RS-CRS102: Human Physiology

Week 2 – HOMEOSTASIS AND CELL PHYSIOLOGY

STUDENT GUIDE
SY. 2023-2024
SCHEDULE

SECTION 1-1 1-2 1-3 1-4

FACULTY CASTRO LENTEJAS INFANTADO GONZALES
ROOM
ONLINE SYNC ONLINE SYNC ONLINE SYNC ONLINE SYNC
ASSIGNMENT
August 24 (Thursday) August 24 (Thursday) August 22 (Tuesday) August 22 (Tuesday)
Date/Time
12:00-2:00PM 12:00-2:00PM 12:00-2:00PM 12:00-2:00PM

ACTIVITY MAP
TIME ACTIVITY TASK OF STUDENT
Pre-Lecture Session Learning Drills Students will take the pre-quiz before the start of the
(August 21-28, 2023) Lecture Worksheet laboratory session
12:00-12:20PM Pre-Quiz Students will take the pre-quiz in ILS BB for 15 mins
The students will be instructed to participate and
12:20-12:30 PM Opening Prayer and Class Reminders share their learnings during the class discussion for
Class Participation grade.
The students will participate in the interactive lecture
12:30-1:30 PM Homeostasis Lecture
provided by the lecturer.
1:30-1:40PM Break
Students will try to explain concepts they have
1:40- 2:00PM Cell Physiology Lecture
learned in cell physiology.
2:00- 2:20PM Post-Lecture Quiz The students will take the post-lecture quiz in ILS BB.

INSTRUCTIONS TO STUDENTS
• Submission of lecture worksheet will be on August 28, 2023, 11:59 AM (Morning), in pdf format in the submission bin for Topic 1 with the
following file name: PTYear-Section_Surname_FirstName_Lecture Worksheet 1.pdf (e.g. PT1-1_Lentejas, John Patrick_Lecture
Worksheet 1.pdf)
• Submission of the video presentation will be on September 1, 2023 (11:59 PM) in ILS Submission Bin for Topic 1.
• The learning drills will also be available for answering for 1 week August 21-28, 2023.
• Failure to comply to the instructions will warrant 0 points in Lecture Worksheet.
• Students are expected to review the following materials posted in ILS BB before the start of the laboratory discussion:
1. VanPutte C. L. Regan J. L. Russo A. F. Seeley R. R. Stephens T. D. & Tate P. (2020). Seeley's anatomy & physiology (Twelfth edition /
International student). McGraw-Hill.
- Chapter 1 (Homeostasis Part)
- Chapter 3 (Cell Biology)
2. Tortora, G. J., & Derrickson, B. (2020). Principles of anatomy & physiology. 16th edition. Danvers, MA, Wiley.
- Chapter 1 (Homeostasis Part)
- Chapter 3 (The Cellular Level of Organization)
Other Supplemental Materials:
3. Barrett, K. et al. (2018). Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology 23rd ed. NY: McGraw Hill Companies, Inc.
 NAME:
NAME: Erick Aringay, Dylan De Vera, Zoe Formoso
SECTION: BSPT 1-4
DATE SUBMITTED: August 26, 2023

HOMEOSTASIS LABORATORY WORKSHEET 1 (ANSWER SHEET)

1. What is homeostasis? (1 pt.)

• Is a self-regulating process by which a living organism can maintain internal stability while adjusting to changing
external conditions

2. Why is homeostasis important for human beings? (1 pt)

• To sustain the existing internal conditions without being overwhelmed by external factors aimed at disturbing the
equilibrium

3. Fill in the table (11 pts.)

1. 60% (0.6 x body weight)

2. Intracellular Fluid (ICF) 6. Extracellular Fluid (ECF)

3. 40% 7. 20%
4. Sodium 8. Potassium
5. Chloride 9. Organic Phosphates

10. Interstitial Fluid

11. Intravascular Fluid
4. What happens to the red blood cell when: a) hypertonic solution is added; b) hypotonic solution is added?
Why? Illustrate. (5 points each)
 NAME:

