have to be made.

Last but not least, it has steep slopes. So, if we have a steep driveway then a sliding
gate is a perfect solution because it will not need to move against the steep gradient. On the
other hand, with a swinging gate it can be a nightmare trying to engineering a solution where the
gate can swing open in a way that does not collide with the ground.

For the first disadvantages is regarding about noise. In most cases, a sliding gates
makes more noise than a swinging one simply because it has a higher number of moving parts.
This cannot be avoided by increasing the rate of lubrication, or maintenance work. Next, for the
maintenance works, the sliding gates will move along a track on wheels, and in order to ensure
that the motion of the gate is not impeded, regular maintenance will have to be carried out in
order to clear the track of debris. Lastly, it requires a higher cost. Sliding gates cost more than

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swinging gates to install because of the extra work that is required to setup the section to the
side of the gate.

2.6 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS OF FENCING AND GATE

1) Leaning Fences And Fallen Panels

Figure 33 shows Leaning Chain Link Fencing

First problem occurs using chain-link fencing is leaning fencing. The fence will be leaned
and loosed due to the high wind. It is because the fencing is directly perpendicular with the wind
which will lead to the fencing lean. The force from the wind will make the fence weaken in facing
the hurdle. Leaning fencing problem also occurs due to the soil condition. The soil condition
has close relation with the wind. It is due to the wind that is unable to help the soil grip the fence
strongly. In UiTM Seri Iskandar, this kind of problem occurs too. Second, UiTM Seri Iskandar is
surrounded by the jungle and there are wild animals that can cause the fence weaker than
before and make the fence sag prematurely such as monkey or pig. This happens when the
animals attempt to intrude the university area .Therefore, the fence will be leaned because it
has weak grip and cannot support the force.

The solution for the leaning fences and fallen panels are first we can call a landscape
professional to address the soil issue such as erosion in order to prevent the same problem
occurs twice in the future. Second solution is by hiring professional experts on fence structure
especially for chain-link fence so that, they can help us to fix the fencing properly by using
proper tools. If the fence is fixed properly and in the right way, may be this can increase the

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durability of the fence. For example, by fixing more support such as struts in order to give more
endurance. Third solution is we can replace the chain-link fence to the wire mesh fence
because the wire mesh fence more durable and stronger due to its material compared to chain-
link fence.

2) Rust And Corrosion At The Surface Of Fencing And Gate

Figure 34 shows rusty metal bar fence

In UiTM Seri Iskandar, the main entrance and exit gate of this university used wrought
iron sliding gate. This type of gate always has problem with rust and corrosion. Rust and
corrosion can destroy the surface of fence. The rust can occur due to changeable weather. For
example, after a long period of exposure to the sunlight, the fence painting will be deteriorated
and made the fence easier to rust and corroded. The rust may also easily occur when the iron
or steel are exposed to the air and water. For instance, Malaysia is a country with frequent
rainfall. This happens due to the geographical position of Malaysia that located on the equator
that consisted of several different weathers. Changes in the weather can cause the rapid spread
of rust especially for the place near the ocean because it is more exposed to the salt water and
air. When the fence becomes rusty, it will increase the possibility of the fence to corrode.

The solution for this problem is when we install the fence, we must choose the right
material by looking at what kind of area that we want to fix the fence. The right choice of fencing
can help the fence to last long. Second solution is by providing a surface protection for the
fence. It can help slow down the process of rust and corrosion. The used of primer with water-
based can immediately cause rust. We are recommended to use primer with no water-based

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and use metal brush or sandpaper to scrub the rust off the gate before applying chemical
solution and proceeding with painting the fence.

3) Track Obstruction

Figure 35 shows stuck sliding gate

UiTM Seri Iskandar used sliding gate as the gate at the entrance and at the exit. This
gate is easy to use and handle but, after years, the gate will have minor problem which is the
sliding gate is hard to open or close and it will also create bad noise. The gate will become dirty,
pebbles and other debris may stick at the gate rollers or track due to the frequent movement of
people come in and come out of the university area through the gate. Pebbles or debris will
create blockage and make the sliding gate rollers hard to open and close. Tracks will be easily
inward since it has to bear with the weight of the heavy vehicles. This will be such a burden as it
has to be maintained and services from time to time.

