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Practical Research I
Quarter 4: Week 3 & 4 Module 2:
Research Methodology
Practical Research 1
Grade 11 Quarter 4 – Week 3-4: Module 2: Research Methodology
First Edition, 2021
Copyright © 2020
La Union Schools Division
Region I
All rights reserved. No part of this module may be reproduced in any form
without written permission from the copyright owners.
Management Team:
After going through this learning material, you are expected to attain the
following objectives:
Learning Competency:
Subtasks
Jump Start
For you to understand the lesson well, do the following activities.
Have fun learning and Goodluck!
1. Why did the Pen Stop Writing?: The Struggles of Drop-Out Students
2. Ako’y Isang Sirena: A Phenomenological Study on the expectations and
Frustrations of An LGBTQ+ Member
12. COVID Ka Lang! The Stories of Resiliency and Hope of Teachers During
the Pandemic
Whose
Experience
Which
What to
Layer of
have after
Human
the journey
Experience
Start Here
Processes of
how to What
validate Qualitative Research Question
findings to Ask
How to
What
analyse the
Design to
gathered
Have
data
Where to
How many
source the
selection
data
I. Writing the Research Design
Why Did the Pen Stop Writing?: The Struggles of Drop-Out Students
The case study method was utilized in this study. This design is a
critical study of a particular situation and method used to constrict a very
broad field of research into one easily researchable topic. According to Green
and Thorogod (2009), it is an in depth study undertaken of one particular
“case” which could be a site, individual or policy. Moreover, the role of the case
study method in research becomes more prominent when issues with regard
to education (Gulsecen and Kubat, 2006), sociology (Grasel and Schirmer,
2006) and community-based problems (Johnson, 2006), such as poverty,
unemployment, drug addiction, and illiteracy are raised. To make it clearer, it
is the thorough discussion of one certain phenomenon. This design is fitted for
the study since it concentrates on the gathering of data with regard to the
struggles of students who abandoned their schooling.
In addition, qualitative research approach was used. Qualitative
Research focuses on the description and interpretation that might lead to
development of new concepts or theory, or to an evaluation of an
organizational process which cannot be adequately expressed numerically (
Hancok et al, 2009). It aimed to get a better understanding about one’s
personal experiences that are to be interpreted for the formulations of
solutions that may be imposed. This approach is appropriate to the study
since utilized qualitative techniques such as interview and observation to
identify the struggles of the drop-out students
II. Writing the Sources of Data
Sampling Designs
Sample
Why Did the Pen Stop Writing?: The Struggles of Drop-Out Students
The population of this study was composed of junior and senior high
school drop-out students during the school year 2015-2016. The study
utilized purposive sampling and Snowball sampling technique in determining
the participants. Black (2010) describes that purposive sampling is a non-
probability sampling method and it occurs when elements for the sample are
chosen by the judgement of the researcher. The selection of respondents
depends upon their characteristics and the will of the researchers.
III. Writing the Instrumentation and Data Collection
Sample
Why Did the Pen Stop Writing?: The Struggles of Drop-Out Students
Sample
Why Did the Pen Stop Writing?: The Struggles of Drop-Out Students
The data collected were subjected for the analysis in the development of
a right and clear interpretation. The interview method wad used to determine
the responses of drop-out students. The responses were transcribed carefully
before they were subjected to cool and warm analyses to bring out the themes.
Further, open and axial coding method was used in the over-all thematic
analysis of the study. To this effect, a synthesizing diagram of the reasons why
students dropped form school was crafted.
Every human experience has its own morphology. Just like every individual
has its own unique DNA. Qualitative data analysis is the process of examining and
interpreting qualitative data to understand what it represents. Data analysis (what
the data say) is an attempt by the researcher to summarize the collected data
while data interpretation (what does it mean) is an attempt of the researcher to
find meaning.
After gathering the data, you have to apply the process of transcribing and
coding. Field notes compiled during an interview can be a useful complementary
source of information to facilitate this process, as the gap in time and between an
interview, transcribing, and coding can result in memory bias regarding non verbal
or environmental context issues that may affect the interpretation of data.
