1-41 - 42-70 222 - Merged

SANT BABA BHAG SINGH UNIVERSITY, JALANDHAR
(Established vide Sant Baba Bhag Singh University Act, 2014)
EFFECT OF INTEGRATED NUTRIENT

MANAGEMENTONGROWTH AND
YIELD OF BROCCOLI
(Brassicaoler aceae var. Italica L)cv Punjab
Broccoli-1
THESIS
SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTFOR
THE AWARD OF
MASTER OF SCIENCE
IN
AG. HORTICULTURE (VEGETABLE SCIENCE)
SUBMITTED BY
Neha
Registration No. 19104022

Major Advisor
Dr. Ajitpal Singh
Assistant Professor, Department of Agriculture
SANT BABA BHAG SINGHUNIVERSITY

Village Khiala,PO Padhiana
District Jalandhar
May 2022
Effect of Integrated Nutrients Management on Growth Yield of Broccoli 1

DECLARATION/UNDERTAKING
I hereby declare that the research work, presented in the Thesis, entitled “Effect of
integrated nutrient management on growth and yield of broccoli (Brassica
oleraceae var. Italica L) cv Punjab Broccoli-1 in the partial fulfilment of
requirement for the award of degree of M.Sc. Ag. Horticulture (Vegetable Science)
submitted in the Department of Agriculture at Sant Baba Bhag Singh University,
Jalandhar, Punjab is authentic record of my own work carried out during a period
from August 2020 to May 2022 under the supervision of Dr. Ajitpal Singh, Assistant
Professor, Department of Agriculture. The matter presented in this report has not
been submitted earlier to any other University/Institute for the award of any diploma
and degree.
Signature of the Student

(Neha)
This is to certify that the above statement made by thecandidate is correct to the best of
my knowledge.
The M.Sc. viva-voce examination of Ms. Neha has been heldon…………………….
Signature of Supervisor
Italica L)cv Punjab Broccoli-1
Signature of COD Signature of External Examiner

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Project Report entitled “Effect of integrated nutrients
management on growth and yield of broccoli (Brassica oleraceae var. Italica L) cv
Punjab Broccoli-1)” is a bonafide work carried out by Neha, student of M.Sc. Ag.
Horticulture (Vegetable Science) in the department of agriculture, Sant Baba Bhag
Singh University, Jalandhar, Punjab under my supervision towards the partial
fulfilment of the degree in M.Sc. Ag. horticulture (vegetable science) during the
academic year 2020- 2022. This work has not been published or submitted elsewhere
for the award of any degree.
(Supervisor)
Dr Ajitpal Singh
(Assistant Professor)
Department of Agriculture
SBBSU, Jalandhar (Punjab)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Firstly, I bow my head with utmost reverence before the Almighty whose eternal
blessings has enabledme to accomplish this project work.
Its gives me immense pleasure to record my thanks and sign of profound gratitude to
my supervisor Dr. Ajitpal Singh, Assistant Professor, C. O. D of Department of
Agriculture Sciences at Sant Baba Bhag Singh University, Khiala. The door to
Assistant Prof. Shalu Rani was always open whenever I ran into a trouble spot or had
a question about my research work or writing thesis. she always remains with me
when I do my research work, I am lucky as you are being my guide, beside research
guidance she also encourages me in right way in my life.
I am thankful to Sant Sarwan Singh ji honorable Chancellor of Sant Baba Bhag

Singh University, Jalandhar, for providing necessary facilities to carry out the
research work in an effective manner.
I am highly grateful to Dr. Dharmjit Singh Parmar, Vice Chancellor, Sant Baba
Bhag University, Jalandhar for providing me an opportunity to carry out the project
work.
I would like to very thankful to my parents Sh. Mohinder pal & Smt Sunita Devi
who always encouraging me throughout my years of study and through the
process of researching and writing this thesis. They always provide me with
unfailing support. This achievement would not have been possible without them.
.
NEHA
Reg. No.; 19104022
M.sc Ag. Horticulture (Vegetable Science)

CONTENTS
SR.NO CHAPTER PAGE NO
1. INTRODUCTION 9-12
2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE 13-26
3. MATERIAL AND METHOD 27-34
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 35-50
5. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 51-52
6. REFERENCES 53-62

LIST OF TABLES
S.No Particulars Page No

3.4 Details of treatment with notification 30
3.5 Experiment layout 31
3.6 Schedule of culture operations performed in the experimental field 32
4.1 Plant height of Broccoli 36
4.2 Number of leaves per plant of Broccoli 37
4.3 Leaf length of Broccoli 38
4.4 Leaf width of Broccoli 40
4.5 Plant spread of Broccoli 41
4.6 Curd length of Broccoli 43
4.7 Curd width of Broccoli 45
4.8 Curd yield per hectare of Broccoli 48
4.9 No. of curds per Broccoli 46
4.10 Average curd weight of Broccoli 49

LIST OF FIGURES
S.No Particulars Page No
3.1 Location of experimental field 27
3.2 Field Preparation 28
3.3 Irrigation 31
3.4 Weed management 31
4.1 Plant height of broccoli 36
4.2 Number of leaves per plant of broccoli 38
4.3 Leaf length of broccoli 39
4.4 Leaf width of broccoli 40
4.5 Curd length of broccoli 44
4.6 Curd width of broccoli 45
4.7 Plant spread of broccoli 42
4.8 Curd yield per hectare of broccoli 48
4.9 No. of curds per plant of broccoli 47
4.10 Average curd weight of broccoli 50

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
Abbreviations Stands for
@ At the rate
0 Degree
0C Degree Celsius
% Percentage
Cm Centimetre
Cm2 Centimetre square
No. Number
CD Critical difference
RBD Randomized block design
Q Quintal
Fig. figure
Kg Kilogram
et al And others/co-workers
g Grams
ha-1 Per hectare
Ha Hectare
FYM Farm Yard Manure
kg Kilogram
K Potassium
N Nitrogen
P Phosphorous
RDF Recommended dose of fertilizer

CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION
Broccoli (Brassica Oleracea Var.Punjabbroccoli-1 (2n=x=18) is an edible green plant
in the cabbage family (family Brassicaceae, genus Brassica) which is found from the
Mediterranean region. It is commonly known as Hari gobi in Punjab and it is a
member of Cole crops.
The term “Cole‟ has formed from the word “Colewart’’ means wild cabbage. The
broccoli derived its name from the Latin word “Brachium’’ meaning of “Brachium” is
an arm or branch of plant. The broccoli with a kind of terminal head consisting of
green buds and thick fleshy flower, stalks morphologically resemble with the
cauliflower except secondary heads, which develop in the axil of leaves.[1].
Being a cool season crop ,it requires15-20oC optimum temperature for head
production. Temperature above 25oC is not conducive for growth and can cause
loosening and bolting of heads. It prefers a well- drained, sandy loam soil with
optimum pH of 5.5- 6.8[2].Broccoli is known for its better taste and high nutritive and
medicinal value [3].
Broccoli is an important vegetable crop with high nutritional value[4]. It is low in so

soups, pickles, salad and is cooked either as sole or as mixed vegetable with
potato[6].Broccoli has been considered as anti – can cero us food by the American
Cancer Society because it contains some use full substances which helps to treat
breast, colon and lung cancer. It also contains flavonoids ,phenolic acids ad soluble
dietary fibre, disaccharides ,beta carotene an damino acids (including a high content of
lysine) too and it has anti oxidantand anticancer activity[7].
In recent times, consumers are demanding higher quality, nutritive and safer foods,
there by ,broccoli is considered as a promising vegetable for consumers requirements
and preference for organic food [8].Fresh broccoli contains 89.1%water,Protein 2.8
vitamin C 9.2mg, per100g by weight [9].
In 2019,global production of broccoli (combined for production reports with

cauliflowers) Was 27 million tones ,with China and India together accounting for 73%
of the world total production .Secondary producers ,each having about one million ton