This problem can be solved by cleaning the track from any pebbles or debris. The debris
or pebbles must be swiped off in order to clear out the track. Other than that, the rollers must be
wiped at the top track with alcohol or spray it with silicon to ensure the rollers can roll smoothly.
Next, the bent track for instance for inward bend, it can be fixed with plier or vise grip which is
by pulling the bend back into the place meanwhile, for outward bend, it can be fixed with plier or
hammer which is by pushing the bend back into the place. Regular maintenance is needed to
keep the gate track mechanisms in perfect working shape.

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3.0 CONCLUSION

As a conclusion, from this case study report, we have required to prepare a report for Fencing
and Gate topic. We have decided to choose UiTM Seri Iskandar as our case study. In this
report, firstly, we have elaborated about the types of fencing and gate that consisted of several
types which are Post and Rail Fencing, Palisade Fencing, Close Board Fencing, Metal Bar
Fencing, Chain Link Fencing, Sliding Gate and Swing Gate and we also have elaborated the
selection of fencing and gate that suitable for our case study which is for fencing we chose
Chain-Link Fencing and for gate, we chose Sliding Gate.

Secondly, this report has explained about the method of construction of Chain-Link
Fencing and Sliding Gate in the form of flow chart and some of the methods of constructing
Sliding Gate are place gate track on concrete or steel strip, lift gate onto the sliding track and
also bolt down the sliding gate track. Then, some of the methods of constructing Chain-Link
Fencing are unroll the mesh and install a tension bar, attach tension bar to the posts and stretch
the mesh. We also have analyzed the method statement of Chain-Link Fencing and Sliding
Gate in the form of table.

Other than that, this report has explicated about the usage of fencing and gate for
example, for fencing, it used to provide more privacy, security, marking of property, safety
purpose, decorative purpose and for gate, it used to provide security too, durability, usability,
reliability and also appearance. We have also elucidated the advantages and disadvantages of
fencing and gate. For the advantages of fencing and gate, both has provision of security, give
aesthetic value and can protect against weather and wild animals meanwhile the disadvantages
of fencing and gate, it can be expensive in terms of maintenance, create bad noise and also
heavy and difficult to handle especially for gate.

Lastly, we have discussed about the problems and solutions of fencing and gate for
example for the problems, problem of leaning fences and fallen panels, problem of rust and
corrosion at the surface of fencing and gate and also problem of track obstruction. Meanwhile,
for the solutions, solution by hiring professional experts on fence structure to help us fixing the
fencing properly with proper tools, solution by providing a surface protection for the fence by
using primer with no water-based and also using metal brush or sandpaper to scrub the rust off
the gate before applying chemical solution and proceeding with painting the fence, solution by
wiping off the debris or pebbles in order to clear out the track also by wiping the rollers at the top
track with alcohol or spray it with silicon to ensure the rollers can roll smoothly.

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4.0 REFERENCES

1) Book
- How to Build a Fence: Plan and Build Basic Fences and Gates, Jeff Beneke (2015),
Storey Publishing.

2) Notes
- Lecturer’s notes from the Department of Quantity Surveying

3) Internet
- https://www.securefenceandrail.com/5-reasons-why-you-should-install-a-fence-around-
your-property/
- https://diamondfence.com/6-common-uses-chain-link-fencing/
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gate
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fence
- http://www.jackalfencing.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Sliding-Gate-Installation-
Guide.pdf
- https://www.traditionalbuilding.com/product-report/maintaining-metal-fencing
- https://www.bestpickreports.com/blog/post/6-common-fence-problems/
- http://azautomatedgates.com/10-common-problem-with-electric-gates/
- https://millsfence.com/6-common-types-fence-damage-prevent/
- https://mmcfencingandrailing.com/pros-and-cons-of-fencing-materials/
- https://www.gatefences.com/2020/02/06/5-advantages-of-fences-you-never-knew/
- https://www.longfence.com/content/5-advantages-of-having-an-outdoor-privacy-fence
- http://fleurs-et-bouquets.com/2015/04/20/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-sliding-
gates/
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain-link_fencing
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palisade
- https://www.warefence.co.uk/palisade-fencing-can-gain/
- https://www.garden-fence-panels.co.uk/product/fencing-panels-close-board/
- https://www.avsfencing.co.uk/news/a-guide-to-closeboard-fencing/
- https://www.thisoldhouse.com/fences/21019028/all-about-metal-fences
- https://xtremearrow.com/wrought-iron-advantage-installing-wrought-iron/
- https://xtremearrow.com/wrought-iron-care-maintenance/

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5.0 APPENDICES

Figure 36 shows Chain-Link Fencing in UiTM Seri Iskandar

Figure 37 shows Sliding Gate in UiTM Seri Iskandar

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