--a complex system

IMMUNE SYSTEM
--components of lymphatic system that fights infection
--protects the body from everyday threats
A. First Line of Defense
--nonspecific defenses don’t involve the
production of antibodies
ORGANS OF THE IMMUNE
SYSTEM
1) Bone marrow—generates lymphocytes;
produces WBC (has essential function in the
immune system)
2) Thymus—educates/ lead T-cells; provides
inductive development
3) Spleen—similar in the structure of lymph nodes;
act as blood filter
4) Lymph nodes—act as filters & trap foreign
particles; packed tightly with WBC called
lymphocytes & macrophages
B. Second line of Defense
Cells: Lymphocytes
a. B-cells regulate cellular immune response that
b. T-cells protects the body from its own body defense
c. NK-cells—very few
LINE OF DEFENSE
1. Skin—protects the external
• Epidermis forms a shield against
invaders & secretes chemicals that
kill potential invaders that may
enter the body
• Shed between 40 to 50 thousand
skin cells every day
2. Mucous membrane—in the
respiratory system
• Hair-like structures called cilia sweep
this mucus into the throat for
coughing or swallowing
3. Saliva—produced by parotid
submaxillary sublingual buccal glands
• Contains chemicals (also fluid as well
as mucus & ptyalin (amylase that
converts starch to sugar) that
break down bacteria
4. Stomach acid—made of hydrochloric
acid
• Swallowed bacteria are broken down
by incredibly strong acids in the
stomach that break down your food
• There should be a coating of special
mucus/ it would eat stomach causing
ulcer.
• specific defenses—involve in the
formation of antibodies
1. White blood cells
• Responsible for eating foreign
particles by engulfing them
• Normally in the blood & go to tissues
as they go infected
• Once engulfed, the p[phagocytes
breaks the foreign particles apart in
organelles called lysosomes
2. Interferon
• Anti-viral glycoprotein cytokines
 • Chemical that interferes with the 4. Inflammatory response
ability to viruses to attack other • triggered when body tissues are
body cells injured
• Infected body cells release this as
the tissues get infected PHASES
3. T-cells 1) Redness & heat
• “Natural killer” cells, recognize 2) Swelling or localized edema by
infected human cells & cancer cells increased amount of interstitial
• Attack infected cells, quickly kill them fluid
& continue to search more cells to 3) Pain results to pressure of
kill edema of receptors & _____
* irritate nerve endings because
pressure of edema
DIFFERENTIATION OF T-CELLS
1) Helper T cells (CD4 T cells)—essential for • Injured body cells release chemicals
differentiation of B cells into plasma cells & their celled histamines which begin inflammatory
secretion of anti-bodies response:
• Activates hundreds of specific B cells o capillaries dilate
• Helps in the maturation of B cells into plasma o pyrogens released, reach
cells (lymphocytes that mature anti-body hypothalamus & temperature
secreting B-cells & produced from B cells as rises→fever
they go infected to fight foreign bodies) &
o pain receptors activated because
memory T cells (remembers the pathogen
pressure of edema & nerve ending
that attacked the cells; activated but are
inactive) o WBC flood to infected area like
• Attacked by HIV sharks to blood
• Example of Irritants
2) Suppressor T cells/ Regulatory cells 1. Pathogen
• Inhibit the development of B cells into plasma 2. Friction
cells 3. Excessive heat & cold
• Regulate the activity of NK cells 4. Radiation
• Suppresses the production of antibodies as 5. Chemicals
not needed to have excessive production
• Suppresses auto-immune (refers_______); * Infection—caused by irritant
(caused by auto-immune bodies), (antibodies
against antigens) responses to prevent
auto-immune disease
3) Natural Killer (NK) T cells
• Migrate from lymphoid tissue to the site of
foreign cell invasions
• Secrete a group of small proteins called
lymphokines which attract phagocytes (engulf
foreign pathogens) to fight foreign invaders
• Prevent the reproduction of invading
microorganisms, infected host cells or viruses
4) Cytotoxic T cells (CD 8)
• Directly inactive cells are carrying antigens
(any substance that causes Immune System
to develop antibody (against antigen))
• Release powerful toxins
• In destruction of abnormal body cells
 First line of defense

INFLAMMATION PROCESS

Start of inflammation & a

bacteria to enter the
break of the skin

Histamine (inflammatory
chemical released by
damaged tissues) is
released by injured cells
-increase vasodilation
(widening of hole in the
injured area)
Signaling blood vessels
(especially blood capillaries)
--caused by the leakage
of plasma (helps in blot
clotting & defend body
from infection)
*antibodies—leave the
blood capillary;
synthesized in the blood in
response to the entry of
foreign substances in the
body
*WBC—in response to
infection & injury