sorless annually, were the United States, Spain and Mexico.[10]. China ranks first in
production of broccoli having production of about10.263.746 tons with yield 19.732,5
kg/hectare. In India, broccoli is normally grown in cool areas of Himachal Pradesh,
Jammu & Kashmir, Nilgiri Hills and Northern plains with cold temperature. Bharat is
the second rank after china in producer of broccoli producing 8.199.000 tons which
is35.2percent- share to world broccoli and cauliflower production and the yield is
19.246,5 kg/hectare. The United States of America comes the third rank after India
with 1.321.060 tons production and yield is 19.398 ,8 kg/hectare.[11]. Area in India
under broccoli cultivation during 2012 was 0.39 M ha with yield of 18.8 t ha-1. In
2013, it increased to 19.62 t ha- 1whereas, Area reduced to 0.4 M ha. In 2014, area
under broccoli cultivation was 0.43 M ha with yield count of 19.76 t ha-1. [12].
As broccoli has been recently introduced for cultivation in Punjab, its establishment in
the newly reclaimed soils is faced by various problems. Being new crop in region, the
technology of cultivation of broccoli is not developed enough, the yield level of this
crop rarely reaches optimum productivity of 10-12 t / ha. Many factors such as
cultivars, time of plating, nutrient status of soil, climate etc. are responsible for the
productivity of broccoli. The nutrient level of soil, fertilization, low amounts of
available nutrients and low organic matter content as well as poor hydrophilic,
chemical and biological properties of the soil can be the one of the important reasons
of low yield. Macronutrients are important because of their role in growth, yield and
development process of the plant such as nitrogen encourages vegetative growth and
phosphorus encourages root development and also providing energy by forming ATP
and potassium play an important for carbohydrate metabolism, enzyme activation and
osmotic regulation. Among the macro nutrients.
Nitrogen fertilizers play an important role in the cultivation of Broccoli. More than
required and inappropriate usage of nitrogen fertilizer result in problems related to
human and environment. But Nitrogen deserves special attention because of its large
requirement by crop and instability in soil then other plant nutrients. Nitrogen
fertilizer has a good role on growth characters, yield and yield contributing
components because of the process of photosynthesis, flowering to fruiting and
maturity period. Nitrogen fertilizers has significant effect for boosting yields also

recognized widely, particularly after the development of modern varieties. Nitrogen

nutrient acts as a major part of protoplasm, protein and chlorophyll. It also plays a
remarkable role in increasing cell size which in turn increases yield [13]. Efficient
fertilizer management compared to farmers practice gave higher yield with high
benefit cost ratio [14]. Lower dose of nitrogen application seriously hampered plant
growth and drastically reduces the yield. It is also major concern that improper use of
nitrogenous fertilizer, instead of giving yield advantage, may reduce the same. Use of
Improper chemical fertilizers continuously into soil has negative impacts on soil
texture, structure, organic matter as well as soil microbial activities [15] To
compensate the negative effect of inorganic fertilizers, organic fertilizers can play
direct role in plant growth as a source of all important macro and micro nutrients is in
present forms during mineralization and better physical and chemical properties of soil
[16].The beneficial effect of fertilizer addition including organic matter containing
mineral nutrients to soil for improved growth of plant.
In order to improve soil structure and microbial activity an alternative to mineral

fertilizers is organic manure. For this reason, using locally produced manure in
agricultural activities might increase crop yield, and thus, less chemical fertilizers will
be used. Now days, consumers prefer organic foods than ever because there is a wide
spread belief that organic foods are healthier and more environmental-friendly.
However, an important draw back of organic agriculture is the fact that most organic
fertilizers have low nutrient contents which mostly depends on the source and
moisture content. Another problem is the difficulties to assess the value of organic
fertilizers by using direct total quantity of plant nutrients analysis. For this reason,
further studies are necessary to define the availability of the nutrient elements and the
efficiency of many organic fertilizers. For this reason, the study was designed to
examine the effects of different concentration of inorganic nitrogen fertilizer (Urea) in
addition with the increased constant doze of FYM than the recommended- on growth
and yield of broccoli. The aim of this study the effect of different concentration of
Nitrogen fertilizer Urea with increase in recommended concentration of FYM on
growth and yield of broccoli var. Punjab broccoli-1

 Objectives:-
1. To study the effect of application of different concentration of Nitrogen fertilizer
(Urea) and increasedrecommended concentration of FYM on growth and yield of
broccoli var. Punjab broccoli-1.
2. To study the effect of application of different concentration of Nitrogen fertilizer
(Urea) and increased recommended concentration of FYM growth and yield of
broccoli on yield attribuiting characters of broccoli var. Punjab broccoli-1.

CHAPTER-2
REVIEW OF LITERATURE

II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE

A number of research works have been reported on “Effect of integrated nutrient
management on growth and yield of broccoli (Brassica oleraceae var. Italica L) cv
Punjab Broccoli-1”.However, research on this as pectin broccoli in Jalandhar district
is meager, keeping in this view, an effort has been made in this chapter to review the
available literature on “Effect of integrated nutrient management on growth and
yield of broccoli (Brassica oleraceae var. Italica L) cv Punjab Broccoli-1” of
Broccoli is highly remunerative cole crops need good quality appearances for
marketing demand. Curd compaction to greenish colour r of the curd should be very
attractive and eye- catching for customers .Every yield attribute and biometric
parameters are vital for its garnish while doing marketing and to place it like salad for
big events.
In Egypt, chemical fertilizers are used heavily to maintain to the soil

fertility and to ensure crop production. Normally, Egyptian growers are used to add
huge amounts of mineral fertilizers to obtain the maximum yield from the crop area.
Although the modern agriculture production requires efficient, sustainable, and
environmentally sound fertilizer management practices. Consequently, the adequate
rates, appropriate sources and efficient methods. Fageria, N. K.,and V.C. Baligar,
(2005) [17] .
Growing broccoli in the new reclaimed soils is faced by various problems,

such as fertilization, cultivars, low amounts of available nutrients and low organic
matter content as well as poor hydrophilic, chemical and biological properties of
the soil. The best maintaining soil fertility and productivity could be through periodic
addition of organic manures such as poultry manures. Abou EL-Magd et al., 2005;
Abou EL- Magd et al., 2006; Mustafa, 2006and Hanaa et al., 2010) [18].
A brief review of the literature is given below:-

How different nutrients effect on growth and yield of plants
Plant growth and yield largely depend on the combination and
concentration of mineral nutrients available in the soil. Plants can faces significant
challenges in obtaining an adequate supply of these nutrients to meet the demands of

basic cellular processes due to their relative immobility. A deficiency of any one of
them may result in decreased plant productivity and/or fertility. Due to nutrients
deficiency may include stunted growth, death of plant tissue, or yellowing of the
leaves caused by a reduced production of chlorophyll, a pigment needed for
photosynthesis. Nutrients deficiency can have a significant impact on agriculture,
resulting in reduced crop yield or reduced plant growth and quality. (Lopez-Bucio et
al., 2003) [19].
Effect of inorganic fertilizers (N,P,K) on vegetative growth and yield parameters

on broccoli
Effect of application of organic and inorganic fertilizers on vegetative
characters of broccoli has been reported by a number ofworkers.
Kumar and Sharma [2001] [20] studied the different broccoli cultivars
(Green Head, Palam Samridhi, DPGB 12 and American Selection) at different N, P
and K rates under Solan conditions of Himachal Pradesh. The maximum values for
plant growth parameters were obtained at the highest N, Pand K levels (150,90 and
60kg/ha, respectively).
Sharma et al (2002) [21] found that when Nitrogen and Phosphorous
were applied except potash, maximum values with respect to plant height and plant
frame were obtained at120kg N/ha, respectively in sprouting broccoli cv.‟Green
Head‟.
Bhardwaj et al [2007] [22] studied the doses of N (0%,25%,50%,75%
and100%) of the suggested dose viz; 150kg/ha on the growth of broccoli. The doses
of nitrogen were further cooperated with 60kg / ha each of P2O3 and K2O. They
observed that plant height, plant spread and number of leaves/plant enhanced and
enhancing levels ofnitrogen upto100% of the suggested dose(150kgN/ha).
Singh et al.(2002) [23] reported that in broccoli the maximum head
diameter was obtained when the dose of NPK was 200 : 120 : 80 kg ha-1
respectively.
Similarly, Gupta et al. (2002) [24] observed that application of 200Kg N
1
ha- increased leaf growth in cauliflower significantly over control.

Sharma et al. (2002) [25] found that plant height, number of branches per
plant, days to an thesis and vigour index were significantly improved with increasing
concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus in broccoli.
Vegan et al. (2004) [26] reported that by increasing the N levels (0, 120
and240 kg ha-1) increased the leaf area index of broccoli.
Zhang et al. (2008) [27] worked on a field experiment to found the
effect of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium lack on inorganic minerals
nutrition absorption and distribution in the vegetable of broccoli plant. The results
showed that the plant accumulated more mineral nutrition during initial period.
During whole growth , broccoli more than N and P, potash was absorbed. N, P, and
K content in leaves fell by 19.6%, 10%, and 9.0%, respectively, from the bud phase
to the harvest phase and by 11.14% during the harvest phase. The yield and N have a
substantial positive correlation, according to correlation analysis. And K
accumulation in plant and finished product rate was significantly correlated with P
in plant.
In an experiment by Katiyar et al. (2011) [28], the broccoli variety
Green Head was grown with four levels of nitrogen (at 30, 60, 90, and 120 kg/ha),
three levels of phosphorus (at 30, 60, and 90 kg/ha), and a base dose of potassium
dioxide (K2O) at 60 kg/ha.. Nitrogen and Phosphorus both increases the yield up to
90kg/ha application. K was shown to be the most crucial ingredient for yield and dry
weight.
According to a pot experiment conducted by Wang et al. in 1997 [29].
Significantly favourable correlations between yield and leaf dry weight were also
discovered. And plant size. To obtain high yields and quality of curd, balance
application of NPK isessential.
Brahma et al. (2002) [30] studied the effect of combinations of
nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium on growth and yield of broccoli, cv. Pusa
Broccoli KTS-1 was conducted at Assam Agriculture University, Jorhat. The
treatments comprise: 0:0:0, 80:30:20,100:60:40,150:80:60 and 200:120:80kg
NPK/ha. Highest head yield (13.41 t/ha) and highest protein (3.36) and total
chlorophyll content ofhead (0.46mg/g) were obtained at200:120:80kg NPK/ha.

