TFN o On the job training of nurses
o Religious nursing order for women
Nomadic / Agrarian – community where
study of science knowledge started.
Period of Contemporary Nursing
o WW2 to present
o WHO established
o Expanded role for nurses
Dark Period
o 17th – 19th century
o Martin Luther – destroyed the unity
of Christian faith.
o Properties of schools and hospitals
were confiscated.
Educated Nursing Period
o June 15, 1860
o Florence N. school of nursing at St.
Thomas hospital, London.
o AMA (American medical assoc.)
created training for nurses.
Period of Intuitive
o Prehistoric / Christian era
o Hospitals were poorly ventilated,
filthy beds, and overcrowding of
patients.
o Old nuns took care of sick, younger
nuns washed linens.
o Illness was caused by evil spirit and
black magic.
o Trephining – drilling a hole in a skull
to release evil spirit w/o anesthesia.
o Use hypnosis and believed
constellation.
Apprentice Period
o Founding of religious nursing orders
o
o St. Claire- founder of 2nd order of St.
Francis of Assisi
o St. Elizabeth – patroness of nurses
o St. Catherine – 1st lady w/ a lamp
Mga Fersons
o Florence N.
- Mother of modern nursing
- Mother of all theories
- Deaconness School at Kaiserwert
o Shaman – Medicine man
o Moses – Father of Sanitation
o Shuhurutu – made a list of function
& qualification of nurses.
o Fibula – made her home a hospital.
o Hipporcrates –
o Caduceus
Mga Ebas
o Cross 1981 – Theory w/o practice is
empty, practice wo theory is blind.
Contributions to Medicine & Nursing
o China – knowledge of Materia
Medica (pharmacology)
- Prohibited dissection of
human body.
o Babylonia – Code of Hammurabi
o Egypt – art of embalming
- Record of 250 recognized
diseases.
o Israel – Moses “father of sanitation.
- Circumcision for male
child.
o India – practice intuitive form of
asepsis.
- Built hospitals
 - Shuhurutu made a list of
function & qualification
of nurses.
o Rome – illness is a sign of weakness
- Fibula made her home as
the first hospital in
Christian world.
o Ancient Greece – Introduced
Caduceus
- Hippocrates developed
assessment standards and
recognized the need for
nurses. Also rejects the
belief that diseases were
cause by supernatural.
TFN
o Phenomena – face/event that can be
observed.
o Proposition – proposal/plan
o Proactively – acting in anticipation
for future plans.
o Concept – an idea/notion.
o Assumption – assuming something
is true.
o Theory – set of interpretative
assumptions.
o Nursing Theory – conceptualization
of aspects of nursing.
o Non-nursing theory – borrowed
theories from the discipline.
o 4 aspects – emotional,
psychological, social well-being,
spiritual
o 4 science – basic, natural, applied,
social
o 4 patterns – empirical, aesthetic,
ethical, personal
Jean Piaget – Cognitive development
Abrahan Maslow – Hierarchy of needs
Hans loewald – ego and superego
Sigmund freud – Oedipus and Elektra
complex
Columbia 1950 – prepared nurses at
graduate level
Yale 1960
- Theoretical thinking at
doctoral study
- Relationship nurse +
patients
1970 – many theories were presented
1980 – many theories were revised
1990 – many theories and expanded and
tested
Nursing as Science
Nursing as Profession
Nursing as
Characteristics of Science
-coherence
-logically ordered
-must be true
Definite fields of knowledge
Empirical – scientific knowledge and
gained from research.
Esthetic – understanding, empathy, comfort
& support.
Ethical – moral, ethics, & values. Being
aware of what is right and wrong.
Personal – personal knowledge, self-
awareness, having own values and beliefs.
CYCLICAL THEORY: NATURE OF
THEORY, RESEARCH, & PRACTICE
(Cycle) Theory – Research – Practice
Theory to practice
Practice to theory
Research to theory
Theory to research
Practice to research
Research to practice
Classifications of theory
1. Metatheory – mother of all theories
- Broad, provides
philosophy for nursing
profession.
- Ex. FN environmental
theory
2. Grand Theories – “macro theory”
- Complex & applies to
general specific
discipline.
- Concepts are abstract.
3. Middle Range – more specific
- Ideas are more concrete
- Limited number of
concepts
4. Micro theory – practiced theory
- Scope is narrow
- Least abstract concept
- Tends to be perspective
5. Incomplete theory – partial theory
- Not finished
- In development stages
- Some concepts are
identified but not
finished.
Metaparadigm – health, nursing,
environment, person
- Global perspective of
discipline
- Identifies primary
phenomena
- Summarize intellectual
and social mission
Person – a being w/ needs, open system,
integral whole, an adaptive system.
Health – successful adaption to life’s
stressors. Ability to function independently.
Environment – external element that affects
person (surrounding), internal and external
conditions that influence organisms. An
open system w/ boundary that permit
exchange.
Nursing – sciece and art that practice
discipline (CARE). Act of utilizing patient’s
environment to assist them. Dedicated to
compassionate promoting health. Nurses
dies w/ dignity.
Nursing theories
-Florence N. – Environmental
-Lydia Hall
-Faye Abdella
-Hildegard Peplau
-Dorothy Johnson
Non-nursing theories
-dunn’s health illness continuum