A. Transcribing and Checking
Notation Meaning
? Rising intonation at the end of the sentence
. Falling intonation at the end of the sentence
/ Rising and falling intonation within the text
, Continuing intonation (like in a list)
CAPS Stress or emphasis on the text
(0.5) Pause in tenths of a second
… Short untimed pause
<> Talk spoken slowly
>< Talk spoken rapidly
: Lengthened syllable
- Word cut off (abrupt self-termination)
= Latched talk (no gap between two speakers)
[] Overlap speech
{} Backchannel Talk (someone who is being transcribed)
?? Spoken softly
ITALICS Spoken loudly
H Audible breath
.h Inward breath
(( )) Outward breath
( ) Paralinguistic behavior (non-verbal behavior)
^^ ^^ Words spoken with laughter voice
Sample Transcript
The participants (age late 50’s) had suffered from a chronic mental
health illness for 30 years. The participant had become a “revolving door
patient”, some who is frequently in and out of hospital. As the
participant talked about past experience, the researcher asked:
Excerpt from an interview wherein a mother describes her teenage son’s trouble
over school years.
Transcription Descriptive Code
1 My son Barry, went through really 1 MIDDLE SCHOOL HELL
B. Theming
NOTE: One of the questions that arises about qualitative research relates to the
reliability of the interpretation and representation of participants’ narratives. There
are no statistical tests than can be used to check reliability and validity as there
are in quantitative research.
However, according to Lincoln and Guba suggests that there are other ways
to “establish confidence in the truth of findings. They call this confidence
“trustworthiness”
These criteria are the following:
Presents adequate measures and procedures to eb used that will safeguard the
well- being of the human participants (respondents), e.g. their informed consent,
freedom from coercion/physical or emotional harm, and confidentiality of certain
information, as well as the integrity of the sources/references.
*Research Ethics relate to the standards that should be upheld to guard the
participants from harm or risk. Ethical considerations should be made at each stage
of the research design and include informed consent, voluntary participation and
respect for confidentiality.
Directions: Identify what is being asked in each question. Write your answer
on the space provided in each number. Write your answer on a separate sheet.
Directions: Read the transcript verbatim below and identify the descriptive codes
and possible themes to complete the table
Deepen
Directions: Conduct an interview with your parents/guardian regarding the
prescribed topic below. Any form of language will be accepted provided you have to
provide the translation of their answers. Use separate sheet to answer this activity.
Do the following:
a. Audio-record their responses or interview
b. Do the transcribe verbatim of the audio recorded responses of your
participants
c. Include the transcription notation from the transcribed verbatim.
Observe the guidelines in writing the transcribed verbatim.
d. Give or identify the descriptive codes and themes.
e. Complete the table below.
Topic: I Will Survive: Struggles and Frustrations of Parents during Pandemic
Direction: Construct your research methodology based from the given topic below.
Consider the examples found in this module. Use separate sheet to answer this
activity.
A. Research Design
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
B. Sources of Data
Sampling Design
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
D. Data Analysis
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Lesson 1
Jumpstart
Layer of Human Experience
1. struggles
2. expectations/frustrations
3. addiction
4. success indicator
5. happiness and anxiety
6. grief
7. struggles and pain
8. needs preference, mood,
9. threat
10.academic failures
11.challenges
12.resiliency and hope
13.challenges
14.experiences
15.self-concept, disposition, resilience
EXPLORE
Activity 1.Answers may vary
Activity 2
1. story
2. saturation
3. research ethics
4. coding
5. interview
6. memoing
7. apriori approach
8. dependability
9. observation
10.axial coding
Activity 3. Answers may vary
Deepen and Gauge- Answers may vary
Answer Key
References
Babbie, E. (2004). The Basics of Social Research. 6th ed. USA: Wadsworth- Cengage
Learning.
Boholano, H. B., Bombita, M. B., Faltado, R. E., & Pogoy, A. M. (2016). Practical
Research 1 (Qualitative Research for SHS). Quezon: Lorimar Publishing Inc.
Sage Matira, M. D., & Chico, A. M. (2016). Practical Researh for the 21st Century
Learners. Manila: St. Agustine Publications, Inc.
.
Stake, R. E. (2010). Studying How Things Work. The Guildford Press. New York
London. Reprinted by permission.