Magd et al. (2005) [31] grew three cultivars of broccoli (Atlantic,

Mono top and Atlantic hybrid) on sandy soil with five compound fertilizer
treatments, i,e Zero, N:P:K at 1:1:1(30 limits each of NPK),2:1:1, 1:1:2 to study the
effect on growth, yield and head quality. Results indicated that increasing any of N,P
or K ratio in the compound fertilizer improved vegetative growth, yield and head
quality.
Jing et al. (2005) [32] reported that the highest yield was obtained
with application of the specialized compound fertilizer with N-P2O5-K2O of 9-5-6
in broccoli. Application of specialized compound fertilizer increased the ball yields
by 9.9% (164 kg/667m2) compared with the normal fertilizer application. The
harvesting of balls also become easier and the quality of asparagus, broccoli
improved as a result of increase in weight and tightness of the lower balls. In an
experiment on the effects of various doses of NPK and boron on the growth and
yield of broccoli, Singh
Manoj (2015) [33] reported the following results: maximum plant
height (65.33 cm), number of leaves/plant (18.26), length of leaf (52.99 cm), width
of longest leaf (17.98 cm), spread of plant (55.53 cm), curd diameter (13.69 cm),
weight of curd (286.89 g), weight of sprout plant-1(126.89 g The combined treatment
of 120 kg N, 60 kg P2O5, 40 kg K2O, and 15 kg B/ha produced curd and sprouts
(148.51 q ha-1).
Effect of organic fertilizers (N,P,K) on vegetative growth

Aishwarya. In comparison to other treatments, the incorporation of
organics with in organic fertilizer application increased plant height, leaves per plant,
days to the central head, width of the head (cm), length of the head (cm), size of the
head(cm), and weight of the head per plant. Maximum yield (183.16 q/ha), net return
(Rs. 136552), and B:C ratio were achieved with the application of vermin compost
2.5 t/ha + half NPK (75: 60: 60 kg/ha) (4:1).. They achieved productivity of broccoli
could be managed profitably with combined application of chemical fertilizer and
vermin compost or farmyard manure.

Kamla Kanwar et al.(2002) [34] observed that when they applied

nitrogen @ 0,5Vermicompost (25 t/ha), farm yard manure (25 t/ha), and no manure
(100%) can all be used alone or in conjunction with other organic manures on the
cauliflower crop. K-1 Pusa Snow Ball at Dhaulakuan, H.P., India. He noted that
application of NPK (100%) alone increases the plant height.
Sharma (2000) [35] studied the efficacy of integrated nutrient
management in broccoli using green head variety. The experiment was conducted at
Lari, H.P. and the results showed that integration of organic manure and chemical
fertilizer application significantly increased the head yield over control and chemical
fertilizers alone. The treatments 175kg N, 75kg P2O5, 60 kg K2O/ha +FYM 12.5t/
ha put down the maximum yield (63.12 q/ha) which was at par with N150, P2O5
75 and K2O 60 +FYM 12.5 t/ha (57.59 q/ha) but crucial higher rest of the
treatments with regard toyield and net profit.
Sharma (2000) [36] conducted an experiment at Lari ( Spiti valley,
Himachal Pradesh, India) on influence of integrated nutrient management in
sprouting broccoli cultivar “Green Head‟ and revealed showed the head yield was
much higher when organic and inorganic fertilizers were combined than when
organic fertilizers were used alone or as a control. The maximum yield was obtained
with the use of 175:75:60 NPK and 12.5 t/ha of farmyard manure, which was
comparable to 150:75:6 0 NPK and 12.5 t/ha of farmyard manure (yield 57.59
q/ha). But significantly superior over rest of the treatments in terms of yield and net
profit.
The application of organic manures with VAM (vesicular bus cular my
corrhizae) (applied bio fertilize r for soil treatment near the seedling roots) on
broccoli significantly improved the fresh weights of leaves and stem diameters.
However, Organic manures and bio fertilizers did not affect the plant height and
number of leaves / plant in comparison to recommended dose of
NPK(120:60:80kg/ha) only (Bahaduretal.2003) [37].
In a field trail of effect of different organic sources (Chaterjee et al.
(2005)) [38] reported significant increase in plant height of sprouting broccoli
with inoculation of VAM (Vasicular ar buscular my corrhizae) bio fertilizers. The

highest plant height was recorded with application of mustard oil cake + Bio
fertilizer- 1.
Application of inorganic fertilizer alone resulted in highest number of
leaves per plant. A trail was conducted in Egypt to compare the effect of organic
manure application with mineral fertilization on broccoli. The highest plant height
and leaf number was recorded in plants supplied with 100% cattle manure Whereas,
the lowest values were recorded with mineral fertilizer treatment (El-
Magdetal.,2006) [39]
In an experiment, Choudhary et al. (2009) [40] evaluated the impact of
various organic sources and fertility levels on broccoli. The findings showed that
organic sources and varying fertility levels had a substantial impact on the growth,
yield, and quality of broccoli.
Application of 125% recommended dose of fertilizers proves best among
the different fertility levels. Shapla, et al. (2018) [41], S.A. a study found that using
poultry manure (12 tonnes per acre) was optimal for the broccoli production. As
vermin compost (13ton/ha) had statistically similar response to the broccoli
production so farmers can use vermin compost also concerning the availability and
economic concern of the vermin compost and poultry manures.
Meena et al (2017) [42] conducted an experiment to find “ Effect of
organic manures and bio fertilizers on growth, yield and quality of broccoli (Brassica
oleracea var. Italica Plenck.) Cv. KTS-1 .and showed that the peak plant height
(52.67 cm), the number of leaves per plant (21), the leaf length (43.07 cm), the leaf
width (35.20 cm), the stem diameter (5.00 cm), the days to curd (65.13), the days to
50% curd initiation (75.23), and the days taken to 50% curd maturity (96.13),curd
diameter(10.52),curd weight(305.33)and maximum numbers of leaves 22.13in the
treatment T8 (RDF 25%+VC 50%+Azotobacter 25%.
Mohapatra et al.(2013) [43] recorded maximum plant height (40.7
cm), number of leaves per plant(28.8) and leaf area (1500.50 cm2) under FYM @ 5
t/ha vermin compost @2.5 t/ha along with 100 per cent recommended dose of NPK +
bio fertilizers (Azotobacter+ Azospirillium + PSB) in sprouting broccoli.

Mahadeen and Ouda. (2008) [44] conducted an experiment on broccoli

with There were three inorganic fertilizer dosages and four organic fertilizer doses (0,
40, 60, and 80 t ha-1) (0, 30 & 60 kg ha- 1) and showed that application of the
highest dose of inorganic fertilizers (60 kg/ha with the highest dose of organic
manure (80 t/ha) produced the highest yield of main heads (3.16 t/ ha)
In relative context Mohanta (2015) [45] reported from an experiment
on broccoli at Bhubaneswar and he found that the treatment (50% RDF of
200:50:100, N:P:K + Vermin compost @ 2.5 t/ha)recorded maximum values for
days to first harvest (51.00), plant height (56.56 cm), plant spread N-S 61.63 cm),
plant spread E-W (64.91 cm), the number of leaves per plant (22.27), the area of
the leaves (405.45 cm2), the length and width of the leaves (23.15 cm and 18.18
cm), and the days to 50% head initiation (50.67 days). The same treatment produced
the maximum head dimensions (head girth: 42.76 cm), head diameter: 14.16 cm,
terminal head weight: 327.57 g, head volume: 595.67 cc, gross yield: 233.56 q/ha, and
marketable yield: 163.63 q/ha. Vitamin C (80.24mg/g).
R Mohanta (2017) [46] an experiment was conducted, Bhubaneswar
during 2014- 15 to study the integrated nutrient management in Sprouting Broccoli
cv. Shayali .it was observed that treatmentof,50%Vermincompost (@2.5t/ha) plus
NPK (@ 200:50:150kg/ha) yielded maximum results for the plant's height (51.56
cm), its N-S and E-W spreads (61.63 cm and 64.91 cm, respectively), and the
number of leaves per plant (22.27), leaf area (405.45cm2), leaf length (23.15cm),leaf
width (18.18cm).
Ouda and Mahadeen (2008) [47] conducted an investigation of how
organic and inorganic fertilizers affect broccoli (Brassica) productivity and quality
(Brassica oleracea var. Italica). Four organic fertilizer doses (0, 40, 60 and 80 t/ha)
and three inorganic fertilizer doses (0,30and 60kg/ha) were used. The highest
broccoli yield (40.05 t/ha) was obtained by the application of 60kg inorganic
fertilizers with 60 tones organic manure per hectare . When both organic and
inorganic fertilizers were supplied, the head diameter increased compared to the
individual addition. The best values for all tested parameters were observed by the
application of a combination of organic and inorganic fertilizers.

