IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT, VOL. 57, NO.

5, MAY 2008 907

Vibration Damping Using CCII-Based

Inductance Simulators
Giuseppe Ferri, Senior Member, IEEE, Nicola Guerrini, Ernesto Silverii, and Amabile Tatone

Abstract—In this paper, we present an application of second-

generation current-conveyor (CCII)-based active inductance
simulators to mechanical vibration damping. The oscillation
amplitude of a metallic beam, which is near some resonant fre-
quencies, can be reduced by converting mechanical energy into
electrical energy through a piezoelectric transducer that is bonded
to the beam. An electric circuit, which is made up of the piezo-
electric transducer, a resistance, and an inductance, accomplishes
the task of dissipating the energy. To this end, the natural fre-
quency of the circuit should be close to the natural frequency of
interest of the mechanical system. The high value that is requested
for the inductance (thousands of henrys) can only be achieved
through an inductance-simulator circuit. In the literature, the
Fig. 1. Mechanical–electrical system.
circuit implementations of the inductance simulators are typically
based on operational amplifiers, such as the Antoniou circuit. In
this paper, we make use of the CCIIs, which allow us to obtain both
grounded and floating equivalent inductances that work within a piezoelectric transducer, which is bonded to the surface of a
a regulated frequency range from three to four decades. The metallic beam, is connected to a resistance and to an inductance
effectiveness of the traditional inductance simulators and CCII- simulator. This circuit accomplishes the task of converting
based simulators is discussed, comparing the responses of an mechanical energy into electrical energy and then dissipating
experimental mechanical–electrical system, with different circuit that energy through an electric resistance (Fig. 1). The required
implementations, through experimental results. The use of series-
resistance compensation, which is obtained through the use of a inductance value depends on the oscillating mode that we want
suitable topology based on the CCIIs, in the implementation of to damp. It is of thousands of henrys if the operating frequency
the equivalent inductance, allows one to obtain the best vibra- is as low as 10 Hz. While new active inductors have been
tion damping, as confirmed by measurements, for all the natural presented in the literature [2]–[5], the interest in designing and
mechanical frequencies of the realized system. studying inductance simulators for low-frequency applications
Index Terms—Inductance simulators, passive control, piezo- has increased.
electric shunt damping, second-generation current-conveyor Analog designers face inductance integration with some
(CCII)-based circuit, vibration damping. difficulties in terms of both silicon area and inductance values.
Low inductances are integrated through a strip of a conductive
I. I NTRODUCTION material, and their value is about 1 nH/mm. This method is
not practicable for high inductive values, where a solenoid
T ECHNOLOGICAL advances have led to the design of
thin, flexible, and lightweight structures. Vibration damp-
ing is an important issue in such mechanical systems. An
with a magnetic flux inside is only used for high-frequency
applications. In order to implement high inductive values for
low-frequency applications, it is mandatory to find new circuit
effective reduction of mechanical vibrations is a key factor
solutions. Inductance simulators generate equivalent inductive
in positioning systems, noise reduction, and, in general, in
behavior from capacitances, resistances, and active components
increasing reliability and durability of mechanical structures.
(typically voltage amplifiers).
Both active and passive controls are used in vibration damping.
In the literature, the most efficient impedance simulator (in
A drawback of the active control is the so-called spillover. This
terms of nonidealities) was proposed by Antoniou in 1969
is completely absent in the passive control [1] where, typically,
[6], which is based on the classical voltage operational am-
plifier and some passive components (resistances and capac-
itances). This simulator only gives an equivalent grounded
Manuscript received August 5, 2005; revised November 12, 2007.
inductance, which has only one terminal that is free, and
G. Ferri is with the Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, presents a series resistance so that the equivalent inductance
University of L’Aquila, 67040 L’Aquila, Italy (e-mail: ferri@ing.univaq.it). is not a pure inductance. In more recent years, a new ap-
N. Guerrini is with Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Oxford, U.K.
E. Silverii and A. Tatone are with the Department of Structural, Water, proach, which considers current as reference instead of volt-
and Soil Engineering, University of L’Aquila, 67040 L’Aquila, Italy (e-mail: age, has become increasingly important and studied. Based
e.silverii@tiscali.it; tatone@ing.univaq.it). on this new philosophy, different active blocks have been
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available online
at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org. implemented [7]–[11], and one of the most popular blocks is
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TIM.2007.913762 represented by a second-generation current conveyor (CCII).
0018-9456/$25.00 © 2008 IEEE
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908 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT, VOL. 57, NO. 5, MAY 2008

Fig. 2. CCII block representation.