*Fibrin—insoluble protein
--to form clotting

*Pus—composed of
serum, WBC, & bacteria
→Then pus will drain &
formation of scar
→Homeostasis will be
restored
*Without injury process, it
could spread & can result
to death
 • Has the ability to enhance the body’s many
defensive action
RESEARCH On • Involved in direct destruction of bacteria &
viruses’ attachment to cells
1) sepsis/ septicemia--results when an infectious • Prevents attachment of virus in the cell
insult triggers a localized inflammatory reaction that
then spills over to cause systemic symptoms of fever
2) Interferons—small protein molecules produced
or hypothermia, tachycardia, tachypnea, and either by virally infected cells & by T cells
leukocytosis or leukopenia. These clinical symptoms are • Can’t special control virus entering, but block
called the systemic inflammatory response syndrome entry of viruses, not to infect disease to the
individual
• To be able the virus to function, it should be
inside a living cell
3) Defensins—antibiotic inside neutrophils consist of
related proteins
• It destroys a wider range of bacteria, fungi,
& viruses
• Antibiotic—natural part of the cell; inside the
body but it can’t destroy all cell viruses
o such as neutrophils
o be taken for 7 days
o safer than a manufactured
antibiotic
• natural antibiotic in the body specific in
neutrophils
• neutralize
2) Auto-immune disease--the body's immune • in the membrane of the cells
system gangs up on a person's own cells. If the
immune system attacks skin cells, the redness and
itching of psoriasis can result; if it attacks pancreas
cells, type 1 diabetes; if it turns against cells lining the ANTIGENS
intestines, ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease
--specific defenses/ immune responses
• proteins produced by B cells in response to
antigen
• React with antigen, triggering a complex process,
called immunity
• For long term protection from chronic infection

~Classes of Antibodies/ Immunoglobulins (glycoprotein

produced by plasma cell in WBC) (have to bind with
antigens (bacteria & viruses)) (act as a cuticle)~
1) Ig A molecules—found on mucous membrane of
the nose and throat- help fight respiratory
allergens
NONSPECIFIC ANTIVIRAL & o Antibody in saliva, tears, secretions from
ANTIBACTERIAL SUBSTANCES intestinal and respiratory tracts and
mother’s milk.
1) Complement—group of proteins and factors 2) Ig D molecules--antigen- triggered lymphocytes
that circulate in blood until activated. differentiation
o Involved in lyses (rupture of the cellular o Function is to signal B cells to be
antigen & labelling of non-cellular antigens) activated to ready to take part in
defense
 o The receptor of B lymphocytes
o Present in small amount
3) Ig E molecule—responsible for immediate allergic
reaction
o Triggers release of histamine & other
inflammatory substances for
capillary→mucous flow
o Binds to the surface of the mast cell for
its importance in allergic reaction as for
the release of histamine
4) Ig G molecules—pass through placenta during
pregnancy- natural passive immunity
5) Ig M molecules—major antigen fibers
o Secreted into the blood during the early
stages of a first time exposure
o First antibody to arrive in infected site
o First produced
o Stimulate function of macrophages
IMMUNITY
--a state of relative resistance to disease
--ability to destroy pathogens/ other foreign
materials
HUMORAL (antibody-mediated)
Immunity
• B lymphocytes produce circulating antibodies to
act against antigens
• Most active against bacteria, viruses, toxins,
parasite, pollutions which may infect or affect
the body
T CELLS & CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY
• Respond to specific antigens
• T cells give protein by
1) Producing chemicals that destroy antigens
2) Inducing macrophages to destroy antigen
3) Stimulating B cells to produce antibody
4) Regulating the immune response to make
the system that will not overreact to
damage the body
GENETIC IMMUNITY
• Does not involve antibodies or the immune
system, this is programmed in DNA (substance
that carries genetic information)
• Result of our genetic makeup meaning: some
pathogen affect certain host & not to others
• Example:
1) Dogs & cats have genetic immunity to
measles & virus, which is pathogen only for
human.
2) Mice leukemia affects only mice, but not
people because we have genetic immunity to
them attached in DNA
ACQUIRED IMMUNITY
a) Naturally acquired—encountered with the
infectious microorganism; memory cells develop
1) Active—infection contact of antigen;
exposed to live pathogen
o Antibody/ memory cells develop then
later on becomes immune from disease
o Contact to pathogen; antibodies
created in the body
2) Passive—antibodies pass from mother to
fetus via the placenta (Ig G); or to infant in
her milk (Ig A)
▪ Milk contains protein & antibodies
• Colostrum
b) Artificially acquired—through injection
1) Active—vaccine dead or attenuated
pathogens
o Ex: vaccine (substance that contains
antigen)—antigens are deliberately
introduced into the immune system to
produce immunity
▪ Immune serum—serum in
vaccine; serum containing the
antibodies
▪ Vaccinations against Hepatitis B
(before exposed in clinical areas)
• Against tetanus, and
even mumps
2) Passive—injection of immune serum (gamma
globulin/ immune globulins)
o A short term immunization injection of
immune system
o Gamma globulin—rich in antibody; short
o Ex: RH