Kumar(2012) [48] conducted an experiment and reported that

integrated nutrient management combining the application of chemical
fertilizers with organic nutrition sources is an effective method for improving the
crop yield Application of 50Kg N through vermin compos t +150:1 00:100kgNPKha-
1
resulted in maximum yield of curd .
Ever arts et al,(1997) [49] worked on broccoli and found that row
application of nitrogen was superior to broadcasting and that a single dose of 260 kg
N/ha (minus the amount of mineral nitrogen present in the top 60 cm layer of soil)
applied in rows at the time of planting was the best. A high yielding crop takes up
200-250kg N,50kg P and 350kg K/ha.
Sharma (2000) [50] conducted an experiment at Lari (Spiti valley,
Himachal Pradesh, India) on influence of integrated nutrient management in
sprouting broccoli The head yield of the cultivar Green Head was shown to be
considerably higher when organic and inorganic fertilizers were combined than when
only inorganic fertilizers were used. and also over control. The maximum yield
(63.12 q/ha) was obtained by the treatment of 175:75:60 NPK along with12.5t/ha
farmyard manure which matched 150:75:60 NPK and 12.5 t/ha of farmyard manure
(yield 57.59 q/ha) in terms of productivity, but significantly superior over rest of the
treatments in terms of yield and net profit.
Priyanka Lodhi et al.,(2017) [51] an experiment was conducted in
Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh and found that 50% of recommended dose of NPK
(120:80:80 kg/ha) +(@ 20 t/ha) + 16.6% FYM Vermin compost (@ 10t/ha):+16.6%
poultry manure (@) + 16.6% (@ 6t/ha)gave the maximum curd diameter(15.37cm),
trimmed curd weight(413.33gm), Maximum curd yield per plot(7.44kg),Maximum
curd yield per hectare(14.16t).
Kumar et al., (2008) [52] reported that Integrated nutrient management
(INM) having chemical fertilizers applied along with organic sources of nutrients is
improving the crop yield.
Application of 50kg N through vermicompost+150:100:100kg NPK/ha
(TA)gave maximum yield of curd of broccoli. Hsieh et al.(1996 ) [53] carried out an
experiment on conventional farming and partial organic farming and found that with
organic treatment yield and growth of broccoli was higher than control. Poultry
manure compost treatment gave the highest yield, which was 26.28% higher than
that of the control, followed by pig manure compost treatment, which was
18.38%higher.
According Mahmud et al. (2007) [54] nitrogen, phosphorous
,potassium ,sulphur and molybdenum application were more effective with compost
which playeda significant role in increasing the head yield of broccoli.
Application of 100kg N, 120 kg P2O5, 100 kg K2O, 20 kg ,0.8 kg Mo,
and500 kg compost ha-1might be sufficient for result and Discussion maximum yield
of broccoli in grey terrace soils of Gazipur. Positive effects of inorganic fertilizers on
head diameter may be due to the better availability of soil nutrients that produced
healthy plants with large vegetative growth, which reflected in the yield and head
diameter(Arishaet al .,2003) .[55]
An experiment was carried out by Choudhary et al. (2012) [56] to
determine the impact of various organic sources and fertility levels on the growth,
yield, quality and economics of sprouting broccoli under semi-arid conditions of
Rajasthan. Significant increase in plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, volume
and diameter of head, total head yield, crude protein and chlorophyll content in head
was recorded under various levels of organic sources and fertility levels. It was
reported that Treatment combination of vermin compost 5.0tha1 along with 125%
recommended dose of fertilizers (NPK, 100,80 and 60 kg/ ha) gave maximum
growth, yield and quality attributes It was equivalent to poultry manure at 5.0 t ha-1
and 100% advised., dose of fertilizers, respectively.
Sharma (2000) [57] in an experiment during summer on broccoli var.
Green Head‟ revealed that integration of different sources of fertilizers significantly
increased the head yield over inorganic fertilizers. The treatments N 175 Maximum
yield for P75:K60+FYM125 was reported at 63.12 q/ha, which was comparable to
N150:K60+FYM 12.5 t/ha (57.59 q/ha).:but significantly superior over rest of the
treatment in term of yield.
Sharma et al. (2008) [58] investigated the effects of integrating synthetic
fertilizers with organic manure and Azotobacter. in broccoli at Lahaul and Spiti,India
and concluded that that combining Azotobacter with advised practise
(100%NPK+20t/ha of Cow manure) produced the highest marketable head yield over
the recommended practice (100% 20t/ha of cow manure plus NPK. Additionally, this
treatment strategy produced the largest leaf width, apical and lateral curd weight, as
well as overall out put per plant in both years. With maximum net returns with a
benefit cost ratio of 3.49.
Effect of inorganic fertilizers (N,P,K) on vegetative growth and yield

parameters of other cole crops.
A field experiment was conducted by Jana and Mukhopadhyay
[2001] [59]. in Cooch Behar, West Bengal, India, to study the effects of N and P on
cauliflower cv. Aghani. The enhance in nitrogen levels up to 150kg N/ha increased the
plant height, leaf length and leaf width. Phosphorus levels up to 120 kg P2O5/ha
enhances the plant height, leaf length, number of leaves per plant obviously over its
lower levels.
Under Agra conditions of Uttar Pradesh, increased plant growth rate of
cauliflower was recorded with higher rate of application of nitrogen and phosphorus,
while similar response could not be recorded with higher rate application of boron
(Kumar,2004)[60].
A field experiment was conducted by Singh (2004) [61] during the
summer season of 2001 and 2002 in Ladakh, Jammu and Kashmir, India to judge
the growth and curd of cauliflower Cv, Snowball-16under different N [0, 60, 100 and
140 Kg/ha]. Increasing N and P levels enhancing plant height, leaf length and leaf
width.
Under similar conditions Mehdi et al.(2003) [62] recorded the highest
plant height(44.742cm)and plant spread(56.70cm)of cauliflowerat225kgN/ha.
Zhen Yun et al. (2004) [63], in their experiments on the effect of
potassium fertilizer on cauliflower observed that in comparison to the control
[application of N and P only] 180kg/ha of K increased plant height by 4.9cm, leaf
weight/plant by 0.144kg ,and biomass/plant by 0.239 kg.
Jana and Mukhopadhyay (2001) [64] concluded that increase in nitrogen
levels up to 150 kg N ha-1increased plant height, leaf length, leaf width, days to curd
initiation days to curd maturity and curd diameter in cauliflower.

Gill et al. (1975) [65] obtained maximum plant height, number of

branches per plant and curd size in cauliflower., cv. Snowball-16 at Katrain by the
application of 375 kg N ha-1 and followed by 250 kg P2O5 ha-1. It was further
observed that curd formation was delayed with every ascending level of nitrogen,
however, the difference amongst different treatments for these characteristics were
non significant.
Raut and Kedar (1981) [66] reported that application of 100 kg N ha- 1
was found to be the best in respect of plant growth of cauliflower.
Singh et al. (2015) [67] conducted an experiment to know the effect of
different levels of inorganic fertilizers in cauliflower and reported that combined
application of NPK @ 200:100:100 Kg/ha along with seedling treatment with
Azospirillium gave significantly higher plant height (30.40cm),plant spread
(54.50cm), head diameter (24.32cm), head depth(21.71cm), head weight (1.878kg)
and head yield (868.70q/ha).
Das et al. (2000) [68] reported that the highest yield in cabbage was
obtained by the application of NPK fertilizers at the rate of 120,90and75kgha-
1respectively.
Kadam et al. (2006) [69] conducted a field experiment on cauliflower cv.
Golden 80 at Rahuri ,Maharashtra. Thirty- day old seedlings were transplanted and
fertilizers were applied at 60 ,80,100,120 and140% of recommended NPK doses.
Fertilization with 80% of recommended dose resulted in the highest average plant
height (95.90cm), yield 554q/ha),water use efficiency (18.95 q/ha-cm) and fertilizer
use efficiency (230.9 kg/ha) and the lowest number of days required to harvest curds
after initiation(13days).
Arora et al.(1970) [70] tried different levels of nitrogen (0, 75, 150 kg
ha-11) with basal dressing of phosphorus at the rate of 60 kg and potassium at the
rate of 40 kg ha-1 and observed that maximum cauliflower plant weight
(948.1g)could be obtained by highest nitrogen dose.
Kumhar (2004) [71] conducted an experiment on cauliflower and found
that an application of 7.5t vermin compost increased the volume of curd significantly.
Singh et al. (2015) [72] conducted an experiment to know the effect of
different levels of inorganic fertilizers in cabbage and reported that combined
application of NPK@ 200:100:100 Kg/ha along with seedling treatment with

