DISCUSSION

This experiment is conducted to investigate the validity of the Bernoulli’s equation when it is
applied to the water of steady flow in a tapered duct. We know water is fluid and fluid have
properties to take the shape of the container. Since the volume passing through at given length of
pipe during a given period of time will be the same, there must be a decrease in pressure. From
the Bernoulli’s principle, it states that the faster the rate of flow, the lower the pressure, and the
slower the rate flow the higher the pressure.

The Bernoulli theorem is a relation between pressure, velocity, and elevation, and valid for
steady, incompressible flow where net frictional forces are negligible. The equation is obtained
when the Euler’s equation is integrated along the streamline for a constant density for
incompressible fluid. The Bernoulli’s constant varies from one streamline to another but remains
constant along a streamline in steady, frictionless, incompressible flow. Despite its simplicity, it
is proven to be a very powerful tool for fluid mechanics. Bernoulli’s equation states that the
“sum of the kinetic energy (velocity head), the pressure energy (static head) and potential energy
(elevation head) per unit weight of the fluid at any point remains constant” provided the flow is
steady, irrotational and frictionless and the fluid used is incompressible .However, on the
assumption that energy is neither added to nor taken away by some external agency. The
Bernoulli’s equation forms the basic form of solving a wide variety of fluid flow problems such
as an orifice, jet trajectory, flow under a gate and over a weir, flows associated with pumps and
turbines etc. The equipment is designed as a self-sufficient unit. The apparatus consists of a
supply tank, which is connected to flow channel. The channel gradually contracts for a length
and then gradually enlarges for the remaining length.

These are some recommendation to improve the experiment

- Before start the experiment, make sure the trap bubbles must be removing from
manometer tubes to get accurate data by press air bleed valve lightly to allow fluid and
trapped air to escape out.
- The valve must be control carefully to maintain the constant values of the pressure
difference as it is quite difficult to control.
- When taking reading at manometer, the eye position of the observer must be parallel to
the water meniscus to avoid parallax error besides the time keeper must be alert with the
rising of water volume to avoid error.
- Any leaking of water in the instrument must be avoided
- The experiment should be repeat several times to get average values.
- The valve should be controlled slowly to maintain the pressure difference
- The valve and bleed screw should regulate smoothly to reduce the errors.