5. You observed an elderly confined in a hospital due to severe dehydration brought on by excessive
sweating and lack of water intake. The doctor mentioned she has hypernatremia. In your own words, what
happens when a person has hypernatremia? (2 POINTS) How does the body fluid shift in the ECF and ICF
compartments? (3 POINTS) What will be the initial response of the body to this condition? (2 points) (7
POINTS IN TOTAL)

Hypernatremia is a medical condition characterized by an elevated concentration of sodium (Na+) in the blood, typically
caused by a deficiency of water relative to sodium intake. Sodium is a vital electrolyte that helps preserve healthy cell activity
and fluid equilibrium. Hypernatremia impacts the balance of salt and water in the body, resulting in cellular dehydration. Cells
try to balance sodium concentration by losing water to extracellular fluid (ECF), causing them to shrink. This can cause a
variety of symptoms and problems.

The body is divided into two fluid compartments: extracellular fluid (ECF) and intracellular fluid (ICF). Because of the greater
sodium concentration in the ECF, hypernatremia causes a transfer of water from the intracellular to the extracellular area. This
change is an attempt to dilute the excess salt and rebalance the system. Water travels from the ICF to the ECF at first to dilute
the high blood salt levels. Cells lose water and shrivel as a result, resulting in cellular dehydration. This shift worsens the
dehydration and raises the salt concentration in the blood.

To respond to hypernatremia and restore fluid balance, the body has many reactions such as thirst, the person feels an
excessive thirst, which is the body's way of urging water consumption to help neutralize the extra salt. Antidiuretic Hormone
(ADH) Secretion: The hypothalamus secretes ADH, also known as vasopressin. This hormone tells the kidneys to save water
by producing less urine. It also causes the kidneys to reabsorb more water into the bloodstream, restoring normal blood salt
levels and preventing further dehydration.
6. IDENTIFY THE FOLLOWING CELL STRUCTURES AND THEIR FUNCTION. (1 pt each label, 18 POINTS Total) No
specified
function, no score. (+2 points if complete) 20 POINTS IN TOTAL

Nucleus
Nuclear Envelope

Nucleolus
Nuclear Pore
Plasma Membrane
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Cytosol

Mitochondrion
Lysosome

Centrioles
Rough Endoplasmic
Reticulum

Ribosome

Golgi Apparatus
Microvili

Microfilament

Microtubule
Intermediate fillaments Perixisome
NAME:

CELL FUNCTION/DESCRIPTION
STRUCTURE
The nucleus is the control center of the cell, containing genetic material in the form of DNA and regulating gene
Nucleus expression. It is in charge of crucial processes such as DNA replication, transcription, and ribosome assembly,
which are required for cell growth, development, and function.
The nuclear envelope is a double-membrane structure that encloses and separates the cell nucleus from the
Nuclear cytoplasm. It controls the flow of genetic information, proteins, and other important components by regulating the
Envelope movement of molecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm.
Nuclear pores, which run through the nuclear envelope and allow for the selective and controlled interchange of
Nuclear Pore molecules between the nucleus and cytoplasm, are channels lined with proteins. They are crucial for maintaining the
accuracy and functionality of the genetic information contained in the cell as well as for controlling the trafficking of
proteins, RNA, and other macromolecules.
The nucleolus is a distinct region of the cell's nucleus that is in charge of generating and assembling ribosomal RNA
Nucleolus (rRNA) into ribosomal subunits. When these subunits assemble with proteins, ribosomes, the cellular machinery
essential for protein synthesis, are created.
The plasma membrane, also known as the cell membrane, functions as a selectively permeable barrier, allowing
Plasma substances into and out of the cell while maintaining cellular integrity.
Membrane
Since the rough endoplasmic reticulum contains ribosomes, which create proteins that are later modified and
Rough delivered to different locations within the cell, it is involved in both protein synthesis and processing.
Endoplasmic
Reticulum
The smooth endoplasmic reticulum primarily functions in lipid synthesis, detoxification processes, and the
Smooth regulation of calcium levels within the cell.
Endoplasmic
Reticulum
The ribosomes are cellular structures responsible for protein synthesis, where they translate genetic information
Ribosomes from mRNA into functional proteins.
The Golgi apparatus is responsible for modifying, sorting and packaging proteins and lipids into vesicles for
Golgi Apparatus transport to various cellular destinations or for secretion outside the cell.
Peroxisomes are cellular organelles that primarily function in the breakdown of fatty acids and the detoxification of
Peroxisomes harmful substances, producing hydrogen peroxide as a byproduct.
 The smooth endoplasmic reticulum primarily functions in lipid synthesis, detoxification processes, and the
Smooth Endoplasmic regulation of calcium levels within the cell.
Reticulum
Mitochondria are the powerhouses of the cell, responsible for generating adenosine triphosphate (ATP) through
Mitochondrion oxidative phosphorylation, a process that converts energy stored in nutrients into a form usable by the cell.
Lysosomes are cellular organelles containing enzymes that digest and break down various macromolecules,
Lysosome cellular waste, and pathogens, playing a critical role in waste removal and cellular recycling.
Centrioles are involved in organizing the microtubules of the cytoskeleton, particularly during cell division,
Centrioles where they form the spindle fibers essential for separating chromosomes and ensuring proper distribution of
genetic material to daughter cells.
Small, finger-like protrusions called microvilli are found on the surfaces of some cells, primarily in the small
Microvilli intestine and kidney, that greatly enhance the cell's surface area and improve its capacity for absorption and
secretion.
By offering structural support and promoting muscle contraction in muscle cells, microfilaments, which are
Microfilament made of actin protein, are engaged in a number of cellular activities, including cell migration, cytokinesis, and
maintenance of cell shape.
The cytoskeleton's vital microtubules serve as routes for intracellular transport, sustain the cell's structure, and
Microtubule are necessary for functions including cell division and the preservation of cell shape.
The structural proteins known as intermediate filaments give cells mechanical stability, enabling them to
Intermediate filament tolerate mechanical stress, keep their shape, and attach organelles like the nucleus within the cell.
NAME:

1. BY GROUP. Create a 5-minute (or less) video presentation showing and explaining the different parts of a reflex control
system (stimulus, sensor, integrating center, effector organ, response) to achieve homeostasis. 1 reflex control system for 1
group. The faculty-in-charge will give the groupings, and will assign the topic. Deadline: September 1, 2023, 11:59PM
- Arterial Pressure Regulation (low blood pressure)
- Glucose Regulation (hypoglycemia)
- Temperature Regulation (increased temp)
- CO2 regulation (Inc build up of CO2)
- Calcium regulation (low Ca2+ in blood)
Answer the following guide questions:
A. Why is it important to control this particular variable?
B. What is the normal set point for the variable?
C. What are the different parts of the reflex control system for this variable?
D. What happens when the body fails to regulate this particular variable?

REFERENCES
MAIN REFERENCES
• Seeley, R. R., VanPutte, C. L., Regan, J., Russo, A., Stephens, T., & Tate, P. (2014). Seeley's Anatomy and Physiology (10th ed.). New
York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
• Tortora, G. J., & Derrickson, B. (2014). Principles of anatomy & physiology. 14th edition.
• Marieb, E.N. & Hoehn, K. (2019). Human Anatomy and Physiology (11th ed.). San Francisco: Pearson Benjamin Cummings
• Hall, J. E., & Guyton, A. C. (2016). Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology (13th ed.). Philadelphia (PA): Elsevier.

TOPIC ORGANIZERS
• JOHN PATRICK R. LENTEJAS, PTRP, MSc