Azospirillium gave significantly higher plant height (30.40cm), plant spread
(54.50cm), head diameter (24.32cm), head depth (21.71cm), head weight (1.878 Kg)
and headyield (868.70q/ha).
A study conducted by Jin Yan et al. (2002) [73] with Sewage Sludge and
NPK fertilizer on lettuce, cauliflower and head lettuce. He observed that Sewage
Sludge significantly improved yield (3.03%) as compared with the unfertilized
(control).
Effect of organic fertilizers (N, P,K)on vegetative growth and yield of

other role crops
Marketable yield increased with increasing levels of N up to 160 kg N/ha

and FYM at 20 t/ha compared to the untreated controls, according to Parmar and
Sharma's (2001) [74] evaluation of the effects of various rates of N (0, 40, 80, 120, and
160kg/ha) and farmyard manure (0 and 20 t/ha). Application of 20t FYM/ha further
improved plant height, head length, and head girth, which each rose significantly with
80 kg N/ha (29, 24, 42, and 46.24 cm, respectively). With 20 tonnes FYM/ha (18,
15 and 26 kg/ha, respectively) and rising N rates (from 40 to 160 kg N/ha), the uptake
of N, P, and K rose dramatically.
A field experiment was carried out by Kamla et al. in 2002 [75] to

ascertain the impact of different NPK fertilizers rates (0, 50, and 100%) applied alone
or in conjunction with several organic manures (nomanic manure, vermin compost,
and farmyard manure at 25 t/ha) on yield and soil fertility in cauliflower cv. Pusa
Snow Ball K-1 The curd weight, diameter, plant height, and curd output all rose
significantly after the application of NPK fertilizer (100%) but not when organic
manure (vermin compost or FYM) was used. Was applied in combination with
50percent NPK, significant increase in all parameters was observed.
Sharma and Arya (2001) [76] in cabbage Cv .Pride of India observed that
plant height increased significantly with 80kg N/ha and FYM20t /ha, when it was
applied N@0,40,80 and 100kg/ha and FYM at 0 and 20t/ha.Curd weight, curd
diameter, and plant weight all significantly increased.

According to Kanwar et al.(2002) [77] Height and curd yield of cauliflower

with application of 50%NPK+organicmanure In their study on evaluation of effect of
high residual sodiumcarbonate water along with gypsum and FYM on cauliflower.
Avtar, et al (2006),[78] reported minimum plant height, the number of

leaves per plant, and the area of the leaves without the use of FYM and Gypsum.
Kumhar (2004) [79] conducted an experiment on cauliflower and found

that an application of 7.5t vermincompost increased the volume of curd significantly.
A study was done by Sarkar et al. (2010) [80] to determine how nitrogen
and bio fertilizers affected plant development and yield. Cabbage and reported that
maximum head yield (35.62 t/ha) was recorded under treatment N3 (100kg ha-1)
and 31.77 t ha-1was observed under B1 (Azotobacter). In interaction treatment of
N3B0 they found 37.80tha-1head yield.
Velmurugan et al. (2008) [81] reported the effect of different organic

manures and bio fertilizers on cauliflower with reference to growth and yield
attributes. The results found that the maximum plant height (32.56cm) 26.60 leaves,
cm2
30.55 cm in length, 15.46 cm in breadth, 472.3 in leaf area, and 0.175 in leaf area
index ,recorded by application of recommended dose of fertilizer(15t/ha FYM
+50:100:50 kg NPK/ha as basal dressing and 50 kg N/ha 45 days after transplanting).
When the prescribed amount of fertilizers was applied, the maximum curd length
(15.66 cm), curd breadth (17.21 cm), and curd weight (340.12g/plant) were measured
compared to the control (11.23cm,12.32cm and 228.85g, respectively).
Parmar and Sharma (2001) [82] conducted an experiment on effect of

organic manures with four levels of nitrogen in cauliflower under mid-hills of western
Himalayas at Bajaura (Kullu). It was reported that combined application of 100% of
recommended NPK along with FYM @30 t/ha was the most effective treatment
regimen for cauliflower that would result in a profit ofRs.62,800/ha.
Kamla Kanwar et al. (2002) [83] reported that curd weight, curd diameter
and curd yield of cauliflower cv. Pusa Snow Ball K-1 rose by 100% when NPK
fertilizer was used alone. However, when natural manure (vermin compost or

FYM) used along with inorganic significant increase in all this parameter was
observed.
Sanjay Kumar and Chaudhary (2002) [84] reported that when

molybdenum (0.5and1.0 kg sodium molyb date/ha) and boron (10 and 20 kg borax/ha),
appliedalone or in combination with 25t FYM/ha on cauliflower cv. Pusa Snowball-1
at Kullu, HP, India. The yield increase By about 27% compared to application of
NPK alone.
Whereas in another experiment Parmar and Sharma (2001) [85]

observed that increasing rate of NPK fertilizer (25-100; 19-75; 15-60) and FYM (20-
30t/ha) increases the yield of cauliflower cv. PSB-1 at HP, India during 1998.
Similarly in another field trial on cabbage Sharma and Arya (2001)

[86] with five N rates (0, 40, 80, 120 and 160 kg/ha) and two FYM rates (0 and 20
t/ha) during 1995- 96 at Spiti Valley, H.P. India, reported that there was marked
increase in yield with increasing levels of N up to 160kg/ha + FYM at 20t/ha
compared with the untreated controls. Head length and head girth increased
significantly with 80kgN/ha, which we further improved by application of 20t
FYM/ha as additional.
Bharadwaj et al. (2000) [87] resulted that application of organic sources

of nutrients recorded 11- 17% lower yield in different vegetable crops. However,
application of33.3% recommended NPK+ 33.3% Farm Yard Manure( 6.66 t/ha) +
33.3% rape seed cake (0.48 t/ha)in cabbage and 33.3% recommended NPK + 33.3%
rape seed cake (0.48 t/ha) + 33.3% neem cake (0.48 t/ha)in cauliflower recorded
higher yields which were statistically at par with recommended doses of chemical
fertilizers.
Sharma et al. (2009) [88] reported that application of recommended

dose of nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium in combination with Azotobacter and
Phosphorous Solubilizing Bacteria in cauliflower registered higher marketable curd
yield (9%) over the recommended dose of nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium along
with maximum net returns and benefit cost ratio of 3.99 Curd weight, curd diameter,
and plant weight all significantly increased.

According to Kanwar et al. (2002) [89]. Height and curd yield of

cauliflower with application of 50% NPK+ organic manure.
Kumar and Sharma (2004) [90] studied the influence of integrated

nutrient management on growth and yield parameters of cabbage and tomato under
mid hill concluded that farmyard manure at 10 t/ha + 150%NPK at 90:90:45 recorded
the greatest values in Himachal Pradesh. For growth, yield and available nutrients
(nitrogen ,phosphorous and potassium).

CHAPTER-3
MATERIAL AND METHODS

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The present experiment “Effect of integrated nutrient management on growth and
yield of broccoli (Brassica oleraceae var. Italica L) cv Punjab Broccoli-1”.was
carried out during rabi season of 2021. A detail account of materials used,
experiment procedure and method adopted during the course of field investigation
described in this chapter.
GENERAL FEATURES OF EXPERIMENTAL SITE

3.1 Experimental site
The experiment site was located in Sant Baba Bhag Singh University Jalandhar. The
experiment site of Jalandhar is high land and the well drain sandy loam soil Present in
the field experiment with 31o33” N latitude and 75o59‟ E longitude. Experiment field
was fertile and uniform textual make up and attached to the irrigation channel
connecting to the farm well for quick, regular and timely Irrigation. The pH value of
the soil is with in the range5.0- 6.5 The experiment plot is well ploughed.
Figure3.1 (Location of experimental site)

3.2 Climate and Weather condition of Experiment site
The climate in experiment site is cold. In September month (Spring) less rainfall in
Jalandhar than in summers. The average annual temperature is 23oC in Jalandhar.
Precipitation here is about 957mm/37.7inch per year.31o33N latitude and 75o59‟
longitude.