The CCII has successfully been applied to the implementa-

tion of active inductors, both in grounded and floating cases
[8]–[15].
In this paper, we want to show how CCII-based inductance
simulators with series-resistance compensation can efficiently
be used in mechanical vibration damping. An experimental
setup that is made up of a vibrating beam and a piezoelectric
transducer (which can be considered a prototype of a damp-
ing device) has been realized. In addition, we have designed
a resonant electric circuit with a pure-inductance simulator
with high inductive values at relatively low frequencies. The
CCII-based solution that is proposed in the following sections
turns out to be more effective than the ordinary inductance
Fig. 3. CCII-based grounded inductance simulator.
simulators. Moreover, the solution allows the implementation
of simple circuits, with special symmetries, which are also
suitable for integrated applications, once an integrated CCII is a parallel of RZ (high) and CZ parasitic elements. In the matrix
designed. representation
    
II. CCII T HEORY IY 0 0 0 VY
 VX  =  1 0 0   IX  (1)
Recently, in analog design, there has been a new impulse IZ 0 ±1 0 VZ
toward the so-called current-mode circuits, which are able to
overcome the limitation of a constant gain–bandwidth product
the behavior of CCII signals, voltages, and currents is proposed.
and the tradeoff between speed and bandwidth [11]. Among the
The signs + and − stand for the positive and negative CCIIs,
current-mode circuits, CCII has been introduced as a natural
respectively.
building block in analog circuit design. It can be considered
as a basic analog block which, in some cases, can replace the
operational amplifier. In Fig. 2, its block representation, as
III. CCII-B ASED G ROUNDED I NDUCTANCE S IMULATOR
well as its real equivalent model, is shown. The latter takes
into consideration the nonperfect transfer buffering between The first CCII-based inductance simulator [14] that is pro-
Y and X voltages (through α factor) and X and Z currents posed here (Fig. 3) utilizes only two CCIIs (one negative and
(β) and the effect of parasitic impedances ZX , ZY , and ZZ the other positive) and three passive grounded components and
at the three CCII terminals X, Y , and Z, whereas V0 and allows one to implement an equivalent grounded inductance.
IZ0 are offset contributions, which are typically negligible. For For this circuit, we can write
what concerns terminal impedances, X shows a low-impedance
terminal (ideally zero), whereas Z and Y are high-impedance VY 1 Vin
terminals (ideally infinite). For typical internal CCII structures, IX1 = = = IZ1 (2)
R1 R1
at X node, ZX is a series impedance that is formed by a
1 Vin 1
series of RX and LX components, in parallel with a CX , even VZ1 = VY 2 = IZ1 = (3)
though only RX can be considered, because it dominates at sC R1 sC
low frequencies. At Y node, ZY is typically formed by a high- VX2 Vin 1 1
VY 2 = VX2 ⇒ IX2 = = . (4)
valued parasitic resistance RY . In addition, at Z node, we have R2 R1 sC R2
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FERRI et al.: VIBRATION DAMPING USING CCII-BASED INDUCTANCE SIMULATORS 909

Since |IX2 | = |IZ2 | = |Iin |

Vin 1 1
Iin =
R1 sC R2
Vin
⇒ Zin = = sCR1 R2 = jωCR1 R2 (5)
Iin
from which

Leq = CR1 R2 . (6)

The parasitic series resistance RS can be taken into account,

considering also the CCII parasitic components. In the follow-
ing, RZ1 is the resistive parasitic component at Z node of
CCII1, CZ1 is the capacitive parasitic component at Z node of
CCII1, and CY 2 is the parasitic component at Y node of CCII2. Fig. 4. CCII-based floating-inductance-simulator schematic.
Considering the CCII characteristics, we can write

Vin R1 R2 (1 + sRZ1 (C + CZ1 + CY 2 ))

Zin = =
Iin RZ1
= RS + sLeq (7)

where

RS = RR1Z1
R2
(8)
Leq = R1 R2 (C + CZ1 + CY 2 ).