3.3 Selection of Variety

In experimental field Punjab Broccoli-1 variety was used. It has smooth leaves which
are wavy and dark green in colour. The heads are compact and attractive. This variety
is suitable both for salad as well as cooking purpose. This variety has moderate
resistance to powdery mildew and damping off diseases. Average yield is 7/acre. This
variety is suitable for cold weather conditions of hilly areas. The average yield of this
variety is 70tl/ acre. It is beneficial in treating cancer of several forms that occurs in
the different parts of the body and also helpful in skin diseases. It is also rich source
of nutrients.
3.4 Field Preparation
The experimental field was be ploughing 3-4 time. Weeds and stubbles was removed
from the field carefully.
Last ploughing was done at the time of final and preparation, fertilizers and FYM
applied. The spacing between bed to bed was about 0.20-0.25cm For Broccoli the
natural weathering is 5days after ploughing. Broccoli variety was collected from
vegetables centre (Kartarpur).The spacing between plant toplant is 45-45 cm.
Figure3.8 (FieldPreparationshownfigureno1 and2)

The nutrient management was done according to treatments and the fertilizers were
usedas per treatment. The whole amount of N, P and K according to treatment in% N
wasapplied T1=15%. The N,P,K applied twodoses , One at the time sowing and
second gives after 15 days of sowing .N,was through given in the form urea P and K
were applied through single super phosphate and murate of potash, Per treatment.
FYM also applied and mixed into the soil 5 days before planting.FYM contain 0.5%
nitrogen prepared mainly from cow dung, cow urine ,waste grass, and otherdairy
products. The Organic and Inorganic fertilizers pertreatment applied recommended
dose of fertilizers was 50:25:25 kg/NPK/acre. Good quality healthy seedlings of
Punjab Broccoli-1 were transplanted on the raised beds in the plots on 15th October,
2021.
3.5 Experimental Detail& Layout
3.4 Experimental Detail
Location Sant Baba Bhag Singh University

Jalandhar
Season and year Rabi, 2020
Variety Punjab, Broccoli-1
Experimental Design Random Block Design
Number of treatments 10
No. of replication 3
Seed Rate 625g ha-1
Spacing 45cmx45cm
Plot Size 1x2=2m2
Total number of plots 3x10=30
No. of plants per plot 26
The experiment was conduct in RBD (Randomized block design) .Maintaining 3

replication were control treatments The experiment field was divided into 30 plots in
the field .The spacing of broccoli row to row is 45cm

Table: 3.1Treatments detail.

Treatments Treatment Combination(Details)
T1 15% (N,P,K)+FYM(50 kg)
T2
25% (N, P, K) +FYM(50 kg)
T3
35% (N, P, K) +FYM(50 kg)
T4
45% (N, P, K) +FYM(50 kg)
T5
55% (N, P, K) +FYM(50 kg)
T6
65% (N, P, K) +FYM(50 kg)
T7
75% (N, P, K) +FYM(50 kg)
T8
85% (N, P, K) +FYM(50 kg)
T9
100%RDF+FYM(50kg)
T0 Control
3.2 Table show field layout
Main irrigation channel
T1 T8 T0
T0 T1 T8
T8 T0 T1
T4 T6 T2
T3 T4 T6
T6 T3 T4
T5 T5 T9
T9 T2 T5
T7 T9 T3
T7 T7
T2
REP:1 REP:2 REP:3

According to experimental field table given below different doses of N,P,KandFYM

on growth and yield of broccoli.
N,Pand K Dose(g)/plot FYM(kg)/plot
T1 15% 4.9+5.8+1.8 50
T2 25% 8.25+9.6+3 50
T3 35% 50
11.55+16.275+4.2
T4 45% 50
14.85+20.925+5.4
T5 55% 50
18.15+25.575+6.6
T6 65% 50
21.45+30.225+7.8
T7 75% 50
24.75+34.875+9
T8 85% 50
28.05+39.525+10.2
T9 100% 50
33+46.5+12( RDF)
To Control Zero Treatment)
Table3.5 (show recommended dose of organic and inorganic fertilizers according to

experimental field)
3.1.1 Irrigation
The first irrigation was applied immediately after sowing ofbroccoli and second
irrigation after 15 days .Beside this three to four irrigation was given in experimental
field.
Figure3.11 (Show irrigation to the field)

Gap filling
In place of un success or dead seedling, gap filling was done in early period, tomaintain
the plant population
Weed Management
Weeding was done by hand in the plot at the time of earthing up in broccoli with the
help of khurpi after 35days of planting to prevent the crop from the weeds to avoid
oppositionfor un wanted plants.
Figure no. 3.13(Show weed Management)
Plant protection measure

To protect the plants from termites, chloropyriphos 20 EC0.75 kg ha-1 was applied to
entire field immediately after transplanting with irrigation. To check the attack of
cabbage butterfly, hopper and aphids, prophylatic measures were taken i.e. the
sprouting broccoli plants were sprayed with malathion 50EC(0.05%)at an interval of
20days from 45days after transplanting and up to a week before the maturity of the
crop
Harvesting of Heads
Mature Head were picked up before the bud opened when the bud clusters are
compact. Harvesting was done with the help of sharp sickle .The observations were
recorded just after harvesting the heads.

Observations recorded
Five plants were randomly selected from each plot and tagged. The following observation
were recorded from these plants.
Vegetative growth attributes characters (pre harvesting study)
4 Plant height(cm)
5 No.of leaves/plant
6 Leaf length(cm)
7 Leaf width(cm)
8 Curd Length (cm)
9 Curd width(cm)
10 Plant Spread (cm)
11 Curd yield (q/ha)
12 No. of Curds/ plant
13 Average curd weight (q/ha)
Plant height (cm)

The plant height was recorded 60 DAT (day after transplanting)in centi metre
.Height of five tagged plants was recorded from base to apex of longest leaf with
the help of meter scale and average plant heightwas calculated
No. of leaves/plant
The number of leaves of the plants of five tagged plants were counted from each plot
at after 60days (DAT ) and the average number of leaves per plant was calculated.
Leaf length(cm)
The length of the leaf of five tagged plants recorded from each plot at harvest by leaf
length meter scale and average leaf length was observed.

Leaf width (cm)
The width of leaf of five tagged plants recorded from each plot at harvest by leaf width
meter scale and average leaf width was observed..
Yield attributes characters (postharvest parameters)
 Curd height(cm)
 Curd length(cm)
 Curd width(cm)
 No. of curds/plant
 Curd Yield (q/ha)
 Plant spread (cm)
 Average curd weight (q/ha)
Postharvest studies
The Punjab broccoli 1 was harvested by picking method .Post harvest studies done
on the following characters:
Curd height(cm)
The curd height recorded as average of the Five randomly selected curds from base to
tip of the curd measured by scale and the average was worked out.
Curd length(cm)
The curd length recorded as average of the five randomly selected curds from base to
tip of curd measured by scale and observations was worked out.
Curd width (cm)

The curd width recorded as average of the five randomly selected marketable curds at
widest parts curd measured by scale and the averagewas worked out.

No. of curds per plant

The total number of curds per plant counted from an individual plant and recorded
in numbers as average mean value.
Curd Yield (q/ha)

The total yield of curds was recorded by weighing on single pan balance. Statistical
analysis: Present investigation was conducted in field conditions. There were three
replications in each treatment at 5% level of significance and results were statically
analyzed according to the procedure (Panse and Sukhatame 1964) using randomized
block design (RBD).
Plant Spread (cm)

Spread of plant was recorded in north-south direction with the help of metre scale of
randomly selected five plants per plot was calculated.
Average Curd Weight (g)

Broccoli heads were harvested when they are solid, compact and fully mature. After
harvesting total weight of five selected plants was recorded and average cured weight
was recorded in grams.

CHAPTER- 4
RESULT AND DISCUSSION

RESULT AND DISCUSSION
The findings from the field study " Effect of integrated nutrient management on
growth and yield of broccoli (Brassica oleraceae var. Italica) cv. Punjab Broccoli-1”
conducted at horticulture research farm of Sant Baba Bhag Singh University,
Khiala Jalandhar, during rabi season of 2021is presented in this chapter. The data
related to different parameters were statistically analysed by using randomized block
design method and the result obtained along with suitable interpretation have been
presented and elucidated through tables and graphs wherever required. The data
recorded on various aspects during the course of investigation are briefly described in
this chapter under the following headings:
4.1 GROWTH PARAMETERS
4.1.1 Plant height (cm)
Table 4.1 and Fig. 4.1 provide the data on plant height as it relates to various
treatments. The information about plant height of broccoli revealed that crop grown
with different treatment combinations had significant effect on plant height. Plant
height was reported maximum in treatment T8 (85% (N, P, K) + FYM (50 kg),
followed by treatments T6 (50.70 cm), T7 (50.97cm), T5 (49.37 cm), and while
minimum was recorded in T0 (45.13 cm) (control).

Table 4.1 Effect of organic and inorganic fertilizers on plant height (cm) of broccoli
(Brassica oleraceae var. Italica) cv. Punjab Broccoli-1.
Treatments Plant Height of Broccoli (cm)
T0 (Control) (No fertilizer) 45.13

T1 (Nitrogen 15% RDF+ 50 Kg (FYM)) 45.50
T2 (Nitrogen 25% RDF + 50 Kg (FYM)) 45.75
T3 (Nitrogen 35 % RDF + 50 Kg (FYM)) 45.67
T9 (Nitrogen 100% RDF + 50 Kg (FYM) 48.37
CD 1.43
T7 was statistically significant with all the treatments. These results corroborate Meena et al.
(2017), Singh et al. (2015), and Dalal et al. (2010) discoveries in broccoli, who had recorded
maximum plant height in media containing Vermin compost because of high nutritional level.
The plant height relatively increased by optimum dose of potassium because, it is necessary for
carbohydrate metabolism and efficient use of water which ultimately increase the plant height.
54.000
52.000
50.000
48.000
46.000
44.000
42.000
40.000

Figure 4.1 Effect of fertilizers, both organic and artificial, on the height (in cm) of of
broccoli (Brassica oleraceae var. Italica) cv. Punjab Broccoli-1
4.1.2 Number of leaves per plant

The data regarding the number of leaves per plant as influenced by different treatments are
presented in Table 4.2 and Fig. 4.2. The data regarding number of leaves per plant of
broccoli revealed that crop grown with different treatment combinations had significant
effect on trait. The maximum number of leaves per plant (22.67) was recorded with the
treatment T8 (85% (N, P, K) + FYM (50 kg)) followed by T5 (22.33), T7 (22.00) and T6
(21.33). T8 was statistically significant with all over the treatments except T3, T4, T5, T6
and and T5. While T0 recorded a lower number of leaves per plant (19.00), (control). This
result also supported by the findings of Bahaduria et al (2005) andSingh et al (2015) in
broccoli, they observed highest number of leaves
Table 4.2 Effect of organic and inorganic fertilizers on number of leaves perplant on broccoli
Number of leaves perplant of

Treatments
broccoli (Mean)
T0 (Control) (No fertilizer)
19.00
T1 (Nitrogen 15% RDF+ 50 Kg (FYM))
20.00
T2 (Nitrogen 25% RDF + 50 Kg (FYM))
20.33
T3 (Nitrogen 35 % RDF + 50 Kg (FYM))
20.67
21.00
22.33
21.33
22.00
22.67
T9 (Nitrogen 100% RDF + 50 Kg (FYM)
19.67
CD
2.

23.000
22.000
21.000
20.000
19.000
18.000
17.000
Figure 4.1.2 Effect of organic and inorganic fertilizers on the number of broccoli leaves
per plant of broccoli (Brassica oleraceae var. Italica) cv. Punjab Broccoli-1.
Leaf length (cm)
The data related to leaf length as affected by different treatments is presented in Table 4.3
and Fig. 4.3 The data regarding leaf length of broccoli revealed that crop grown with
different treatment combinations had significant effect on trait.
Table 4.3 Effect of organic andinorganic fertilizers onleaf length (cm) of broccoli.
Leaf Length of broccoli
Treatments
(Mean)(cm)
40.30
41.00
41.51
42.03
43.03
44.47
46.20
45.48
47.39
43.71
CD
0.89

48.000
46.000
44.000
42.000
40.000
38.000
36.000
Figure 4.3 Effect of organic and inorganic fertilizers on leaf length (cm) on broccoli
The maximum leaf length (47.39 cm) was recorded with the treatment T8 (85% (N, P, K) +
FYM (50 kg)) followed by T6 (46.20 cm), T7 (45.48 cm) and T5 (44.47 cm). T8 was
statistically significant with all over the treatments. While minimum leaf length (40.30 cm)
was recorded under T0 (control). This is in accordance with the findings of Meena et al
(2017) and Velmurg et al (2008) in broccoli, who had reported maximum length in treatment
containing organic manures and combined with inorganic fertilizers (N,P,K).It might be
because microelements aid to maximize NPK accumulation and transfer in leaves like
boron.
4.1.3 Leaf width(cm)
The data related to leaf width as affected by different treatments are presented in Table 4.4
and Fig. 4.4. The data regarding leaf width of broccoli revealed that crop grown with
different treatment combinations had significant effect on trait. The greater leaf width (28.11
cm) was recorded with the treatment T8 (85% (N, P, K) + FYM (50 kg)) followed by T7
(27.27 cm), T6 (27.05 cm) and T5 (26.57 cm) T8 was statistically significant with all over
the treatments except T5, T6 and T7
.
Table 4.4 Effect of organic and inorganic fertilizers on leaf width (cm) on broccoli
Treatments Leaf width of broccoli (cm) (Mean)


CD 1.59
While lesser leaf width (21.36 cm) was recorded under T0 (control). The findings of Bahaduria et
al. (2005) in and Dalal et al. provide support for these conclusions (2010) in broccoli, who obtained
maximum leaf width with treatment combination of FYM, Vermincompost and azotobacter. It might
be because leaves have the best NPK accumulation and translocation.
30.000
25.000
20.000
15.000
10.000
5.000
0.000

Figure 4.4 Effect of organic and inorganic fertilizers on leaf width (cm) on broccoli
4.2.4 Plantspread (cm)

The data related to plant spread as affected by different treatments are presented in Table 4.9
and Fig. 4.9 The data regarding plant spread of broccoli revealed that crop grown with
different treatment combinations had significant effect on plant spread. Treatment T8 (85%
(N, P, K) + FYM (50 kg)) recorded maximum plant spread ( 69.06cm) which is followed by
T7 (67.69cm), T6 (66,.37cm), T5 (65.16 cm) and lowest plant spread (57.66 cm) was
observed in T0 (control). T8 was statistically significant with all the treatments. These results
corroborate the findings of Meena et al (2017) and Mohanta et al (2018) in broccoli, who
had observed maximum plant spread due to the fertilizers' growth-promoting compounds,
which may have in turn caused the better root development and better water transportation
Table . 4.9 Effect of organic and inorganic fertilizers on Plant spread of broccoli (Brassica
oleraceae var. Italica) cv. Punjab Broccoli-1.
Treatments Plant spread of broccoli (cm) (Mean)


CD 2.46

70
68
66
64
62
60 Series1
58
56
54
52
50
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Figure4.9 Effect of organic and inorganic fertilizers on plant spreading(cm)of broccoli
4.2 YEILD PARAMETERS
4.2.2 Curd Length(cm)
The data related to curd length as affected by different treatments are presented in Table 4.7
and Fig. 4.7. The data regarding curd length of broccoli revealed that crop grown with
different treatment combinations had significant effect on curd length. Treatment T8 (85%
(N, P, K) + FYM (50 kg)) recorded maximum curd length (9.50) which is followed by T6
(8.57cm), T7 (7.30cm), T5 (7.00 cm) and lowest curd length (4.03 cm) was observed in T0
(control). T8 was statistically significant with all the treatments. These results corroborate
the findings of Atal et al (2019) and Chatterjee et al (2014) in broccoli, who had recorded
maximum curd length due to the advantageous effects of organic manures and bio fertilizers
in enhancing the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of soil that are better for
plant nutrient uptake.

Table. 4.7. Effect of organic and inorganic fertilizers on curdlength (cm) of broccoli
Treatments
Curd length of broccoli
4.03
5.07
6.13
6.30
5.20
7.00
8.57
7.30
9.50
5.10
CD
0.52

10.00
9.00
8.00
7.00
6.00
5.00
Series1
4.00
3.00
2.00
1.00
0.00
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Figure 4.7 Effect of organic and inorganic fertilizers on Curd length (cm) on broccoli
4.2.3 Curd Width (cm)

The data related to curd width as affected by different treatments are presented in table 4.8
and Fig. 4.8. The data regarding curd width of broccoli revealed that crop grown with
different treatment combinations had significant effect on curd width. Treatment T8 (85%
(N, P, K) + FYM (50 kg)) recorded maximum curd width (10.50cm) which is followed by
T5 (10.00cm), T3 (9.17cm), T2 (9.00 cm) and lowest curd width (7.00 cm) was observed in
T0 (control). T8 was statistically significant with all the treatments. These results corroborate
the findings of Chaubeyet et al (2006) and Westerveld et al (2003) in broccoli, who had
observed maximum curd width due to the enhanced vegetative growth by fertilizers which
might account for increased carbohydrates accumulation is result of increased photosynthesis
and this is better fornutrient absorption byplant

Table.4.8 Effect of organic and inorganic fertilizers on Curd width(cm) on broccoli

Treatments
Curd width of broccoli(cm) (Mean)
T0 (Control (No fertilizer)
7.0
8.03
9.00
9.17
8.07
10.00
8.20
7.17
10.50
8.5
CD
0.11
12.00
10.00
8.00
6.00
Series1
4.00
2.00
0.00
Figure. 4.8 The results of organic and inorganic fertilizers on Curd width (cm) on
broccoli (Brassica oleraceae var. Italica) cv. Punjab Broccoli-1.