From (8), we can say that, in order to increase the inductance

value, it is better to increase the capacitance, maintaining the
low values of RS . The quality factor Q, which is defined as
ωL
Q= (9)
RS
is then given by
ωLeq Fig. 5. Floating-inductance simulator that has all the components floating.
Q= = ωRZ1 (C + CZ1 + CY 2 ). (10)
RS
all of them are equal to RX ). The expression of the quality
This value of Q is related to the considered frequency and factor Q is the same as in (10). It is possible to improve some
can be improved if the series resistance RS is compensated. simulator characteristics (higher Q and lower series resistance)
by using all the passive components as floating (Fig. 5) [11].
IV. CCII-B ASED F LOATING -I NDUCTANCE S IMULATORS The circuit analysis gives

This simulator (Fig. 4) allows one to obtain a floating in- R1 R2 s(CZ + CY + 2C)R1 R2
Zin = + (12)
ductance, but it utilizes four CCIIs instead of two [9], [14]. It 2RZ 2
shows good performance in terms of precision and low series
ωLeq
resistance. Resistive components are also floating. For this Q= = ωRZ (2C + CZ + CY ) (13)
RS
circuit, we have
where RZ and CZ are the Z-node CCII parasitic resistance and
R1 R2 (1 + s(C + CZ1 + CY 2 )RZ1 )
Zin = capacitance, respectively.
RZ1
R1 R2
= + s(C + CZ1 + CY 2 )R1 R2 V. I NDUCTANCE S IMULATOR W ITH
RZ1
S ERIES -R ESISTANCE C OMPENSATION
= RS + sLeq . (11)
In order to avoid a series resistance greater than the optimal
It is possible to also take into account the parasitic at CCII value (see Section VI), we have implemented a topology (based
X node by substituting R1 and R2 with (R1 + 2RX ) and on CCIIs) that is able to eliminate the series resistance through
(R2 + 2RX ), having included the two series parasitic resis- a suitable compensation, which can successfully be applied to
tances at X terminals of CCII1 and CCII3 and CCII2 and almost all the CCII-based inductance simulators. The basic idea
CCII4, respectively (we have considered all equal CCIIs; thus, is that, if it is not possible to eliminate the unwanted series
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910 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT, VOL. 57, NO. 5, MAY 2008

Fig. 7. Modified Antoniou circuit.

Fig. 6. Inductance simulator with series-resistance compensation.

resistance, we can add or subtract the same series components

to the simulated impedance. By using proper connections,
circuits that simulate a negative impedance, instead of a positive
one, can be designed. This can be done by changing the CCII
sign, but this will change both equivalent inductance and its
series parasitic component. Maintaining all positive CCIIs, Fig. 8. Implementation of the inductance simulator with series-resistance
compensation.
we can completely eliminate the series resistance by adding
positive resistances to negative series component. A practical
implementation of this solution has been developed by some
of the authors of this paper [16] and is shown in Fig. 6.
In particular, R01 and R02 must be designed so that their
sum must be equal to (R1 R2 )/RZ , where RZ is the Z-node
parasitic resistance of CCII3. Better details about circuit op-
eration are given in [16]. This design choice allows one to
ideally eliminate the equivalent inductance series resistance,
thus heavily improving the inductance quality factor. In order
to have a comparison with other solutions that are largely used
as inductance simulators, we also considered an op-amp-based Fig. 9. Electrical scheme for the measurement of the equivalent inductance.
simulator, i.e., the Antoniou circuit [6], where the problem of
reducing the parasitic resistance that is produced in the circuit
has been solved through a modified circuit [10], as shown VI. A PPLICATION TO M ECHANICAL V IBRATION D AMPING
in Fig. 7. If the op-amp is ideal (infinite gain, infinite input
The previously described CCII-based inductance simulators
impedance, and zero output impedance), the input impedance
have been implemented using the AD-844 device [17] as a
at the “in” (1–8) terminals is
CCII. This commercial component shows the following par-
Vin sC4 R1 R3 R5 R0 R1 asitic values at its terminals: RX = 0.3 mΩ, LX = 63 nH,
Zin = = − . (14) CX = 12 pF, RY = 11 MΩ, CY is negligible, RZ = 11 MΩ,
Iin R2 R2
and CZ = 35 pF. The photo related to the circuit in Fig. 6
This means that the equivalent input impedance is given by is shown in Fig. 8. The inductance simulators have been
(sLeq − RS ), where used to implement the equivalent inductances in the range of
1–10 000 H and the frequency range of 0.1 Hz–1 kHz. Fig. 9
C4 R1 R3 R5
Leq = (15) shows the circuit that is used in measuring the equivalent
R2 inductance and its series resistance. It is possible to determine
R0 R1 both of their values through two measurements of the output
RS = . (16)
R2 voltage Vout —the first one (Voutdc ) at lower frequencies (where
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FERRI et al.: VIBRATION DAMPING USING CCII-BASED INDUCTANCE SIMULATORS 911

Fig. 10. Aluminum beam with a piezoelectric transducer and an actuator.

TABLE I
MATERIAL PROPERTIES

Fig. 13. Frequency response for different inductance values (numerical

simulations).

Fig. 14. Frequency response for different resistance values (numerical

simulations).
Fig. 11. Piezoelectric patches bonded on the aluminum beam.
TABLE II
OPTIMAL VALUES OF INDUCTANCE AND RESISTANCE

negligible, and the measure accuracy is totally related to that

of R, which is chosen with 1% precision. An equivalent in-
ductance variation is obtained by suitable choices of the ca-
pacitance value while holding the resistance value fixed. There
Fig. 12. Frequency response for inductance and resistance values that are is an excellent linearity for an extended range of inductance
different from the optimal ones (numerical simulations).
values; moreover, the theoretical and measured values are in
inductance is negligible) and the second one (to determine L) very good agreement. The inductance simulators discussed in
at higher frequencies—as follows: the previous sections have been used to build up the RLC
circuit that is coupled to a vibrating aluminum beam through
RVoutdc a piezoelectric transducer ACX QP10N that is bonded to the
RS = (17)
Vin − Voutdc upper face (Fig. 10), as shown in Fig. 2. In Table I, the values of
 the relevant mechanical quantities of the experimental setup are
1 RS2 − (Vout /Vin )2 (R2 +2RRS +RS2 ) shown: the beam length l, width w, thickness h, mass density ρ,
L= . (18)
2πf (Vout /Vin )2 −1 and Young’s modulus (Y ) of the beam; the transducer length lp ,
width wp , thickness hp , mass density ρp , distance from the
E E
The output voltage has been measured through the use of a clamped end l1 , and elastic moduli (Y11 and Y33 ). The in-
good-quality voltmeter (HP 34401A), showing an equivalent ductance simulators discussed in the previous sections have
resistance RM in the GΩ range. In the determination of RS , been used to build up the RLC circuit that is coupled to a
since R  RM , the influence of the voltmeter is absolutely vibrating aluminum beam through a piezoelectric transducer
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912
Fig. 15. Free oscillations with an open circuit.
Fig. 16. Free oscillations with a closed (C2) circuit.
ACX QP10N that is bonded to the upper face (Fig. 10), as
shown in Fig. 1. The beam oscillations are forced by a piezo-
electric actuator that is bonded on the lower face (Fig. 11)
and driven by a sinusoidal voltage signal. The amplitude of
the beam vibration is detected through an accelerometer that
is placed at the tip of the cantilever beam. The experiments
have been carried out by alternatively using three inductance
simulator circuits:
1) (C1) CCII-based circuit without resistance compensation
(Fig. 5);
2) (C2) CCII-based circuit with resistance compensation
(Fig. 6);
3) (A) modified Antoniou circuit (Fig. 7).
The response of the system has been observed for forcing
frequency values that range from 7 to 530 Hz. This is the range
that contains the first five natural frequencies of the cantilever
beam. It should be noted that the natural frequencies of the
coupled system that is made up of the beam and the electric
circuit are slightly different from the natural frequencies of the
mechanical system alone. Nevertheless, a first approximation of
the inductance value can easily be guessed through the formula
1 span. The experimental response spectra that are obtained for
L=
(2πf )2 C
where f denotes a natural frequency of the mechanical system.
Response spectra, which are near the first resonant frequency,
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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT, VOL. 57, NO. 5, MAY 2008
are shown in Fig. 12 for slightly different values of the induc-
tance while keeping the value of the resistance away from the
optimal one. These response spectra are computed by using a
mathematical model of the coupled system [18]–[22]. The opti-
mal values [1] for both inductance and resistance are those val-
ues which flatten, as low as possible, the response spectrum, as
shown in Figs. 13 and 14. The response spectra in Fig. 13 have
been obtained by slightly changing the inductance value while
keeping the resistance at its optimal value. In Fig. 14, it is shown
how the response depends on the resistance value while holding
the inductance at its optimal value. Table II shows the optimal
values of inductance and resistance corresponding to the first
five resonant frequencies of the coupled mechanical–electrical
system. The program LabView, which runs on a personal com-
puter, has been used to generate a signal that is applied to the
piezoelectric actuator and to record the accelerometer signal.
An inductance simulator has been designed for each of the five
frequencies (in Table II) of the type A, C1, and C2 circuits. As
an example, the experimental transient responses in the time
domain, just after turning off the actuator signal, are shown in
Figs. 15 and 16 for the system with an open circuit and for
the system with a closed circuit, respectively, for the same time
(19) each of the three different inductance simulators are shown
in Figs. 17–19. Looking at the response near the first and
second natural frequencies (Figs. 17 and 18), we can observe
that circuit C2 shows better performance than circuit C1 while
FERRI et al.: VIBRATION DAMPING USING CCII-BASED INDUCTANCE SIMULATORS
Fig. 17. First frequency response.
Fig. 18. Second frequency response.
Fig. 19. Fifth frequency response.
behaving almost like circuit A. In Figs. 20 and 21, it is shown
how the damping effect is heavily reduced when the oscillating
amplitudes are much higher than those in Figs. 17 and 18.
The reason is because of the saturation that is suffered by the
inductance simulator circuits. Nevertheless, circuit C2 behaves
better than circuit A, even if the voltage that is supplied to the
op-amps in circuit A and to the CCIIs in circuit C2 is exactly the
same (±15 V). A similar behavior can be observed when also
considering other mechanical frequencies (Figs. 19 and 22).
VII. C ONCLUSION
The goal of this paper was to compare different inductance
simulators to be used in a mechanical vibration damper that
is made up of a resonant RLC series circuit (Fig. 1), where
C is the capacitance of the piezoelectric transducer, and R is
the dissipative component of the whole mechanical–electrical
system. The main task was to implement two known inductance
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913
Fig. 20. First frequency response (saturation).
Fig. 21. Second frequency response (saturation).
Fig. 22. Fifth frequency response (saturation).
simulators—a CCII-based circuit without resistance compen-
sation (C1) (Fig. 5) and the so-called modified Antoniou cir-
cuit (A) (Fig. 7)—and to compare them, through the response
analysis of an experimental setup, with a new one: a CCII-based
circuit with resistance compensation (C2) (Fig. 6), which is
developed by two of the authors of this paper. The topology C2
was developed from C1 in order to reduce its series resistance
to nearly zero. The key point is that the electrical damping
device (coupled with the mechanical system) is characterized
by an optimal value of the resistance, which can possibly
be lower than the parasitic resistance itself; thus, an additive
resistance would only decrease the effectiveness of the damping
device. Once the parasitic resistance has been compensated, the
dissipation of the mechanical power, which is the task of the
electrical circuit, is accomplished by the external resistance R
only, which is tuned at an optimal value. The proposed cir-
cuit C2, while showing a behavior similar to circuit A for
inductance values as high as 8500 H, proved to be better for
914 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT, VOL. 57, NO. 5, MAY 2008
higher oscillation amplitudes where circuit A showed a stronger
saturation. Nevertheless, the decay of the damping effectiveness
for large vibration amplitudes, which is due to saturation of the
inductance simulator, is still the main drawback in using such a
kind of dissipative device in vibration damping.
As a final remark, we want to point out that circuit C2,
being a floating inductance simulator, is suitable for the imple-
mentation of multimodal piezoelectric shunt-damping devices
[24]–[27].
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Giuseppe Ferri (M’95–A’95–M’97–SM’06) received the Laurea degree in
electronic engineering from the University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy, in 1988.
Since 1991, he has been a Researcher, and since 2001, he has been an Asso-
ciate Professor of electronics with the Department of Electrical and Information
Engineering, University of L’Aquila. In 1993, he was a Visiting Researcher with
SGS-Thomson Milano, working on bipolar low-voltage op-amp design. During
1994–1995, he was a Visiting Researcher with the Katholieke Universiteit
Leuven, Leuven, Belgium, working on low-voltage CMOS design in the group
of Prof. W. Sansen. His research activity is centered on the current- and
voltage-mode analog design of integrated circuits for portable applications
(e.g., sensor and biomedical applications) and circuit theory. He is the coauthor
of the book entitled “Low-Voltage, Low-Power CMOS Current Conveyors”
(Dordrecht, The Netherlands, Kluwer, 2003) and four textbooks in Italian
on analog microelectronics (in 2005 and 2006). Moreover, he is the author
and coauthor of more than 230 scientific works on international journals and
national and international conferences.
Prof. Ferri is an Associate Editor of the Journal of Circuits, Systems,
and Computers. He was a Co-organizer of international [Eurosensors 1991,
International Meeting on Chemical Sensors 1994, and International Symposium
on Industrial Electronics (ISIE) 2002] and Italian conferences (Associazione
Italiana Sensori e Microsistemi 1995, 1996, and 1997). He was also the
Publication Chairman of the ISIE 2002 Conference.
Nicola Guerrini received the degree in electronic engineering from the Uni-
versity of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy, in 1999.
From 1999 to 2005, he collaborated with Prof. G. Ferri at the University of
L’Aquila in the field of analog integrated-circuit design. Since 2005, he was
with the Council for the Central Laboratory of the Research Councils–
Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Oxford, U.K., working on optical sensors.
Ernesto Silverii received the degree in civil engineering from the University
of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy, and the Ph.D. degree in structural engineering
from the University of Rome “La Sapienza,” Rome, Italy, in 1998 and 2002,
respectively.
He has been with the Dynamics Laboratory, Department of Structural, Water,
and Soil Engineering, University of L’Aquila, since he was a student and
while in a one-year postdoctoral position, gaining considerable expertise in
setting up experiments and in mechanical and electrical measurements. He
spent a seven-month grant with the Laboratoire de Modelisation en Mecanique,
Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris VI, Paris, France, working on analytical
and numerical modeling of a piezoelectric element that is bonded on an elastic
plate.
Amabile Tatone received the degree in civil engineering from the University
of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy, in 1974.
Since then, he has been Research Assistant with the Department of Struc-
tural, Water, and Soil Engineering, University of L’Aquila. He is currently
Associate Professor with the same Department. His main research area is
in continuum mechanics, and he is particularly interested in multiphysics
problems, such as mechanoelectrical interactions and fluid–solid interactions.
Recently, he has been involved in mathematical modeling of complex inter-
actions between mechanics and biochemical phenomena occurring in living
tissues. He teaches courses in solid mechanics to graduate students in civil,
electrical, and mathematical engineering.