4.2.6 No. Of Curds / plant

The data related to no. of curds per plant as affected by different treatments are presented in
Table 4.11 and Fig. 4.11. The data regarding no. of curds per plant of broccoli revealed that
crop grown with different treatment combinations had significant effect on no. of curds.
Treatment T8 (85% (N, P, K) + FYM (50 kg)) recorded maximum number of curds (118.66/
plant) while the lowest no. of curds(66.16 plant) was observed in T0 (control). T8 was
statistically significant with all the treatments. These results corroborate the findings of Roe
and Comfort et al (2000) and Mgnusson et al (2002) in broccoli, who had observed
maximum no. of curds due to produced by the application of vermin compost because it has
highly nutritive value . The maximum no. of curds also increased by application of high dose
of organic and inorganic fertilizers because it improve the soil conditions and enhance the
plant to have a good root development and soil aeration conditions.
Table. 4.11 Effect of organic and inorganic fertilizers on the No. of curds per plant of
Treatments
No. of curds per plant (Mean)
T0 Control (No fertilizer)
1.56
3.65
3.53
2.57
5.43
7.65
4.51
6.48
10.48
5.16
CD 0.42

12
10
4 Series 1
0
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T0
Treament
Figure. 4.11 Effect of organic and inorganic fertilizers on the no of curds per plant of
4.2.5 Curd Yield q/hac

The data related to Curd yield as affected by different treatments are presented in Table 4.10
and Fig. 4.10 The data regarding curd yield of broccoli revealed that crop grown with
different treatment combinations had significant effect on curd yield. Treatment T8 (85% (N,
P, K) + FYM (50 kg)) recorded maximum curd yield (181.16q) and Minimum curd yield
(117.16q) was observed in T0 (control). T8 was statistically significant with all the
treatments. These results corroborate the findings of Raghav et al (2005) and Chandra et al
(2005) in broccoli, who had observed the increase also might be due to the fact that these
nutrients are necessary constituents of nucleotides, proteins, chlorophyll and enzymes, which
are involved in various metabolic process which have direct impact on vegetative and
reproductive phase of the plants.

Table. 4.10 Effect of organic and inorganic fertilizers on the curd yield of broccoli (q)
Treatments
Curd yield of broccoli(q) (Mean )
T0 ( Control) (No fertilizer)
117.16
126.51
127.46
T3 (Nitrogen 35 % RDF + 50 Kg
(FYM))
124.43
(FYM))
125.46
(FYM))
121.33
(FYM))
146.16
(FYM))
166.53
(FYM))
181.16
T9 (Nitrogen 100% RDF + 50 Kg
(FYM)
171.16
CD
0.94

Series 1
200
180
160
140
120
100
Series 1
80
60
40
20
0
T0 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9
Figure.4.10 Effect of organic and inorganic fertilizers on curd yield (q) of broccoli
Average Curd weight(g)

The data regarding average curd weight of broccoli revealed that crop grown with
different treatment combination had significant effect on curd weight. The maximum
average curd weight (437.70g) was observed in T8(85%(N, P, K) +FYM(50kg) and the
minimum curd weight (276.30g) was observed in T0(control). T8 was statistically
significant with all the treatments. The increase in curd weight might be due to more
photosynthesis from a larger area of leaves and translocation of photosynthates to the sink
which ultimately increase curd weight. These results findings of Vikrant et al (2005) and
Singh et al(2005) in broccoli.
Average curd weight of broccoli

Treatment
(cm) (Mean)
270.9
362.3
292.4
295.6
301.1
365.0
367.2
342.5
425.5
348.1
CD
2.29

450
400
350
300
250
200
150 Series 1
100
50
0
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10
Treaments

CHAPTER-5
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

Integrated use of organic and inorganic source of nutrients is a better approach for supplying
nutrition or food to the crop and also improving the fertility status of the soil. Organic manure
not only balance the nutrients supply but also improve the physical and chemical properties of
soil Macro nutrients play an important role in growth and yield development process of the
plant such as nitrogen encourages vegetative growth and phosphorus encourages root
development and also providing energy by forming ATP and potassium play an important for
carbohydrate metabolism, enzyme activation and osmotic regulation (Shaheen et al., 2007).
It was found that balance fertilization of macro and micro nutrients are
necessary to produce high yields. and growth characters. Phosphorous also plays a vital role in
plant growth and energy captures. Plant nutrients are the essential component of sustainable
agriculture. Undoubtedly, for optimum plant growth and yield production, the necessary
nutrients must be supplied immediately in sample quantities and in a balanced proportion.
Keeping these facts in view, The current study, "Effect of integrated nutrient
management on growth and yield of broccoli (Brassica oleraceae var. Punjab Broccoli-
1)," was conducted at the research farm of Sant Baba Bhag Singh University, Khiala,
Jalandhar, during kharif season of 2021. The soil of the experimental field was sandy loam.
The pH value of soil is within the range of 5.5 to 6.5. The experiment was conducted on
broccoli variety (Punjab Broccoli-1)with ten treatments viz., T1 (15%), T2 (25%), T3 (35%),
T4 (45%), T5 (65%), T7 (75%), T8 (85%), T9 (100% (N)+FYM (50 kg) (RDF) and T0
(Control) were laid out in a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications. As a
result showed that different manures and its combinations had a significant effect on growth
and yield characters (Plant height, number of leaves, leaf length, leaf width and curd length ,
curd width, plant spread, no.of curds, yield per hectare) of broccoli .Maximum plant height
(52.36 cm), number of leaves (22.67), and leaf length (47.39 cm), leaf width (28.11 cm), curd
length(9.50cm),curd width(10.50cm), plant spread (69.06cm),no. of curds (10.48 ), yield per
hectare(181.16 q) and average curd weight (425.5g) were observed in T8 i.e. (85% (N)+FYM
(50 kg)).
Whereas, the lowest Plant height (45.13 cm), number of leaves (19.00), and
leaflength (40.30 cm), leaf width (21.36 cm), curd length(4.03cm), curd width (10.50cm),
plant spread(57.66cm), no. of curds (1.56cm) curd yield (117.16q) and average cu rd
weIghtwere observed in T0 Control (Soil).Atal et al. (2019), Akbar et al. (2009)

Conclusion
Based on the results of the present investigation summarized here above, following broad
conclusion can be drawn. It can be concluded that broccoli Cv .Punjab broccoli -1
significantly affected by T8 i.e. (85% (N)+FYM (50 kg)) which indicated maximum
vegetative growth and yield characters in plant height, number of leaves per plant,
number of plants per plot, leaf length, leaf width and minimum days taken for
germination, curd height, curd length, curd width, plant spread, yield per plot and no.
of curds as compared to control. Addition of NPK and Farm yard manure into the field
which contains more nutrients than normal soil could be very effective response on the
growth of broccoli crop.

CHAPTER-6
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SANT BABA BHAG SINGH UNIVERSITY, JALANDHAR

(Established vide Sant Baba Bhag Singh University Act, 2014)

EFFECT OF INTEGRATED NUTRIENT

Registration No. 19104022

SANT BABA BHAG SINGHUNIVERSITY

Effect of Integrated Nutrients Management on Growth Yield of Broccoli 1

Signature of the Student

The M.Sc. viva-voce examination of Ms. Neha has been heldon…………………….

Italica L)cv Punjab Broccoli-1

Signature of COD Signature of External Examiner

Effect of Integrated Nutrients Management on Growth Yield of Broccoli 2

Effect of Integrated Nutrients Management on Growth Yield of Broccoli 3

I am thankful to Sant Sarwan Singh ji honorable Chancellor of Sant Baba Bhag

Effect of Integrated Nutrients Management on Growth Yield of Broccoli 4

SR.NO CHAPTER PAGE NO

2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE 13-26

3. MATERIAL AND METHOD 27-34

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 35-50

5. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 51-52

Effect of Integrated Nutrients Management on Growth Yield of Broccoli 5

S.No Particulars Page No

3.5 Experiment layout 31

3.6 Schedule of culture operations performed in the experimental field 32

4.1 Plant height of Broccoli 36

4.2 Number of leaves per plant of Broccoli 37

4.3 Leaf length of Broccoli 38

4.4 Leaf width of Broccoli 40

4.5 Plant spread of Broccoli 41

4.6 Curd length of Broccoli 43

4.7 Curd width of Broccoli 45

4.8 Curd yield per hectare of Broccoli 48

4.9 No. of curds per Broccoli 46

4.10 Average curd weight of Broccoli 49

Effect of Integrated Nutrients Management on Growth Yield of Broccoli 6

S.No Particulars Page No

3.1 Location of experimental field 27

3.2 Field Preparation 28

3.4 Weed management 31

4.1 Plant height of broccoli 36

4.2 Number of leaves per plant of broccoli 38

4.3 Leaf length of broccoli 39

4.4 Leaf width of broccoli 40

4.5 Curd length of broccoli 44

4.6 Curd width of broccoli 45

4.7 Plant spread of broccoli 42

4.8 Curd yield per hectare of broccoli 48

4.9 No. of curds per plant of broccoli 47

4.10 Average curd weight of broccoli 50

Effect of Integrated Nutrients Management on Growth Yield of Broccoli 7

Abbreviations Stands for

Effect of Integrated Nutrients Management on Growth Yield of Broccoli 8

Effect of Integrated Nutrients Management on Growth Yield of Broccoli 9

Broccoli is an important vegetable crop with high nutritional value[4]. It is low in so

In 2019,global production of broccoli (combined for production reports with

Effect of Integrated Nutrients Management on Growth Yield of Broccoli 10

Effect of Integrated Nutrients Management on Growth Yield of Broccoli 11

recognized widely, particularly after the development of modern varieties. Nitrogen

In order to improve soil structure and microbial activity an alternative to mineral

Effect of Integrated Nutrients Management on Growth Yield of Broccoli 12

Effect of Integrated Nutrients Management on Growth Yield of Broccoli 13

Effect of Integrated Nutrients Management on Growth Yield of Broccoli 14

II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE